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Brownlie RJ, Salmond RJ. Regulation of T Cell Signaling and Immune Responses by PTPN22. Mol Cell Biol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39039893 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2378810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play central roles in the regulation of cell signaling, organismal development, cellular differentiation and proliferation, and cancer. In the immune system, PTPs regulate the activation, differentiation and effector function of lymphocytes and myeloid cells whilst single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PTP-encoding genes have been identified as risk factors for the development of autoimmunity. In this review we describe the roles for PTP nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) in the regulation of T lymphocyte signaling and activation in autoimmunity, infection and cancer. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of PTPN22 activity, the impact of autoimmune disease-associated PTPN22 SNPs on T cell responses and describe approaches to harness PTPN22 as a target to improve T cell-based immunotherapies in cancer.
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2
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Liossis SNC. The abnormal signaling of the B cell receptor and co-receptors of lupus B cells. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110222. [PMID: 38636889 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
It is easily understood that studying the physiology and pathophysiology of the BCRtriggered cascade is of importance, particularly in such diseases as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that are considered by many as a "B cell disease". Even though B cells are not considered as the only players in lupus pathogenesis, and other immune and non-immune cells are certainly involved, it is the success of recent B cell-targeting treatment strategies that ascribe a critical role to the lupus B cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis-Nick C Liossis
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Patras Medical School, and Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Patras University Hospital, Patras GR26500, Greece.
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3
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Fiske BE, Wemlinger SM, Crute BW, Getahun A. The Src-family kinase Lyn plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining B cell anergy by suppressing PI3K-dependent signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595208. [PMID: 38826354 PMCID: PMC11142063 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Although the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn is known to be involved in induction and maintenance of peripheral B cell tolerance, the molecular basis of its action in this context remains unclear. This question has been approached using conventional as well as B cell-targeted knockouts of Lyn, with varied conclusions likely confused by collateral loss of Lyn functions in B cell and myeloid cell development and activation. Here we utilized a system in which Lyn gene deletion is tamoxifen inducible and B cell restricted. This system allows acute elimination of Lyn in B cells without off-target effects. This genetic tool was employed in conjunction with immunoglobulin transgenic mice in which peripheral B cells are autoreactive. DNA reactive Ars/A1 B cells require continuous inhibitory signaling, mediated by the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, to maintain an unresponsive (anergic) state. Here we show that Ars/A1 B cells require Lyn to establish and maintain B cell unresponsiveness. Lyn primarily functions by restricting PI3K-dependent signaling pathways. This Lyn-dependent mechanism complements the impact of reduced mIgM BCR expression to restrict BCR signaling in Ars/A1 B cells. Our findings suggest that a subset of autoreactive B cells requires Lyn to become anergic and that the autoimmunity associated with dysregulated Lyn function may, in part, be due to an inability of these autoreactive B cells to become tolerized.
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4
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Liu S, Lagos J, Shumlak NM, Largent AD, Lewis ST, Holder U, Du SW, Liu Y, Hou B, Acharya M, Jackson SW. NADPH oxidase exerts a B cell-intrinsic contribution to lupus risk by modulating endosomal TLR signals. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230774. [PMID: 38442270 PMCID: PMC10913815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have linked loss-of-function mutations in phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (NOX2) genes, including NCF1 and NCF2, to disease pathogenesis. The prevailing model holds that reduced NOX2 activity promotes SLE via defective efferocytosis, the immunologically silent clearance of apoptotic cells. Here, we describe a parallel B cell-intrinsic mechanism contributing to breaks in tolerance. In keeping with an important role for B cell Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways in lupus pathogenesis, NOX2-deficient B cells exhibit enhanced signaling downstream of endosomal TLRs, increased humoral responses to nucleic acid-containing antigens, and the propensity toward humoral autoimmunity. Mechanistically, TLR-dependent NOX2 activation promotes LC3-mediated maturation of TLR-containing endosomes, resulting in signal termination. CRISPR-mediated disruption of NCF1 confirmed a direct role for NOX2 in regulating endosomal TLR signaling in primary human B cells. Together, these data highlight a new B cell-specific mechanism contributing to autoimmune risk in NCF1 and NCF2 variant carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuozhi Liu
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ursula Holder
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel W. Du
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yifan Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shaun W. Jackson
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Orozco RC, Marquardt K, Pratumchai I, Shaikh AF, Mowen K, Domissy A, Teijaro JR, Sherman LA. Autoimmunity-associated allele of tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPN22 enhances anti-viral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012095. [PMID: 38512979 PMCID: PMC10987006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The 1858C>T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 is present in 5-10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Although research has been done to define how this allele potentiates autoimmunity, the influence PTPN22 and its pro-autoimmune allele has in anti-viral immunity remains poorly defined. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing and functional studies to interrogate the impact of this pro-autoimmune allele on anti-viral immunity during Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus clone 13 (LCMV-cl13) infection. Mice homozygous for this allele (PEP-619WW) clear the LCMV-cl13 virus whereas wildtype (PEP-WT) mice cannot. This is associated with enhanced anti-viral CD4 T cell responses and a more immunostimulatory CD8α- cDC phenotype. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that PEP-619WW enhanced anti-viral CD4 T cell function through virus-specific CD4 T cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Taken together, our data show that the pro-autoimmune allele of Ptpn22 drives a beneficial anti-viral immune response thereby preventing what is normally a chronic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C. Orozco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Isaraphorn Pratumchai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anam Fatima Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kerri Mowen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alain Domissy
- Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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6
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Qu Z, Dong J, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as emerging targets for cancer immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2023:10.1111/bph.16304. [PMID: 38116815 PMCID: PMC11186978 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary strategies in cancer immunotherapy, despite remarkable success, remain constrained by inherent limitations such as suboptimal patient responses, the emergence of drug resistance, and the manifestation of pronounced adverse effects. Consequently, the need for alternative strategies for immunotherapy becomes clear. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) wield a pivotal regulatory influence over an array of essential cellular processes. Substantial research has underscored the potential in targeting PTPs to modulate the immune responses and/or regulate antigen presentation, thereby presenting a novel paradigm for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in genetic and biological validation of several PTPs as emerging targets for immunotherapy. We also highlight recent development of small molecule inhibitors and degraders targeting these PTPs as novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Ramirez De Oleo I, Kim V, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Shih AJ, Lee K, Diamond B, Kim SJ. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of murine CD11c+ B cells which is suppressed by metformin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241531. [PMID: 37744368 PMCID: PMC10512061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the description of age-associated or autoimmune-associated B cells (ABCs), there has been a growing interest in the role of these cells in autoimmunity. ABCs are differently defined depending on the research group and are heterogenous subsets. Here, we sought to characterize ABCs in Sle1/2/3 triple congenic (TC) mice, which is a well accepted mouse model of lupus. Compared to follicular (FO) B cells, ABCs have many distinct functional properties, including antigen presentation. They express key costimulatory molecules for T cell activation and a distinct profile of cytokines. Moreover, they exhibit an increased capacity for antigen uptake. ABCs were also compared with germinal center (GC) B cells, which are antigen activated B cell population. There are several phenotypic similarities between ABCs and GC B cells, but GC B cells do not produce proinflammatory cytokines or take up antigen. While T cell proliferation and activation is induced by both FO B and ABCs in an antigen-dependent manner, ABCs induce stronger T cell receptor signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells and preferentially induce differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. We found that ABCs exhibit a distinct transcriptomic profile which is focused on metabolism, cytokine signaling and antigen uptake and processing. ABCs exhibit an increase in both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation compared to FO B cells. Treatment of ABCs with metformin suppresses antigen presentation by decreasing antigen uptake, resulting in decreased Tfh differentiation. Taken together, these findings define a fundamental connection between metabolism and function within ABCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ramirez De Oleo
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Vera Kim
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrew J. Shih
- Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Biology at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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8
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Bogers L, Kuiper KL, Smolders J, Rip J, van Luijn MM. Epstein-Barr virus and genetic risk variants as determinants of T-bet + B cell-driven autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2023; 261:66-74. [PMID: 37451321 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
B cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet are found to have a protective role in viral infections, but are also considered major players in the onset of different types of autoimmune diseases. Currently, the exact mechanisms driving such 'atypical' memory B cells to contribute to protective immunity or autoimmunity are unclear. In addition to general autoimmune-related factors including sex and age, the ways T-bet+ B cells instigate autoimmune diseases may be determined by the close interplay between genetic risk variants and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The impact of EBV on T-bet+ B cells likely relies on the type of risk variants associated with each autoimmune disease, which may affect their differentiation, migratory routes and effector function. In this hypothesis-driven review, we discuss the lines of evidence pointing to such genetic and/or EBV-mediated influence on T-bet+ B cells in a range of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). We provide examples of how genetic risk variants can be linked to certain signaling pathways and are differentially affected by EBV to shape T-bet+ B-cells. Finally, we propose options to improve current treatment of B cell-related autoimmune diseases by more selective targeting of pathways that are critical for pathogenic T-bet+ B-cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Bogers
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten L Kuiper
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands; MS Center ErasMS, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology research group, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Rip
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- MS Center ErasMS, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
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9
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Ferri DM, Nassar C, Manion KP, Kim M, Baglaenko Y, Muñoz-Grajales C, Wither JE. Elevated Levels of Interferon-α Act Directly on B Cells to Breach Multiple Tolerance Mechanisms Promoting Autoantibody Production. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1542-1555. [PMID: 36807718 DOI: 10.1002/art.42482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of serum interferon-α (IFNα) and the disruption of B cell tolerance are central to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immunopathogenesis; however, the relationship between these 2 processes remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of elevated IFNα levels on B cell tolerance mechanisms in vivo and determine whether any changes observed were due to the direct effect of IFNα on B cells. METHODS Two classical mouse models of B cell tolerance were used in conjunction with an adenoviral vector encoding IFNα to mimic the sustained elevations of IFNα seen in SLE. The role of B cell IFNα signaling, T cells, and Myd88 signaling was determined using B cell-specific IFNα receptor-knockout, CD4+ T cell-depleted, or Myd88-knockout mice, respectively. Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cell cultures were used to study the effects of elevated IFNα on the immunologic phenotype. RESULTS Elevation of serum IFNα disrupts multiple B cell tolerance mechanisms and leads to autoantibody production. This disruption was dependent upon B cell expression of IFNα receptor. Many of the IFNα-mediated alterations also required the presence of CD4+ T cells as well as Myd88, suggesting that IFNα acts directly on B cells to modify their response to Myd88 signaling and their ability to interact with T cells. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that elevated IFNα levels act directly on B cells to facilitate autoantibody production and further highlight the importance of IFN signaling as a potential therapeutic target in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario M Ferri
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Nassar
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran P Manion
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kim
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Grajales
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, and Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Zheng Y, Yu M, Chen Y, Xue L, Zhu W, Fu G, Morris SW, Wen R, Wang D. CARD19, a Novel Regulator of the TAK1/NF-κB Pathway in Self-Reactive B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1222-1235. [PMID: 36961449 PMCID: PMC10156913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The caspase recruitment domain family member (CARD)11-Bcl10-Malt1 signalosome controls TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation and regulates BCR-induced NF-κB activation. In this study, we discovered that CARD19 interacted with TAK1 and inhibited TAB2-mediated TAK1 ubiquitination and activation. Although CARD19 deficiency in mice did not affect B cell development, it enhanced clonal deletion, receptor editing, and anergy of self-reactive B cells, and it reduced autoantibody production. Mechanistically, CARD19 deficiency increased BCR/TAK1-mediated NF-κB activation, leading to increased expression of transcription factors Egr2/3, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl/Cbl-b, which are known inducers of B cell tolerance in self-reactive B cells. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that although CARD19 deficiency did not affect the overall Ag-induced gene expression in naive B cells, it suppressed BCR signaling and increased hyporesponsiveness of self-reactive B cells. As a result, CARD19 deficiency prevented Bm12-induced experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. In summary, CARD19 negatively regulates BCR/TAK1-induced NF-κB activation and its deficiency increases Egr2/3 and c-Cbl/Cbl-b expression in self-reactive B cells, thereby enhancing B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Yu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Wen Zhu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Guoping Fu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Renren Wen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Demin Wang
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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11
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Anderson W, Barahmand-pour-Whitman F, Linsley PS, Cerosaletti K, Buckner JH, Rawlings DJ. PTPN22 R620W gene editing in T cells enhances low-avidity TCR responses. eLife 2023; 12:e81577. [PMID: 36961507 PMCID: PMC10065793 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic variant in the gene PTPN22 (R620W, rs2476601) is strongly associated with increased risk for multiple autoimmune diseases and linked to altered TCR regulation and T cell activation. Here, we utilize Crispr/Cas9 gene editing with donor DNA repair templates in human cord blood-derived, naive T cells to generate PTPN22 risk edited (620W), non-risk edited (620R), or knockout T cells from the same donor. PTPN22 risk edited cells exhibited increased activation marker expression following non-specific TCR engagement, findings that mimicked PTPN22 KO cells. Next, using lentiviral delivery of T1D patient-derived TCRs against the pancreatic autoantigen, islet-specific glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), we demonstrate that loss of PTPN22 function led to enhanced signaling in T cells expressing a lower avidity self-reactive TCR, but not a high-avidity TCR. In this setting, loss of PTPN22 mediated enhanced proliferation and Th1 skewing. Importantly, expression of the risk variant in association with a lower avidity TCR also increased proliferation relative to PTPN22 non-risk T cells. Together, these findings suggest that, in primary human T cells, PTPN22 rs2476601 contributes to autoimmunity risk by permitting increased TCR signaling and activation in mildly self-reactive T cells, thereby potentially expanding the self-reactive T cell pool and skewing this population toward an inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Anderson
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Peter S Linsley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia MasonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Jane H Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia MasonSeattleUnited States
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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12
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Berthelot JM, Darrieutort-Laffite C, Le Goff B. Contribution of HLA DRB1, PTPN22, and CTLA4, to RA dysbiosis. Joint Bone Spine 2022; 89:105446. [PMID: 35940545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review gathers current evidence for a contribution of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) HLA-DRB1, PTPN22 and CTLA4 polymorphisms to the gut dysbiosis observed in RA, especially at its onset (transient excess of Prevotella). The gut microbiome contains elements which are 30% heritable, including genera like Bacteroides and Veillonella, and to a lesser extent Prevotella. The first months/year seems a critical period for the selection of a core of microbiota, that should be considered as a second self by the immune system, and tolerized by regulatory T and B cells. Imperfect tolerization may increase the risk of RA following further repeated silent translocations of various gut microorganisms, including Prevotella copri, from gut to joints (fostered by a concurrent loss in gut mucosa of protective bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). Genetics studies confirmed that Prevotella copri was partly heritable, and strong associations were observed between the overall microbial composition of stools and the HLA-DRB1 RA risk allele, either in a US cohort (P=0.00001), or the Twins UK cohort (P=0.033). This finding also stands for persons still free from RA, and was replicated in the Swiss SCREEN-RA cohort. Gene variants of PTPN22 also modify intestinal microbiota composition, compromise granulocyte-mediated antibacterial defence in gut, and reduce the suppressive effect of gut regulatory B cells. CTLA4 variants may similarly contribute to RA dysbiosis, since immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade depends on microbiota, and CTLA4 activates T follicular regulatory cells to reduce immune responses to segmented filamentous bacteria. Suggestions for future works are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Berthelot
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU Nantes, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France.
| | - Christelle Darrieutort-Laffite
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU Nantes, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | - Benoît Le Goff
- Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU Nantes, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
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13
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Serény-Litvai T, Bajnok A, Temesfoi V, Nörenberg J, Pham-Dobor G, Kaposi A, Varnagy A, Kovacs K, Pentek S, Koszegi T, Mezosi E, Berki T. B cells from anti-thyroid antibody positive, infertile women show hyper-reactivity to BCR stimulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039166. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-thyroid antibody (ATA) positivity affects 1 out of 9 women in childbearing age and presents a significant risk for infertility. Emerging evidence indicates that alterations in the B cell receptor induced calcium (Ca2+) signaling could be key in the development of autoimmunity. We aimed to investigate the Ca2+ flux response of B lymphocyte subsets to BCR stimulation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and related infertility. We collected peripheral blood samples from ATA+, infertile, euthyroid patients (HIE), hypothyroid, ATA+ patients before (H1) and after levothyroxine treatment (H2), and age-matched healthy controls (HC). All B cell subsets of ATA+, infertile, euthyroid patients showed elevated basal Ca2+ level and hyper-responsivity to BCR ligation compared to the other groups, which could reflect altered systemic immune function. The Ca2+ flux of hypothyroid patients was similar to healthy controls. The levothyroxine-treated patients had decreased prevalence of CD25+ B cells and lower basal Ca2+ level compared to pre-treatment. Our results support the role of altered Ca2+ flux of B cells in the early phase of thyroid autoimmunity and infertility.
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14
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Schwarzfischer M, Niechcial A, Handler K, Morsy Y, Wawrzyniak M, Laimbacher AS, Atrott K, Manzini R, Baebler K, Hering L, Katkeviciutė E, Häfliger J, Lang S, Keller ME, Woodtli J, Eisenbeiss L, Kraemer T, Schraner EM, Wiesendanger M, Zeissig S, Rogler G, Moor AE, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. TiO 2 nanoparticles abrogate the protective effect of the Crohn's disease-associated variation within the PTPN22 gene locus. Gut 2022; 72:1101-1114. [PMID: 36191962 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial condition driven by genetic and environmental risk factors. A genetic variation in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene has been associated with autoimmune disorders while protecting from the IBD subtype Crohn's disease. Mice expressing the murine orthologous PTPN22-R619W variant are protected from intestinal inflammation in the model of acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. We previously identified food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2, E171) as a neglected IBD risk factor. Here, we investigate the interplay of the PTPN22 variant and TiO2-mediated effects during IBD pathogenesis. DESIGN Acute DSS colitis was induced in wild-type and PTPN22 variant mice (PTPN22-R619W) and animals were treated with TiO2 nanoparticles during colitis induction. Disease-triggering mechanisms were investigated using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS In mice, administration of TiO2 nanoparticles abrogated the protective effect of the variant, rendering PTPN22-R619W mice susceptible to DSS colitis. In early disease, cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells were found to be reduced in the lamina propria of PTPN22-R619W mice, an effect reversed by TiO2 administration. Normalisation of T-cell populations correlated with increased Ifng expression and, at a later stage of disease, the promoted prevalence of proinflammatory macrophages that triggered severe intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the consumption of TiO2 nanoparticles might have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal health of individuals carrying the PTPN22 variant. This demonstrates that environmental factors interact with genetic risk variants and can reverse a protective mechanism into a disease-promoting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Niechcial
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Handler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea S Laimbacher
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Manzini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Baebler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egle Katkeviciutė
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja E Keller
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Woodtli
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Eisenbeiss
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M Schraner
- Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mahesa Wiesendanger
- Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, and Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Isaac T. W. Harley,
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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16
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Tizaoui K, Shin JI, Jeong GH, Yang JW, Park S, Kim JH, Hwang SY, Park SJ, Koyanagi A, Smith L. Genetic Polymorphism of PTPN22 in Autoimmune Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58081034. [PMID: 36013501 PMCID: PMC9415475 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the etiology and clinical outcomes of autoimmune diseases are associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In the case of the genetic factor, the SNPs of the PTPN22 gene have shown strong associations with several diseases. The recent exploding numbers of genetic studies have made it possible to find these associations rapidly, and a variety of autoimmune diseases were found to be associated with PTPN22 polymorphisms. Proteins encoded by PTPN22 play a key role in the adaptative and immune systems by regulating both T and B cells. Gene variants, particularly SNPs, have been shown to significantly disrupt several immune functions. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of how PTPN22 and its genetic variants are involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. In addition, we sum up the findings of studies reporting the genetic association of PTPN22 with different types of diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and several other diseases. By understanding these findings comprehensively, we can explain the complex etiology of autoimmunity and help to determine the criteria of disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as medication developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Gwang Hun Jeong
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Jae Won Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (S.P.); (S.Y.H.)
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2019-3352; Fax: +82-2-3461-9473
| | - Soo Young Hwang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (S.P.); (S.Y.H.)
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea;
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain;
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK;
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17
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Hocking AM, Buckner JH. Genetic basis of defects in immune tolerance underlying the development of autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972121. [PMID: 35979360 PMCID: PMC9376219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease have provided important insight into the mechanisms responsible for the loss of immune tolerance and the subsequent development of autoantibodies, tissue damage, and onset of clinical disease. Here, we review how genetic variants shared across multiple autoimmune diseases have contributed to our understanding of global tolerance failure, focusing on variants in the human leukocyte antigen region, PTPN2 and PTPN22, and their role in antigen presentation and T and B cell homeostasis. Variants unique to a specific autoimmune disease such as those in PADI2 and PADI4 that are associated with rheumatoid arthritis are also discussed, addressing their role in disease-specific immunopathology. Current research continues to focus on determining the functional consequences of autoimmune disease-associated variants but has recently expanded to variants in the non-coding regions of the genome using novel approaches to investigate the impact of these variants on mechanisms regulating gene expression. Lastly, studying genetic risk variants in the setting of autoimmunity has clinical implications, helping predict who will develop autoimmune disease and also identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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18
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Mouat IC, Goldberg E, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:402. [PMID: 35798993 PMCID: PMC9263041 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a transcriptionally and functionally unique B cell population. In addition to arising with age and following infection, ABCs are expanded during autoimmune disease, including those with systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The exact nature of how ABCs impact disease remains unclear. Here, we review what is known regarding ABC development and distribution during diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We discuss possible mechanisms by which ABCs could contribute to disease, including the production of cytokines and autoantibodies or stimulation of T cells. Finally, we speculate on how ABCs might act as mediators between sex, infection, and autoimmune disease, and discuss avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Jassim BA, Lin J, Zhang ZY. PTPN22: Structure, Function, and Developments in Inhibitor Discovery with Applications for Immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:825-837. [PMID: 35637605 PMCID: PMC9378720 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While immunotherapy strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibition and adoptive T cell therapy have become commonplace in cancer therapy, they suffer from limitations, including lack of patient response and toxicity. To wield the maximum potential of the immune system, cancer immunotherapy must integrate novel targets and therapeutic strategies with potential to augment clinical efficacy of currently utilized immunotherapies. PTPN22, a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily that downregulates T cell signaling and proliferation, has recently emerged as a systemically druggable and novel immunotherapy target. AREAS COVERED This review describes the basics of PTPN22 structure and function and provides comprehensive insight into recent advances in small molecule PTPN22 inhibitor development and the immense potential of PTPN22 inhibition to synergize with current immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION It is apparent that small molecule PTPN22 inhibitors have enormous potential to augment efficacy of current immunotherapy strategies such as checkpoint inhibition and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, several constraints must be overcome before these inhibitors can be applied as useful therapeutics, namely selectivity, potency, and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenson A Jassim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
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20
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Regulation of activated T cell survival in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:232-244. [PMID: 35075294 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses rely on the proliferation of T lymphocytes able to recognize and eliminate pathogens. The magnitude and duration of the expansion of activated T cell clones are finely regulated to minimize immunopathology and avoid autoimmunity. In patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, activated lymphocytes survive and exert effector functions for prolonged periods, defying the mechanisms that normally curb their capacities during acute and chronic infections. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that limit the duration of immune responses in health and discuss the factors that alter such regulation in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. We highlight defects that could contribute to the development and progression of autoimmune disease and describe how chronic inflammation can alter the regulation of activated lymphocyte survival, promoting its perpetuation. These concepts might contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the chronicity of inflammation in the context of autoimmunity.
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21
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Orozco RC, Marquardt K, Mowen K, Sherman LA. Proautoimmune Allele of Tyrosine Phosphatase, PTPN22, Enhances Tumor Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1662-1671. [PMID: 34417261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 1858C>T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 (causing amino acid substitution R620W in encoded protein lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase) is present in 5-10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Although much research has been done to define how this allele potentiates autoimmunity, the influence PTPN22 and its proautoimmune allele have in tumor immunity is poorly defined. To interrogate the role this allele may have in the antitumor immune response, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice in which the ortholog of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase, PEST domain-enriched protein (PEP), is mutated at position 619 to produce the relevant proautoimmune mutation (R619W). Results of this study show that mice homozygous for this alteration (PEP-619WW) resist tumor growth as compared with wild-type mice. Consistent with these results, tumors from PEP-619WW mice have more CD45 infiltrates containing more activated CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells. In addition, there are more conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) cells and fewer myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumors from PEP-619WW mice. Interestingly, the tumor-infiltrating PEP-619WW cDC1 cells have decreased PD-L1 expression compared with cDC1 cells from PEP-wild-type mice. Taken together, our data show that the proautoimmune allele of Ptpn22 drives a strong antitumor response in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in superior control of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Orozco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kerri Mowen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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22
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Perry DJ, Peters LD, Lakshmi PS, Zhang L, Han Z, Wasserfall CH, Mathews CE, Atkinson MA, Brusko TM. Overexpression of the PTPN22 Autoimmune Risk Variant LYP-620W Fails to Restrain Human CD4 + T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:849-859. [PMID: 34301848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A missense mutation (R620W) of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22), which encodes lymphoid-tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), confers genetic risk for multiple autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes. LYP has been putatively demonstrated to attenuate proximal T and BCR signaling. However, limited data exist regarding PTPN22 expression within primary T cell subsets and the impact of the type 1 diabetes risk variant on human T cell activity. In this study, we demonstrate endogenous PTPN22 is differentially expressed and dynamically controlled following activation. From control subjects homozygous for the nonrisk allele, we observed 2.1- (p < 0.05) and 3.6-fold (p < 0.001) more PTPN22 transcripts in resting CD4+ memory and regulatory T cells (Tregs), respectively, over naive CD4+ T cells, with expression peaking 24 h postactivation. When LYP was overexpressed in conventional CD4+ T cells, TCR signaling and activation were blunted by LYP-620R (p < 0.001) but only modestly affected by the LYP-620W risk variant versus mock-transfected control, with similar results observed in Tregs. LYP overexpression only impacted proliferation following activation by APCs but not anti-CD3- and anti-CD28-coated microbeads, suggesting LYP modulation of pathways other than TCR. Notably, proliferation was significantly lower with LYP-620R than with LYP-620W overexpression in conventional CD4+ T cells but was similar in Treg. These data indicate that the LYP-620W variant is hypomorphic in the context of human CD4+ T cell activation and may have important implications for therapies seeking to restore immunological tolerance in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Leeana D Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Priya Saikumar Lakshmi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; and .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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23
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Ho WJ, Croessmann S, Lin J, Phyo ZH, Charmsaz S, Danilova L, Mohan AA, Gross NE, Chen F, Dong J, Aggarwal D, Bai Y, Wang J, He J, Leatherman JM, Yarchoan M, Armstrong TD, Zaidi N, Fertig EJ, Denny JC, Park BH, Zhang ZY, Jaffee EM. Systemic inhibition of PTPN22 augments anticancer immunity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146950. [PMID: 34283806 PMCID: PMC8409589 DOI: 10.1172/jci146950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both epidemiologic and cellular studies in the context of autoimmune diseases have established that protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is a key regulator of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. However, its mechanism of action in tumors and its translatability as a target for cancer immunotherapy have not been established. Here we show that a germline variant of PTPN22, rs2476601, portended a lower likelihood of cancer in patients. PTPN22 expression was also associated with markers of immune regulation in multiple cancer types. In mice, lack of PTPN22 augmented antitumor activity with greater infiltration and activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells. Notably, we generated a novel small molecule inhibitor of PTPN22, named L-1, that phenocopied the antitumor effects seen in genotypic PTPN22 knockout. PTPN22 inhibition promoted activation of CD8+ T cells and macrophage subpopulations toward MHC-II expressing M1-like phenotypes, both of which were necessary for successful antitumor efficacy. Increased PD1-PDL1 axis in the setting of PTPN22 inhibition could be further leveraged with PD1 inhibition to augment antitumor effects. Similarly, cancer patients with the rs2476601 variant responded significantly better to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Our findings suggest that PTPN22 is a druggable systemic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Ho
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Croessmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zaw H. Phyo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aditya A. Mohan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole E. Gross
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangluo Chen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Devesh Aggarwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Janey Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jing He
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James M. Leatherman
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd D. Armstrong
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elana J. Fertig
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- All of Us Research Program and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ben H. Park
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Seymour BJ, Singh S, Certo HM, Sommer K, Sather BD, Khim S, Clough C, Hale M, Pangallo J, Ryu BY, Khan IF, Adair JE, Rawlings DJ. Effective, safe, and sustained correction of murine XLA using a UCOE-BTK promoter-based lentiviral vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:635-651. [PMID: 33718514 PMCID: PMC7907679 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immune disorder caused by mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). BTK is expressed in B and myeloid cells, and its deficiency results in a lack of mature B cells and protective antibodies. We previously reported a lentivirus (LV) BTK replacement therapy that restored B cell development and function in Btk and Tec double knockout mice (a phenocopy of human XLA). In this study, with the goal of optimizing both the level and lineage specificity of BTK expression, we generated LV incorporating the proximal human BTK promoter. Hematopoietic stem cells from Btk−/−Tec−/− mice transduced with this vector rescued lineage-specific expression and restored B cell function in Btk−/−Tec−/− recipients. Next, we tested addition of candidate enhancers and/or ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs), as well as codon optimization to improve BTK expression. An Eμ enhancer improved B cell rescue, but increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies. Addition of the UCOE avoided autoantibody generation while improving B cell development and function and reducing vector silencing. An optimized vector containing a truncated UCOE upstream of the BTK promoter and codon-optimized BTK cDNA resulted in stable, lineage-regulated BTK expression that mirrored endogenous BTK, making it a strong candidate for XLA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Seymour
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah M Certo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Sommer
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Blythe D Sather
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Courtnee Clough
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Byoung Y Ryu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Iram F Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer E Adair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:513-522. [PMID: 33866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, thus stimulating studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic association studies have shown the PTPN22 gene as a shared genetic risk factor with implications in multiple autoimmune disorders. By encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems, the PTPN22 gene may have a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. PTPN22 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many other autoimmune conditions. In this review, we discuss the progress in our understanding of how PTPN22 impacts autoimmunity in both humans and animal models. In addition, we highlight the pathogenic significance of the PTPN22 gene, with particular emphasis on its role in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic and natural killer cells. We focus particularly on the complexity of PTPN22 interplay with biological processes of the immune system. Findings highlight the importance of studying the function of disease-associated PTPN22 variants in different cell types and open new avenues of investigation with the potential to drive further insights into mechanisms of PTPN22. These new insights will reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent autoimmune diseases and propose new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gauckler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Armitage LH, Wallet MA, Mathews CE. Influence of PTPN22 Allotypes on Innate and Adaptive Immune Function in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636618. [PMID: 33717184 PMCID: PMC7946861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) regulates a panoply of leukocyte signaling pathways. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PTPN22, rs2476601, is associated with increased risk of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and other autoimmune diseases. Over the past decade PTPN22 has been studied intensely in T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. However, the effect of the minor allele on PTPN22 function in TCR signaling is controversial with some reports concluding it has enhanced function and blunts TCR signaling and others reporting it has reduced function and increases TCR signaling. More recently, the core function of PTPN22 as well as functional derangements imparted by the autoimmunity-associated variant allele of PTPN22 have been examined in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In this review we will discuss the known functions of PTPN22 in human cells, and we will elaborate on how autoimmunity-associated variants influence these functions across the panoply of immune cells that express PTPN22. Further, we consider currently unresolved questions that require clarification on the role of PTPN22 in immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas H Armitage
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Immuno-Oncology at Century Therapeutics, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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27
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Wang YF, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Zhang H, Wang TY, Cao Y, Morris DL, Sheng Y, Yin X, Zhong SL, Gu X, Lei Y, He J, Wu Q, Shen JJ, Yang J, Lam TH, Lin JH, Mai ZM, Guo M, Tang Y, Chen Y, Song Q, Ban B, Mok CC, Cui Y, Lu L, Shen N, Sham PC, Lau CS, Smith DK, Vyse TJ, Zhang X, Lau YL, Yang W. Identification of 38 novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus and genetic heterogeneity between ancestral groups. Nat Commun 2021; 12:772. [PMID: 33536424 PMCID: PMC7858632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a worldwide autoimmune disease with high heritability, shows differences in prevalence, severity and age of onset among different ancestral groups. Previous genetic studies have focused more on European populations, which appear to be the least affected. Consequently, the genetic variations that underlie the commonalities, differences and treatment options in SLE among ancestral groups have not been well elucidated. To address this, we undertake a genome-wide association study, increasing the sample size of Chinese populations to the level of existing European studies. Thirty-eight novel SLE-associated loci and incomplete sharing of genetic architecture are identified. In addition to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, nine disease loci show clear ancestral differences and implicate antibody production as a potential mechanism for differences in disease manifestation. Polygenic risk scores perform significantly better when trained on ancestry-matched data sets. These analyses help to reveal the genetic basis for disparities in SLE among ancestral groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Lin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huoru Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting-You Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, USA
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David L Morris
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Lei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangshan Jane Shen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai-Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia-Huang Lin
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Mai
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Mengbiao Guo
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Ban
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, China
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David K Smith
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Cubas R, Khan Z, Gong Q, Moskalenko M, Xiong H, Ou Q, Pai C, Rodriguez R, Cheung J, Chan AC. Autoimmunity linked protein phosphatase PTPN22 as a target for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001439. [PMID: 33127657 PMCID: PMC7604869 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer immunotherapy has evolved from interferon-alpha (IFNα) and interleukin-2 in the 1980s to CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), the latter highlighting the importance of enhancing T-cell functions. While the search for novel immunomodulatory pathways continues, combination therapies augmenting multiple pathways can also increase efficacy. The association of autoimmune-related adverse events with clinical efficacy following CPI treatment has been inferred and suggests that breaking tolerance thresholds associated with autoimmunity may affect host immune responses for effective cancer immunotherapy. Results Here, we show that loss of autoimmune associated PTPN22, a key desensitization node for multiple signaling pathways, including IFNα receptor (IFNAR) and T-cell receptor, can augment tumor responses. Implantation of syngeneic tumors in Ptpn22-/- mice led to expansion and activation of peripheral and intratumoral T cells and, in turn, spontaneous tumor regression as well as enhanced responses in combination with anti-PD-L1 treatment. Using genetically modified mice expressing a catalytically inactive PTPN22 or the autoimmunity-associated human single-nucleotide polymorphism variant, augmentation of antitumor immunity was dependent on PTPN22 phosphatase activity and partially on its adaptor functions. Further, antitumor responses were dependent on both CD4+ and CD8+T cells and, in part, IFNAR function. Finally, we demonstrate that the autoimmune susceptibility Ptpn22(C1858T) variant is associated with lower risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers, improved overall survival and increased risk for development of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism following atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) treatment. Conclusions Together, these data suggest that inhibition of PTPN22 phosphatase activity may provide an effective therapeutic option for cancer immunotherapy and that exploring genetic variants that shift immune tolerance thresholds may serve as a paradigm for finding new cancer immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cubas
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zia Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Research- Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marina Moskalenko
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Huizhong Xiong
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qinglin Ou
- Department of Research- Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine Pai
- Department of Research- Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryan Rodriguez
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeanne Cheung
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew C Chan
- Department of Research- Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Spalinger MR, Schwarzfischer M, Scharl M. The Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Inflammasome Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5481. [PMID: 32751912 PMCID: PMC7432435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that mediate the activation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. More than half a decade ago, it has been shown that the inflammasome adaptor molecule, ASC requires tyrosine phosphorylation to allow effective inflammasome assembly and sustained IL-1β/IL-18 release. This finding provided evidence that the tyrosine phosphorylation status of inflammasome components affects inflammasome assembly and that inflammasomes are subjected to regulation via kinases and phosphatases. In the subsequent years, it was reported that activation of the inflammasome receptor molecule, NLRP3, is modulated via tyrosine phosphorylation as well, and that NLRP3 de-phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues was required for inflammasome assembly and sustained IL-1β/IL-18 release. These findings demonstrated the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation as a key modulator of inflammasome activity. Following these initial reports, additional work elucidated that the activity of several inflammasome components is dictated via their phosphorylation status. Particularly, the action of specific tyrosine kinases and phosphatases are of critical importance for the regulation of inflammasome assembly and activity. By summarizing the currently available literature on the interaction of tyrosine phosphatases with inflammasome components we here provide an overview how tyrosine phosphatases affect the activation status of inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R. Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
The age-associated B cell subset has been the focus of increasing interest over the last decade. These cells have a unique cell surface phenotype and transcriptional signature, and they rely on TLR7 or TLR9 signals in the context of Th1 cytokines for their formation and activation. Most are antigen-experienced memory B cells that arise during responses to microbial infections and are key to pathogen clearance and control. Their increasing prevalence with age contributes to several well-established features of immunosenescence, including reduced B cell genesis and damped immune responses. In addition, they are elevated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and in these settings they are enriched for characteristic autoantibody specificities. Together, these features identify age-associated B cells as a subset with pivotal roles in immunological health, disease, and aging. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of their origins, functions, and physiology should make them tractable translational targets in each of these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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31
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Yang S, Svensson MND, Harder NHO, Hsieh WC, Santelli E, Kiosses WB, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, King CC, Liu L, Stanford SM, Bottini N. PTPN22 phosphorylation acts as a molecular rheostat for the inhibition of TCR signaling. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/623/eaaw8130. [PMID: 32184287 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) is encoded by a major autoimmunity risk gene. PTPN22 inhibits T cell activation by dephosphorylating substrates involved in proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we found by mass spectrometry that PTPN22 was phosphorylated at Ser751 by PKCα in Jurkat and primary human T cells activated with phorbol ester/ionomycin or antibodies against CD3/CD28. The phosphorylation of PTPN22 at Ser751 prolonged its half-life by inhibiting K48-linked ubiquitination and impairing recruitment of the phosphatase to the plasma membrane, which is necessary to inhibit proximal TCR signaling. Additionally, the phosphorylation of PTPN22 at Ser751 enhanced the interaction of PTPN22 with the carboxyl-terminal Src kinase (CSK), an interaction that is impaired by the PTPN22 R620W variant associated with autoimmune disease. The phosphorylation of Ser751 did not affect the recruitment of PTPN22 R620W to the plasma membrane but protected this mutant from degradation. Together, out data indicate that phosphorylation at Ser751 mediates a reciprocal regulation of PTPN22 stability versus translocation to TCR signaling complexes by CSK-dependent and CSK-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mattias N D Svensson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathaniel H O Harder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wan-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eugenio Santelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- Core Microscopy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles C King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 90026, USA
| | - Stephanie M Stanford
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. .,Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Shi X, Shao F, Li Z, Kang L, Liu J, Kissler S, Zhou Z, Jia L, Zheng P. Regulation of B cell homeostasis by Ptpn22 contributes to type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Endocrine 2020; 67:535-543. [PMID: 31732921 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A coding variant in PTPN22 (C1858T) is one of the most important genetic risk factors in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The role of the PTPN22 risk allele in B cells is still incompletely understood and has not been investigated directly in T1D. This study aimed to explore the role of PTPN22 in the homeostasis of B cells and its influence in T1D. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Ptpn22 inducible knockdown (KD) NOD mice were treated with 200 μg/ml doxycycline at the age of 10 weeks for 1-2 months. B cell compositions in the bone marrow, peritoneal cavity and spleen were examined. The pathogenicity of Ptpn22 KD B cells was explored by adoptive cell transfer. RESULTS Ptpn22 silencing increased the frequency of recirculating mature B cells in the bone marrow, decreased the frequency of B-1a cells in the peritoneal cavity and suppressed the formation of marginal zone B cells and plasma cells in the spleen. Changes in the composition of the peripheral B cell compartment caused by altered cell proliferation while rates of apoptosis were not affected. Significantly, co-transfer of Ptpn22 KD B cells with NY8.3 diabetogenic T cells diminished the frequency of diabetes in recipient NOD.scid mice compared with co-transfer of WT B cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study constitutes the first functional study of Ptpn22 in B cells in NOD mice. Our findings suggest that Ptpn22 variation contributes to T1D by modifying the B cell compartment and support a gain-of-function for the PTPN22 disease variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiajie Shi
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Junbin Liu
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Stephan Kissler
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Lijing Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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Knipper JA, Wright D, Cope AP, Malissen B, Zamoyska R. PTPN22 Acts in a Cell Intrinsic Manner to Restrict the Proliferation and Differentiation of T Cells Following Antibody Lymphodepletion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 32047502 PMCID: PMC6997546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenic insult has been shown to precipitate the initiation of autoimmune disease in murine models such as the Non-obese diabetic mouse. Similarly, in man lymphopenia induced by mAb therapy, for instance Alemtuzumab as treatment for Multiple Sclerosis, can precipitate development of secondary autoimmune disease in up to 30 % of patients. We asked whether an identified autoimmune susceptibility locus might increase the risk of developing autoimmunity in the context of mAb-induced lymphopenia in a mouse model. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 (R620W) is associated with multiple human autoimmune diseases, and PTPN22 has been shown to modulate T cell responses, particularly to weak antigens. In keeping with this, PTPN22-deficient or PTPN22 R619W mutant murine T cells adoptively transferred into immunodeficient lymphopenic hosts showed a higher lymphopenia-induced proliferation rate than WT cells. We induced lymphopenia by treating wild-type or PTPN22 knock-out mice with T cell depleting antibodies and monitored reconstitution of the T cell pool. We found that PTPN22 deficient T cells acquired a more activated effector phenotype, with significantly more IFNγ producing cells. This resulted from expansion driven by self-peptide MHC, as it was evident when the contribution of IL-7 to lymphopenic expansion was blocked with IL-7R Ab. Interestingly, Foxp3+ Tregs were also considerably expanded in PTPN22-deficient and PTPN22 R619W mice, as was the frequency of both CD25+ and CD25- CD4 T cells that produce IL-10. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we showed that PTPN22 influenced development of both regulatory and effector T cell functions in a cell-intrinsic manner. Overall the expansion of Tregs is likely to keep the expanded T effector populations in check and sparing Treg during therapeutic mAb depletion may be a useful strategy to prevent occurrence of secondary autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Knipper
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Wright
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Purvis HA, Clarke F, Montgomery AB, Colas C, Bibby JA, Cornish GH, Dai X, Dudziak D, Rawlings DJ, Zamoyska R, Guermonprez P, Cope AP. Phosphatase PTPN22 Regulates Dendritic Cell Homeostasis and cDC2 Dependent T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:376. [PMID: 32194571 PMCID: PMC7065600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that instruct T cell responses through sensing environmental and inflammatory danger signals. Maintaining the homeostasis of the multiple functionally distinct conventional dendritic cells (cDC) subsets that exist in vivo is crucial for regulating immune responses, with changes in numbers sufficient to break immune tolerance. Using Ptpn22-/- mice we demonstrate that the phosphatase PTPN22 is a highly selective, negative regulator of cDC2 homeostasis, preventing excessive population expansion from as early as 3 weeks of age. Mechanistically, PTPN22 mediates cDC2 homeostasis in a cell intrinsic manner by restricting cDC2 proliferation. A single nucleotide polymorphism, PTPN22R620W, is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for multiple autoantibody associated human autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate that cDC2 are also expanded in mice carrying the orthologous PTPN22619W mutation. As a consequence, cDC2 dependent CD4+ T cell proliferation and T follicular helper cell responses are increased. Collectively, our data demonstrate that PTPN22 controls cDC2 homeostasis, which in turn ensures appropriate cDC2-dependent T cell responses under antigenic challenge. Our findings provide a link between perturbations in DC development and susceptibility to a broad spectrum of PTPN22R620W associated human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Purvis
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Clarke
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Montgomery
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Colas
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Bibby
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina H Cornish
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Valta M, Gazali AM, Viisanen T, Ihantola EL, Ekman I, Toppari J, Knip M, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Lempainen J, Kinnunen T. Type 1 diabetes linked PTPN22 gene polymorphism is associated with the frequency of circulating regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:581-588. [PMID: 31808541 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) likely plays a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whether genetic polymorphisms associated with the risk of autoimmune diseases affect Treg frequency or function is currently unclear. Here, we analysed the effect of T1D-associated major HLA class II haplotypes and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in six non-HLA genes [INS (rs689), PTPN22 (rs2476601), IL2RA (rs12722495 and rs2104286), PTPN2 (rs45450798), CTLA4 (rs3087243), and ERBB3 (rs2292239)] on peripheral blood Treg frequencies. These were determined by flow cytometry in 65 subjects who had progressed to T1D, 86 islet autoantibody-positive at-risk subjects, and 215 islet autoantibody-negative healthy controls. The PTPN22 rs2476601 risk allele A was associated with an increase in total (p = 6 × 10-6 ) and naïve (p = 4 × 10-5 ) CD4+CD25+CD127lowFOXP3+ Treg frequencies. These findings were validated in a separate cohort comprising ten trios of healthy islet autoantibody-negative children carrying each of the three PTPN22 rs2476601 genotypes AA, AG, and GG (p = 0.005 for total and p = 0.03 for naïve Tregs, respectively). In conclusion, our analysis implicates the autoimmune PTPN22 rs2476601 risk allele A in controlling the frequency of Tregs in human peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Valta
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ahmad Mahfuz Gazali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tyyne Viisanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilse Ekman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), Kuopio, Finland
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Anderson W, Thorpe J, Long SA, Rawlings DJ. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Disruption of Autoimmune-Associated Genes Reveals Key Signaling Programs in Primary Human T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:3166-3178. [PMID: 31722988 PMCID: PMC6904544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Risk of autoimmunity is associated with multiple genetic variants. Genome-wide association studies have linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the phosphatases PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PTPN2 (rs1893217) to increased risk for multiple autoimmune diseases. Previous mouse studies of loss of function or risk variants in these genes revealed hyperactive T cell responses, whereas studies of human lymphocytes revealed contrasting phenotypes. To better understand this dichotomy, we established a robust gene editing platform to rapidly address the consequences of loss of function of candidate genes in primary human CD4+ T cells. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we obtained efficient gene disruption (>80%) of target genes encoding proteins involved in Ag and cytokine receptor signaling pathways including PTPN22 and PTPN2 Loss-of-function data in all genes studied correlated with previous data from mouse models. Further analyses of PTPN2 gene-disrupted T cells demonstrated dynamic effects, by which hyperactive IL-2R signaling promoted compensatory transcriptional events, eventually resulting in T cells that were hyporesponsive to IL-2. These results imply that altered phosphatase activity promotes evolving phenotypes based on Ag experience and/or other programming signals. This approach enables the discovery of molecular mechanisms modulating risk of autoimmunity that have been difficult to parse in traditional mouse models or cross-sectional human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Anderson
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jerill Thorpe
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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Meffre E, O'Connor KC. Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Kevin C. O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Department of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
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Loss of PTPN22 abrogates the beneficial effect of cohousing-mediated fecal microbiota transfer in murine colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1336-1347. [PMID: 31501515 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) is a very efficient approach for the treatment of severe and recurring C. difficile infections. However, the beneficial effect of FMT in other disorders such as ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease remains unclear. Furthermore, it is currently unknown how disease-associated genetic variants in donors or recipients influence the effect of FMT. We found that bacteria-transfer from wild-type (WT) donors via cohousing was efficient in inducing recovery from colitis in WT mice, but not in mice deficient in protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), a known risk gene for several chronic inflammatory diseases. Also cohousing of PTPN22-deficient mice with diseased WT mice failed to induce faster recovery. Our data indicate that the genetic background of the donor and the recipient influences the outcome of microbiota transfer, and offers a potential explanation why transfer of fecal microbes from some, but not all donors is efficient in UC patients.
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Ghorban K, Ezzeddini R, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Sadighi Moghaddam B, Tahoori MT, Dadmanesh M, Salek Farrokhi A. PTPN22 1858 C/T polymorphism is associated with alteration of cytokine profiles as a potential pathogenic mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:106-113. [PMID: 31669381 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common prevalent autoimmune diseases. The 1858 C/T (rs2476601) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the PTPN22 gene has been associated with susceptibility to inflammatory based diseases in several populations. It is implicated that altered cytokine production has a potential pathogenic role in the development of RA. The aim of this work was to analyze the association of 1858 C/T PTPN22 polymorphism in RA patients with cytokine profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed on 120 RA patients who were referred to the Rheumatology Research Centre, Shariati Hospital (Tehran, Iran), and 120 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for 1858 C/T PTPN22 gene SNP using the PCR-RFLP technique. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ as well as Anti-CCP and RF was measured by ELISA method. RESULTS Results showed that 1858 C/T PTPN22 SNP significantly (P = 0.007, OR = 2.321, 95% CI = 1.063-5.067) associated with RA. The 1858 T allele frequency was also significantly increased in RA patients in comparison to the controls (P = 0.008, OR = 3.583, 95% CI = 1.3-9.878). Our data demonstrated a significant reduction of IL-4 and IL-10 in PTPN22 1858C/T compared to 1858C/C RA patients. In addition, upregulation of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was observed in PTPN22 1858C/T vs. 1858C/C RA patients. DISCUSSION Our findings implicate altered cytokine profiles as a possible pathogenic mechanism by which the 1858 T allele may contribute to the progress of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodayar Ghorban
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Ezzeddini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bizhan Sadighi Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taher Tahoori
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Dadmanesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Salek Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Du SW, Arkatkar T, Al Qureshah F, Jacobs HM, Thouvenel CD, Chiang K, Largent AD, Li QZ, Hou B, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Functional Characterization of CD11c + Age-Associated B Cells as Memory B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2817-2826. [PMID: 31636237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a unique subset of B cells defined by surface CD11b and CD11c expression. Although ABC expansion has been observed in both human and animal studies in the setting of advanced age, during humoral autoimmunity and following viral infection, the functional properties of this cellular subset remain incompletely defined. In the current study, we demonstrate that ABCs fulfill the criteria for memory B cells (MBCs), based on evidence of Ag-dependent expansion and persistence in a state poised for rapid differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells during secondary responses. First, we show that a majority of ABCs are not actively cycling but exhibit an extensive replication history consistent with prior Ag engagement. Second, despite unswitched surface IgM expression, ABCs show evidence of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent somatic hypermutation. Third, BCRs cloned from sorted ABCs exhibit broad autoreactivity and polyreactivity. Although the overall level of ABC self-reactivity was not increased relative to naive B cells, ABCs lacked features of functional anergy characteristic of autoreactive B cells. Fourth, ABCs express MBC surface markers consistent with being poised for rapid plasma cell differentiation during recall responses. Finally, in a murine model of viral infection, adoptively transferred CD11c+ B cells rapidly differentiated into class-switched Ab-secreting cells upon Ag rechallenge. In summary, we phenotypically and functionally characterize ABCs as IgM-expressing MBCs, findings that together implicate ABCs in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Fahd Al Qureshah
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Kristy Chiang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Baidong Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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Shannon MJ, Pineau J, Griffié J, Aaron J, Peel T, Williamson DJ, Zamoyska R, Cope AP, Cornish GH, Owen DM. Differential nanoscale organisation of LFA-1 modulates T-cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.232991. [PMID: 31471459 PMCID: PMC7614863 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T-cells rely on integrins to drive adhesion and migration to facilitate their immune function. The heterodimeric transmembrane integrin LFA-1 (αLβ2 integrin) regulates adhesion and migration of effector T-cells through linkage of the extracellular matrix with the intracellular actin treadmill machinery. Here, we quantified the velocity and direction of F-actin flow in migrating T-cells alongside single-molecule localisation of transmembrane and intracellular LFA-1. Results showed that actin retrograde flow positively correlated and immobile actin negatively correlated with T-cell velocity. Plasma membrane-localised LFA-1 forms unique nano-clustering patterns in the leading edge, compared to the mid-focal zone, of migrating T-cells. Deleting the cytosolic phosphatase PTPN22, loss-of-function mutations of which have been linked to autoimmune disease, increased T-cell velocity, and leading-edge co-clustering of pY397 FAK, pY416 Src family kinases and LFA-1. These data suggest that differential nanoclustering patterns of LFA-1 in migrating T-cells may instruct intracellular signalling. Our data presents a paradigm where T-cells modulate the nanoscale organisation of adhesion and signalling molecules to fine tune their migration speed, with implications for the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shannon
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Judith Pineau
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Juliette Griffié
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tamlyn Peel
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Georgina H Cornish
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK .,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Department of Mathematics and Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TQ, UK
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PTPN22 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Susceptibility to Large Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke and Microembolic Signals. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2193835. [PMID: 31191743 PMCID: PMC6525845 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2193835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Large artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAAS) is the most common ischemic stroke (IS) subtype, and microemboli may be clinically important for indicating increased risk of IS. The inflammatory process of atherosclerosis is well known, and lymphoid phosphatase (Lyp), which is encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, plays an important role in the inflammatory response. Our study was intended to evaluate the relationship between PTPN22 gene and LAAS and microembolic signals (MES). Three loci of the PTPN22 gene (rs2476599, rs1217414, and rs2488457) were analyzed in 364 LAAS patients and 369 control subjects. A genotyping determination was performed using the TaqMan assay. The G allele of rs2488457 might be related to a higher risk for developing LAAS and MES (odds ratio (OR) = 1.456, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.156-1.833, P = 0.001; OR = 1.652, 95% CI 1.177-2.319, P = 0.004, respectively). In the LAAS group, the prevalence of the GTG haplotype was higher (P < 0.001) and the prevalence of the GCC haplotype was lower (P = 0.001). An interaction analysis of rs2488457 with smoking showed that smokers with the CG/GG genotypes had a higher risk of LAAS, compared to nonsmokers with the rs2488457 CC genotype (OR = 2.492, 95% CI 1.510–4.114, P < 0.001). Our research indicated that the PTPN22 rs2488457 might be related to the occurrence of LAAS and MES in the Han Chinese population. In addition, the rs2488457 polymorphism and the environmental factor of smoking jointly influenced the susceptibility of LAAS.
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Spalinger MR, Schmidt TS, Schwarzfischer M, Hering L, Atrott K, Lang S, Gottier C, Geirnaert A, Lacroix C, Dai X, Rawlings DJ, Chan AC, von Mering C, Rogler G, Scharl M. Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 modulates colitis in a microbiota-dependent manner. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2527-2541. [PMID: 31107248 DOI: 10.1172/jci123263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is crucial for our health, and well-balanced interactions between the host's immune system and the microbiota are essential to prevent chronic intestinal inflammation, as observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A variant in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is associated with reduced risk of developing IBD, but promotes the onset of autoimmune disorders. While the role of PTPN22 in modulating molecular pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis is well studied, its impact on shaping the intestinal microbiota has not been addressed in depth. Here, we demonstrate that mice carrying the PTPN22 variant (619W mice) were protected from acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis, but suffered from pronounced inflammation upon chronic DSS treatment. The basal microbiota composition was distinct between genotypes, and DSS-induced dysbiosis was milder in 619W mice than in WT littermates. Transfer of microbiota from 619W mice after the first DSS cycle into treatment-naive 619W mice promoted colitis, indicating that changes in microbial composition enhanced chronic colitis in those animals. This indicates that presence of the PTPN22 variant affects intestinal inflammation by modulating the host's response to the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Sb Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Life Science and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew C Chan
- Research, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christian von Mering
- Institute of Molecular Life Science and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Institute for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Institute for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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Solouki S, August A, Huang W. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in autoimmunity and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:39-50. [PMID: 31082431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by impaired immune tolerance towards self-antigens, leading to enhanced immunity to self by dysfunctional B cells and/or T cells. The activation of these cells is controlled by non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs), which are critical mediators of antigen receptor and cytokine receptor signaling pathways. NRTKs transduce, amplify and sustain activating signals that contribute to autoimmunity, and are counter-regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The function of and interaction between NRTKs and PTPs during the development of autoimmunity could be key points of therapeutic interference against autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the functions of NRTKs and PTPs involved in B cell receptor (BCR), T cell receptor (TCR), and cytokine receptor signaling pathways that contribute to autoimmunity, and discuss their targeting for therapeutic approaches against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Della Mina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu P Rodero
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France and Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France, and Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Mustelin T, Bottini N, Stanford SM. The Contribution of PTPN22 to Rheumatic Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:486-495. [PMID: 30507064 PMCID: PMC6438733 DOI: 10.1002/art.40790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the unresolved questions in modern medicine is why certain individuals develop a disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or lupus, while others do not. Contemporary science indicates that genetics is partly responsible for disease development, while environmental and stochastic factors also play a role. Among the many genes that increase the risk of autoimmune conditions, the risk allele encoding the W620 variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) is shared between multiple rheumatic diseases, suggesting that it plays a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. Herein, we discuss how the presence of the PTPN22 risk allele may shape the signs and symptoms of these diseases. Besides the emerging clarity regarding how PTPN22 tunes T and B cell antigen receptor signaling, we discuss recent discoveries of important functions of PTPN22 in myeloid cell lineages. Taken together, these new insights reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent diseases like RA and lupus and may open new avenues for the development of personalized therapies that spare the normal function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, phone (206) 616-6130,
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
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48
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Fike AJ, Elcheva I, Rahman ZSM. The Post-GWAS Era: How to Validate the Contribution of Gene Variants in Lupus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:3. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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49
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Budding K, van Setten J, van de Graaf EA, van Rossum OA, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Kwakkel-van Erp JM, Oudijk EJD, Hack CE, Otten HG. The Autoimmune-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Within PTPN22 Correlates With Clinical Outcome After Lung Transplantation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3105. [PMID: 30705675 PMCID: PMC6344400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive chronic lung allograft dysfunction (BOS) is the major limiting factor for lung transplantation (LTx) outcome. PTPN22 is described as the hallmark autoimmunity gene, and one specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2476601, is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, impaired T cell regulation, and autoantibody formation. Taking into consideration the contribution of autoimmunity to LTx outcome, we hypothesized that polymorphisms in the PTPN22 gene could be associated with BOS incidence. We selected six SNPs within PTPN22 and analyzed both patient and donor genotypes on BOS development post-LTx. A total of 144 patients and matched donors were included, and individual SNPs and haplotype configurations were analyzed. We found a significant association between patients carrying the heterozygous configuration of rs2476601 and a higher risk for BOS development (p = 0.005, OR: 4.400, 95%CI: 1.563–12.390). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that heterozygous patients exhibit a lower BOS-free survival compared to patients homozygous for rs2476601 (p = 0.0047). One haplotype, which solely contained the heterozygous risk variant, was associated with BOS development (p = 0.015, OR: 7.029, 95%CI: 1.352–36.543). Our results show that LTx patients heterozygous for rs2476601 are more susceptible for BOS development and indicate a deleterious effect of the autoimmune-related risk factor of PTPN22 in patients on LTx outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Budding
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eduard A van de Graaf
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oliver A van Rossum
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Kardol-Hoefnagel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Erik-Jan D Oudijk
- Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Departments of Rheumatology and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henderikus G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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50
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Okada Y, Eyre S, Suzuki A, Kochi Y, Yamamoto K. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis: 2018 status. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:446-453. [PMID: 30530827 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Study of the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) began about four decades ago with the discovery of HLA-DRB1 Since the beginning of this century, a number of non-HLA risk loci have been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We now know that over 100 loci are associated with RA risk. Because genetic information implies a clear causal relationship to the disease, research into the pathogenesis of RA should be promoted. However, only 20% of GWAS loci contain coding variants, with the remaining variants occurring in non-coding regions, and therefore, the majority of causal genes and causal variants remain to be identified. The use of epigenetic studies, high-resolution mapping of open chromatin, chromosomal conformation technologies and other approaches could identify many of the missing links between genetic risk variants and causal genetic components, thus expanding our understanding of RA genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stephen Eyre
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Akari Suzuki
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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