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Virus-Derived Chemokine Modulating Protein Pre-Treatment Blocks Chemokine–Glycosaminoglycan Interactions and Significantly Reduces Transplant Immune Damage. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050588. [PMID: 35631109 PMCID: PMC9144952 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell invasion after the transplantation of solid organs is directed by chemokines binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), creating gradients that guide immune cell infiltration. Renal transplant is the preferred treatment for end stage renal failure, but organ supply is limited and allografts are often injured during transport, surgery or by cytokine storm in deceased donors. While treatment for adaptive immune responses during rejection is excellent, treatment for early inflammatory damage is less effective. Viruses have developed highly active chemokine inhibitors as a means to evade host responses. The myxoma virus-derived M-T7 protein blocks chemokine: GAG binding. We have investigated M-T7 and also antisense (ASO) as pre-treatments to modify chemokine: GAG interactions to reduce donor organ damage. Immediate pre-treatment of donor kidneys with M-T7 to block chemokine: GAG binding significantly reduced the inflammation and scarring in subcapsular and subcutaneous allografts. Antisense to N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (ASONdst1) that modifies heparan sulfate, was less effective with immediate pre-treatment, but reduced scarring and C4d staining with donor pre-treatment for 7 days before transplantation. Grafts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency had reduced inflammation. Local inhibition of chemokine: GAG binding in donor organs immediately prior to transplant provides a new approach to reduce transplant damage and graft loss.
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Xu H, Zhang T, He L, Yuan M, Yuan X, Wang S. Exploring the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction in regulating atherosclerotic disease network based on integrated pharmacological methods. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211429. [PMID: 34528665 PMCID: PMC8521537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBXD) in regulating Atherosclerosis (AS) network based on integrated pharmacological methods. METHODS The active ingredients and targets of DGBXD are obtained from TCMSP database and ETCM. AS-related targets were collected from the Genecards and OMIM databases. The drug-disease protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Meanwhile, it was used to screen out densely interacting regions, namely clusters. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations are performed on the targets and genes in the cluster to obtain biological processes, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations are performed on the targets of the PPI network to obtain signaling pathways. RESULTS A total of 212 known targets, 265 potential targets and 229 AS genes were obtained. The 'DGBXD known-AS PPI network' and 'DGBXD-AS PPI Network' were constructed and analyzed. DGBXD can regulate inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, angiogenesis, TNF, HIF-1, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. The experimental data showed that compared with the model group, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β protein and mRNA in the DGBXD group decreased (P<0.05). However, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the DGBXD group were not significantly different from the model group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The mechanism of DGBXD in the treatment of AS may be related to the improvement of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the blood vessel wall and the anti-vascular local inflammatory response, which may provide a reference for the study of the mechanism of DGBXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Stark LE, Guan W, Colvin ME, LiWang PJ. The binding and specificity of chemokine binding proteins, through the lens of experiment and computation. Biomed J 2021; 45:439-453. [PMID: 34311129 PMCID: PMC9421921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small proteins that are critical for immune function, being primarily responsible for the activation and chemotaxis of leukocytes. As such, many viruses, as well as parasitic arthropods, have evolved systems to counteract chemokine function in order to maintain virulence, such as binding chemokines, mimicking chemokines, or producing analogs of transmembrane chemokine receptors that strongly bind their targets. The focus of this review is the large group of chemokine binding proteins (CBP) with an emphasis on those produced by mammalian viruses. Because many chemokines mediate inflammation, these CBP could possibly be used pharmaceutically as anti-inflammatory agents. In this review, we summarize the structural properties of a diverse set of CBP and describe in detail the chemokine binding properties of the poxvirus-encoded CBP called vCCI (viral CC Chemokine Inhibitor). Finally, we describe the current and emerging capabilities of combining computational simulation, structural analysis, and biochemical/biophysical experimentation to understand, and possibly re-engineer, protein–protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Stark
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343
| | - Wenyan Guan
- Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343
| | - Michael E Colvin
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343; Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343.
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Awo EA, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Zhang N, Kilbourne J, Daggett-Vondras J, Lowe KM, Lucas AR. Recombinant Myxoma Virus-Derived Immune Modulator M-T7 Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Healing and Improves Tissue Remodeling. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1003. [PMID: 33105865 PMCID: PMC7690590 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex dermal wounds represent major medical and financial burdens, especially in the context of comorbidities such as diabetes, infection and advanced age. New approaches to accelerate and improve, or "fine tune" the healing process, so as to improve the quality of cutaneous wound healing and management, are the focus of intense investigation. Here, we investigate the topical application of a recombinant immune modulating protein which inhibits the interactions of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans, reducing damaging or excess inflammation responses in a splinted full-thickness excisional wound model in mice. M-T7 is a 37 kDa-secreted, virus-derived glycoprotein that has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in numerous animal models of inflammatory immunopathology. Topical treatment with recombinant M-T7 significantly accelerated wound healing when compared to saline treatment alone. Healed wounds exhibited properties of improved tissue remodeling, as determined by collagen maturation. M-T7 treatment accelerated the rate of peri-wound angiogenesis in the healing wounds with increased levels of TNF, VEGF and CD31. The immune cell response after M-T7 treatment was associated with a retention of CCL2 levels, and increased abundances of arginase-1-expressing M2 macrophages and CD4 T cells. Thus, topical treatment with recombinant M-T7 promotes a pro-resolution environment in healing wounds, and has potential as a novel treatment approach for cutaneous tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Enkidia A. Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nathan Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Department of Animal Care and Technologies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.K.); (J.D.-V.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Juliane Daggett-Vondras
- Department of Animal Care and Technologies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.K.); (J.D.-V.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kenneth M. Lowe
- Department of Animal Care and Technologies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.K.); (J.D.-V.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (Q.G.); (E.A.A.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (N.Z.)
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Awo E, Wise L, Krause KL, Ildefonso CJ, Kwiecien JM, Juby M, Rahman MM, Chen H, Moyer RW, Alcami A, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Deriving Immune Modulating Drugs from Viruses-A New Class of Biologics. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E972. [PMID: 32244484 PMCID: PMC7230489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely used as a platform for the production of therapeutics. Vaccines containing live, dead and components of viruses, gene therapy vectors and oncolytic viruses are key examples of clinically-approved therapeutic uses for viruses. Despite this, the use of virus-derived proteins as natural sources for immune modulators remains in the early stages of development. Viruses have evolved complex, highly effective approaches for immune evasion. Originally developed for protection against host immune responses, viral immune-modulating proteins are extraordinarily potent, often functioning at picomolar concentrations. These complex viral intracellular parasites have "performed the R&D", developing highly effective immune evasive strategies over millions of years. These proteins provide a new and natural source for immune-modulating therapeutics, similar in many ways to penicillin being developed from mold or streptokinase from bacteria. Virus-derived serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), chemokine modulating proteins, complement control, inflammasome inhibition, growth factors (e.g., viral vascular endothelial growth factor) and cytokine mimics (e.g., viral interleukin 10) and/or inhibitors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) have now been identified that target central immunological response pathways. We review here current development of virus-derived immune-modulating biologics with efficacy demonstrated in pre-clinical or clinical studies, focusing on pox and herpesviruses-derived immune-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Enkidia Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lyn Wise
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | | | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Juby
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
- St Joseph Hospital, Dignity Health, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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Kim D, Chung JJ, Jung Y, Kim SH. The effect of Substance P/Heparin conjugated PLCL polymer coating of bioinert ePTFE vascular grafts on the recruitment of both ECs and SMCs for accelerated regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17083. [PMID: 31745143 PMCID: PMC6863833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial vascular grafts consisting of ePTFE have been mainly used in clinics for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, artificial grafts can become clogged after a long time due to thrombosis, as graft maturation by endothelialization is limited. The strategy introduced in this study is to induce graft remodeling through interaction between the bioinert graft and the body. The Substance P (SP) and heparin were covalently conjugated with PLCL, an elastic biocompatible copolymer and the Substance P-conjugated PLCL (SP-PLCL) and/or heparin-conjugated PLCL (Hep-PLCL) were vacuum-coated onto ePTFE vascular grafts. To assess the effectiveness of the coating, coated samples were evaluated by implanting them subcutaneously into SD-Rats. Coatings allow grafts to be remodeled by creating a microenvironment where cells can grow by infiltrating into the grafts while also greatly enhancing angiogenesis. In particular, a double coating of Hep-PLCL and SP-PLCL (Hep/SP-PLCL) at four weeks showed markedly improved vascular remodeling through the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), vascular cells (ECs, SMCs) and M2 macrophages. Based on these results, it is expected that when the Hep/SP-PLCL-coated ePTFE vascular grafts are implanted in situ, long-term patency will be assured due to the appropriate formation of an endothelial layer and smooth muscle cells in the grafts like native vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghak Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin J Chung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea.
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Yaron JR, Kwiecien JM, Zhang L, Ambadapadi S, Wakefield DN, Clapp WL, Dabrowski W, Burgin M, Munk BH, McFadden G, Chen H, Lucas AR. Modifying the Organ Matrix Pre-engraftment: A New Transplant Paradigm? Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:626-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yaron JR, Chen H, Ambadapadi S, Zhang L, Tafoya AM, Munk BH, Wakefield DN, Fuentes J, Marques BJ, Harripersaud K, Bartee MY, Davids JA, Zheng D, Rand K, Dixon L, Moyer RW, Clapp WL, Lucas AR. Serp-2, a virus-derived apoptosis and inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J Inflamm (Lond) 2019; 16:12. [PMID: 31160886 PMCID: PMC6542089 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an antigen-independent, innate immune response to arterial occlusion and ischemia with subsequent paradoxical exacerbation after reperfusion. IRI remains a critical problem after vessel occlusion and infarction or during harvest and surgery in transplants. After transplant, liver IRI (LIRI) contributes to increased acute and chronic rejection and graft loss. Tissue loss during LIRI has been attributed to local macrophage activation and invasion with excessive inflammation together with hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Inflammatory and apoptotic signaling are key targets for reducing post-ischemic liver injury.Myxomavirus is a rabbit-specific leporipoxvirus that encodes a suite of immune suppressing proteins, often with extensive function in other mammalian species. Serp-2 is a cross-class serine protease inhibitor (serpin) which inhibits the inflammasome effector protease caspase-1 as well as the apoptotic proteases granzyme B and caspases 8 and 10. In prior work, Serp-2 reduced inflammatory cell invasion after angioplasty injury and after aortic transplantation in rodents. In this report, we explore the potential for therapeutic treatment with Serp-2 in a mouse model of LIRI. METHODS Wildtype (C57BL/6 J) mice were subjected to warm, partial (70%) hepatic ischemia for 90 min followed by treatment with saline or Serp-2 or M-T7, 100 ng/g/day given by intraperitoneal injection on alternate days for 5 days. M-T7 is a Myxomavirus-derived inhibitor of chemokine-GAG interactions and was used in this study for comparative analysis of an unrelated viral protein with an alternative immunomodulating mechanism of action. Survival, serum ALT levels and histopathology were assessed 24 h and 10 days post-LIRI. RESULTS Serp-2 treatment significantly improved survival to 85.7% percent versus saline-treated wildtype mice (p = 0.0135), while M-T7 treatment did not significantly improve survival (p = 0.2584). Liver viability was preserved by Serp-2 treatment with a significant reduction in serum ALT levels (p = 0.0343) and infarct scar thickness (p = 0.0016), but with no significant improvement with M-T7 treatment. Suzuki scoring by pathologists blinded with respect to treatment group indicated that Serp-2 significantly reduced hepatocyte necrosis (p = 0.0057) and improved overall pathology score (p = 0.0046) compared to saline. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Serp-2 treatment reduced macrophage infiltration into the infarcted liver tissue (p = 0.0197). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with Serp-2, a virus-derived inflammasome and apoptotic pathway inhibitor, improves survival after liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse models. Treatment with a cross-class immune modulator provides a promising new approach designed to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury, improving survival and reducing chronic transplant damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University and The Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Amanda M. Tafoya
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Barbara H. Munk
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - Jorge Fuentes
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Bruno J. Marques
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Krishna Harripersaud
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mee Yong Bartee
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Jennifer A. Davids
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Lisa Dixon
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - William L. Clapp
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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Detoxification and activating blood circulation decoction reduces restenosis involving the TLR4/NF-κB pathway after balloon injury. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 140:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Saribas AS, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Expression of novel proteins by polyomaviruses and recent advances in the structural and functional features of agnoprotein of JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8295-8315. [PMID: 30390301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus family consists of a highly diverse group of small DNA viruses. The founding family member (MPyV) was first discovered in the newborn mouse in the late 1950s, which induces solid tumors in a wide variety of tissue types that are the epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Later, other family members were also isolated from a number of mammalian, avian and fish species. Some of these viruses significantly contributed to our current understanding of the fundamentals of modern biology such as transcription, replication, splicing, RNA editing, and cell transformation. After the discovery of first two human polyomaviruses (JC virus [JCV] and BK virus [BKV]) in the early 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of human polyomaviruses in recent years due to the availability of the new technologies and brought the present number to 14. Some of the human polyomaviruses cause considerably serious human diseases, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trichodysplasia spinulosa. Emerging evidence suggests that the expression of the polyomavirus genome is more complex than previously thought. In addition to encoding universally expressed regulatory and structural proteins (LT-Ag, Sm t-Ag, VP1, VP2, and VP3), some polyomaviruses express additional virus-specific regulatory proteins and microRNAs. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyomavirus genome expression with respect to the new viral proteins and microRNAs other than the universally expressed ones. In addition, a special emphasis is devoted to the recent structural and functional discoveries in the field of polyomavirus agnoprotein which is expressed only by JCV, BKV, and simian virus 40 genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Chen H, Ambadapadi S, Wakefield D, Bartee M, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Burgin M, Borges C, Zheng D, Ergle K, Muppala V, Morshed S, Rand K, Clapp W, Proudfoot A, Lucas A. Selective Deletion of Heparan Sulfotransferase Enzyme, Ndst1, in Donor Endothelial and Myeloid Precursor Cells Significantly Decreases Acute Allograft Rejection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13433. [PMID: 30194334 PMCID: PMC6128922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early damage to transplanted organs initiates excess inflammation that can cause ongoing injury, a leading cause for late graft loss. The endothelial glycocalyx modulates immune reactions and chemokine-mediated haptotaxis, potentially driving graft loss. In prior work, conditional deficiency of the glycocalyx-modifying enzyme N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1f/f TekCre+) reduced aortic allograft inflammation. Here we investigated modification of heparan sulfate (HS) and chemokine interactions in whole-organ renal allografts. Conditional donor allograft Ndst1 deficiency (Ndst1−/−; C57Bl/6 background) was compared to systemic treatment with M-T7, a broad-spectrum chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) inhibitor. Early rejection was significantly reduced in Ndst1−/− kidneys engrafted into wildtype BALB/c mice (Ndst1+/+) and comparable to M-T7 treatment in C57Bl/6 allografts (P < 0.0081). M-T7 lost activity in Ndst1−/− allografts, while M-T7 point mutants with modified GAG-chemokine binding displayed a range of anti-rejection activity. CD3+ T cells (P < 0.0001), HS (P < 0.005) and CXC chemokine staining (P < 0.012), gene expression in NFκB and JAK/STAT pathways, and HS and CS disaccharide content were significantly altered with reduced rejection. Transplant of donor allografts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency exhibit significantly reduced acute rejection, comparable to systemic chemokine-GAG inhibition. Modified disaccharides in engrafted organs correlate with reduced rejection. Altered disaccharides in engrafted organs provide markers for rejection with potential to guide new therapeutic approaches in allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dara Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Meeyong Bartee
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chad Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Ergle
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vishnu Muppala
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sufi Morshed
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Clapp
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Lucas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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12
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Saribas AS, White MK, Safak M. Structure-based release analysis of the JC virus agnoprotein regions: A role for the hydrophilic surface of the major alpha helix domain in release. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2343-2359. [PMID: 28722139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Agnoprotein (Agno) is an important regulatory protein of JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) and these viruses are unable to replicate efficiently in the absence of this protein. Recent 3D-NMR structural data revealed that Agno contains two alpha-helices (a minor and a major) while the rest of the protein adopts an unstructured conformation (Coric et al., 2017, J Cell Biochem). Previously, release of the JCV Agno from the Agno-positive cells was reported. Here, we have further mapped the regions of Agno responsible for its release by a structure-based systematic mutagenesis approach. Results revealed that amino acid residues (Lys22, Lys23, Phe31, Glu34, and Asp38) located either on or adjacent to the hydrophilic surface of the major alpha-helix domain of Agno play critical roles in release. Additionally, Agno was shown to strongly interact with unidentified components of the cell surface when cells are treated with Agno, suggesting additional novel roles for Agno during the viral infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martyn K White
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Mechanisms of immunomodulation by mammalian and viral decoy receptors: insights from structures. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 17:112-129. [PMID: 28028310 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses are regulated by effector cytokines and chemokines that signal through cell surface receptors. Mammalian decoy receptors - which are typically soluble or inactive versions of cell surface receptors or soluble protein modules termed binding proteins - modulate and antagonize signalling by canonical effector-receptor complexes. Viruses have developed a diverse array of molecular decoys to evade host immune responses; these include viral homologues of host cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors; variants of host receptors with new functions; and novel decoy receptors that do not have host counterparts. Over the past decade, the number of known mammalian and viral decoy receptors has increased considerably, yet a comprehensive curation of the corresponding structure-mechanism relationships has not been carried out. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive resource on this topic with a view to better understanding the roles and evolutionary relationships of mammalian and viral decoy receptors, and the opportunities for leveraging their therapeutic potential.
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14
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González-Motos V, Kropp KA, Viejo-Borbolla A. Chemokine binding proteins: An immunomodulatory strategy going viral. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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16
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Ferreras L, Sheerin NS, Kirby JA, Ali S. Mechanisms of Renal Graft Chronic Injury and Progression to Interstitial Fibrosis. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-015-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Sozzani S, Del Prete A, Bonecchi R, Locati M. Chemokines as effector and target molecules in vascular biology. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:364-72. [PMID: 25969393 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are key mediators of inflammation. In pathological tissues, the main roles of chemokines are to regulate leucocyte accumulation through the activation of oriented cell migration and the activation of limited programs of gene transcription. Through these activities, chemokines exert many crucial functions, including the regulation of angiogenesis. The 'chemokine system' is tightly regulated at several levels, such as the post-transcriptional processing of ligands, the regulation of the expression and function of the receptors and through the expression of molecules known as 'atypical chemokine receptors', proteins that function as chemokine scavenging and presenting molecules. Several experimental evidence obtained in vitro, in animal models and in human studies, has defined a crucial role of chemokines in cardiovascular diseases. An intense area of research is currently exploring the possibility to develop new effective therapeutic strategies through the identification of chemokine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Sozzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Viale Europa, 11, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Viale Europa, 11, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Proudfoot AEI, Bonvin P, Power CA. Targeting chemokines: Pathogens can, why can't we? Cytokine 2015; 74:259-67. [PMID: 25753743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant cytokines, or chemokines, are the largest sub-family of cytokines. About 50 distinct chemokines have been identified in humans. Their principal role is to stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes, which they achieve through activation of their receptors, following immobilization on cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Chemokine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled 7-transmembrane receptor family, and hence their identification brought great promise to the pharmaceutical industry, since this receptor class is the target for a large percentage of marketed drugs. Unfortunately, the development of potent and efficacious inhibitors of chemokine receptors has not lived up to the early expectations. Several approaches to targeting this system will be described here, which have been instrumental in establishing paradigms in chemokine biology. Whilst drug discovery programs have not yet elucidated how to make successful drugs targeting the chemokine system, it is now known that certain parasites have evolved anti-chemokine strategies in order to remain undetected by their hosts. What can we learn from them?
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E I Proudfoot
- Geneva Research Centre, Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Genève and NovImmune S.A., 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pauline Bonvin
- Geneva Research Centre, Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Genève and NovImmune S.A., 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Christine A Power
- Geneva Research Centre, Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, 1202 Genève, Switzerland.
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Lucas AR, Verma RK, Dai E, Liu L, Chen H, Kesavalu S, Rivera M, Velsko I, Ambadapadi S, Chukkapalli S, Kesavalu L. Myxomavirus anti-inflammatory chemokine binding protein reduces the increased plaque growth induced by chronic Porphyromonas gingivalis oral infection after balloon angioplasty aortic injury in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111353. [PMID: 25354050 PMCID: PMC4213024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic occlusion of inflammatory plaque in coronary arteries causes myocardial infarction. Treatment with emergent balloon angioplasty (BA) and stent implant improves survival, but restenosis (regrowth) can occur. Periodontal bacteremia is closely associated with inflammation and native arterial atherosclerosis, with potential to increase restenosis. Two virus-derived anti-inflammatory proteins, M-T7 and Serp-1, reduce inflammation and plaque growth after BA and transplant in animal models through separate pathways. M-T7 is a broad spectrum C, CC and CXC chemokine-binding protein. Serp-1 is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) inhibiting thrombotic and thrombolytic pathways. Serp-1 also reduces arterial inflammation and improves survival in a mouse herpes virus (MHV68) model of lethal vasculitis. In addition, Serp-1 demonstrated safety and efficacy in patients with unstable coronary disease and stent implant, reducing markers of myocardial damage. We investigate here the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, on restenosis after BA and the effects of blocking chemokine and protease pathways with M-T7 and Serp-1. ApoE−/− mice had aortic BA and oral P. gingivalis infection. Arterial plaque growth was examined at 24 weeks with and without anti-inflammatory protein treatment. Dental plaques from mice infected with P. gingivalis tested positive for infection. Neither Serp-1 nor M-T7 treatment reduced infection, but IgG antibody levels in mice treated with Serp-1 and M-T7 were reduced. P. gingivalis significantly increased monocyte invasion and arterial plaque growth after BA (P<0.025). Monocyte invasion and plaque growth were blocked by M-T7 treatment (P<0.023), whereas Serp-1 produced only a trend toward reductions. Both proteins modified expression of TLR4 and MyD88. In conclusion, aortic plaque growth in ApoE−/− mice increased after angioplasty in mice with chronic oral P. gingivalis infection. Blockade of chemokines, but not serine proteases significantly reduced arterial plaque growth, suggesting a central role for chemokine-mediated inflammation after BA in P. gingivalis infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Lucas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (LK)
| | - Raj K. Verma
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erbin Dai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liying Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hao Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sheela Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Rivera
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irina Velsko
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sasanka Chukkapalli
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AL); (LK)
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20
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The agnoprotein of polyomavirus JC is released by infected cells: evidence for its cellular uptake by uninfected neighboring cells. Virology 2014; 468-470:88-95. [PMID: 25151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poliomavirus JC replicates in glial cells in the brain, and causes the fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is usually seen in patients with underlying immunocompromised conditions, notably among AIDS patients and those on chronic immunosuppressive regimens. The late leader sequence of JC virus contains an open reading frame encoding a small regulatory protein called agnoprotein. Agnoprotein contributes to progressive viral infection by playing significant roles in viral replication cycle. Here, we demonstrate that agnoprotein can be detected in cell-free fractions of glial cultures infected with JCV, transfected with expression plasmids or transduced with an adenovirus expression system. We also provide evidence that extracellular agnoprotein can be taken up by uninfected neighboring cells. These studies have revealed a novel phenomenon of agnoprotein during the viral life cycle with a potential of developing diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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21
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Baker L, Chitas AML, Hartley CA, Coppo MJC, Vaz PK, Stent A, Gilkerson JR, Devlin JM, Every AL. Recombinant herpesvirus glycoprotein G improves the protective immune response to Helicobacter pylori vaccination in a mouse model of disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96563. [PMID: 24794215 PMCID: PMC4008605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses, which have co-evolved with their hosts for more than 200 million years, evade and subvert host immune responses, in part, by expression of immuno-modulatory molecules. Alphaherpesviruses express a single, broadly conserved chemokine decoy receptor, glycoprotein G (gG), which can bind multiple chemokine classes from multiple species, including human and mouse. Previously, we demonstrated that infection of chickens with an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) mutant deficient in gG resulted in altered host immune responses compared to infection with wild-type virus. The ability of gG to disrupt the chemokine network has the potential to be used therapeutically. Here we investigated whether gG from ILTV or equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) could modulate the protective immune response induced by the Helicobacter pylori vaccine antigen, catalase (KatA). Subcutaneous immunisation of mice with KatA together with EHV-1 gG, but not ILTV gG, induced significantly higher anti-KatA IgG than KatA alone. Importantly, subcutaneous or intranasal immunisation with KatA and EHV-1 gG both resulted in significantly lower colonization levels of H. pylori colonization following challenge, compared to mice vaccinated with KatA alone. Indeed, the lowest colonization levels were observed in mice vaccinated with KatA and EHV-1 gG, subcutaneously. In contrast, formulations containing ILTV gG did not affect H. pylori colonisation levels. The difference in efficacy between EHV-1 gG and ILTV gG may reflect the different spectrum of chemokines bound by the two proteins. Together, these data indicate that the immuno-modulatory properties of viral gGs could be harnessed for improving immune responses to vaccine antigens. Future studies should focus on the mechanism of action and whether gG may have other therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Baker
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre M. L. Chitas
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carol A. Hartley
- Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mauricio J. C. Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paola K. Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James R. Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison L. Every
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Davids J, Dai E, Chen H, Bartee M, Liu L, Fortunel A, Moyer R, McFadden G, Lucas A. Viral Anti-Inflammatory Proteins Target Diverging Immune Pathways with Converging Effects on Arterial Dilatation, Plaque and Apoptosis. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are often fatal due to atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, rupture, and hemorrhage, however, treatment is limited to expectant monitoring and surgical intervention. Inflammation is detected in aneurysms and in plaque with associated increased apoptosis, chemokines, cytokines, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. We compared treatment with three different myxomavirus-derived anti-inflammatory proteins targeting apoptosis, thrombosis, and chemokine pathways. The effect of each protein on aortic dilatation and plaque growth was assessed after angioplasty in Apolipoprotein Enull mice. Four myxomavirus-derived proteins were studied; Serp-1 a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) targeting thrombotic and thrombolytic proteases, Serp-2 a cross-class serpin inhibiting granzyme B and caspases 1 and 8, M-T7 a broad spectrum C, CC, and CXC chemokine inhibitor, and R171E, an inactive M-T7 mutant. Cell invasion, elastin breaks, plaque progression, and aortic dilatation were significantly reduced by Serp-1, Serp-2, or M-T7 protein treatment, but not by R171E. PCR array analysis detected altered expression of a group of shared 40 apoptotic genes in monocytes after treatment with each active protein, but not R171E. Interference with inflammatory cell responses, through highly divergent inflammatory response pathways, produces similar reductions in monocyte invasion, arterial dilatation, and plaque growth potentially through modified expression of apoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Davids
- Divisions of Cardiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - E. Dai
- Divisions of Cardiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Robarts' Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - H. Chen
- Divisions of Cardiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - M.Y. Bartee
- Divisions of Cardiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | | | - A. Fortunel
- Divisions of Cardiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - R. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - G. McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - A.R. Lucas
- Divisions of Cardiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Robarts' Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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23
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Bartee MY, Chen H, Dai E, Liu LY, Davids JA, Lucas A. Defining the anti-inflammatory activity of a potent myxomaviral chemokine modulating protein, M-T7, through site directed mutagenesis. Cytokine 2013; 65:79-87. [PMID: 24211016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral chemokine modulating proteins provide new and extensive sources for therapeutics. Purified M-T7, a poxvirus-derived secreted immunomodulatory protein, reduces mononuclear cell invasion and atheroma in rodent models of angioplasty injury as well as aortic and renal transplant, improving renal allograft survival. M-T7 is a rabbit species-specific interferon gamma receptor (IFNγR) homolog, but also inhibits chemokine/glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions for C, CC and CXC chemokines, with cross-species specific inhibitory activity. M-T7 anti-atheroma activity is blunted in GAG deficient mouse aortic transplants, but not in CC chemokine receptor deficient transplants, supporting M-T7 interference in chemokine/GAG interactions as the basis of the atheroma-inhibitory activity. We have assessed point mutants of M-T7 both in vivo in a mouse angioplasty model and in vitro in tissue culture and binding assays, in order to better define the primary mechanism of anti-atheroma activity. Of these M-T7 mutants, the R(171)E and E(209)I M-T7 mutants lost inhibitory activity for plaque growth in hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice after angioplasty injury and R(171)E, moreover, greatly exacerbated plaque growth and inflammation. F(137)D retained some inhibitory activity for plaque growth. In contrast, for cell migration assays, M-T7-His6X, F(137)D, R(171)E, and E(209)I all inhibited CC chemokine (RANTES) mediated cell migration. For the ligand binding assays, R(171)E and E(209)I had significantly reduced binding to RANTES and IFNγ, whereas F(137)D retained wild-type binding activity. Heparin treatment further reduced RANTES binding of all three M-T7 mutants. In summary, point mutations of M-T7, R(171)E and E(209)I, exhibited reduced anti-inflammatory properties in vivo after mouse angioplasty with a loss of in vitro binding to RANTES and IFNγ, indicating these point mutations partially disrupt M-T7 ligand-binding activities. Unexpectedly, the M-T7 mutants all retained inhibitory activity for human monocyte THP-1 cell migration ex vivo, suggesting additional inhibitory properties against human monocyte THP-1 cells that are independent of chemokine inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Bartee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Rivera MF, Lee JY, Aneja M, Goswami V, Liu L, Velsko IM, Chukkapalli SS, Bhattacharyya I, Chen H, Lucas AR, Kesavalu LN. Polymicrobial infection with major periodontal pathogens induced periodontal disease and aortic atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ApoE(null) mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57178. [PMID: 23451182 PMCID: PMC3581444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) and atherosclerosis are both polymicrobial and multifactorial and although observational studies supported the association, the causative relationship between these two diseases is not yet established. Polymicrobial infection-induced periodontal disease is postulated to accelerate atherosclerotic plaque growth by enhancing atherosclerotic risk factors of orally infected Apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoEnull) mice. At 16 weeks of infection, samples of blood, mandible, maxilla, aorta, heart, spleen, and liver were collected, analyzed for bacterial genomic DNA, immune response, inflammation, alveolar bone loss, serum inflammatory marker, atherosclerosis risk factors, and aortic atherosclerosis. PCR analysis of polymicrobial-infected (Porphyromonas gingivalis [P. gingivalis], Treponema denticola [T. denticola], and Tannerella forsythia [T. forsythia]) mice resulted in detection of bacterial genomic DNA in oral plaque samples indicating colonization of the oral cavity by all three species. Fluorescent in situ hybridization detected P. gingivalis and T. denticola within gingival tissues of infected mice and morphometric analysis showed an increase in palatal alveolar bone loss (p<0.0001) and intrabony defects suggesting development of periodontal disease in this model. Polymicrobial-infected mice also showed an increase in aortic plaque area (p<0.05) with macrophage accumulation, enhanced serum amyloid A, and increased serum cholesterol and triglycerides. A systemic infection was indicated by the detection of bacterial genomic DNA in the aorta and liver of infected mice and elevated levels of bacterial specific IgG antibodies (p<0.0001). This study was a unique effort to understand the effects of a polymicrobial infection with P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia on periodontal disease and associated atherosclerosis in ApoEnull mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes F. Rivera
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ju-Youn Lee
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Monika Aneja
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vishalkant Goswami
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liying Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irina M. Velsko
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sasanka S. Chukkapalli
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hao Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmyya N. Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zheng D, Chen H, Bartee MY, Williams J, Davids JA, Lomas DA, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Myxomaviral Anti-Inflammatory Serpin Reduces Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:291-299. [PMID: 25798214 PMCID: PMC4367486 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modification of the tumor microenvironment by inflammatory cells represents a newly recognized driving force in cancer with critical roles in tumor invasion, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increased thrombolytic cascade serine proteases, specifically urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor, correlate with inflammatory cell migration, pancreatic cancer growth, invasion and unfavorable outcomes. Inflammation in pancreatic cancer is linked with myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) activity and cancer progression. Myxomavirus is a complex DNA virus encoding highly potent immune modulators. Serp-1 and M-T7 are two such secreted anti-inflammatory myxomaviral proteins. Serp-1 inhibits uPA, plasmin and coagulation factor X while M-T7 inhibits C, CC, and CXC chemokines. We have explored the potential use of these viral proteins for treatment of a range of human cancer isolates engrafted in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Engrafted tumors were treated with either Serp-1, neuroserpin, a related mammalian serpin that inhibits thrombolytic proteases, or M-T7. Serp-1 and neuroserpin inhibited growth of the pancreatic cancer cell line Hs766t (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively) at 4 weeks after implantation. Serp-1 also inhibited growth of a second pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 in mice (P=0.02). Growth of the human breast cancer line MDA231 was not inhibited by Serp-1. M-T7, in contrast, did not alter growth of any of the cancer cell lines tested after implant into SCID mice. Serpin inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth was associated with a significant decrease in splenocyte MDSC counts by flow cytometry (P=0.009), without detected change in other splenocyte subpopulations. Serp-1 and NSP treatment also significantly reduced macrophage infiltration in tumors (P=0.001). In summary two anti-inflammatory serpins reduced inflammatory macrophage invasion and pancreatic tumor cell growth, suggesting potential therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mee Y Bartee
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra R Lucas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Regulation of atherogenesis by chemokines and chemokine receptors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 61:1-14. [PMID: 23224338 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorder affecting large- and medium-sized arteries, and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves accumulation of lipids and leukocytes in the intima of blood vessel walls creating plaque. How leukocytes accumulate in plaque remains poorly understood; however, chemokines acting at specific G protein-coupled receptors appear to be important. Studies using knockout mice suggest that chemokine receptor signaling may either promote or inhibit atherogenesis, depending on the receptor. These proof of concept studies have spurred efforts to develop drugs targeting the chemokine system in atherosclerosis, and several have shown beneficial effects in animal models. This study will review key discoveries in basic and translational research in this area.
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Horizontal transfer and the evolution of host-pathogen interactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:679045. [PMID: 23227424 PMCID: PMC3513734 DOI: 10.1155/2012/679045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer has been long known in viruses and prokaryotes, but its importance in eukaryotes has been only acknowledged recently. Close contact between organisms, as it occurs between pathogens and their hosts, facilitates the occurrence of DNA transfer events. Once inserted in a foreign genome, DNA sequences have sometimes been coopted by pathogens to improve their survival or infectivity, or by hosts to protect themselves against the harm of pathogens. Hence, horizontal transfer constitutes a source of novel sequences that can be adopted to change the host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, horizontal transfer can have an important impact on the coevolution of pathogens and their hosts.
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Epperson ML, Lee CA, Fremont DH. Subversion of cytokine networks by virally encoded decoy receptors. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:199-215. [PMID: 23046131 PMCID: PMC3693748 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, viruses have captured or created a diverse array of open reading frames, which encode for proteins that serve to evade and sabotage the host innate and adaptive immune responses that would otherwise lead to their elimination. These viral genomes are some of the best textbooks of immunology ever written. The established arsenal of immunomodulatory proteins encoded by viruses is large and growing, and includes specificities for virtually all known inflammatory pathways and targets. The focus of this review is on herpes and poxvirus-encoded cytokine and chemokine-binding proteins that serve to undermine the coordination of host immune surveillance. Structural and mechanistic studies of these decoy receptors have provided a wealth of information, not only about viral pathogenesis but also about the inner workings of cytokine signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Shimamura T, Jeng D, Lucas A, Essani K. Suppression of neointimal hyperplasia following angioplasty-induced vascular injury in pigs infected with swinepox virus. Open Virol J 2012; 6:91-6. [PMID: 23136622 PMCID: PMC3486964 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients suffering from angina pectoris are treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and quickly develop angiographic renarrowing, or restenosis, at the site of PCI treatment. Restenosis is thought to arise from the combinatorial activation of thrombotic and inflammatory responses. The inflammatory response responsible for restenosis is also thought to involve the activation of a cascade of serine proteases and its subsequent regulation. Poxviruses are known to possess a variety of immunomodulatory strategies, some of which target serine proteases, cytokines, and chemokines. To this end we evaluated whether systemic species-specific swinepox virus (SPV) infection could induce sufficient host-immune modulation to promote an anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effect, thereby preventing restenosis. Two groups of domestic feeder pigs were used - the first group was experimentally infected with SPV (n= 11) and the second group served as an uninfected control (n= 5). A week after infection, the pigs were anesthetized and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in the left anterior descending coronary artery using X-ray fluoroscopy to visualize the balloon and record angiograms. Three weeks post infection, the pigs were euthanized and balloon angioplasty injured arteries were harvested and examined. We observed a statistically significant reduction of restenosis in SPV-infected pigs (p = 0.05) compared to control pigs and conclude that systemic swinepox virus infection causes sufficient host immune suppression to significantly reduce restenosis in pigs after balloon angioplasty injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimamura
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Ave, 3441 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA
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Viswanathan K, Bot I, Liu L, Dai E, Turner PC, Togonu-Bickersteth B, Richardson J, Davids JA, Williams JM, Bartee MY, Chen H, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL, Moyer RW, Lucas AR. Viral cross-class serpin inhibits vascular inflammation and T lymphocyte fratricide; a study in rodent models in vivo and human cell lines in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44694. [PMID: 23049756 PMCID: PMC3458838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses express highly active inhibitors, including serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), designed to target host immune defense pathways. Recent work has demonstrated clinical efficacy for a secreted, myxomaviral serpin, Serp-1, which targets the thrombotic and thrombolytic proteases, suggesting that other viral serpins may have therapeutic application. Serp-2 and CrmA are intracellular cross-class poxviral serpins, with entirely distinct functions from the Serp-1 protein. Serp-2 and CrmA block the serine protease granzyme B (GzmB) and cysteine proteases, caspases 1 and 8, in apoptotic pathways, but have not been examined for extracellular anti-inflammatory activity. We examined the ability of these cross-class serpins to inhibit plaque growth after arterial damage or transplant and to reduce leukocyte apoptosis. We observed that purified Serp-2, but not CrmA, given as a systemic infusion after angioplasty, transplant, or cuff-compression injury markedly reduced plaque growth in mouse and rat models in vivo. Plaque growth was inhibited both locally at sites of surgical trauma, angioplasty or transplant, and systemically at non-injured sites in ApoE-deficient hyperlipidemic mice. With analysis in vitro of human cells in culture, Serp-2 selectively inhibited T cell caspase activity and blocked cytotoxic T cell (CTL) mediated killing of T lymphocytes (termed fratricide). Conversely, both Serp-2 and CrmA inhibited monocyte apoptosis. Serp-2 inhibitory activity was significantly compromised either in vitro with GzmB antibody or in vivo in ApoE/GzmB double knockout mice. Conclusions The viral cross-class serpin, Serp-2, that targets both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways, reduces vascular inflammation in a GzmB-dependent fashion in vivo, and inhibits human T cell apoptosis in vitro. These findings indicate that therapies targeting Granzyme B and/or T cell apoptosis may be used to inhibit T lymphocyte apoptosis and inflammation in response to arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Maastracht, Maastracht, The Netherlands
| | - Liying Liu
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts' Research Institute, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erbin Dai
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts' Research Institute, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Turner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Babajide Togonu-Bickersteth
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts' Research Institute, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jakob Richardson
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts' Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Davids
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mee Y. Bartee
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theo J. C. van Berkel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Maastracht, Maastracht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Maastracht, Maastracht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts' Research Institute, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Kerr PJ. Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: a model for emerging infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:387-415. [PMID: 22333483 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myxoma virus is a poxvirus naturally found in two American leporid (rabbit) species (Sylvilagus brasiliensis and Sylvilagus bachmani) in which it causes an innocuous localised cutaneous fibroma. However, in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) the same virus causes the lethal disseminated disease myxomatosis. The introduction of myxoma virus into the European rabbit population in Australia in 1950 initiated the best known example of what happens when a novel pathogen jumps into a completely naïve new mammalian host species. The short generation time of the rabbit and their vast numbers in Australia meant evolution could be studied in real time. The carefully documented emergence of attenuated strains of virus that were more effectively transmitted by the mosquito vector and the subsequent selection of rabbits with genetic resistance to myxomatosis is the paradigm for pathogen virulence and host-pathogen coevolution. This natural experiment was repeated with the release of a separate strain of myxoma virus in France in 1952. The subsequent spread of the virus throughout Europe and its coevolution with the rabbit essentially paralleled what occurred in Australia. Detailed molecular studies on myxoma virus have dissected the role of virulence genes in the pathogenesis of myxomatosis and when combined with genomic data and reverse genetics should in future enable the understanding of the molecular evolution of the virus as it adapted to its new host. This review describes the natural history and evolution of myxoma virus together with the molecular biology and experimental pathogenesis studies that are informing our understanding of evolution of emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kerr
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Kesavalu L, Lucas AR, Verma RK, Liu L, Dai E, Sampson E, Progulske-Fox A. Increased atherogenesis during Streptococcus mutans infection in ApoE-null mice. J Dent Res 2012; 91:255-60. [PMID: 22262633 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511435101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a dental caries pathogen, also causes endocarditis and is detected in atheroscelerotic plaque. We investigated the potential for an invasive strain of S. mutans, OMZ175, to accelerate plaque growth in apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE(null)) mice without and with balloon angioplasty (BA) injury, a model of restenosis. ApoE(null) mice were divided into 4 groups (N = 10), 2 with and 2 without BA. One each of the BA and non-BA groups was infected with S. mutans (Sm). S. mutans DNA, plaque area, inflammatory cell invasion, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression were measured at 6-20 weeks post-infection. S. mutans genomic DNA was detected in the aorta, liver, spleen, and heart. Plaque growth was significantly increased in infected mice with BA (Sm+BA) vs. those in the non-infected groups (p < 0.03). Plaque size was increased after infection without BA (Sm), but did not reach significance. Aortic specimens from both S. mutans and Sm+BA groups displayed increased numbers of macrophages, and TLR4 expression was increased in BA mice. In conclusion, S. mutans infection accelerated plaque growth, macrophage invasion, and TLR4 expression after angioplasty. S. mutans may also be associated with atherosclerotic plaque growth in non-injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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Smallwood SE, Rahman MM, Werden SJ, Martino MF, McFadden G. Production of Myxoma virus gateway entry and expression libraries and validation of viral protein expression. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2011; Chapter 14:Unit 14A.2. [PMID: 21538302 PMCID: PMC3104670 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc14a02s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invitrogen's Gateway technology is a recombination-based cloning method that allows for rapid transfer of numerous open reading frames (ORFs) into multiple plasmid vectors, making it useful for diverse high-throughput applications. Gateway technology has been utilized to create an ORF library for Myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Poxviridae family of DNA viruses. MYXV is the prototype virus for the genus Leporipoxvirus, and is pathogenic only in European rabbits. MYXV replicates exclusively in the host cell cytoplasm, and its genome encodes 171 ORFs. A number of these ORFs encode proteins that interfere with or modulate host defense mechanisms, particularly the inflammatory responses. Furthermore, MYXV is able to productively infect a variety of human cancer cell lines and is being developed as an oncolytic virus for treating human cancers. MYXV is therefore an excellent model for studying poxvirus biology, pathogenesis, and host tropism, and a good candidate for ORFeome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin E Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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34
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Liu J, Wennier S, McFadden G. The immunoregulatory properties of oncolytic myxoma virus and their implications in therapeutics. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1144-52. [PMID: 20832500 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is a poxvirus with a strict rabbit-specific host-tropism for pathogenesis. The immunoregulatory factors encoded by MYXV can suppress some functions of immune effectors from other species. We review their mechanisms of action, implications in therapeutics and the potential to improve MYXV as an oncolytic agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd, P.O. box 100266, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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35
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Smallwood SE, Rahman MM, Smith DW, McFadden G. Myxoma virus: propagation, purification, quantification, and storage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; Chapter 14:Unit 14A.1. [PMID: 20440681 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc14a01s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is a member of the Poxviridae family and prototype for the genus Leporipoxvirus. It is pathogenic only for European rabbits, in which it causes the lethal disease myxomatosis, and two North American species, in which it causes a less severe disease. MYXV replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Although not infectious in humans, its genome encodes proteins that can interfere with or modulate host defense mechanisms; it is able to productively infect a number of human cancer cell lines, but not normal human cells, and has also been shown to increase survival time in mouse models of human glioma. These characteristics suggest that MYXV could be a viable therapeutic agent, e.g., in anti-inflammatory or anti-immune therapy, or as an oncolytic agent. MYXV is also an excellent model for poxvirus biology, pathogenesis, and host tropism studies. It is easily propagated in a number of cell lines, including adherent cells and suspension cultures, and minimal purification is required to provide a stock for in vivo and in vitro studies.
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36
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Dai E, Liu LY, Wang H, McIvor D, Sun YM, Macaulay C, King E, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Bartee MY, Williams J, Davids J, Charo I, McFadden G, Esko JD, Lucas AR. Inhibition of chemokine-glycosaminoglycan interactions in donor tissue reduces mouse allograft vasculopathy and transplant rejection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10510. [PMID: 20463901 PMCID: PMC2865544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is classically described as initiating inflammatory cell migration and creating tissue chemokine gradients that direct local leukocyte chemotaxis into damaged or transplanted tissues. While chemokine-receptor binding has been extensively studied during allograft transplantation, effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions with chemokines on transplant longevity are less well known. Here we examine the impact of interrupting chemokine-GAG interactions and chemokine-receptor interactions, both locally and systemically, on vascular disease in allografts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analysis of GAG or CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) deficiency were coupled with the infusion of viral chemokine modulating proteins (CMPs) in mouse aortic allograft transplants (n = 239 mice). Inflammatory cell invasion and neointimal hyperplasia were significantly reduced in N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1(f/f)TekCre(+)) heparan sulfate (GAG)-deficient (Ndst1(-/-), p<0.044) and CCR2-deficient (Ccr2(-/-), p<0.04) donor transplants. Donor tissue GAG or CCR2 deficiency markedly reduced inflammation and vasculopathy, whereas recipient deficiencies did not. Treatment with three CMPs was also investigated; Poxviral M-T1 blocks CC chemokine receptor binding, M-T7 blocks C, CC, and CXC GAG binding, and herpesviral M3 binds receptor and GAG binding for all classes. M-T7 reduced intimal hyperplasia in wild type (WT) (Ccr2(+/+), p< or =0.003 and Ccr2(-/-), p=0.027) aortic allografts, but not in Ndst1(-/-) aortic allografts (p = 0.933). M-T1 and M3 inhibited WT (Ccr2(+/+) and Ndst1(+/+), p< or =0.006) allograft vasculopathy, but did not block vasculopathy in Ccr2(-/-) (p = 0.61). M-T7 treatment alone, even without immunosuppressive drugs, also significantly prolonged survival of renal allograft transplants (p< or =0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Interruption of chemokine-GAG interactions, even in the absence of chemokine-receptor blockade, is a highly effective approach to reduction of allograft rejection, reducing vascular inflammation and prolonging allograft survival. Although chemokines direct both local and systemic cell migration, interruption of inherent chemokine responses in the donor tissue unexpectedly had a greater therapeutic impact on allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbin Dai
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana McIvor
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun ming Sun
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Viron Therapeutics, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elaine King
- Viron Therapeutics, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mee Yong Bartee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Davids
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Israel Charo
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Grant McFadden
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Galzi JL, Hachet-Haas M, Bonnet D, Daubeuf F, Lecat S, Hibert M, Haiech J, Frossard N. Neutralizing endogenous chemokines with small molecules. Principles and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:39-55. [PMID: 20117133 PMCID: PMC7112609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular responses to external stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines is achieved through the control of all steps of the complex cascade starting with synthesis, going through maturation steps, release, distribution, degradation and/or uptake of the signalling molecule interacting with the target protein. One possible way of regulation, referred to as scavenging or neutralization of the ligand, has been increasingly studied, especially for small protein ligands. It shows innovative potential in chemical biology approaches as well as in disease treatment. Neutralization of protein ligands, as for example cytokines or chemokines can lead to the validation of signalling pathways under physiological or pathophysiological conditions, and in certain cases, to the development of therapeutic molecules now used in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation and cancer treatment. This review explores the field of ligand neutralization and tries to determine to what extent small chemical molecules could substitute for neutralizing antibodies in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Galzi
- IREBS, FRE3211, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France.
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Bartee MY, Dai E, Liu L, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Macaulay C, McIvor D, McFadden G, Lucas AR. 10 M-T7: measuring chemokine-modulating activity. Methods Enzymol 2009; 460:209-28. [PMID: 19446727 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are important for activation of a host of cellular immune and inflammatory responses including cell signaling, activation, and communication. M-T7, a myxoma virus protein, inhibits the activity of chemokines by direct binding to chemokines and/or with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To study the effects of this chemokine-modulating protein (CMP), we use a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques to evaluate M-T7 inhibition of inflammatory cells. To quickly analyze the effects of M-T7, changes in cell adhesion and membrane fluidity are measured as well as cell migration in mouse ascites. For more physiological analyses, an aortic transplant model in rodents is used to assess change in inflammatory cell infiltrates and vascular plaque growth (rejection). Utilization of the combination of these in vitro and in vivo techniques allows for a more complete study of the chemokine-modulating activity of M-T7, and can be used to study other immune and inflammation-modulating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Y Bartee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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39
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Alcami A, Saraiva M. Chemokine binding proteins encoded by pathogens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 666:167-79. [PMID: 20054983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1601-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that play an important role in immunity. The role of chemokines against invading pathogens is emphasized by the expression of chemokine inhibitors by many pathogens. A mechanims employed by poxviruses and herpesviruses is the secretion of chemokine bindingproteins unrelated to host receptors that bind chemokines with high affinity and block their activity. Soluble chemokine binding proteins have also been identified in the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni and in ticks. The binding specificity of these inhibitors of cell migration point at chemokines that contribute to host defense mechanisms against various pathogens. Chemokine binding proteins modulate the immune response and may lead to new therapeutic approaches to treat inflamatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Nepomnyashchikh TS, Shchelkunov SN. Poxviral immunomodulating proteins: New tools for immunity correction. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308050178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Wakayama K, Shimamura M, Sata M, Koibuchi N, Sato N, Ogihara T, Morishita R. A model of cerebrovascular injury in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 175:187-95. [PMID: 18786566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathophysiology of post-angioplasty restenosis has been extensively studied in extracranial arteries using transluminal vascular injury model in rodents, it is still not well known in the intracranial arteries, which have quite different structures from extracranial arteries. Here, we examined whether 1-min placement of modified intraluminal suture could induce an injury in the internal carotid artery (ICA) in rats and observed temporal profile of histological change after the injury. HE staining showed that the injured intracranial ICA was dilated, while the media was markedly thinned at 1 day after injury. The internal elastic lamina was not observed, and the media contained few cells. At 1 week after injury, a thin layer of neointimal hyperplasia was observed on the luminal side of the internal elastic lamina. Neointimal hyperplasia developed until at least 4 weeks after injury. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that the healing process of the injury was related to arterial remodeling. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin and electron microscopic analysis showed that the neointima was composed of smooth muscle cells. Re-endothelialization was observed from 1 to 4 weeks after injury by immunohistochemical staining for von Willebrand's factor and electron microscopic analysis. Vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in neointima on days 7 and 14. Interestingly, superoxide anion was not increased in injured arteries on day 3, when the infiltration of macrophages was intensive, but increased on day 7, when infiltrating macrophages almost disappeared. These findings might shed new light on pathophysiology of post-angioplasty restenosis in intracranial arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Wakayama
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Stanford MM, McFadden G. Myxoma virus and oncolytic virotherapy: a new biologic weapon in the war against cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1415-25. [PMID: 17727330 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an innovative alternative to more conventional cancer therapies. The ability of some viruses to specifically target and kill malignant cancerous cells while leaving normal tissue unscathed has opened a large repertoire of new and selective cancer killing therapeutic candidates. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus, have a long history of use in humans as live vaccines and have more recently been studied as potential platforms for delivery of immunotherapeutics and attenuated variants of vaccinia have been explored as oncolytic candidates. In contrast, the poxvirus myxoma virus is a novel oncolytic candidate that has no history of use in humans directly, as it has a distinct and absolute host species tropism to lagomorphs (rabbits). Myxoma virus has been recently shown to be able to also selectively infect and kill human tumor cells, a unique tropism that is linked to dysregulated intracellular signalling pathways found in the majority of human cancers. This review outlines the existing knowledge on the tropism of myxoma virus for human cancer cells, as well as preclinical data exhibiting its ability to infect and clear tumors in animal models of cancer. This is an exciting new therapeutic option for treating cancer, and myxoma virus joins a growing group of oncolytic virus candidates that are being developed as a new class of cancer therapies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Stanford
- University of Western Ontario, Biotherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
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43
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Dagna L, Lusso P. Virus-encoded chemokines, chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins: new paradigms for future therapy. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over millions of years of coevolution with their hosts, viruses have learned the finest artifices of the immune system defense mechanisms and developed a variety of strategies for evading them. The chemokine system has been a primary target of these viral efforts because of the critical role it plays in the development of effective immune responses. Not only do chemokines control cellular recruitment at the site of infection, they also regulate the magnitude and character of the immune responses. Several viruses, and large DNA viruses in particular, have exploited the chemokine system by hijacking and reprogramming chemokine or chemokine-receptor genes, and/or secreting chemokine-binding proteins. In the past few years there has been intense investigation in this area, driven not only by the prospect of gaining a better understanding of viral-immune evasion mechanisms, but also by the possibility of targeting these molecules as part of future antiviral therapeutic approaches, as well as exploiting viral strategies of chemokine interference as novel therapies for inflammatory or neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, and, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological & Technological Research (DIBIT), 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Lusso
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological & Technological Research (DIBIT), 20132 Milan, Italy
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44
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Christov A, Korol RM, Dai E, Liu L, Guan H, Bernards MA, Cavers PB, Susko D, Lucas A. In Vivo Optical Analysis of Quantitative Changes in Collagen and Elastin During Arterial Remodeling¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Fallon PG, Alcami A. Pathogen-derived immunomodulatory molecules: future immunotherapeutics? Trends Immunol 2006; 27:470-6. [PMID: 16920025 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecules from various pathogens that modulate innate and/or adaptive immunity is a dynamic and rapidly developing area of research. These immunomodulatory molecules (IM) have been optimized during pathogen-host co-evolution, and have a potential application as novel immunotherapeutics. In this review, we illustrate the use of pathogen IM that have been produced as recombinant proteins, with different modes of modulatory activity, and discuss their potential to modulate undesirable immune responses in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic G Fallon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, and Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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46
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Abstract
Through eons of co-evolution, poxviruses and their hosts have come to an elegant point of equilibrium whereby the host immune system is systematically modulated in favor of the virus. Owing to the large coding capacity of poxviruses, many gene products are dedicated as virulence factors. Key targets of these immunomodulators include mediators of inflammation, chemotaxis, apoptosis and the antiviral state. It is not surprising that these systems have become targets since they are crucial for mounting an effective immune response against poxviruses. The following discussion will focus on a select group of poxvirus proteins that are able to modulate particular components of the host response efficiently to ensure propagation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant McFadden
- The University of Western Ontario, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Siebens-Drake Building Room 1331400 Western Road, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Steven H Nazarian
- The University of Western Ontario, Robarts Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
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47
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Handel TM, Johnson Z, Crown SE, Lau EK, Proudfoot AE. Regulation of protein function by glycosaminoglycans--as exemplified by chemokines. Annu Rev Biochem 2005; 74:385-410. [PMID: 15952892 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune modulators such as cytokines and growth factors exert their biological activity through high-affinity interactions with cell-surface receptors, thereby activating specific signaling pathways. However, many of these molecules also participate in low-affinity interactions with another class of molecules, referred to as proteoglycans. Proteoglycans consist of a protein core to which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The GAGs are long, linear, sulfated, and highly charged heterogeneous polysaccharides that are expressed throughout the body in different forms, depending on the developmental or pathological state of the organ/organism. They participate in many biological functions, including organogenesis and growth control, cell adhesion, signaling, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and interactions with pathogens. Recently, it was demonstrated that certain chemokines require interactions with GAGs for their in vivo function. The GAG interaction is thought to provide a mechanism for retaining chemokines on cell surfaces, facilitating the formation of chemokine gradients. These gradients serve as directional cues to guide the migration of the appropriate cells in the context of their inflammatory, developmental, and homeostatic functions. In this review, we discuss GAGs and their interaction with proteins, with a special emphasis on the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Handel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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48
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Boomker JM, Luttikhuizen DT, Veninga H, de Leij LFMH, The TH, de Haan A, van Luyn MJA, Harmsen MC. The modulation of angiogenesis in the foreign body response by the poxviral protein M-T7. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4874-81. [PMID: 15763267 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The foreign body response is characterized by enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells. As the directional movement of cells is controlled by chemokines, disruption of the chemokine network would be an attractive approach to improve biocompatibility of an implanted material. The sequestration of chemokines by cell surface-expressed glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is vital for in vivo chemokine activity. The myxoma virus encodes a soluble protein, M-T7, that interacts with conserved GAG-binding domains of chemokines to block chemokine-mediated leukocyte recruitment. We hypothesized that M-T7 might also affect the function of other inflammation-associated proteins in addition to chemokines that bind to GAG. In our studies, we focussed on the modulation of the GAG-binding molecules macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor-164 (VEGF164) in the inflammatory reaction against subcutaneously implanted degradable cross-linked dermal sheep collagen discs in AO rats. Genetic delivery of M-T7 delays the influx of macrophages into the collagen discs. In addition, angiogenesis around the implanted material was reduced. The discs revealed reduced levels of rat MCP-1 and rat VEGF164. This was not due to down regulation of transcription of the genes that encode MCP-1 and VEGF164. Our in vivo observations suggest that, in addition to chemokines such as MCP-1, M-T7 neutralizes VEGF164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper M Boomker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Biology Section, University of Groningen Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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49
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Christov A, Korol RM, Dai E, Liu L, Guan H, Bernards MA, Cavers PB, Susko D, Lucas A. In Vivo Optical Analysis of Quantitative Changes in Collagen and Elastin During Arterial Remodeling¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-03-10-ra-107.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Our increasing appreciation of the importance of inflammation in vascular disease has focused attention on the molecules that direct the migration of leukocytes from the blood stream to the vessel wall. In this review, we summarize roles of the chemokines, a family of small secreted proteins that selectively recruit monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes to sites of vascular injury, inflammation, and developing atherosclerosis. Chemokines induce chemotaxis through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors, and the receptors that a given leukocyte expresses determines the chemokines to which it will respond. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), acting through its receptor CCR2, appears to play an early and important role in the recruitment of monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions and in the formation of intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Acute thrombosis is an often fatal complication of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, and recent evidence suggests that MCP-1 contributes to thrombin generation and thrombus formation by generating tissue factor. Because of their critical roles in monocyte recruitment in vascular and nonvascular diseases, MCP-1 and CCR2 have become important therapeutic targets, and efforts are underway to develop potent and specific antagonists of these and related chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel F Charo
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, PO Box 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA.
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