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Georgakis S, Orfanakis M, Brenna C, Burgermeister S, Del Rio Estrada PM, González-Navarro M, Torres-Ruiz F, Reyes-Terán G, Avila-Rios S, Luna-Villalobos YA, Chén OY, Pantaleo G, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Follicular Immune Landscaping Reveals a Distinct Profile of FOXP3 hiCD4 hi T Cells in Treated Compared to Untreated HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:912. [PMID: 39204036 PMCID: PMC11359267 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4hi T cells (TFH) are a major cellular pool for the maintenance of the HIV reservoir. Therefore, the delineation of the follicular (F)/germinal center (GC) immune landscape will significantly advance our understanding of HIV pathogenesis. We have applied multiplex confocal imaging, in combination with the relevant computational tools, to investigate F/GC in situ immune dynamics in viremic (vir-HIV), antiretroviral-treated (cART HIV) People Living With HIV (PLWH) and compare them to reactive, non-infected controls. Lymph nodes (LNs) from viremic and cART PLWH could be further grouped based on their TFH cell densities in high-TFH and low-TFH subgroups. These subgroups were also characterized by different in situ distributions of PD1hi TFH cells. Furthermore, a significant accumulation of follicular FOXP3hiCD4hi T cells, which were characterized by a low scattering in situ distribution profile and strongly correlated with the cell density of CD8hi T cells, was found in the cART-HIV low-TFH group. An inverse correlation between plasma viral load and LN GrzBhiCD8hi T and CD16hiCD15lo cells was found. Our data reveal the complex GC immune landscaping in HIV infection and suggest that follicular FOXP3hiCD4hi T cells could be negative regulators of TFH cell prevalence in cART-HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Georgakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Michail Orfanakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Cloe Brenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Simon Burgermeister
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (M.O.)
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (M.G.-N.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mauricio González-Navarro
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (M.G.-N.)
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (M.G.-N.)
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud de México, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Santiago Avila-Rios
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (M.G.-N.)
| | - Yara Andrea Luna-Villalobos
- Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico (M.G.-N.)
| | - Oliver Y. Chén
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 25, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (M.O.)
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Ekinci NS, Yilmaz VT, Kilinc Y, Kocak H, Darbas S, Kisaoglu A, Aydinli B, Uzuner SY, Ucar F. Evaluation of the relationship between de-novo DSA development and CXCR5+PD-1+CD8+ T cells and PD-1/PD-L1 mRNA expression in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15104. [PMID: 37589946 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between the Follicular Cytotoxic T cell subgroup and expression levels of PD1/PD-L1 genes and the development of donor specific antibody (DSA) is unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ follicular cytotoxic T cell levels and expression levels of PD1/PD-L1 genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes in de-novo DSA positive and negative kidney transplant recipients (KTR). METHODS In our study, expression of PD-1/ PD-L1 genes by Real-Time Quantitative PCR method and CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ T cell expression levels by flow cytometric method were obtained from peripheral blood samples. 63 participants were included in the study (de-novo DSA positive recipients (n = 22, group 1), de-novo DSA negative recipients (n = 20, group 2) and healthy control (n = 21, group 3). All patients had negative PRA before kidney transplantation. Expression (%) levels of target cells were evaluated by flow cytometry method. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 22 and R.3.3.2 software were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS The demographic data of the groups were similar. PD-1 mRNA expression was higher in de-novo DSA positive KTR than negative (respectively, 1.03 ± .29/.82 ± .15, p: .001). CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ T cell expression levels were found to be higher in the de-novo DSA positive group than in the negative group and similar to the healthy group (respectively, 3.06 ± 1.98/.52 ± .40, p:.001, 3.06 ± 1.98/2.78 ± .59, p:.62). The percentage of CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ expressing T cells was significantly lower in the HLA-Class II+ group than other groups (HLA CI/II/ I+II, respectively, 3.63 ± 2.72/1.65 ± .50/3.68 ± 1.67, p: .04). CONCLUSIONS In our study, a significant relationship was found between DSA formation and PD-1 mRNA level and CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ follicular cytotoxic T cell in KTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Sayin Ekinci
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Vural Taner Yilmaz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yahya Kilinc
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Kocak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sule Darbas
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kisaoglu
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of General Surgery, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Aydinli
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of General Surgery, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sezin Yakut Uzuner
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fahri Ucar
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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3
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Lv Y, Ricard L, Gaugler B, Huang H, Ye Y. Biology and clinical relevance of follicular cytotoxic T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036616. [PMID: 36591286 PMCID: PMC9794565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular cytotoxic T (Tfc) cells are a newly identified subset of CD8+ T cells enriched in B cell follicles and their surroundings, which integrate multiple functions such as killing, memory, supporting and regulation. Tfc cells share similarities with follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, conventional cytotoxic CD8+ T (Tc cells)cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, while they express distinct transcription factors, phenotype, and perform different functions. With the participation of cytokines and cell-cell interactions, Tfc cells modulate Tfh cells and B cells and play an essential role in regulating the humoral immunity. Furthermore, Tfc cells have been found to change in their frequencies and functions during the occurrence and progression of chronic infections, immune-mediated diseases and cancers. Strategies targeting Tfc cells are under investigations, bringing novel insights into control of these diseases. We summarize the characteristics of Tfc cells, and introduce the roles and potential targeting modalities of Tfc cells in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Lv
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Stem Cell and Cellular Immunotherapy Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Laure Ricard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d’Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d’Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Stem Cell and Cellular Immunotherapy Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Yishan Ye, ; He Huang,
| | - Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Stem Cell and Cellular Immunotherapy Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Yishan Ye, ; He Huang,
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5
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Yao C, Zhang T, Wu T, Brugarolas J. Facts and Hopes for Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5013-5020. [PMID: 35819272 PMCID: PMC9835201 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made a significant impact in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC has been known to be immunoresponsive since the cytokine era of IFNα and IL2, but only a small number of patients had durable clinical benefit. Since then, discoveries of key tumor drivers, as well as an understanding of the contribution of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment (TME), has led to advances in drug development, ultimately transforming patient outcomes. Combinations of anti-angiogenic agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors are now standard of care. Current challenges include patient selection for immunotherapy combinations, resistance acquisition, and optimally sequencing therapies. Further discoveries about RCC biology, the TME, and resistance mechanisms will likely pave the way for the next generation of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tian Zhang
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tuoqi Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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6
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Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells that recognize bacterial metabolites and secrete cytokines and cytolytic enzymes to destroy infected target cells. This makes MAIT cells promising targets for immunotherapy to combat bacterial infections. Here, we analyzed the effects of an immunotherapeutic agent, the IL-15 superagonist N-803, on MAIT cell activation, trafficking, and cytolytic function in macaques. We found that N-803 could activate MAIT cells in vitro and increase their ability to produce IFN-γ in response to bacterial stimulation. To expand upon this, we examined the phenotypes and functions of MAIT cells present in samples collected from PBMC, airways (bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid), and lymph nodes (LN) from rhesus macaques that were treated in vivo with N-803. N-803 treatment led to a transient 6 to 7-fold decrease in the total number of MAIT cells in the peripheral blood, relative to pre N-803 time points. Concurrent with the decrease in cells in the peripheral blood, we observed a rapid decline in the frequency of CXCR3+CCR6+ MAITs. This corresponded with an increase in the frequency of CCR6+ MAITs in the BAL fluid, and higher frequencies of ki-67+ and granzyme B+ MAITs in the blood, LN, and BAL fluid. Finally, N-803 improved the ability of MAIT cells collected from PBMC and airways to produce IFN-γ in response to bacterial stimulation. Overall, N-803 shows the potential to transiently alter the phenotypes and functions of MAIT cells, which could be combined with other strategies to combat bacterial infections.
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7
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Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Sharma AA, Styles TM, Govindaraj S, Shanmugasundaram U, Babu H, Riberio SP, Ali SA, Tharp GK, Ibegbu C, Waggoner SN, Johnson RP, Sekaly RP, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Velu V. Lymph node CXCR5+ NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155601. [PMID: 35271506 PMCID: PMC9089783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5+ follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5+ NK cells exhibited high expression of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5+ NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5- subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5+ granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Riberio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Khanam A, Tang LSY, Kottilil S. Programmed death 1 expressing CD8 + CXCR5 + follicular T cells constitute effector rather than exhaustive phenotype in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2022; 75:690-708. [PMID: 34689344 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Classical CD8 T cells are implicated for protective and pathogenic roles in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Recently, a subset of CD8 T cells expressing C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) and exhibiting features of TFH cells has been identified during chronic viral infections. However, in CHB, knowledge of their roles is limited. APPROACH AND RESULTS We characterized circulating CD8+ CXCR5+/- cells and investigated their association with clinical and viral factors. We found that CHB infection did not influence the overall frequencies of CD8+ CXCR5+ cells whereas CD8+ CXCR5- cells were increased. However, among CHB, CD8+ CXCR5+ cells were higher in patients with low HBsAg and HBV-DNA levels, patients who were HBeAg negative and had high fibrosis scores, and these cells exhibited a significant association with HBsAg and HBV-DNA reduction. Contrarily, CD8+ CXCR5- cells were expanded and positively correlated with patients having high HBsAg, HBV-DNA, and alanine aminotransferase levels. CD8+ CXCR5+ cells express costimulatory molecules ICOS, OX40, CD40 ligand, inhibitory molecule programmed death 1, transcription factors B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2, BCL-6, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and are enriched in effector and central memory phenotype. Moreover, these cells are heterogeneous in nature given that they constitute different subsets of cytotoxic follicular T cells (TCF), including TCF1, TCF2, TCF17, and TCF22. Despite expressing high PD-1, CD8+ CXCR5+ cells are activated, proliferating, secreting more IFN-γ, IL-21, and IL-22, and have better cytolytic potential than CD8+ CXCR5- cells, which were inhibited after PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. CD8+ CXCR5+ cells are efficient in helping B cells in terms of plasmablasts and plasma cell generation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CD8+ CXCR5+ cells are enriched in effector phenotypes, produce HBV-specific cytokines despite increased PD-1, and are associated with HBsAg and HBV-DNA reduction. These cells competently support B-cell function, required for viral clearance, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Khanam
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia S Y Tang
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Altered levels of circulating CD8 +CXCR5 +PD-1 +T follicular cytotoxic cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1697-1708. [PMID: 35171365 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating CD8+ T-cells expressing the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) (CD8+CXCR5+T), a recently identified follicular cytotoxic T cell subset, are involved in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity, but their abundance and role in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) are unknown. METHODS Circulating CD8+CXCR5+T cell and CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+Treg) were evaluated in 49 pSS patients (19 patients with pulmonary involvement) and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) by flow cytometry. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed, and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were generated to identify characteristic cell subsets. Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between CD8+ T cell subsets and clinical features. RESULTS The proportions and numbers of CD8+CXCR5+, CD8 + CXCR5+ programmed death 1-positive (PD-1+), and CD8+CXCR5-PD-1+T cells were significantly higher, whereas those of CD8+Treg were markedly lower, in pSS patients than HCs. The CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+T cell to CD8+Treg ratio had the greatest discriminatory power for pSS and HCs according to OPLS-DA and ROC analyses. The increased numbers of CD8+CXCR5+T cells and CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+T cells were strongly associated with those of CD4+CXCR5+T and B cells. The proportions and numbers of CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+T cells were increased in pSS patients with lung involvement. CONCLUSIONS We identified a new CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+T subset, which was increased in abundance in pSS patients, particularly those with lung involvement, compared with HCs. Also, the CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+T to CD8+Treg ratio may be useful for identifying pSS. Our findings suggest that targeting follicular CD8+T cell subsets has therapeutic potential for pSS. Key Points • CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were expanded in the circulation of patients with pSS. • Reduced numbers CD8+Treg cells in pSS patients. • Increased CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+T cells in pSS patients with pulmonary involvement.
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10
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Implications of the accumulation of CXCR5 + NK cells in lymph nodes of HIV-1 infected patients. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103794. [PMID: 34973625 PMCID: PMC8728057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cell follicles are immune-privileged sites where intensive HIV-1 replication and latency occur, preventing a permanent cure. Recent study showed that CXCR5+ NK cells in B cell follicles can inhibit SIV replication in African green monkeys, but this has not been reported in HIV-1 infected patients. Methods Lymphocytes and tissue sections of lymph node were collected from 11 HIV-1 positive antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and 19 HIV-1 negative donors. We performed immunofluorescence and RNA-scope to detect the location of CXCR5+ NK cells and its relationship with HIV-1 RNA, and performed flow cytometry and RNA-seq to analyze the frequency, phenotypic and functional characteristics of CXCR5+ NK cells. The CXCL13 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Findings CXCR5+ NK cells, which accumulated in LNs from HIV-1 infected individuals, expressed high levels of activating receptors such as NKG2D and NKp44. CXCR5+ NK cells had upregulated expression of CD107a and β-chemokines, which were partially impaired in HIV-1 infection. Importantly, the frequency of CXCR5+NK cells was inversely related to the HIV-1 viral burden in LNs. In addition, CXCL13—the ligand of CXCR5—was upregulated in HIV-1 infected individuals and positively correlated with the frequency of CXCR5+ NK cells. Interpretation During chronic HIV-1 infection, CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated in lymph node, exhibit altered immune characteristics and underlying anti-HIV-1 effect, which may be an effective target for a functional cure of HIV-1.
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11
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Rad H, Röhl J, Stylianou N, Allenby M, Bazaz S, Warkiani ME, Guimaraes FSF, Clifton VL, Kulasinghe A. The Effects of COVID-19 on the Placenta During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743022. [PMID: 34603330 PMCID: PMC8479199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. The virus primarily affects the lungs where it induces respiratory distress syndrome ranging from mild to acute, however, there is a growing body of evidence supporting its negative effects on other system organs that also carry the ACE2 receptor, such as the placenta. The majority of newborns delivered from SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers test negative following delivery, suggesting that there are protective mechanisms within the placenta. There appears to be a higher incidence of pregnancy-related complications in SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers, such as miscarriage, restricted fetal growth, or still-birth. In this review, we discuss the pathobiology of COVID-19 maternal infection and the potential adverse effects associated with viral infection, and the possibility of transplacental transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Sadeghi Rad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joan Röhl
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nataly Stylianou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark C. Allenby
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Majid E. Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vicki L. Clifton
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (UQDI), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Rahman SA, Yagnik B, Bally AP, Morrow KN, Wang S, Vanderford TH, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Amara RR. PD-1 blockade and vaccination provide therapeutic benefit against SIV by inducing broad and functional CD8 + T cells in lymphoid tissue. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh3034. [PMID: 34516743 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander P Bally
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen N Morrow
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelly Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Dias J, Fabozzi G, March K, Asokan M, Almasri CG, Fintzi J, Promsote W, Nishimura Y, Todd JP, Lifson JD, Martin MA, Gama L, Petrovas C, Pegu A, Mascola JR, Koup RA. Concordance of immunological events between intrarectal and intravenous SHIVAD8-EO infection when assessed by Fiebig-equivalent staging. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151632. [PMID: 34623326 PMCID: PMC8409578 DOI: 10.1172/jci151632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary HIV-1 infection can be classified into six Fiebig stages based on virological and serological laboratory testing, whereas simian-HIV (SHIV) infection in nonhuman primates (NHPs) is defined in time post-infection, making it difficult to extrapolate NHP experiments to the clinics. We identified and extensively characterized the Fiebig-equivalent stages in NHPs challenged intrarectally or intravenously with SHIVAD8-EO. During the first month post-challenge, intrarectally challenged monkeys were up to 1 week delayed in progression through stages. However, regardless of the challenge route, stages I-II predominated before, and stages V-VI predominated after, peak viremia. Decrease in lymph node (LN) CD4+ T cell frequency and rise in CD8+ T cells occurred at stage V. LN virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses, dominated by degranulation and TNF, were first detected at stage V and increased at stage VI. A similar late elevation in follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells occurred, consistent with higher plasma CXCL13 levels at these stages. LN SHIVAD8-EO RNA+ cells were present at stage II, but appeared to decline at stage VI when virions accumulated in follicles. Fiebig-equivalent staging of SHIVAD8-EO infection revealed concordance of immunological events between intrarectal and intravenous infection despite different infection progressions, and can inform comparisons of NHP studies with clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center
| | | | - Kylie March
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John-Paul Todd
- Translational Research Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lucio Gama
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center
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14
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Nishimura Y, Donau OK, Dias J, Ferrando-Martinez S, Jesteadt E, Sadjadpour R, Gautam R, Buckler-White A, Geleziunas R, Koup RA, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA. Immunotherapy during the acute SHIV infection of macaques confers long-term suppression of viremia. J Exp Med 2021; 218:152113. [PMID: 32966579 PMCID: PMC7953630 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that combination bNAb immunotherapy initiated on day 3 post-infection (PI) maintained durable CD8+ T cell-mediated suppression of SHIVAD8 viremia and preinoculation levels of CD4+ T cells in 9 of 13 treated monkeys during nearly 6 yr of observation, as assessed by successive CD8+ T cell-depletion experiments. In an extension of that study, two treatment interventions (bNAbs alone or cART plus bNAbs) beginning on week 2 PI were conducted and conferred controller status to 7 of 12 monkeys that was also dependent on control mediated by CD8+ cells. However, the median time to suppression of plasma viremia following intervention on week 2 was markedly delayed (85 wk) compared with combination bNAb immunotherapy initiated on day 3 (39 wk). In both cases, the principal correlate of virus control was the induction of CD8+ T cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Olivia K Donau
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joana Dias
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sara Ferrando-Martinez
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric Jesteadt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Reza Sadjadpour
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The persistence of HIV-1-infected cells, despite the introduction of the combinatorial antiretroviral therapy, is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. Understanding the nature of HIV reservoir will lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the functional cure or eradication of the virus. In this review, we will update the recent development in imaging applications toward HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viral reservoirs research and highlight some of their limitations. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T cells are the primary target of HIV-1/SIV and the predominant site for productive and latent reservoirs. This viral reservoir preferentially resides in lymphoid compartments that are difficult to access, which renders sampling and measurements problematical and a hurdle for understanding HIV-1 pathogenicity. Novel noninvasive technologies are needed to circumvent this and urgently help to find a cure for HIV-1. Recent technological advancements have had a significant impact on the development of imaging methodologies allowing the visualization of relevant biomarkers with high resolution and analytical capacity. Such methodologies have provided insights into our understanding of cellular and molecular interactions in health and disease. SUMMARY Imaging of the HIV-1 reservoir can provide significant insights for the nature (cell types), spatial distribution, and the role of the tissue microenvironment for its in vivo dynamics and potentially lead to novel targets for the virus elimination.
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16
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Tyllis TS, Fenix KA, Norton TS, Kara EE, McKenzie DR, David SC, Alsharifi M, Yu D, McColl SR, Comerford I. CXCR5 +CD8 + T Cells Shape Antibody Responses In Vivo Following Protein Immunisation and Peripheral Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626199. [PMID: 34326833 PMCID: PMC8314013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between T and B cells is crucial for generating high-affinity, class-switched antibody responses. The roles of CD4+ T cells in this process have been well-characterised. In contrast, regulation of antibody responses by CD8+ T cells is significantly less defined. CD8+ T cells are principally recognised for eliciting cytotoxic responses in peripheral tissues and forming protective memory. However, recent findings have identified a novel population of effector CD8+ T cells that co-opt a differentiation program characteristic of CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, upregulate the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and localise to B cell follicles. While it has been shown that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells mediate the removal of viral reservoirs in the context of follicular-trophic viral infections and maintain the response to chronic insults by virtue of progenitor/stem-like properties, it is not known if CXCR5+CD8+ T cells arise during acute peripheral challenges in the absence of follicular infection and whether they influence B cell responses in vivo in these settings. Using the ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor transgenic (OT-I) system in an adoptive transfer-immunisation/infection model, this study demonstrates that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells arise in response to protein immunisation and peripheral viral infection, displaying a follicular-homing phenotype, expression of cell surface molecules associated with Tfh cells and limited cytotoxic potential. Furthermore, studies assessing the B cell response in the presence of OT-I or Cxcr5-/- OT-I cells revealed that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells shape the antibody response to protein immunisation and peripheral viral infection, promoting class switching to IgG2c in responding B cells. Overall, the results highlight a novel contribution of CD8+ T cells to antibody responses, expanding the functionality of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timona S Tyllis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kevin A Fenix
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Todd S Norton
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ervin E Kara
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Duncan R McKenzie
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shannon C David
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Trovato M, Ibrahim HM, Isnard S, Le Grand R, Bosquet N, Borhis G, Richard Y. Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen. Viruses 2021; 13:263. [PMID: 33572146 PMCID: PMC7916050 DOI: 10.3390/v13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV+) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV+. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV+, the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of TFH massively polarized into TFH1-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of TFR limiting TFH/TFR competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21lo memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Stephane Isnard
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (R.L.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (R.L.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (R.L.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Gwenoline Borhis
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
| | - Yolande Richard
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (M.T.); (H.M.I.); (S.I.)
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18
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Yang M, Lu J, Zhang G, Wang Y, He M, Xu Q, Xu C, Liu H. CXCL13 shapes immunoactive tumor microenvironment and enhances the efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001136. [PMID: 33452206 PMCID: PMC7813306 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) lack an effective response to immune checkpoint blockade, highlighting the need for more knowledge about what is required for successful treatment. As follicular cytotoxic CXCR5+CD8+ T cells are maintained by reinvigoration by immune checkpoint blockade in tumors, we attempted to reveal the relationship between CXCR5+CD8+ T cells and the tumor microenvironment to predict immunotherapy responses in HGSC. METHODS 264 patients with HGSC from two cohorts and 340 HGSC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort were enrolled. Ex vivo and in vivo studies were conducted with human HGSC tumors and murine tumor models. The spatial correlation between CXC-chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), CXCR5, CD8, and CD20 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Survival was compared between different subsets of patients using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The therapeutic effect of CXCL13 and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade was validated using human HGSC tumors and murine models. RESULTS High CXCL13 expression was associated with prolonged survival. Tumors with high CXCL13 expression exhibited increased infiltration of activated and CXCR5-expressing CD8+ T cells. Incubation with CXCL13 facilitated expansion and activation of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells ex vivo. CXCR5+CD8+ T cells appeared in closer proximity to CXCL13 in tumors and chemotaxis towards CXCL13 in vitro. The combination of CXCL13, CXCR5, and CD8+ T cells was an independent predictor for survival. In addition, CXCL13 was associated with clusters of CD20+ B cells. CD20+ B cells predicted better patient survival in the presence of CXCL13. Histological evaluation highlighted colocalization of CXCL13 with tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TLSs carried prognostic benefit only in the presence of CXCL13. CXCL13 in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy retarded tumor growth in a CD8+ T-cell-dependent manner, resulting in increased infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CXCR5+CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These data define a critical role of CXCL13 in shaping antitumor microenvironment by facilitating the maintenance of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells in TLSs and support a clinical investigation for a combination of CXCL13 and PD-1 blockade therapy in HGSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengdi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Follicular cytotoxic CD8 T cells present high cytokine expression, and are more susceptible to Breg-mediated suppression in non-small cell lung cancer. Immunol Res 2020; 68:54-62. [PMID: 32128664 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells are instrumental to antitumor immunity. In this study, we found that a subset of CXCR5-expressing CD8 T cells, termed follicular cytotoxic T (Tfc) cells, potently infiltrated the untreated tumors from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. On average, Tfc cells represented 14% of total tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and 6.6% of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Upon antigenic stimulation, Tfc cells presented significantly higher degranulation and stronger release of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFNg, IL2, and TNF, and the pleiotropic cytokine IL10 than non-Tfc cells. However, the expression of granzyme B and perforin was significantly lower in Tfc cells than in non-Tfc CD8 T cells. B regulatory (Breg) cells could significantly suppress proinflammatory cytokine production in both Tfc cells and non-Tfc CD8 T cells, but in Tfc cells, a lower concentration was required. Moreover, Breg cells could significantly elevate IL10 expression by Tfc cells but could not affect IL-10 expression by non-Tfc CD8 T cells. The neutralization of IL10 significantly reduced the extent of Breg-mediated regulation. Together, this study demonstrated that Tfc cells represented a significant proportion of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells in lung carcinoma. These Tfc cells were different from non-Tfc CD8 T cells in terms of cytokine expression and granzyme and perforin release and were more susceptible to Breg-mediated suppression in an IL-10-dependent manner.
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20
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Starke CE, Vinton CL, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Ortiz AM, Mudd JC, Flynn JK, Lai SH, Wu F, Hirsch VM, Darko S, Douek DC, Price DA, Brenchley JM. SIV-specific CD8+ T cells are clonotypically distinct across lymphoid and mucosal tissues. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:789-798. [PMID: 31661461 DOI: 10.1172/jci129161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses are necessary for immune control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the key parameters that dictate antiviral potency remain elusive, conceivably because most studies to date have been restricted to analyses of circulating CD8+ T cells. We conducted a detailed clonotypic, functional, and phenotypic survey of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells across multiple anatomical sites in chronically infected rhesus macaques with high (>10,000 copies/mL plasma) or low burdens of viral RNA (<10,000 copies/mL plasma). No significant differences in response magnitude were identified across anatomical compartments. Rhesus macaques with low viral loads (VLs) harbored higher frequencies of polyfunctional CXCR5+ SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in various lymphoid tissues and higher proportions of unique Gag-specific CD8+ T cell clonotypes in the mesenteric lymph nodes relative to rhesus macaques with high VLs. In addition, public Gag-specific CD8+ T cell clonotypes were more commonly shared across distinct anatomical sites than the corresponding private clonotypes, which tended to form tissue-specific repertoires, especially in the peripheral blood and the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively, these data suggest that functionality and tissue localization are important determinants of CD8+ T cell-mediated efficacy against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E Starke
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol L Vinton
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob K Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen H Lai
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Nguyen S, Sada-Japp A, Petrovas C, Betts MR. Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:42-50. [PMID: 32526556 PMCID: PMC7279761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for immunity against viral infections, including HIV. Several characteristics of CD8+ T cells, such as polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity, have been correlated with effective control of HIV. However, most of these correlates have been established in the peripheral blood. Meanwhile, HIV primarily replicates in lymphoid tissues. Therefore, it is unclear which aspects of CD8+ T cell biology are shared and which are different between blood and lymphoid tissues in the context of HIV infection. In this review, we will recapitulate the latest advancements of our knowledge on lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells during HIV infection and discuss the insights these advancements might provide for the development of a HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada-Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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22
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Chen H, Moussa M, Catalfamo M. The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1223. [PMID: 32714317 PMCID: PMC7343933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the context of suppressed HIV RNA replication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there remains immune activation which is associated to the HIV reservoirs. Persistent virus contributes to a sustained inflammatory environment promoting accumulation of "activated/exhausted" T cells with diminished effector function. These T cells show increased expression of immunomodulatory receptors including Programmed cell death protein (PD1), Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA4), Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 (TIM3) among others. More importantly, recent reports had demonstrated that, HIV infected T cells express checkpoint receptors, contributing to their survival and promoting maintenance of the viral reservoir. Therapeutic strategies are focused on viral reservoir elimination and/or those to achieve sustained cART-free virologic remission. In this review, we will discuss the immunological basis and the latest advances of the use of checkpoint inhibitors to treat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- CMRS/Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maha Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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23
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Vigano S, Bobisse S, Coukos G, Perreau M, Harari A. Cancer and HIV-1 Infection: Patterns of Chronic Antigen Exposure. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1350. [PMID: 32714330 PMCID: PMC7344140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main role of the human immune system is to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens and abnormal patterns, while maintaining self-tolerance. However, when facing highly variable pathogens or antigens very similar to self-antigens, this system can fail in completely eliminating the anomalies, leading to the establishment of chronic pathologies. Prototypical examples of immune system defeat are cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. In both conditions, the immune system is persistently exposed to antigens leading to systemic inflammation, lack of generation of long-term memory and exhaustion of effector cells. This triggers a negative feedback loop where effector cells are unable to resolve the pathology and cannot be replaced due to the lack of a pool of undifferentiated, self-renewing memory T cells. In addition, in an attempt to reduce tissue damage due to chronic inflammation, antigen presenting cells and myeloid components of the immune system activate systemic regulatory and tolerogenic programs. Beside these homologies shared between cancer and HIV-1 infection, the immune system can be shaped differently depending on the type and distribution of the eliciting antigens with ultimate consequences at the phenotypic and functional level of immune exhaustion. T cell differentiation, functionality, cytotoxic potential and proliferation reserve, immune-cell polarization, upregulation of negative regulators (immune checkpoint molecules) are indeed directly linked to the quantitative and qualitative differences in priming and recalling conditions. Better understanding of distinct mechanisms and functional consequences underlying disease-specific immune cell dysfunction will contribute to further improve and personalize immunotherapy. In the present review, we describe relevant players of immune cell exhaustion in cancer and HIV-1 infection, and enumerate the best-defined hallmarks of T cell dysfunction. Moreover, we highlight shared and divergent aspects of T cell exhaustion and T cell activation to the best of current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Vigano
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Germinal centers B-cell reaction and T follicular helper cells in response to HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:246-252. [PMID: 30994502 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the recent findings on germinal center B-cell reaction and Tfh cells in HIV-1 infection, with particular emphasis on the spatial organization of the germinal center, follicular cell regulation, and cellular alterations resulting from HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific bNAbs are generated by iterative cycles of B-cell maturation supported by GC environment. Recent observations underline that germinal center structural alterations at the earliest stages of HIV infection could impact Tfh cell and germinal center B-cell homeostasis, thus preventing the rise of efficient humoral immunity. Moreover, despite ART treatment, HIV-derived antigens persist, particularly in follicular CD4+ T cells. Antigenic persistence and variability lead to unregulated chronic stimulation. In this context, regulation of the germinal center appears of special interest. In addition to follicular T-regulatory cells (Tfr), new potent regulators of germinal center reaction, such as follicular CD8 T and NK cells have been recently identified. SUMMARY Altogether these new data provide a better understanding on how HIV infection severely impacts germinal center reaction. Here we propose several therapeutic approaches to promote the bNAb development in HIV-infected patients by improving the preservation of germinal center architecture and its regulation.
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25
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Yang HG, Jiao YM, Huang HH, Zhang C, Zhang JY, Xu RN, Song JW, Fan X, Jin L, Shi M, Wang FS. Transforming growth factor-β promotes the function of HIV-specific CXCR5 + CD8 T cells. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:458-468. [PMID: 32221997 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV replication can be inhibited by CXCR5+ CD8 T cells (follicular cytotoxic T cell [TFC]) which transfer into B-cell follicles where latent HIV infection persists. However, how cytokines affect TFC remain unclear. Understanding which cytokines show the ability to affect TFC could be a key strategy toward curing HIV. Similar mechanisms could be used for the growth and transfer of TFCs and follicular helper T (TFH) cells; as a result, we hypothesized that cytokines IL-6, IL-21, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which are necessary for the differentiation of TFH cells, could also dictate the development of TFCs. In this work, lymph node mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected individuals were cocultured with IL-6, IL-21, and TGF-β. We then carried out T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis to compare the differences between CXCR5- and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells. Our results showed that the percentage and function of TFC can be enhanced by stimulation with TGF-β. Besides, TGF-β stimulation enhanced the diversity of TCR and complementarity-determining region 3 sequences. HIV DNA showed a negative correlation with TFC. The use of TGF-β to promote the expression of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells could become a new treatment approach for curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ge Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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26
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Follicular T-cell subsets in HIV infection: recent advances in pathogenesis research. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:71-76. [PMID: 30585797 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T cells within B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent findings and identifies gaps in current knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS B-cell follicles are major sites of virus replication and demonstrate significant impairments in the generation of humoral immunity in HIV infection. Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), follicular T regulatory cells (Tfr) and follicular CD8 T cells (fCD8) play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. Tfh and more recently Tfr are highly permissive to HIV, and may serve as reservoirs of HIV in treated infection. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are less abundant in B-cell follicles than extrafollicular regions, but their effector mechanisms remain an area of significant controversy. Impairments in Tfh likely contribute to impaired humoral immunity and potential mechanisms include B-cell counter-regulatory mechanisms, Tfr suppression and diminished repertoire breadth. A better understanding of the roles of Tfh, Tfr and fCD8 in HIV immunopathogenesis is critical to the development of effective HIV vaccines and cure strategies. SUMMARY Tfh, Tfr and fCD8 contribute to HIV persistence and impaired humoral immunity. A better understanding of their roles could facilitate vaccine development and HIV cure strategies.
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27
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Shankwitz K, Pallikkuth S, Sirupangi T, Kirk Kvistad D, Russel KB, Pahwa R, Gama L, Koup RA, Pan L, Villinger F, Pahwa S, Petrovas C. Compromised steady-state germinal center activity with age in nonhuman primates. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13087. [PMID: 31840398 PMCID: PMC6996951 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related reductions in vaccine-induced B cells in aging indicate that germinal centers (GCs), the anatomical site where the development of humoral responses takes place, may lose efficacy with age. We have investigated the baseline follicular and GC composition in nonhuman primates (NHPs) with respect to their age. There was a marked reduction in follicular area in old animals. We found significantly lower normalized numbers of follicular PD1hi CD4 T (Tfh) and proliferating (Ki67hi ) GC B cells with aging, a profile associated with significantly higher numbers of potential follicular suppressor FoxP3hi Lag3hi CD4 T cells. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between Tfh and follicular CD8 T cells (fCD8) only in young animals. Despite the increased levels of circulating preinflammatory factors in aging, young animals had higher numbers of monocytes and granulocytes in the follicles, a profile negatively associated with numbers of Tfh cells. Multiple regression analysis showed an altered association between GC B cells and other GC immune cell populations in old animals suggesting a differential mechanistic regulation of GC activity in aging. Our data demonstrate defective baseline GC composition in old NHPs and provide an immunological base for further understanding the adaptive humoral responses with respect to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Shankwitz
- Tissue Analysis CoreImmunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
- New Iberia Research CenterUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLAUSA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | | | - Daniel Kirk Kvistad
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Kyle Blaine Russel
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUSA
- Vaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
- Immunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Li Pan
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research CenterUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLAUSA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis CoreImmunology LaboratoryVaccine Research CenterNIAIDNIHBethesdaMDUSA
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28
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Amodio D, Santilli V, Zangari P, Cotugno N, Manno EC, Rocca S, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Finocchi A, Chassiakos A, Petrovas C, Palma P. How to dissect the plasticity of antigen-specific immune response: a tissue perspective. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 199:119-130. [PMID: 31626717 PMCID: PMC6954674 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of antigen-specific humoral responses following vaccination or infection requires the maturation and function of highly specialized immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), such as lymph nodes or tonsils. Factors that orchestrate the dynamics of these cells are still poorly understood. Currently, experimental approaches that enable a detailed description of the function of the immune system in SLO have been mainly developed and optimized in animal models. Conversely, methodological approaches in humans are mainly based on the use of blood-associated material because of the challenging access to tissues. Indeed, only few studies in humans were able to provide a discrete description of the complex network of cytokines, chemokines and lymphocytes acting in tissues after antigenic challenge. Furthermore, even fewer data are currently available on the interaction occurring within the complex micro-architecture of the SLO. This information is crucial in order to design particular vaccination strategies, especially for patients affected by chronic and immune compromising medical conditions who are under-vaccinated or who respond poorly to immunizations. Analysis of immune cells in different human tissues by high-throughput technologies, able to obtain data ranging from gene signature to protein expression and cell phenotypes, is needed to dissect the peculiarity of each immune cell in a definite human tissue. The main aim of this review is to provide an in-depth description of the current available methodologies, proven evidence and future perspectives in the analysis of immune mechanisms following immunization or infections in SLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Amodio
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - V. Santilli
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - P. Zangari
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - N. Cotugno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - E. C. Manno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - S. Rocca
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - P. Rossi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - C. Cancrini
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - A. Finocchi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - A. Chassiakos
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - C. Petrovas
- Vaccine Research CenterNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - P. Palma
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal InfectionsImmune and Infectious Diseases DivisionAcademic Department of PediatricsOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
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29
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Perdomo-Celis F, Medina-Moreno S, Davis H, Bryant J, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT, Kottilil S, Zapata JC. Characterization of CXCR5 + CD8 + T-cells in humanized NSG mice. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151885. [PMID: 31836302 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor γ-chainnull (huNSG) mice recapitulate some features of human T-cell populations that can be exploited in basic and pre-clinical research. CXCR5+ T CD8+ T-cells play an important role in the control of viral infections and tumors. Indeed, they have been associated with low-level HIV replication, making them a possible novel correlate of protection, and potentially useful in the eradication of HIV reservoirs. Here, by flow cytometry, we evaluated the reconstitution of CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells in huNSG mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. This population was readily generated in huNSG mice, and where particularly confined to spleen and lymph nodes. These cells exhibited a follicular-like phenotype, with expression of Programmed Death (PD)-1, Inducible T-cell costimulatory (ICOS), and absence of CCR7. Moreover, CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells had a higher expression of interleukin (IL)-21 and a higher cytotoxic potential compared with CXCR5- cells. HIV infection did not affect the frequencies of CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Finally, taking advantage of the high proportion of naïve T-cells in huNSG mice, we evaluated the in vitro response of splenic T-cells to the follicular profile-polarizing cytokines Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-23. After in vitro treatment, there was an increase in CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, which exhibited high levels of PD-1, CD40 L and low expression of CCR7. Thus, there is a reconstitution of CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells in huNSG mice, supporting the use of this model for exploring the biology and role of this cell population in healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry Davis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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30
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Chen Y, Yu M, Zheng Y, Fu G, Xin G, Zhu W, Luo L, Burns R, Li QZ, Dent AL, Zhu N, Cui W, Malherbe L, Wen R, Wang D. CXCR5 +PD-1 + follicular helper CD8 T cells control B cell tolerance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4415. [PMID: 31562329 PMCID: PMC6765049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by the production of autoantibodies. The current view is that CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the main subset regulating autoreactive B cells. Here we report a CXCR5+PD1+ Tfh subset of CD8+ T cells whose development and function are negatively modulated by Stat5. These CD8+ Tfh cells regulate the germinal center B cell response and control autoantibody production, as deficiency of Stat5 in CD8 T cells leads to an increase of CD8+ Tfh cells, resulting in the breakdown of B cell tolerance and concomitant autoantibody production. CD8+ Tfh cells share similar gene signatures with CD4+ Tfh, and require CD40L/CD40 and TCR/MHCI interactions to deliver help to B cells. Our study thus highlights the diversity of follicular T cell subsets that contribute to the breakdown of B-cell tolerance. B cell response and antibody production are generally facilitated by CD4+ follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Here the authors identify a subset of CXCR5+PD1+CD8+ Tfh cells that is normally suppressed by STAT5 signaling, so that STAT5 deficiency in mice increases the number of these CD8+ Tfh cells and induces concomitant production of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mei Yu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Guoping Fu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wen Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Lan Luo
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nan Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Renren Wen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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31
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Identification of Immunodominant HIV-1 Epitopes Presented by HLA-C*12:02, a Protective Allele, Using an Immunopeptidomics Approach. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00634-19. [PMID: 31217245 PMCID: PMC6694829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00634-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the cell surface expression level of HLA-C on both uninfected and HIV-infected cells is lower than those of HLA-A and -B, increasing evidence suggests an important role for HLA-C and HLA-C-restricted CD8+ T cell responses in determining the efficiency of viral control in HIV-1-infected individuals. Nonetheless, HLA-C-restricted T cell responses are much less well studied than HLA-A/B-restricted ones, and relatively few optimal HIV-1 CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted by HLA-C alleles have been defined. Recent improvements in the sensitivity of mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches for profiling the immunopeptidome present an opportunity for epitope discovery on a large scale. Here, we employed an MS-based immunopeptidomic strategy to characterize HIV-1 peptides presented by a protective allele, HLA-C*12:02. We identified a total of 10,799 unique 8- to 12-mer peptides, including 15 HIV-1 peptides. The latter included 2 previously reported immunodominant HIV-1 epitopes, and analysis of T cell responses to the other HIV-1 peptides detected revealed an additional immunodominant epitope. These findings illustrate the utility of MS-based approaches for epitope definition and emphasize the capacity of HLA-C to present immunodominant T cell epitopes in HIV-infected individuals, indicating the importance of further evaluation of HLA-C-restricted responses to identify novel targets for HIV-1 prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches are increasingly being employed for large-scale identification of HLA-bound peptides derived from pathogens, but only very limited profiling of the HIV-1 immunopeptidome has been conducted to date. Notably, a growing body of evidence has recently begun to indicate a protective role for HLA-C in HIV-1 infection, which may suggest that despite the fact that levels of HLA-C expression on both uninfected and HIV-1-infected cells are lower than those of HLA-A/B, HLA-C still presents epitopes to CD8+ T cells effectively. To explore this, we analyzed HLA-C*12:02-restricted HIV-1 peptides presented on HIV-1-infected cells expressing only HLA-C*12:02 (a protective allele) using liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). We identified a number of novel HLA-C*12:02-bound HIV-1 peptides and showed that although the majority of them did not elicit T cell responses during natural infection in a Japanese cohort, they included three immunodominant epitopes, emphasizing the contribution of HLA-C to epitope presentation on HIV-infected cells.
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32
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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33
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Perdomo-Celis F, Feria MG, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. Induction of Follicular-Like CXCR5 + CD8 + T Cells by TGF- β1/IL-23 Is Limited During HIV Infection. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:278-288. [PMID: 31274389 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular CD4+ T cells are the main HIV reservoirs due to, among other factors, the low frequency of CD8+ T cells in lymphoid follicles. Follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells are associated with HIV control, but their differentiation conditions are yet undefined. In this study, we explored the in vitro effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-23 on the induction of CXCR5, the follicle homing receptor, in human circulating CD8+ T cells from seronegative, and treated HIV-infected individuals. The combination of TGF-β1 plus IL-23 induced the highest expression of CXCR5 in purified CD8+ T cells. These CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells also expressed a transcriptional and phenotypic profile similar to that of follicular CD4+ T cells, such as the upregulation of BCL6, inducible costimulator and CD40L, and downregulation of PRDM1. These cells responded in vitro to CXCL13 and had low expression of CCR7. In addition, after polyclonal stimulation, they produced IL-21, interferon-γ, and de novo perforin. However, in comparison with seronegative individuals, CD8+ T cells from HIV-infected patients had a lower response to TGF-β1/IL-23, a defect that was restored with the blockade of the programmed cell death 1 inhibitory receptor. Thus, TGF-β1 plus IL-23 induce follicular-like CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells in seronegative individuals, but in HIV-infected patients there is a limited response which could impair the generation of this cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel G Feria
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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34
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article describes the current status of the use of cytokines and immune-checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutic strategies toward HIV remission. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials using IL-2 and IL-7 showed increased levels of circulating T cells, although no reduction to the viral reservoir was observed. Studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) demonstrated that experimental IL-15 administration increased proliferation and cytotoxicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8 T cells, and promoted their localization to the lymph node (LN) B cell follicles. Immune checkpoint modulators targeting programed cell death-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, successfully used in oncologic diseases, have shown potential to restore HIV-specific function in early stage clinical trials, while also transiently increasing plasma and cell-associated viral RNA. Due to the complexity of the mechanisms regulating HIV persistence, it is very likely that combinatorial approaches, including cytokines with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), will be needed to achieve HIV remission. SUMMARY The present review covers approaches based on cytokine agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors that have shown promise toward therapeutic pathways for HIV remission. These strategies have been tested preclinically in animal models of HIV infection to determine their safety, activity, and mechanisms of action, with the goal to inform the design of the most synergistic combinatorial strategies. Several of these interventions are included in ongoing or planned clinical trials in HIV infection; these trials will elucidate the clinical efficacy of these innovative immunotherapy approaches toward HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N. Hoang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory Vaccine Center (EVC), Emory University
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory Vaccine Center (EVC), Emory University
- Emory University School of Medicine
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35
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Yu D, Ye L. A Portrait of CXCR5 + Follicular Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:965-979. [PMID: 30377045 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells differentiate into multiple effector and memory subsets to carry out immune clearance of infected and cancerous cells and provide long-term protection. Recent research identified a CXCR5+Tcf1+Tim-3- subset that localizes in, or proximal to, B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid organs of mice, non-human primates, and humans, hereby termed follicular cytotoxic T (TFC) cells. With remarkable similarity to follicular helper T (TFH) cells, TFC differentiation is dependent on transcription factors E2A, Bcl6, and Tcf1, but inhibited by other regulators, including Blimp1, Id2, and Id3. This review summarizes the phenotype, function, and differentiation of this new subset. Owing to its follicular location and self-renewal capability, we propose immunotherapeutic strategies to target TFC cells to potentially treat certain cancers and chronic infections such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia; Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China; China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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36
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Fabozzi G, Pegu A, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Bispecific antibodies: Potential immunotherapies for HIV treatment. Methods 2018; 154:118-124. [PMID: 30352254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific (bs) antibodies (Abs, bsAbs) are engineered immunoglobulins that contain two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule. bsAbs can be divided in two molecular formats; the IgG-like and non-IgG like. The structural elements of each format have implications for engaging the immune system. Elimination of HIV will need sophisticated approaches with immunotherapies being one of the strategies under investigation. Furthermore, HIV genetic variability and functional compromise of the adaptive CTL response complicate the potential usefulness of some immunotherapeutic strategies. Inclusion of novel HIV neutralizing Abs with high potency and breadth as components of bsAbs could represent alternative strategies for virus elimination by harnessing the adaptive immune response in vivo.
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37
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Poultsidi A, Dimopoulos Y, He TF, Chavakis T, Saloustros E, Lee PP, Petrovas C. Lymph Node Cellular Dynamics in Cancer and HIV: What Can We Learn for the Follicular CD4 (Tfh) Cells? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2233. [PMID: 30319664 PMCID: PMC6170630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are central in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells, a highly differentiated CD4 population, provide critical help for the development of antigen-specific B cell responses within the germinal center. Throughout the past decade, numerous studies have revealed the important role of Tfh cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis as well as in the development of neutralizing antibodies post-infection and post-vaccination. It has also been established that tumors influence various immune cell subsets not only in their proximity, but also in draining lymph nodes. The role of local or tumor associated lymph node Tfh cells in disease progression is emerging. Comparative studies of Tfh cells in chronic infections and cancer could therefore provide novel information with regards to their differentiation plasticity and to the mechanisms regulating their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Poultsidi
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting-Fang He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Saloustros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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38
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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39
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Velu V, Mylvaganam G, Ibegbu C, Amara RR. Tfh1 Cells in Germinal Centers During Chronic HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1272. [PMID: 29928280 PMCID: PMC5997779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper CD4 cells (Tfh) are essential for the development and maintenance of germinal center (GC) reactions, a critical process that promotes the generation of long-lived high affinity humoral immunity. It is becoming increasingly evident that GC-Tfh cells are heterogeneous in nature with some cellular characteristics associated with a Th1, Th2, and Th17 phenotype. Emerging studies suggest that GC-Tfh cells are directed to differentiate into distinct phenotypes during chronic HIV/SIV infection and these changes in GC-Tfh cells can greatly impact the B cell response and subclass of antibodies generated. Studies in HIV-infected humans have shown that certain Tfh phenotypes are associated with the generation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Moreover, the susceptibility of particular GC-Tfh subsets to HIV infection within the secondary lymphoid sites can also impact GC-Tfh/B cell interactions. In this review, we discuss the recent advances that show Tfh heterogeneity during chronic HIV/SIV infection. In particular, we will discuss the dynamics of GC-Tfh cells, their altered differentiation state and function, and their impact on B cell responses during HIV/SIV infection. In addition, we will also discuss the potential role of a recently described novel subset of follicular homing CXCR5+ CD8 T cells (Tfc) and their importance in contributing to control of chronic HIV/SIV infection. A better understanding of the mechanistic role of follicular homing CD4 and CD8 T cells during HIV/SIV infection will aid in the design of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Geetha Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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40
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Xiao M, Chen X, He R, Ye L. Differentiation and Function of Follicular CD8 T Cells During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1095. [PMID: 29872434 PMCID: PMC5972284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination antiretroviral therapeutic (cART) regime effectively suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and prevents progression to acquired immunodeficiency diseases. However, cART is not a cure, and viral rebound will occur immediately after treatment is interrupted largely due to the long-term presence of an HIV reservoir that is composed of latently infected target cells that maintain a quiescent state or persistently produce infectious viruses. CD4 T cells that reside in B-cell follicles within lymphoid tissues, called follicular helper T cells (TFH), have been identified as a major HIV reservoir. Due to their specialized anatomical structure, HIV-specific CD8 T cells are largely insulated from this TFH reservoir. It is increasingly clear that the elimination of TFH reservoirs is a key step toward a functional cure for HIV infection. Recently, several studies have suggested that a fraction of HIV-specific CD8 T cells can differentiate into a CXCR5-expressing subset, which are able to migrate into B-cell follicles and inhibit viral replication. In this review, we discuss the differentiation and functions of this newly identified CD8 T-cell subset and propose potential strategies for purging TFH HIV reservoirs by utilizing this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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