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Ma Y, Jiang T, Zhu X, Xu Y, Wan K, Zhang T, Xie M. Efferocytosis in dendritic cells: an overlooked immunoregulatory process. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415573. [PMID: 38835772 PMCID: PMC11148234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the process of engulfing and removing apoptotic cells, plays an essential role in preserving tissue health and averting undue inflammation. While macrophages are primarily known for this task, dendritic cells (DCs) also play a significant role. This review delves into the unique contributions of various DC subsets to efferocytosis, highlighting the distinctions in how DCs and macrophages recognize and handle apoptotic cells. It further explores how efferocytosis influences DC maturation, thereby affecting immune tolerance. This underscores the pivotal role of DCs in orchestrating immune responses and sustaining immune equilibrium, providing new insights into their function in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangxing Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxuan Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaorong Xie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Alvero AB, Fox A, Madina BR, Krady MM, Gogoi R, Chehade H, Nakaar V, Almassian B, Yarovinsky TO, Rutherford T, Mor G. Immune Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Responses Restores Immune Surveillance and Establishes Antitumor Immunologic Memory. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:261-274. [PMID: 38078853 PMCID: PMC11027955 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Current immunotherapies have proven effective in strengthening antitumor immune responses, but constant opposing signals from tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment eventually lead to immune escape. We hypothesized that in situ release of antigens and regulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system would provide a robust and long-term antitumor effect by creating immunologic memory against tumors. To achieve this, we developed CARG-2020, a genetically modified virus-like vesicle (VLV) that is a self-amplifying RNA with oncolytic capacity and encodes immune regulatory genes. CARG-2020 carries three immune modulators: (i) the pleiotropic antitumor cytokine IL12, in which the subunits (p35 and p40) are tethered together; (ii) the extracellular domain (ECD) of the protumor IL17RA, which serves as a dominant-negative antagonist; and (iii) a shRNA targeting PD-L1. Using a mouse model of ovarian cancer, we demonstrated the oncolytic effect and immune-modulatory capacities of CARG-2020. By enhancing IL12 and blocking IL17 and PD-L1, CARG-2020 successfully reactivated immune surveillance by promoting M1, instead of M2, macrophage differentiation, inhibiting MDSC expansion and establishing a potent CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumoral response. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this therapeutic approach provided tumor-specific and long-term protection against the establishment of new tumors. Our results provide a rationale for the further development of this platform as a therapeutic modality for ovarian cancer patients to enhance antitumor responses and prevent a recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B. Alvero
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Alexandra Fox
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | - Radhika Gogoi
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Hussein Chehade
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Rutherford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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3
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Díez-Sainz E, Lorente-Cebrián S, Aranaz P, Amri EZ, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI. miR482f and miR482c-5p from edible plant-derived foods inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in human THP-1 macrophages. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1287312. [PMID: 38099184 PMCID: PMC10719859 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1287312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Edible plants can exert anti-inflammatory activities in humans, being potentially useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Plant-derived microRNAs have emerged as cross-kingdom gene expression regulators and could act as bioactive molecules involved in the beneficial effects of some edible plants. We investigated the role of edible plant-derived microRNAs in the modulation of pro-inflammatory human genes. Methods MicroRNAs from plant-derived foods were identified by next-generation sequencing. MicroRNAs with inflammatory putative targets were selected, after performing in silico analyses. The expression of candidate plant-derived miRNAs was analyzed by qPCR in edible plant-derived foods and their effects were evaluated in THP-1 monocytes differentiated to macrophages. The bioavailability of candidate plant miRNAs in humans was evaluated in feces and serum samples by qPCR. Results miR482f and miR482c-5p are present in several edible plant-derived foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and cooked legumes and cereals, and fats and oils. Transfections with miR482f and miR482c-5p mimics decreased the gene expression of CLEC7A and NFAM1, and TRL6, respectively, in human THP-1 monocytes differentiated to macrophages, which had an impact on gene expression profile of inflammatory biomarkers. Both microRNAs (miR482f and miR482c-5p) resisted degradation during digestion and were detected in human feces, although not in serum. Conclusion Our findings suggest that miR482f and miR482c-5p can promote an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile in human macrophages in vitro and their bioavailability in humans can be achieved through diet, but eventually restricted at the gut level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Díez-Sainz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology/Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lorente-Cebrián
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Aranaz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology/Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - José I. Riezu-Boj
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology/Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology/Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Agarwal R, Muthu V, Sehgal IS. Relationship between Aspergillus and asthma. Allergol Int 2023; 72:507-520. [PMID: 37633774 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal sensitization is highly prevalent in severe asthma. The relationship between fungus and asthma, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, has been the subject of extensive research. The ubiquitous presence of A. fumigatus, its thermotolerant nature, the respirable size of its conidia, and its ability to produce potent allergens are pivotal in worsening asthma control. Due to the diverse clinical manifestations of fungal asthma and the lack of specific biomarkers, its diagnosis remains intricate. Diagnosing fungal asthma requires carefully assessing the patient's clinical history, immunological tests, and imaging. Depending on the severity, patients with fungal asthma require personalized treatment plans, including inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, and antifungal therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the association between Aspergillus and asthma by reviewing the relevant literature and highlighting key findings. We discuss the diagnosis of various entities included in fungal asthma. We also debate whether newer definitions, including allergic fungal airway disease, offer any additional advantages over the existing ones. Finally, we provide the current treatment options for the individual entities, including A. fumigatus-associated asthma, severe asthma with fungal sensitization, and allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Valliappan Muthu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Inderpaul Singh Sehgal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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5
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Alvero AB, Fox A, Madina B, Krady M, Gogoi R, Chehade H, Nakaar V, Almassian B, Yarovinsky T, Rutherford T, Mor G. Immune modulation of innate and adaptive responses restores immune surveillance and establishes anti-tumor immunological memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559828. [PMID: 37808682 PMCID: PMC10557730 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Current immunotherapies have proven effective in strengthening anti-tumor immune responses but constant opposing signals from tumor cells and surrounding microenvironment eventually lead to immune escape. We hypothesize that in situ release of antigens and regulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system will provide a robust and long-term anti-tumor effect by creating immunological memory against the tumor. To achieve this, we developed CARG-2020, a virus-like-vesicle (VLV). It is a genetically modified and self-amplifying RNA with oncolytic capacity and encodes immune regulatory genes. CARG-2020 carries three transgenes: 1 ) the pleiotropic antitumor cytokine IL-12 in which the subunits (p35 and p40) are tethered together; 2) the extracellular domain (ECD) of the pro- tumor IL-17RA, which can serve as a dominant negative antagonist; and 3) shRNA for PD-L1. Using a mouse model of ovarian cancer, we demonstrate the oncolytic effect and immune modulatory capacities of CARG-2020. By enhancing IL-12 and blocking IL-17 and PD-L1, CARG-2020 successfully reactivates immune surveillance by promoting M1 instead of M2 macrophage differentiation, inhibiting MDSC expansion, and establishing a potent CD8+ T cell mediated anti-tumoral response. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this therapeutic approach provides tumor-specific and long-term protection preventing the establishment of new tumors. Our results provide rationale for the further development of this platform as a therapeutic modality for ovarian cancer patients to enhance the anti-tumor response and to prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B. Alvero
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Alexandra Fox
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | - Radhika Gogoi
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Hussein Chehade
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Rutherford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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Yoshikawa FSY, Wakatsuki M, Yoshida K, Yabe R, Torigoe S, Yamasaki S, Barber GN, Saijo S. Dectin-1/IL-15 Pathway Affords Protection against Extrapulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus Infection by Regulating Natural Killer Cell Survival. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:397-411. [PMID: 36657412 PMCID: PMC10015709 DOI: 10.1159/000527188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous, yet potentially pathogenic, mold. The immune system employs innate receptors, such as dectin-1, to recognize fungal pathogens, but the immunological networks that afford protection are poorly explored. Here, we investigated the role of dectin-1 in anti-A. fumigatus response in an experimental model of acute invasive aspergillosis. Mice lacking dectin-1 presented enhanced signs of inflammation, with increased production of inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration, quickly succumbing to the infection. Curiously, resistance did not require T/B lymphocytes or IL-17. Instead, the main effector function of dectin-1 was the preservation of the NK cell population in the kidneys by the provision of the cytokine IL-15. While the depletion of NK cells impaired host defense in wild-type mice, IL-15 administration restored antifungal responses in dectin-1-deficient mice. Our results uncover a new effector mechanism for dectin-1 in anti-Aspergillus defense, adding an alternative approach to understand the pathophysiology of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Y Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
| | - Maki Wakatsuki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rikio Yabe
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Torigoe
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Design, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Sun L, Peng B, Zhou J, Wang P, Mo Y, Xu G, Tao Y, Song H, Tang W, Jin M. Difference of Serum Cytokine Profile in Allergic Asthma Patients According to Disease Severity. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:315-326. [PMID: 35283636 PMCID: PMC8909512 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s345759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Allergic asthma is a heterogeneous disease with complex underlying mechanisms. Cytokines are key mediators in immune system and potential indicators of disease status. The aim of this study is to compare the difference of serum cytokine profile in allergic asthma patients with different disease severity and explore candidate biomarkers for disease monitoring and targeting therapeutic agents. Patients and Methods A total of 40 allergic asthmatics (mild, n=22; moderate-to-severe, n=18) were included in this study. Serum samples, lung function and exhaled nitric oxide data were collected from each subject. A Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence platform was applied to access serum levels of 33 cytokines. Serum cytokine profile was compared between mild and moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics, and the correlation between serum cytokine levels, lung function and exhaled nitric oxide were analyzed. Results Moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics displayed higher levels of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, YKL-40 and lower IL-23, IL-31 and TRAIL in serum in comparison with mild allergic asthmatics. Serum YKL-40, eotaxin-1 and MCP-1 had the best ability to discriminate mild and moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics, with an AUC of 0.833, 0.811 and 0.760. Serum IP-10 was positively correlated with FeNO levels, while FnNO displayed a strong positive correlation with serum IL-25. Conclusion Compared with mild allergic asthmatics, significant increase in serum eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, YKL-40 and decrease in serum IL-23, IL-31 and TRAIL was noted in moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics. YKL-40, eotaxin-1 and MCP-1 might be candidate biomarkers in reflecting severity in allergic asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Mo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guofang Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hejie Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wei Tang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Meiling Jin, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Initiation and Pathogenesis of Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040913. [PMID: 33921169 PMCID: PMC8071493 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth, and their ubiquity and small proteolytically active products make them pervasive allergens that affect humans and other mammals. The immunologic parameters surrounding fungal allergies are still not fully elucidated despite their importance given that a large proportion of severe asthmatics are sensitized to fungal allergens. Herein, we explore fungal allergic asthma with emphasis on mouse models that recapitulate the characteristics of human disease, and the main leukocyte players in the pathogenesis of fungal allergies. The endogenous mycobiome may also contribute to fungal asthma, a phenomenon that we discuss only superficially, as much remains to be discovered.
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9
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Murakami Y, Ishii T, Nunokawa H, Kurata K, Narita T, Yamashita N. TLR9-IL-2 axis exacerbates allergic asthma by preventing IL-17A hyperproduction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18110. [PMID: 33093516 PMCID: PMC7581806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is one of most famous allergic diseases, which develops lung and airway inflammation. Recent studies have revealed the relationship between the pathology of allergic asthma and the increase of host-derived DNA in inflamed lung, but the role of the DNA-recognizing innate immune receptor for the inflammation is unknown well. Here we investigated the role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma without synthesized CpG-ODNs. To examine that, we analyzed the pathology and immunology of house-dust-mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in Tlr9–/– mice and TLR9-inhibitory-antibody-treated mice. In Tlr9–/– mice, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and the number of eosinophils decreased, and production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4 was suppressed, compared with in wild-type mice. Interestingly, unlike Th2 cytokine production, IL-17A production was increased in Tlr9–/– mice. Furthermore, production of IL-2, which decreases IL-17A production, was reduced in Tlr9–/– mice. Blockade of TLR9 by treatment with TLR9-inhibitory-antibody, NaR9, effectively suppressed the development of allergic asthma pathology. IL-17A production in NaR9-treated mice was enhanced, which is comparable to Tlr9-/- mice. These results suggest that the TLR9–IL-2 axis plays an important role in Th2 inflammation by modulating IL-17A production in HDM-induced allergic asthma and that targeting of TLR9 might be a novel therapeutic method for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nunokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Narita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan.
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10
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Dong Z, Ma Y, Zhou H, Shi L, Ye G, Yang L, Liu P, Zhou L. Integrated genomics analysis highlights important SNPs and genes implicated in moderate-to-severe asthma based on GWAS and eQTL datasets. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:270. [PMID: 33066754 PMCID: PMC7568423 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe asthma is a chronic disease contributing to disproportionate disease morbidity and mortality. From the year of 2007, many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have documented a large number of asthma-associated genetic variants and related genes. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of these identified variants involved in asthma or severe asthma risk remains largely unknown. Methods In the current study, we systematically integrated 3 independent expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data (N = 1977) and a large-scale GWAS summary data of moderate-to-severe asthma (N = 30,810) by using the Sherlock Bayesian analysis to identify whether expression-related variants contribute risk to severe asthma. Furthermore, we performed various bioinformatics analyses, including pathway enrichment analysis, PPI network enrichment analysis, in silico permutation analysis, DEG analysis and co-expression analysis, to prioritize important genes associated with severe asthma. Results In the discovery stage, we identified 1129 significant genes associated with moderate-to-severe asthma by using the Sherlock Bayesian analysis. Two hundred twenty-eight genes were prominently replicated by using MAGMA gene-based analysis. These 228 replicated genes were enriched in 17 biological pathways including antigen processing and presentation (Corrected P = 4.30 × 10− 6), type I diabetes mellitus (Corrected P = 7.09 × 10− 5), and asthma (Corrected P = 1.72 × 10− 3). With the use of a series of bioinformatics analyses, we highlighted 11 important genes such as GNGT2, TLR6, and TTC19 as authentic risk genes associated with moderate-to-severe/severe asthma. With respect to GNGT2, there were 3 eSNPs of rs17637472 (PeQTL = 2.98 × 10− 8 and PGWAS = 3.40 × 10− 8), rs11265180 (PeQTL = 6.0 × 10− 6 and PGWAS = 1.99 × 10− 3), and rs1867087 (PeQTL = 1.0 × 10− 4 and PGWAS = 1.84 × 10− 5) identified. In addition, GNGT2 is significantly expressed in severe asthma compared with mild-moderate asthma (P = 0.045), and Gngt2 shows significantly distinct expression patterns between vehicle and various glucocorticoids (Anova P = 1.55 × 10− 6). Conclusions Our current study provides multiple lines of evidence to support that these 11 identified genes as important candidates implicated in the pathogenesis of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Dong
- Critical Care Unit, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Linhui Shi
- Critical Care Unit, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P.R. China
| | - Gongjie Ye
- Critical Care Unit, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Critical Care Unit, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Liu
- Critical Care Unit, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, P.R. China.
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11
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Hatinguais R, Willment JA, Brown GD. PAMPs of the Fungal Cell Wall and Mammalian PRRs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:187-223. [PMID: 32180018 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised patients and are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths every year. The antifungal innate immune response is mediated through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are immune receptors that ensure the internalisation and the killing of fungal pathogens. They also mount the inflammatory response, which contributes to initiate and polarise the adaptive response, controlled by lymphocytes. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are required to control fungal infections. The immune recognition of fungal pathogen primarily occurs at the interface between the membrane of innate immune cells and the fungal cell wall, which contains a number of PAMPs. This chapter will focus on describing the main mammalian PRRs that have been shown to bind to PAMPs from the fungal cell wall of the four main fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii. We will describe these receptors, their functions and ligands to provide the reader with an overview of how the immune system recognises fungal pathogens and responds to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet A Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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12
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Jeong MH, Park YJ, Kim HR, Chung KH. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate-induced upregulation of MUC5AC via activation of the TLR-p38 MAPK and JNK axis. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:119-126. [PMID: 30935901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies indicate that polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) is a guanidine-based cationic disinfectant strongly associated with interstitial lung diseases. As individuals exposed to aerosolized PHMG-p complain of respiratory problems (asthma and rhinitis), whether PHMG-p can cause respiratory diseases other than interstitial fibrosis should be investigated. MUC5AC, the predominant mucin gene expressed in airways, is associated with obstructive respiratory disease pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we elucidated the relationship between PHMG-p and MUC5AC overexpression. First, in immunofluorescence studies, the bronchial epithelia of mice intratracheally administrated PHMG-p appeared to be sloughing and tethered by MUC5AC. Second, Calu-3 cells exposed to PHMG-p showed concentration-dependent increases in MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and c-jun were phosphorylated in cells exposed to PHMG-p. SP600125 and SB203580, JNK and p38 inhibitors, respectively, reduced the upregulation of MUC5AC by PHMG-p in Calu-3 cells. When toll-like receptor (TLR)2, 4, and 6 were silenced, PHMG-p-induced JNK and p38 phosphorylation decreased. Furthermore, TLR2-, 4-, and 6-silenced cells showed reduced levels of MUC5AC mRNA and protein induced by PHMG-p, with TLR6 knockdown showing the greatest effect. In conclusion, PHMG-p induced MUC5AC overexpression via activation of the TLR-p38 MAPK and JNK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ho Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38430, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 PMCID: PMC6709706 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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14
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Zakeri A, Russo M. Dual Role of Toll-like Receptors in Human and Experimental Asthma Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 29867994 PMCID: PMC5963123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is influenced by the interplay between genetic factors and exposure to environmental allergens, microbes, or microbial products where toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role. TLRs recognize a wide range of microbial or endogenous molecules as well as airborne environmental allergens and act as adjuvants that influence positively or negatively allergic sensitization. TLRs are qualitatively and differentially expressed on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal or structural airway cells that when activated by TLRs agonists exert an immune-modulatory role in asthma development. Therefore, understanding mechanisms and pathways by which TLRs orchestrate asthma outcomes may offer new strategies to control the disease. Here, we aim to review and critically discuss the role of TLRs in human asthma and murine models of allergic airway inflammation, highlighting the complexity of TLRs function in development, exacerbation, or control of airway allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Glady G. Clinical efficacy of implementing Bio Immune(G)ene MEDicine in the treatment of chronic asthma with the objective of reducing or removing effectively corticosteroid therapy: A novel approach and promising results. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5133-5140. [PMID: 29805540 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the diseases that demonstrates a wide range of variation in its clinical expression, in addition to an important heterogeneity in the pathophysiological mechanisms present in each case. The ever-increasing knowledge of the molecular signalling routes and the development of the Bio Immune(G)ene Medicine [BI(G)MED] therapy in line with this knowledge has revealed a whole novel potential set of self-regulation biological molecules, that may be used to promote the physiological immunogenic self-regulation mechanisms and re-establish the homeostatic balance at a genomic, proteomic and cellular level. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate that the sublingual use of a therapeutic protocol based on BI(G)MED regulatory BIMUREGs in the treatment of chronic asthma may reduce or suppress corticosteroid therapy and avoid its harmful side effects which some patients suffer when using this treatment on a long-term basis. The clinical efficacy of BI(G)MED for chronic asthma was evaluated through a multi-centre study carried out in 2016 implementing a 6-month BI(G)MED treatment protocol for Bronchial Asthma. A total of 61 patients from private medical centres and of European countries including Germany, Austria, France, Belgium and Spain participated. The manuscript describes in detail the clinical efficacy of Bio Immune(G)ene regulatory BI(G)MED treatment protocol that allows the reduction or total removal of the corticosteroid dose in patients with chronic asthma. No adverse reactions were observed. The BI(G)MED regulatory therapy brings novel therapeutic possibilities as an effective and safe treatment of chronic asthma. BI(G)MED was demonstrated to significantly reduce asthma severity when parameter compositions were all analysed by categorical outcomes. Therefore, it is considered a good therapeutic alternative for patients who respond poorly to steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Glady
- European Bio Immune(G)ene Medecine Association, Internal Medicine, 68000 Colmar, France
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16
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TRAIL-Dependent Resolution of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7934362. [PMID: 29670467 PMCID: PMC5833466 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7934362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease characterized by the persistence of activated myofibroblasts resulting in excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and profound tissue remodeling. In the present study, the expression of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was key to the resolution of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that Gr-1+TRAIL+ bone marrow-derived myeloid cells blocked the activation of lung myofibroblasts. Although soluble TRAIL was increased in plasma from IPF patients, the presence of TRAIL+ myeloid cells was markedly reduced in IPF lung biopsies, and primary lung fibroblasts from this patient group expressed little of the TRAIL receptor-2 (DR5) when compared with appropriate normal samples. IL-13 was a potent inhibitor of DR5 expression in normal fibroblasts. Together, these results identified TRAIL+ myeloid cells as a critical mechanism in the resolution of pulmonary fibrosis, and strategies directed at promoting its function might have therapeutic potential in IPF.
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17
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House Dust Mite Increases pro-Th2 Cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 via the Activation of TLR1/6 Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2354-2361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Heinen MP, Cambier L, Fievez L, Mignon B. Are Th17 Cells Playing a Role in Immunity to Dermatophytosis? Mycopathologia 2016; 182:251-261. [PMID: 27878642 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite their superficial localization in the skin, pathogenic dermatophytes can induce a complex but still misunderstood immune response in their hosts. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is correlated with both clinical recovery and protection against reinfection, and CD4+ T lymphocytes have been recognized as a crucial component of the immune defense against dermatophytes. Before the discovery of the Th17 pathway, CMI was considered to be only dependent of Th1 cells, and thus most studies on the immunology of dermatophytosis have focused on the Th1 pathway. Nevertheless, the fine comparative analysis of available scientific data on immunology of dermatophytosis in one hand and on the Th17 pathway mechanisms involved in opportunistic mucosal fungal infections in the other hand reveals that some key elements of the Th17 pathway can be activated by dermatophytes. Stimulation of the Th17 pathway could occur through the activation of some C-type lectin-like receptors and inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells. The Th17 cells could go back to the affected skin and by the production of signature cytokines could induce the effector mechanisms like the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In conclusion, besides the Th1 pathway, which is important to the immune response against dermatophytes, there are also growing evidences for the involvement of the Th17 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Heinen
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Cambier
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Fievez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B-34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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19
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Takazono T, Sheppard DC. Aspergillus in chronic lung disease: Modeling what goes on in the airways. Med Mycol 2016; 55:39-47. [PMID: 27838644 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species cause a range of respiratory diseases in humans. While immunocompromised patients are at risk for the development of invasive infection with these opportunistic molds, patients with underlying pulmonary disease can develop chronic airway infection with Aspergillus species. These conditions span a range of inflammatory and allergic diseases including Aspergillus bronchitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and severe asthma with fungal sensitization. Animal models are invaluable tools for the study of the molecular mechanism underlying the colonization of airways by Aspergillus and the host response to these non-invasive infections. In this review we summarize the state-of-the-art with respect to the available animal models of noninvasive and allergic Aspergillus airway disease; the key findings of host-pathogen interaction studies using these models; and the limitations and future directions that should guide the development and use of models for the study of these important pulmonary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Takazono
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada .,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Zakeri A, Borji H, Haghparast A. Interaction Between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:219-48. [PMID: 27120222 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Since TLRs significantly orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response, their manipulation has widely been considered as a potential approach to control asthma symptoms. It is well established that helminths have immunoregulatory effects on host immune responses, especially innate immunity. They release bioactive molecules such as excretory-secretory (ES) products manipulating TLRs expression and signaling. Thus, given the promising results derived from preclinical studies, harnessing helminth-derived molecules affecting TLRs can be considered as a potential biological therapy for allergic diseases. Prospectively, the data that are available at present suggest that, in the near future, it is possible that helminth antigens will offer new therapeutic strategies and druggable targets for fighting allergic diseases. This review describes the interactions between helminths and TLRs and discusses the potential possibilities for asthma therapy. In this opinion paper, the authors aimed to review the updated literatures on the interplay between helminths, TLRs, and asthma with a view to proposing helminth-based asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
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21
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Zeyer F, Mothes B, Will C, Carevic M, Rottenberger J, Nürnberg B, Hartl D, Handgretinger R, Beer-Hammer S, Kormann MSD. mRNA-Mediated Gene Supplementation of Toll-Like Receptors as Treatment Strategy for Asthma In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154001. [PMID: 27101288 PMCID: PMC4839613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. Although several therapeutic options are currently available to control the symptoms, many drugs have significant side effects and asthma remains an incurable disease. Microbial exposure in early life reduces the risk of asthma and several studies have suggested protective effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. We showed previously that modified mRNA provides a safe and efficient therapeutic tool for in vivo gene supplementation. Since current asthma drugs do not take patient specific immune and TLR backgrounds into consideration, treatment with tailored mRNA could be an attractive approach to account for the patient's individual asthma phenotype. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a preventative treatment with combinations of Tlr1, Tlr2 and Tlr6 mRNA in a House Dust Mite-induced mouse model of asthma. We used chemically modified mRNA which is-in contrast to conventional viral vectors-non-integrating and highly efficient in gene transfer. In our study, we found that treatment with either Tlr1/2 mRNA or Tlr2/6 mRNA, but not Tlr2 mRNA alone, resulted in better lung function as well as reduced airway inflammation in vivo. The present results point to a potentially protective effect of TLR heterodimers in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Zeyer
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Mothes
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clara Will
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Carevic
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Rottenberger
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and ICePhA, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael S. D. Kormann
- Department of Pediatrics I - Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology - Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Skabytska Y, Kaesler S, Volz T, Biedermann T. Wie das angeborene Immunsystem die Immunität trainiert: neue Erkenntnisse über die atopische Dermatitis und kutane Bakterien. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.100_12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Skabytska
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
- Universitäts-Hautklinik; Eberhard- Karls-Universität Tübingen; Deutschland
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
- Universitäts-Hautklinik; Eberhard- Karls-Universität Tübingen; Deutschland
| | - Thomas Volz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; TUM Fakultät für Medizin; Technische Universität München; Deutschland
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23
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Skabytska Y, Kaesler S, Volz T, Biedermann T. How the innate immune system trains immunity: lessons from studying atopic dermatitis and cutaneous bacteria. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:153-6. [PMID: 26788792 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ at the interface between environment and host. It plays a major protective role against pathogens as physical barrier, as site of first recognition, and as orchestrator of consecutive immune responses. In this process, immunological crosstalk between skin-resident and immune cells is required, and fixed innate immune responses were previously believed to orchestrate adaptive immunity of B and T lymphocytes. Today, we understand that diverse qualities of immune responses to different microbes need to be regulated by also varying responses at the level of first microbe recognition through receptors of the innate immune system. Only fine-tuning of the innate immune system allows for the orchestration of immune responses to the microbiota in the absence of inflammation as well as to pathogens in the context of protective responses including inflammation. Understanding how innate immunity precisely adapts is also important for diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) with chronic inflammation. In this review, we present data on how the innate immune system actually fine-tunes its responses with special focus on the immunological consequences of cutaneous innate immune sensing through TLR2. These new insights are highly relevant for understanding microbiota-associated state of health, immune defense, and the pathogenesis underlying chronic cutaneous inflammation as seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Skabytska
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
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24
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Williams PB, Barnes CS, Portnoy JM. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Fungal Products and Allergens. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:386-95. [PMID: 26755096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fungi and their products is practically ubiquitous, yet most of this is of little consequence to most healthy individuals. This is because there are a number of elaborate mechanisms to deal with these exposures. Most of these mechanisms are designed to recognize and neutralize such exposures. However, in understanding these mechanisms it has become clear that many of them overlap with our ability to respond to disruptions in tissue function caused by trauma or deterioration. These responses involve the innate and adaptive immune systems usually through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and the production of cytokines that are considered inflammatory accompanied by other factors that can moderate these reactivities. Depending on different genetic backgrounds and the extent of activation of these mechanisms, various pathologies with resulting symptoms can ensue. Complicating this is the fact that these mechanisms can bias toward type 2 innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, to understand what we refer to as allergens from fungal sources, we must first understand how they influence these innate mechanisms. In doing so it has become clear that many of the proteins that are described as fungal allergens are essentially homologues of our own proteins that signal or cause tissue disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brock Williams
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Charles S Barnes
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Jay M Portnoy
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo.
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25
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The role of innate immune signaling in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and consequences for treatments. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:29-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Lack of autophagy induces steroid-resistant airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1382-1389.e9. [PMID: 26589586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophilic corticosteroid-resistant asthma accounts for a significant proportion of asthma; however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of the disease. OBJECTIVE We sought to address the role of autophagy in lung inflammation and the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-resistant neutrophilic asthma. METHODS We developed CD11c-specific autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5)(-/-) mice and used several murine models to investigate the role of autophagy in asthmatic patients. RESULTS For the first time, we found that deletion of the Atg5 gene specifically in CD11c(+) cells, which leads to impairment of the autophagy pathway, causes unprovoked spontaneous airway hyperreactivity and severe neutrophilic lung inflammation in mice. We found that severe lung inflammation impairs the autophagy pathway, particularly in pulmonary CD11c(+) cells in wild-type mice. We further found that adoptive transfer of Atg5(-/-), but not wild-type, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells augments lung inflammation with increased IL-17A levels in the lungs. Our data indicate that neutrophilic asthma in Atg5(-/-) mice is glucocorticoid resistant and IL-17A dependent. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that lack of autophagy in pulmonary CD11c(+) cells induces neutrophilic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity.
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Ogawa R, Suzuki Y, Kagawa S, Masaki K, Fukunaga K, Yoshimura A, Fujishima S, Terashima T, Betsuyaku T, Asano K. Distinct effects of endogenous interleukin-23 on eosinophilic airway inflammation in response to different antigens. Allergol Int 2015; 64 Suppl:S24-9. [PMID: 26344076 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of interleukin (IL)-23 in asthma pathophysiology is still controversial. We examined its role in allergic airway inflammation in response to two distinct antigens using IL-23-deficient mice. METHODS Allergic airway inflammation was evaluated in wild-type and IL-23p19(-/-) mice. Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM) by intraperitoneal injection of antigen and their airways were then exposed to the same antigen. Levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulins in serum as well as cytokines in bronchoalveolar or peritoneal lavage fluid and lung tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Deficiency of IL-23p19 decreased eosinophils and Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of OVA-treated mice, while it increased BALF eosinophils of HDM-treated mice. Peritoneal injection of OVA with alum, but not of HDM, induced local synthesis of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-23. Systemic production of antigen-specific IgG1 was partially dependent on IL-23. In contrast, airway exposure to HDM, but not to OVA, induced IL-23p19 mRNA expression in the lungs. In IL-23p19-deficient mice, HDM-exposed lungs did not exhibit the induction of IL-17A, which negatively regulates eosinophilic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Different antigens induced IL-23 at different part of the body in our similar asthma models. Endogenous IL-23 production at the site of antigen sensitization facilitates type-2 immune responses, whereas IL-23 production and subsequent IL-17A synthesis in the airways suppresses allergic inflammation.
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The Poly-γ-d-Glutamic Acid Capsule Surrogate of the Bacillus anthracis Capsule Is a Novel Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonist. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26195551 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00888-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a pathogenic Gram-positive bacterium that causes a highly lethal infectious disease, anthrax. The poly-γ-d-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule is one of the major virulence factors of B. anthracis, along with exotoxins. PGA enables B. anthracis to escape phagocytosis and immune surveillance. Our previous study showed that PGA activates the human macrophage cell line THP-1 and human dendritic cells, resulting in the production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (M. H. Cho et al., Infect Immun 78:387-392, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00956-09). Here, we investigated PGA-induced cytokine responses and related signaling pathways in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) using Bacillus licheniformis PGA as a surrogate for B. anthracis PGA. Upon exposure to PGA, BMDMs produced proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-12p40, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in a concentration-dependent manner. PGA stimulated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) but not TLR4 in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing either TLR2 or TLR4. The ability of PGA to induce TNF-α and IL-6 was retained in TLR4(-/-) but not TLR2(-/-) BMDMs. Blocking experiments with specific neutralizing antibodies for TLR1, TLR6, and CD14 showed that TLR6 and CD14 also were necessary for PGA-induced inflammatory responses. Furthermore, PGA enhanced activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which are responsible for expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, PGA-induced TNF-α production was abrogated not only in MyD88(-/-) BMDMs but also in BMDMs pretreated with inhibitors of MAP kinases and NF-κB. These results suggest that immune responses induced by PGA occur via TLR2, TLR6, CD14, and MyD88 through activation of MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways.
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Abstract
Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of evolutionally conserved protein molecules that are structurally and functionally diverse. Although scavenger receptors were originally identified based on their capacity to scavenge modified lipoproteins, these molecules have been shown to recognize and bind to a broad spectrum of ligands, including modified and unmodified host-derived molecules or microbial components. As a major subset of innate pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors are mainly expressed on myeloid cells and function in a wide range of biological processes, such as endocytosis, adhesion, lipid transport, antigen presentation, and pathogen clearance. In addition to playing a crucial role in maintenance of host homeostasis, scavenger receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, or metabolic disorders. Emerging evidence has begun to reveal these receptor molecules as important regulators of tumor behavior and host immune responses to cancer. This review summarizes our current understanding on the newly identified, distinct functions of scavenger receptors in cancer biology and immunology. The potential of scavenger receptors as diagnostic biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic interventions to treat malignancies is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Subjeck
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Renkonen J, Toppila-Salmi S, Joenväärä S, Mattila P, Parviainen V, Hagström J, Haglund C, Lehtonen M, Renkonen R. Expression of Toll-like receptors in nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis. APMIS 2015; 123:716-25. [PMID: 26061394 PMCID: PMC4744727 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are important in barrier homeostasis, but their role in airborne allergies is not fully understood. The aim was to evaluate baseline and allergen‐induced expression of TLR proteins in nasal epithelium during allergic rhinitis. Nineteen otherwise healthy non‐smoking volunteers both allergic to birch pollen and non‐allergic controls were enrolled. We took nasal biopsies before and after off‐seasonal intranasal birch pollen or diluent challenge. The expression of epithelial TLR1‐7, TLR9‐10, and MyD88 proteins was immunohistochemically evaluated from the nasal biopsies. The TLR1‐3 and TLR5‐10 mRNAs were observed by RNA‐microarray. Baseline epithelial expression of TLR proteins was wide and identical in controls and atopics. After off‐seasonal intranasal birch pollen challenge, a negative change in the expression score of TLR1 and TLR6 proteins was detected in the atopic group. TLR mRNA expression was not affected by birch pollen challenge. Nasal epithelium seems to express all known TLRs. The mechanisms by which TLR1, and TLR6 proteins could affect pollen allergen transport need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Allergy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Mattila
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Parviainen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Lehtonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Lunding LP, Webering S, Vock C, Behrends J, Wagner C, Hölscher C, Fehrenbach H, Wegmann M. Poly(inosinic-cytidylic) acid-triggered exacerbation of experimental asthma depends on IL-17A produced by NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5615-25. [PMID: 25972482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of the respiratory tract represents the major cause of acute asthma exacerbations. dsRNA is produced as an intermediate during replication of respiratory viruses and triggers immune responses via TLR3. This study aimed at clarifying the mechanisms underlying TLR3 triggered exacerbation of experimental allergic asthma. The TLR3 ligand poly(inosinic-cytidylic) acid was applied intranasally to mice with already established experimental allergic asthma. Airway inflammation, cytokine expression, mucus production, and airway reactivity was assessed in wild-type, IL-17A, or IL-23p19-deficient, and in NK cell-depleted mice. Local application of poly(inosinic-cytidylic) acid exacerbated experimental allergic asthma in mice as characterized by enhanced release of proinflammatory cytokines, aggravated airway inflammation, and increased mucus production together with pronounced airway hyperresponsiveness. This was further associated with augmented production of IL-17 by Th17 cells and NK cells. Whereas experimental exacerbation could be induced in IL-23p19-deficient mice lacking mature, proinflammatory Th17 cells, this was not possible in mice lacking IL-17A or in NK cell-depleted animals. These experiments indicate a central role for IL-17 derived from NK cells but not from Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of virus-triggered exacerbation of experimental asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P Lunding
- Division of Mouse Models of Asthma, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Sina Webering
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Facility, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Wagner
- Division of Invertebrate Models, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Division of Infection Immunology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; and Member of the German Center for Infection Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Division of Mouse Models of Asthma, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany;
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Werner JL, Steele C. Innate receptors and cellular defense against pulmonary infections. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3842-50. [PMID: 25281754 PMCID: PMC4185409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, lung infections consistently rank in the top 10 leading causes of death, accounting for >50,000 deaths annually. Moreover, >140,000 deaths occur annually as a result of chronic lung diseases, some of which may be complicated by an infectious process. The lung is constantly exposed to the environment and is susceptible to infectious complications caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. Indeed, we are continually faced with the threat of morbidity and mortality associated with annual influenza virus infections, new respiratory viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV), and lung infections caused by antibiotic-resistant "ESKAPE pathogens" (three of which target the lung). This review highlights innate immune receptors and cell types that function to protect against infectious challenges to the respiratory system yet also may be associated with exacerbations in chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Morgan ME, Koelink PJ, Zheng B, den Brok MHMGM, van de Kant HJG, Verspaget HW, Folkerts G, Adema GJ, Kraneveld AD. Toll-like receptor 6 stimulation promotes T-helper 1 and 17 responses in gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue and modulates murine experimental colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1266-77. [PMID: 24670426 PMCID: PMC4137742 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T-helper 1 and 17 (Th1/Th17) responses are important in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and research indicates that Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) stimulation leads to Th17 cell development within the lung. The gastrointestinal tract, like the lung, is a mucosal surface that is exposed to bacterially derived TLR6 ligands. Thus, we looked at the effects of TLR6 stimulation on the expression of Th17-, Th1-, and regulatory T-cell-associated transcription factors; RORγt, T-bet, and Foxp3, respectively; in CD4+ T cells within gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in vitro and in vivo. Cells from GALT and spleen were stimulated with anti-CD3 and TLR ligands for TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 (Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1, respectively). FSL-1 was more effective than Pam3CSK4 at inducing Th1 and Th17 responses in the GALT while Pam3CSK4 rivaled FSL-1 in the spleen. TLR6 was further explored in vivo using experimental colitis. Tlr6-/- mice were resistant to colitis, and oral FSL-1 led to more severe colitis in wild-type mice. Similar pro-inflammatory reactions were seen in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and TLR6 expression was directly correlated with RORC mRNA levels in inflamed intestines of IBD patients. These results demonstrate that TLR6 supports Th1- and Th17-skewed responses in the GALT and might be an important target for the development of new medical interventions in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Morgan
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P J Koelink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M H M G M den Brok
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H JG van de Kant
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H W Verspaget
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G J Adema
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,E-mail:
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Martin RA, Hodgkins SR, Dixon AE, Poynter ME. Aligning mouse models of asthma to human endotypes of disease. Respirology 2014; 19:823-33. [PMID: 24811131 PMCID: PMC4107015 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial gains in understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying asthma have been made using preclinical mouse models. However, because asthma is a complex, heterogeneous syndrome that is rarely due to a single allergen and that often presents in the absence of atopy, few of the promising therapeutics that demonstrated effectiveness in mouse models have translated into new treatments for patients. This has resulted in an urgent need to characterize T helper (Th) 2-low, non-eosinophilic subsets of asthma, to study models that are resistant to conventional treatments such as corticosteroids and to develop therapies targeting patients with severe disease. Classifying asthma based on underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, known as endotyping, offers a stratified approach for the development of new therapies for asthma. In preclinical research, new models of asthma are being utilized that more closely resemble the clinical features of different asthma endotypes, including the presence of interleukin-17 and a Th17 response, a biomarker of severe disease. These models utilize more physiologically relevant sensitizing agents, exacerbating factors and allergens, as well as incorporate time points that better reflect the natural history and chronicity of clinical asthma. Importantly, some models better represent non-classical asthma endotypes that facilitate the study of non-Th2-driven pathology and resemble the complex nature of clinical asthma, including corticosteroid resistance. Placing mouse asthma models into the context of human asthma endotypes will afford a more relevant approach to the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of disease that will afford the development of new therapies for those asthmatics that remain difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Martin
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory infections and diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide, and effective treatments probably require manipulating the inflammatory response to pathogenic microbes or allergens. Here, we review mechanisms controlling the production and functions of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22, cytokines that direct several aspects of lung immunity. Innate lymphocytes (γδ T cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells) are the major source of IL-17 and IL-22 during acute infections, while CD4(+) T-helper 17 (Th17) cells contribute to vaccine-induced immunity. The characterization of dendritic cell (DC) subsets has revealed their central roles in T-cell activation. CD11b(+) DCs stimulated with bacteria or fungi secrete IL-1β and IL-23, potent inducers of IL-17 and IL-22. On the other hand, recognition of viruses by plasmacytoid DCs inhibits IL-1β and IL-23 release, increasing susceptibility to bacterial superinfections. IL-17 and IL-22 primarily act on the lung epithelium, inducing antimicrobial proteins and neutrophil chemoattractants. Recent studies found that stimulation of macrophages and DCs with IL-17 also contributes to antibacterial immunity, while IL-22 promotes epithelial proliferation and repair following injury. Chronic diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been associated with IL-17 and IL-22 responses directed against innocuous antigens. Future studies will evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of targeting the IL-17/IL-22 pathway in pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P. McAleer
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Pham D, Sehra S, Sun X, Kaplan MH. The transcription factor Etv5 controls TH17 cell development and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:204-14. [PMID: 24486067 PMCID: PMC4209254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differentiation of TH17 cells, which promote pulmonary inflammation, requires the cooperation of a network of transcription factors. OBJECTIVES We sought to define the role of Etv5, an Ets-family transcription factor, in TH17 cell development and function. METHODS TH17 development was examined in primary mouse T cells wherein Etv5 expression was altered by retroviral transduction, small interfering RNA targeting a specific gene, and mice with a conditional deletion of Etv5 in T cells. The direct function of Etv5 on the Il17 locus was tested with chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays. The house dust mite-induced allergic inflammation model was used to test the requirement for Etv5-dependent TH17 functions in vivo. RESULTS We identify Etv5 as a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-induced positive regulator of TH17 development. Etv5 controls TH17 differentiation by directly promoting Il17a and Il17f expression. Etv5 recruits histone-modifying enzymes to the Il17a-Il17f locus, resulting in increased active histone marks and decreased repressive histone marks. In a model of allergic airway inflammation, mice with Etv5-deficient T cells have reduced airway inflammation and IL-17A/F production in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with wild-type mice, without changes in TH2 cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS These data define signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent feed-forward control of TH17 cytokine production and a novel role for Etv5 in promoting T cell-dependent airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wis
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
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Ait-Oufella H, Sage AP, Mallat Z, Tedgui A. Adaptive (T and B cells) immunity and control by dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2014; 114:1640-60. [PMID: 24812352 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in response to lipoprotein accumulation in the arterial wall is central in the development of atherosclerosis. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in this process. Adaptive immune responses develop against an array of potential antigens presented to effector T lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. Functional analysis of the role of different T-cell subsets identified the Th1 responses as proatherogenic, whereas regulatory T-cell responses exert antiatherogenic activities. The effect of Th2 and Th17 responses is still debated. Atherosclerosis is also associated with B-cell activation. Recent evidence established that conventional B-2 cells promote atherosclerosis. In contrast, innate B-1 B cells offer protection through secretion of natural IgM antibodies. This review discusses the recent development in our understanding of the role of T- and B-cell subsets in atherosclerosis and addresses the role of dendritic cell subpopulations in the control of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafid Ait-Oufella
- From INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (H.A.-O., Z.M., A.T.); Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France (H.A.-O.); and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.S., Z.M.)
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Verstraelen S, Remy S, Casals E, De Boever P, Witters H, Gatti A, Puntes V, Nelissen I. Gene expression profiles reveal distinct immunological responses of cobalt and cerium dioxide nanoparticles in two in vitro lung epithelial cell models. Toxicol Lett 2014; 228:157-69. [PMID: 24821434 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentary knowledge exists on cellular signaling responses underlying possible adverse health effects of CoO- and CeO2-nanoparticles (NP)s after inhalation. We aimed to perform a time kinetic study of gene expression profiles induced by these NPs in alveolar A549 and bronchial BEAS-2B epithelial cells, and investigated possible immune system modulation. The kinetics of the cell responses induced by the NPs were different between the lung epithelial models. Both CoO- and CeO2-NP exposure induced mainly downregulation of gene transcription. BEAS-2B cells were found to be more sensitive, as they showed a higher number of differentially expressed transcripts (DET) at a 10-fold lower NP-concentration than A549 cells. Hierarchical clustering of all DET indicated that the transcriptional responses were heterogeneous among the two cell types and two NPs. Between 1% and 14% DET encoding markers involved in immune processes were observed. The transcriptional impact of the metal oxide NPs appeared to be cell-dependent, both at the general and immune response level, whereas each lung epithelial cell model responded differently to the two NP types. Thus, the study provides gene expression markers and immune processes involved in CoO- and CeO2-NP-induced toxicity, and demonstrates the usefulness of comprehensive-omics studies to differentiate between NP responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Verstraelen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Eudald Casals
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia (ICN), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium; Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Hilda Witters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Antonietta Gatti
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Laboratorio Biomateriali, Modena, Italy.
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia (ICN), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium.
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Masaki K, Suzuki Y, Kagawa S, Kodama M, Kabata H, Miyata J, Tanaka K, Fukunaga K, Sayama K, Oguma T, Kimura T, Amagai M, Betsuyaku T, Asano K. Dual role of interleukin-23 in epicutaneously-sensitized asthma in mice. Allergol Int 2014; 63 Suppl 1:13-22. [PMID: 24809371 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.13-oa-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-23/Th17 axis plays an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and eczema, however, there are some conflicting data about the effects of this system on allergic airway inflammation. In the present study, we aim to dissect the spatiotemporal differences in the roles of IL-23 in an epicutaneously-sensitized asthma model of mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by patch application on the skin, followed by airway exposure to aerosolized OVA. During sensitization and/or challenge phase, either a specific neutralizing antibody (Ab) against IL-23 or control IgG was injected intraperitoneally. On days 1 and 8 after the final OVA exposure, airway inflammation and responsiveness to methacholine, immunoglobulin levels in serum, and cytokine release from splenocytes were evaluated. Skin Il23a mRNA levels were evaluated with quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Patch application time-dependently increased the expression of Il23a mRNA expression in the skin. Treatment with the anti-IL-23 Ab during sensitization phase alone significantly reduced the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and peribronchial spaces after allergen challenge compared with treatment with control IgG. Anti-IL-23 Ab also reduced serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1. In contrast, treatment with the anti-IL-23 Ab during the challenge phase alone rather exacerbated airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine with little effects on airway eosinophilia or serum IgG1 levels. CONCLUSIONS IL-23 expressed in the skin during the sensitization phase plays an essential role in the development of allergic phenotypes, whereas IL-23 in the airways during the challenge phase suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Masaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; MSD Endowed Program for Allergy Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kagawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; MSD Endowed Program for Allergy Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kodama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kabata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyuto Tanaka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Sayama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Oguma
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tokuhiro Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Present address: Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- MSD Endowed Program for Allergy Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; MSD Endowed Program for Allergy Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Denning DW, Pashley C, Hartl D, Wardlaw A, Godet C, Del Giacco S, Delhaes L, Sergejeva S. Fungal allergy in asthma-state of the art and research needs. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:14. [PMID: 24735832 PMCID: PMC4005466 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to fungi and long term or uncontrolled fungal infection are associated with poor control of asthma, the likelihood of more severe disease and complications such as bronchiectasis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Modelling suggests that >6.5 million people have severe asthma with fungal sensitizations (SAFS), up to 50% of adult asthmatics attending secondary care have fungal sensitization, and an estimated 4.8 million adults have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). There is much uncertainty about which fungi and fungal allergens are relevant to asthma, the natural history of sensitisation to fungi, if there is an exposure response relationship for fungal allergy, and the pathogenesis and frequency of exacerbations and complications. Genetic associations have been described but only weakly linked to phenotypes. The evidence base for most management strategies in ABPA, SAFS and related conditions is weak. Yet straightforward clinical practice guidelines for management are required. The role of environmental monitoring and optimal means of controlling disease to prevent disability and complications are not yet clear. In this paper we set out the key evidence supporting the role of fungal exposure, sensitisation and infection in asthmatics, what is understood about pathogenesis and natural history and identify the numerous areas for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK ; Education and Research Centre, UHSM, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Catherine Pashley
- Leicester Institute for Lung Health and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Domink Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Wardlaw
- Leicester Institute for Lung Health and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Cendrine Godet
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurence Delhaes
- Biology & Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens (BDEEP), Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR8204, IFR142, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille Nord de France University (EA4547), Lille, France ; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Regional Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Svetlana Sergejeva
- Translational Immunology Group, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia ; North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
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Sanders PN, Koval OM, Jaffer OA, Prasad AM, Businga TR, Scott JA, Hayden PJ, Luczak ED, Dickey DD, Allamargot C, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK, Robison AJ, Winder DG, Blackwell TS, Dworski R, Sammut D, Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Pope RM, Miller FJ, Dibbern ME, Haitchi HM, Mohler PJ, Howarth PH, Zabner J, Kline JN, Grumbach IM, Anderson ME. CaMKII is essential for the proasthmatic effects of oxidation. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:195ra97. [PMID: 23884469 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to asthma, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms connecting increased ROS with characteristic features of asthma. We show that enhanced oxidative activation of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (ox-CaMKII) in bronchial epithelium positively correlates with asthma severity and that epithelial ox-CaMKII increases in response to inhaled allergens in patients. We used mouse models of allergic airway disease induced by ovalbumin (OVA) or Aspergillus fumigatus (Asp) and found that bronchial epithelial ox-CaMKII was required to increase a ROS- and picrotoxin-sensitive Cl(-) current (ICl) and MUC5AC expression, upstream events in asthma progression. Allergen challenge increased epithelial ROS by activating NADPH oxidases. Mice lacking functional NADPH oxidases due to knockout of p47 and mice with epithelial-targeted transgenic expression of a CaMKII inhibitory peptide or wild-type mice treated with inhaled KN-93, an experimental small-molecule CaMKII antagonist, were protected against increases in ICl, MUC5AC expression, and airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine. Our findings support the view that CaMKII is a ROS-responsive, pluripotent proasthmatic signal and provide proof-of-concept evidence that CaMKII is a therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
Although IL-1β is the master inflammatory cytokine in the IL-1 family, after more than ten years of continuous breeding, mice deficient in IL-1β exhibit no spontaneous disease. Therefore, one concludes that IL-1β is not needed for homeostasis. However, IL-1β-deficient mice are protected against local and systemic inflammation due to live infections, autoimmune processes, tumor metastasis and even chemical carcinogenesis. Based on a large number of preclinical studies, blocking IL-1β activity in humans with a broad spectrum of inflammatory conditions has reduced disease severity and for many, has lifted the burden of disease. Rare and common diseases are controlled by blocking IL-1β. Immunologically, IL-1β is a natural adjuvant for responses to antigen. Alone, IL-1β is not a growth factor for lymphocytes; rather in antigen activated immunocompetent cells, blocking IL-1 reduces IL-17 production. IL-1β markedly increases in the expansion of naive and memory CD4T cells in response to challenge with their cognate antigen. The response occurs when only specific CD4T cells respond to IL-1β and not to IL-6 or CD-28. A role for autophagy in production of IL-1β has emerged with deletion of the autophagy gene ATG16L1. Macrophages from ATG16L1-deficient mice produce higher levels of IL-1β after stimulation with TLR4 ligands via a mechanism of caspase-1 activation. The implications for increased IL-1β release in persons with defective autophagy may have clinical importance for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Asthma: the importance of dysregulated barrier immunity. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3125-37. [PMID: 24165907 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airway wall that leads to bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity and airway obstruction, caused by inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway wall remodeling. In response to allergen presentation by airway DCs, T-helper lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system control many aspects of the disease through secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-22, and these are counterbalanced by cytokines produced by Treg cells. Many cells of the innate immune system such as mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells also play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Barrier epithelial cells are being ever more implicated in disease pathogenesis than previously thought, as these cells have in recent years been shown to sense exposure to allergens via pattern recognition receptors and to activate conventional and inflammatory-type DCs and other innate immune cells through the secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL-1, IL-33, and IL-25. Understanding this cytokine crosstalk between barrier epithelial cells, DCs, and immune cells provides important insights into the mechanisms of allergic sensitization and asthma progression as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB-Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar S, Colpitts SL, Ménoret A, Budelsky AL, Lefrancois L, Vella AT. Rapid αβ T-cell responses orchestrate innate immunity in response to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1006-15. [PMID: 23321986 PMCID: PMC3722268 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the generation of a traditional immune response against invading pathogens, innate cells guide T cells by programming their differentiation. However, here we demonstrate that αβ T cells have an essential role in priming innate immunity in the lung after Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) inhalation. We found that SEA induces waves of cellular activation, cytokine production, and migration into the lung tissue and airways. However, this innate response was completely inhibited in the absence of αβ T cells. Specifically, we found that interleukin (IL)-17A was required for the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes into the lung. The cellular source of IL-17A was γδ T cells, which increased their IL-17A production following SEA but only in an αβ T-cell-dependent manner. Thus, rapid T-cell activation orchestrates innate immunity and may be a new point of therapeutic intervention for acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030, USA
| | - Sara L. Colpitts
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030, USA
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030, USA
| | - Alison L. Budelsky
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle WA 98119, USA
| | - Leo Lefrancois
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030, USA
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030, USA,Correspondence: ; Tel: (860)679-4364; Fax: (860)679-8130 (A.T.V.)
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The immune interplay between the host and the pathogen in Aspergillus fumigatus lung infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:693023. [PMID: 23984400 PMCID: PMC3745895 DOI: 10.1155/2013/693023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between Aspergillus fumigatus and the host immune response in lung infection has been subject of studies over the last years due to its importance in immunocompromised patients. The multifactorial virulence factors of A. fumigatus are related to the fungus biological characteristics, for example, structure, ability to grow and adapt to high temperatures and stress conditions, besides capability of evading the immune system and causing damage to the host. In this context, the fungus recognition by the host innate immunity occurs when the pathogen disrupts the natural and chemical barriers followed by the activation of acquired immunity. It seems clear that a Th1 response has a protective role, whereas Th2 reactions are often associated with higher fungal burden, and Th17 response is still controversial. Furthermore, a fine regulation of the effector immunity is required to avoid excessive tissue damage associated with fungal clearance, and this role could be attributed to regulatory T cells. Finally, in this work we reviewed the aspects involved in the complex interplay between the host immune response and the pathogen virulence factors, highlighting the immunological issues and the importance of its better understanding to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for invasive lung aspergillosis.
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Schlitzer A, McGovern N, Teo P, Zelante T, Atarashi K, Low D, Ho A, See P, Shin A, Wasan P, Hoeffel G, Malleret B, Heiseke A, Chew S, Jardine L, Purvis H, Hilkens C, Tam J, Poidinger M, Stanley E, Krug A, Renia L, Sivasankar B, Ng L, Collin M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Honda K, Haniffa M, Ginhoux F. IRF4 transcription factor-dependent CD11b+ dendritic cells in human and mouse control mucosal IL-17 cytokine responses. Immunity 2013; 38:970-83. [PMID: 23706669 PMCID: PMC3666057 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse and human dendritic cells (DCs) are composed of functionally specialized subsets, but precise interspecies correlation is currently incomplete. Here, we showed that murine lung and gut lamina propria CD11b+ DC populations were comprised of two subsets: FLT3- and IRF4-dependent CD24+CD64− DCs and contaminating CSF-1R-dependent CD24−CD64+ macrophages. Functionally, loss of CD24+CD11b+ DCs abrogated CD4+ T cell-mediated interleukin-17 (IL-17) production in steady state and after Aspergillus fumigatus challenge. Human CD1c+ DCs, the equivalent of murine CD24+CD11b+ DCs, also expressed IRF4, secreted IL-23, and promoted T helper 17 cell responses. Our data revealed heterogeneity in the mouse CD11b+ DC compartment and identifed mucosal tissues IRF4-expressing DCs specialized in instructing IL-17 responses in both mouse and human. The demonstration of mouse and human DC subsets specialized in driving IL-17 responses highlights the conservation of key immune functions across species and will facilitate the translation of mouse in vivo findings to advance DC-based clinical therapies. Mucosal CD11b+ DCs consist of CD24+CD64− DCs and CD24−CD64+ macrophages Mucosal CD24+CD11b+ DCs are IRF4-dependent IRF4-dependent CD24+CD11b+ DCs secrete IL-23α and control mucosal IL-17 responses Human CD1c+CD11b+ DCs are functional homologs of murine CD24+CD11b+ DCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schlitzer
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Pearline Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Koji Atarashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Adrian W.S. Ho
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Peter See
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Amanda Shin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Pavandip Singh Wasan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Guillaume Hoeffel
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Alexander Heiseke
- II Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha Chew
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Harriet A. Purvis
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - John Tam
- National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anne B. Krug
- II Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Baalasubramanian Sivasankar
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 529825, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
| | - Kenya Honda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 138648 Singapore
- Corresponding author
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van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG. New Insights in the Immunobiology of IL-1 Family Members. Front Immunol 2013; 4:167. [PMID: 23847614 PMCID: PMC3703542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL 1) family of ligands is associated with acute and chronic inflammation, and plays an essential role in the non-specific innate response to infection. The biological properties of IL 1 family ligands are typically pro-inflammatory. The IL 1 family has 11 family members and can be categorized into subfamilies according to the length of their precursor and the length of the propiece for each precursor (Figure 1). The IL 1 subfamily consists of IL 1α, IL 1β, and IL 33, with the longest propieces of the IL 1 family. IL 18 and IL 37 belong to the IL 18 subfamily and contain smaller propieces than IL 1 and IL-33. Since IL 37 binds to the IL 18Rα chain it is part of the IL 18 subfamily, however it remains to be elucidated how the propiece of IL 37 is removed. IL 36α, β, and γ as well as IL 36 Ra belong to the IL 36 subfamily. In addition, IL 38 likely belongs to this family since it has the ability to bind to the IL 36R. The IL 36 subfamily has the shortest propiece. The one member of the IL 1 family that cannot be categorized in these subfamilies is IL 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1Ra), which has a signal peptide and is readily secreted. In the present review we will describe the biological functions of the IL-1F members and new insights in their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: unravelling a complex relationship. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 21:79-86. [PMID: 23241653 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32835ac640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma have a high worldwide prevalence and confer a significant socioeconomic burden. This article reviews the recent advances in allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma with view to understanding the upper and lower airway as one system. RECENT FINDINGS Allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma demonstrate strong epidemiological coassociation, and early life risk factors for upper airway disease are now apparent. The absence of demonstrable peripheral IgE does not strictly classify airway disease as nonallergic. Excess mucosal inflammation with immune dysregulation is a common feature to all. An important role for innate immunity is now apparent and offers prospects of novel therapeutic approaches in the future. A role for bacterial superantigens is also emerging in all three diseases. Genetic studies highlight common associations between allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma. SUMMARY Whether such overlapping pathological findings reflect a manifestation of the same disease but in relation to the different airway locations in individuals with genetic predisposition remains unknown, although likely. This continues under investigation and debate. The current research priorities are to understand what key events predispose to both upper and lower airway disease together and the critical immunological factors that establish and sustain airway inflammation.
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Ghosh K, Sharma G, Saha A, Kar S, Das PK, Ukil A. Successful therapy of visceral leishmaniasis with curdlan involves T-helper 17 cytokines. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1016-25. [PMID: 23255562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the therapeutic potential of curdlan, a naturally occurring β-glucan immunomodulator, against visceral leishmaniasis, a fatal parasitic disease. Curdlan eliminated the liver and spleen parasite burden in a 45-day BALB/c mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day as determined by Giemsa-stained organ impression smears. Curdlan was associated with production of the disease-resolving T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-23, as well as with production of Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Reversal of curdlan-mediated protection by anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies showed the importance of Th17 cytokines. Significantly decreased production of both IL-17 and IL-22 by mice that received anti-IL-23 antibody suggested the essential role of IL-23 in Th17 differentiation. Although administration of recombinant IL-17 or IL-23 caused significant suppression of the organ parasite burden, with marked generation of interferon γ and nitric oxide (NO), effects were much faster for IL-17. These results documented that although both IL-23 and IL-17 play major roles in the antileishmanial effect of curdlan, the effect of IL-23 may occur indirectly, through the induction of IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
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50
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Roles of IL-22 in Allergic Airway Inflammation. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:260518. [PMID: 23577040 PMCID: PMC3594983 DOI: 10.1155/2013/260518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-23- and IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cell (Th17 cell) axis plays a crucial role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In addition, it has been demonstrated that Th17 cells and their cytokines such as IL-17A and IL-17F are involved in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. Recently, IL-22, an IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by Th17 cells, has been shown to be expressed at the site of allergic airway inflammation and to inhibit allergic inflammation in mice. In addition to Th17 cells, innate lymphoid cells also produce IL-22 in response to allergen challenge. Functional IL-22 receptor complex is expressed on lung epithelial cells, and IL-22 inhibits cytokine and chemokine production from lung epithelial cells. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress on the roles of IL-22 in the regulation of allergic airway inflammation and discuss its therapeutic potential in asthma.
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