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Chiba N, Tada R, Ohnishi T, Matsuguchi T. TLR4/7-mediated host-defense responses of gingival epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30576. [PMID: 38726711 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are physical and immunological barriers against outward pathogens while coping with a plethora of non-pathogenic commensal bacteria. GECs express several members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and control subsequent innate immune responses. TLR4 senses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while TLR7/8 recognizes single-strand RNA (ssRNA) playing important roles against viral infection. However, their distinct roles in GECs have not been fully demonstrated. Here, we analyzed biological responses of GECs to LPS and CL075, a TLR7/8 agonist. GE1, a mouse gingival epithelial cell line, constitutively express TLR4 and TLR7, but not TLR8, like primary skin keratinocytes. Stimulation of GE1 cells with CL075 induced cytokine, chemokine, and antimicrobial peptide expressions, the pattern of which is rather different from that with LPS: higher mRNA levels of interferon (IFN) β, CXCL10, and β-defensin (BD) 14 (mouse homolog of human BD3); lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, and CX3CL1. As for the intracellular signal transduction of GE1 cells, CL075 rapidly induced significant AKT phosphorylation but failed to activate IKKα/β-NFκB pathway, whereas LPS induced marked IKKα/β-NFκB activation without significant AKT phosphorylation. In contrast, both CL075 and LPS induced rapid IKKα/β-NFκB activation and AKT phosphorylation in a macrophage cell line. Furthermore, specific inhibition of AKT activity abrogated CL075-induced IFNβ, CXCL10, and BD14 mRNA expression in GE1 cells. Thus, TLR4/7 ligands appear to induce rather different host-defense responses of GECs through distinct intracellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Chiba
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tada
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohnishi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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2
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Tugizov SM. Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1444. [PMID: 37239115 PMCID: PMC10216750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia have a polarized organization, which is critical for maintaining a highly efficient barrier as well as innate immune functions. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, the barrier and innate immune functions of the oral mucosa are impaired via a number of mechanisms. The goal of this review was to discuss the molecular mechanisms of HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosa and their role in promoting HIV transmission and disease pathogenesis, notably the development of opportunistic infections, including human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In addition, the significance of adult and newborn/infant oral mucosa in HIV resistance and transmission was analyzed. HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium and their role in promoting human papillomavirus-positive and negative neoplastic malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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3
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Kaur Boparai A, Jain A, Arora S, Abullais Saquib S, Abdullah Alqahtani N, Fadul A Elagib M, Grover V. Dental calculus - An emerging bio resource for past SARS CoV2 detection, studying its evolution and relationship with oral microflora. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2023; 35:102646. [PMID: 36987442 PMCID: PMC10023199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The most grievous threat to human health has been witnessed worldwide with the recent outbreak of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is mounting evidence available regarding theconnect of COVID -19 and oral cavity, particularly periodontal disease. The current review provides an update on the diagnostic potential of dental calculus and how this bio resource may help in providing us huge amount of diagnostic regarding the causative virus. Contemporary standard method of diagnosis via nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) is tedious, may enhance the risk of aerosol contamination by inducing sneezing and detects the presence of active infection only.However,dental calculus being a mineralized deposit serves as a reservoir for biomoleculesand provides detection of past SARS CoV2 infection. Further, the abundance of information that can be obtained from this remarkable mineralized deposit on teeth regarding the viral genome, its evolution and interactions with the oral microflora shall enhance the understanding of the viral disease process and its connection with the periodontal disease. Additional diagnostic information, which may be obtained from this simple bio reservoir can complement the contemporary diagnostic strategies adopted in the management of COVID-19pandemic and enhance our existing knowledge for developing improvised novel approaches to mitigate the effects of mutated variants of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Periodontology & Oral Implantology, Dr. H. S. J. lnstitute Dental Sciences & Hospital, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suraj Arora
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahabe Abullais Saquib
- Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeeh Abdullah Alqahtani
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vishakha Grover
- Department of Periodontology & Oral Implantology, Dr. H. S. J. lnstitute Dental Sciences & Hospital, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
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4
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Jiang X, Zhao Q, Huang Z, Ma F, Chen K, Li Z. Relevant mechanisms of MAIT cells involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1104932. [PMID: 36896188 PMCID: PMC9988952 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a group of unconventional T cells that are abundant in the human body, recognize microbial-derived vitamin B metabolites presented by MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1), and rapidly produce proinflammatory cytokines, which are widely involved in the immune response to various infectious diseases. In the oral mucosa, MAIT cells tend to accumulate near the mucosal basal lamina and are more inclined to secrete IL-17 when activated. Periodontitis is a group of diseases that manifests mainly as inflammation of the gums and resorption of the alveolar bone due to periodontal tissue invasion by plaque bacteria on the dental surface. The course of periodontitis is often accompanied by a T-cell-mediated immune response. This paper discussed the pathogenesis of periodontitis and the potential contribution of MAIT cells to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Jiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingtong Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanyu Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengyu Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kexiao Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Chaoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Chaozhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Zejian Li,
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Lien K, Mayer W, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Tugizov SM. HIV-1 proteins gp120 and tat induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226343. [PMID: 31869348 PMCID: PMC6927651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral, cervical, and genital mucosa, covered by stratified squamous epithelia with polarized organization and strong tight and adherens junctions, play a critical role in preventing transmission of viral pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-1 interaction with mucosal epithelial cells may depolarize epithelia and disrupt their tight and adherens junctions; however, the molecular mechanism of HIV-induced epithelial disruption has not been completely understood. We showed that prolonged interaction of cell-free HIV-1 virions, and viral envelope and transactivator proteins gp120 and tat, respectively, with tonsil, cervical, and foreskin epithelial cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an epigenetic process leading to the disruption of mucosal epithelia and allowing the paracellular spread of viral and other pathogens. Interaction of cell-free virions and gp120 and tat proteins with epithelial cells substantially reduced E-cadherin expression and activated vimentin and N-cadherin expression, which are well-known mesenchymal markers. HIV gp120- and tat-induced EMT was mediated by SMAD2 phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors Slug, Snail, Twist1 and ZEB1. Activation of TGF-β and MAPK signaling by gp120, tat, and cell-free HIV virions revealed the critical roles of these signaling pathways in EMT induction. gp120- and tat-induced EMT cells were highly migratory via collagen-coated membranes, which is one of the main features of mesenchymal cells. Inhibitors of TGF-β1 and MAPK signaling reduced HIV-induced EMT, suggesting that inactivation of these signaling pathways may restore the normal barrier function of mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Wasima Mayer
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kordy K, Tobin NH, Aldrovandi GM. HIV and SIV in Body Fluids: From Breast Milk to the Genitourinary Tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:139-152. [PMID: 33312088 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605085313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 is present in many secretions including oral, intestinal, genital, and breast milk. However, most people exposed to HIV-1 within these mucosal compartments do not become infected despite often frequent and repetitive exposure over prolonged periods of time. In this review, we discuss what is known about the levels of cell-free HIV RNA, cell-associated HIV DNA and cell-associated HIV RNA in external secretions. Levels of virus are usually lower than contemporaneously obtained blood, increased in settings of inflammation and infection, and decreased in response to antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, each mucosal compartment has unique innate and adaptive immune responses that affect the composition and presence of HIV-1 within each external secretion. We discuss the current state of knowledge about the types and amounts of virus present in the various excretions, touch on innate and adaptive immune responses as they affect viral levels, and highlight important areas for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattayoun Kordy
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Sufiawati I, Tugizov SM. HIV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation through mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling promotes HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread in oral epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:937-947. [PMID: 29775175 PMCID: PMC6537617 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that cell-free HIV-1 and viral proteins tat and gp120 activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in tonsil epithelial cells, disrupting their tight and adherens junctions. This causes liberation of the HSV-1 receptor nectin-1 from assembled adherens junctions, leading to promotion of HSV-1 infection and spread. In the present study, we show that HIV-associated activation of MAPK leads to upregulation of transcription factor NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). This induces the disruption of tight and adherens junctions, increasing HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread. Inhibition of HIV-associated MAPK activation by U0126 abolishes NF-κB and MMP-9 upregulation and reduces HSV-1 spread. Inactivation of MMP-9 also reduced HIV-promoted HSV-1 spread. These results indicate that HIV-1-activated MAPK/NF-κB and MMP-9 play a critical role in the disruption of oral epithelial junctions and HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread. Inhibition of MMP-9 expression in the oral epithelium of HIV-infected individuals may prevent the development of diseases caused by HSV-1, such as ulcers, necrotic lesions and gingivostomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irna Sufiawati
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Ikeno R, Yamada E, Yamazaki S, Ueda T, Nagata M, Takagi R, Kato S. Factors contributing to salivary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 levels measured by a Poisson distribution-based PCR method. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:996-1007. [PMID: 29119839 PMCID: PMC5972236 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517728652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the mechanism underlying secretion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the oral cavity, by examining the relationships between various oral and systemic factors and the viral load in saliva. Methods Plasma and saliva samples from HIV-1 infected patients were assayed using the COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, version 1.0 and a Poisson distribution-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for quantifying HIV-1 RNA and DNA. Results Forty-four pairs of samples were obtained from 18 patients. Salivary viral load was approximately 10% of the plasma viral load, but higher than the plasma load in two patients. The salivary viral DNA load was < 1% of the total HIV-1 nucleic acid load except in one patient who had more viral DNA than RNA. Multiple regression analysis showed that salivary viral load was significantly correlated with plasma viral load (partial correlation coefficient, 0.90) and the community periodontal index (-0.63). Conclusions The present results suggest that excretion through salivary glands, but not occult bleeding, may be a major pathway of HIV-1 into the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ikeno
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eiko Yamada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ueda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagata
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shingo Kato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Shingo Kato, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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9
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Abstract
The oral epithelium is the site of first exposure of HIV-1 to host tissues during oral sex with an infected partner or through breast-feeding by an infected mother. Although the oral epithelium is distinguishable by its apparent resistance, the mucosal surfaces represent a primary target of HIV-1. After oral exposure and swallowing, infection is detected prominently in the gastrointestinal tract, which becomes depleted of CD4+ T-cells. The oral cavity and palatine tonsils appear to resist infection and transfer to susceptible lymphoid cells in the lamina propria by local anti-HIV-1 mechanisms. In some cases, expression of these antiviral mechanisms increases after exposure to HIV-1. During primary exposure and before seroconversion, based on limited in vitro and primate data, a window of opportunity for capture of HIV-1 by the oral epithelium may exist. After seroconversion, the risk of infectious HIV-1 appearing in saliva is negligible. This report considers evidence that oral epithelium has the potential both to enable and to resist infection by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Minnesota, 17-164 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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10
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Umadevi M, Adeyemi O, Patel M, Reichart PA, Robinson PG. (B2) Periodontal Diseases and Other Bacterial Infections. Adv Dent Res 2016; 19:139-45. [PMID: 16672564 DOI: 10.1177/154407370601900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The workshop addressed the following questions with respect to periodontal diseases and bacterial infections seen in HIV infection: (1) What is linear gingival erythema? Is it prevalent only in HIV disease? A crude Delphi technique was used to ascertain whether LGE existed, but a consensus could not be reached. It was agreed that a diagnosis of LGE should be considered only if the lesion persists after removal of plaque in the initial visit. (2) Do periodontal pockets contribute to viremia in HIV infection? At present, the data are not available to answer this question. (3) Do anti-viral drugs reach the sulcular fluid in significant concentrations? No one at the workshop was aware of data that could answer this question. (4) Does concurrent tuberculosis infection modify the oral manifestations of HIV infection? Though analysis of data from the developing countries does suggest an association between tuberculosis and oral candidiasis, more data and multivariate analysis considering immunosuppression as a confounding factor are necessary, for any conclusions to be derived. (5) What pathogens are involved in periodontal diseases in HIV infection? Periodontal disease may be initiated by conventional periodontal pathogens. But the progression and tissue destruction depend upon the presence of typical and atypical micro-organisms, including viruses, their by-products, increased secretion of potentially destructive inflammatory mediators, and overwhelming host response. (6) How can we diagnose the diseases seen in HIV infection? The answer can be obtained only with data from controlled and blinded studies. It is necessary to design collaborative multi-center longitudinal studies. The results obtained from such large sample sizes can contribute eventually to interpretation of the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umadevi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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11
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Tugizov S. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated disruption of mucosal barriers and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS disease. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1159276. [PMID: 27583187 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1159276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral, intestinal and genital mucosal epithelia have a barrier function to prevent paracellular penetration by viral, bacterial and other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight and adherens junctions of mucosal epithelia. HIV-associated disruption of epithelial junctions may also facilitate paracellular penetration and dissemination of other viral pathogens. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Orofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Abstract
This report summarises talks given at the 8th International Yakult Symposium, held on 23-24 April 2015 in Berlin. Two presentations explored different aspects of probiotic intervention: the small intestine as a probiotic target and inclusion of probiotics into integrative approaches to gastroenterology. Probiotic recommendations in gastroenterology guidelines and current data on probiotic efficacy in paediatric patients were reviewed. Updates were given on probiotic and gut microbiota research in obesity and obesity-related diseases, the gut-brain axis and development of psychobiotics, and the protective effects of equol-producing strains for prostate cancer. Recent studies were presented on probiotic benefit for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and people with HIV, as well as protection against the adverse effects of a short-term high-fat diet. Aspects of probiotic mechanisms of activity were discussed, including immunomodulatory mechanisms and metabolite effects, the anti-inflammatory properties of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, the relationship between periodontitis, microbial production of butyrate in the oral cavity and ageing, and the pathogenic mechanisms of Campylobacter. Finally, an insight was given on a recent expert meeting, which re-examined the probiotic definition, advised on the appropriate use and scope of the term and outlined different probiotic categories and the prevalence of different mechanisms of activity.
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13
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Das B, Dobrowolski C, Shahir AM, Feng Z, Yu X, Sha J, Bissada NF, Weinberg A, Karn J, Ye F. Short chain fatty acids potently induce latent HIV-1 in T-cells by activating P-TEFb and multiple histone modifications. Virology 2014; 474:65-81. [PMID: 25463605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV patients with severe periodontitis have high levels of residual virus in their saliva and plasma despite effective therapy (HAART). Multiple short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from periodontal pathogens reactivate HIV-1 in both Jurkat and primary T-cell models of latency. SCFAs not only activate positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which is an essential cellular cofactor for Tat, but can also reverse chromatin blocks by inducing histone modifications. SCFAs simultaneously increase histone acetylation by inhibiting class-1/2 histone deacetylases (HDACs) and decrease repressive histone tri-methylation at the proviral LTR by downregulating expression of the class-3 HDAC sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and the histone methyltransferases enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (SUV39H1). Our findings provide a mechanistic link between periodontal disease and enhanced HIV-1 replication, and suggest that treatment of periodontal disease, or blocking the activities of SCFAs, will have a therapeutic benefit for HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Curtis Dobrowolski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Abdel-Malek Shahir
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Jinfeng Sha
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Nabil F Bissada
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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14
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Pavan P, Pereira VT, Souza RC, Souza CO, Torres SR, Colombo APV, da Costa LJ, Sansone C, de Uzeda M, Gonçalves LS. Levels of HIV-1 in subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected patients. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:1061-8. [PMID: 25197037 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aims of the current study were to compare the levels of HIV-1 in the subgingival biofilm (SHVL) between detectable and undetectable plasmatic HIV-1 viral load (PHVL) in HIV-infected patients as well as to determine the association of SHVL with PHVL and clinical periodontal parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-one HIV-infected individuals were divided into two groups: detectable (21) and undetectable (20) PHVL. Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained for detection and quantification of HIV-1 by real-time RT-PCR. To estimate the effect of co-variables on the outcome undetectable SHVL, the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) was employed. RESULTS Detectable SHVL was observed only in the detectable PHVL group and the detection of the HIV-1 was observed in 40% of these individuals. In the bivariate analysis between co-variables from the individual level and the outcome SHVL, significant difference was observed only for the CD4+ T lymphocytes levels (p = 0.017). The multiple logistic model demonstrated that only CD4+ T lymphocytes levels had a significant effect on the outcome undetectable SHVL [OR 8.85 (CI 3.6-9.2), p = 0.002]. CONCLUSION HIV-1 can be detected and quantified in the subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected individuals, but these findings are not associated with PHVL and periodontal clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Pavan
- Department of Dental Clinics, Division of Graduate Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Heat-stable molecule derived from Streptococcus cristatus induces APOBEC3 expression and inhibits HIV-1 replication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106078. [PMID: 25165817 PMCID: PMC4148350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cases worldwide are transmitted through mucosal surfaces, transmission through the oral mucosal surface is a rare event. More than 700 bacterial species have been detected in the oral cavity. Despite great efforts to discover oral inhibitors of HIV, little information is available concerning the anti-HIV activity of oral bacterial components. Here we show that a molecule from an oral commensal bacterium, Streptococcus cristatus CC5A can induce expression of APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) and inhibit HIV-1 replication in THP-1 cells. We show by qRT-PCR that expression levels of A3G and A3F increase in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of a CC5A extract, as does A3G protein levels by Western blot assay. In addition, when the human monocytic cell line THP-1 was treated with CC5A extract, the replication of HIV-1 IIIB was significantly suppressed compared with IIIB replication in untreated THP-1 cells. Knock down of A3G expression in THP-1 cells compromised the ability of CC5A to inhibit HIV-1 IIIB infectivity. Furthermore, SupT1 cells infected with virus produced from CC5A extract-treated THP-1 cells replicated virus with a higher G to A hypermutation rate (a known consequence of A3G activity) than virus used from untreated THP-1 cells. This suggests that S. cristatus CC5A contains a molecule that induces A3G/F expression and thereby inhibits HIV replication. These findings might lead to the discovery of a novel anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutic.
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Sufiawati I, Tugizov SM. HIV-associated disruption of tight and adherens junctions of oral epithelial cells facilitates HSV-1 infection and spread. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88803. [PMID: 24586397 PMCID: PMC3931628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 are the most common opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS. In these immunocompromised individuals, HSV-1 reactivates and replicates in oral epithelium, leading to oral disorders such as ulcers, gingivitis, and necrotic lesions. Although the increased risk of HSV infection may be mediated in part by HIV-induced immune dysfunction, direct or indirect interactions of HIV and HSV at the molecular level may also play a role. In this report we show that prolonged interaction of the HIV proteins tat and gp120 and cell-free HIV virions with polarized oral epithelial cells leads to disruption of tight and adherens junctions of epithelial cells through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. HIV-induced disruption of oral epithelial junctions facilitates HSV-1 paracellular spread between the epithelial cells. Furthermore, HIV-associated disruption of adherens junctions exposes sequestered nectin-1, an adhesion protein and critical receptor for HSV envelope glycoprotein D (gD). Exposure of nectin-1 facilitates binding of HSV-1 gD, which substantially increases HSV-1 infection of epithelial cells with disrupted junctions over that of cells with intact junctions. Exposed nectin-1 from disrupted adherens junctions also increases the cell-to-cell spread of HSV-1 from infected to uninfected oral epithelial cells. Antibodies to nectin-1 and HSV-1 gD substantially reduce HSV-1 infection and cell-to-cell spread, indicating that HIV-promoted HSV infection and spread are mediated by the interaction of HSV gD with HIV-exposed nectin-1. Our data suggest that HIV-associated disruption of oral epithelial junctions may potentiate HSV-1 infection and its paracellular and cell-to-cell spread within the oral mucosal epithelium. This could be one of the possible mechanisms of rapid development of HSV-associated oral lesions in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irna Sufiawati
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelium facilitates paracellular penetration by human papillomavirus. Virology 2013; 446:378-88. [PMID: 24074602 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated epithelial lesions is substantially higher in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals than in HIV-uninfected individuals. The molecular mechanisms underlying the increased risk of HPV infection in HIV-infected individuals are poorly understood. We found that HIV proteins tat and gp120 were expressed within the oral and anal mucosal epithelial microenvironment of HIV-infected individuals. Expression of HIV proteins in the mucosal epithelium was correlated with the disruption of epithelial tight junctions (TJ). Treatment of polarized oral, cervical and anal epithelial cells, and oral tissue explants with tat and gp120 led to disruption of epithelial TJ and increased HPV pseudovirion (PsV) paracellular penetration in to the epithelium. PsV entry was observed in the basal/parabasal cells, the cells in which the HPV life cycle is initiated. Our data suggest that HIV-associated TJ disruption of mucosal epithelia may potentiate HPV infection and subsequent development of HPV-associated neoplasia.
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Gonçalves LS, Gonçalves BML, Fontes TV. Periodontal disease in HIV-infected adults in the HAART era: Clinical, immunological, and microbiological aspects. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1385-96. [PMID: 23755999 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased the incidence and prevalence of several oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected patients. Regarding periodontal disease the findings are not clear. This disease represents a group of chronic oral diseases characterized by infection and inflammation of the periodontal tissues. These tissues surround the teeth and provide periodontal protection (the gingival tissue) and periodontal support (periodontal ligament, root cementum, alveolar bone). Clinical, immunological, and microbiological aspects of these diseases, such as linear gingival erythema (LGE), necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPD) (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [NUG], necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis [NUP] and necrotizing stomatitis), and chronic periodontitis, have been widely studied in HIV-infected individuals, but without providing conclusive results. The purpose of this review was to contribute to a better overall understanding of the probable impact of HIV-infection on the characteristics of periodontal infections.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics that involve the use of oral fluids have become increasingly available commercially in recent years and are of particular interest because of their relative ease of use, low cost and noninvasive collection of oral fluid for testing. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors discuss the use of salivary diagnostics for virus detection with an emphasis on rapid detection of infection by using point-of-care devices. In particular, they review salivary diagnostics for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus and human papillomavirus. Oral mucosal transudate contains secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A, as well as IgM and IgG, which makes it a good source for immunodiagnostic-based devices. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Because patients often visit a dentist more regularly than they do a physician, there is increased discussion in the dental community regarding the need for practitioners to be aware of salivary diagnostics and to be willing and able to administer these tests to their patients.
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Hua L, Rui H, Xinying Z, Qingyan L, Ning G. Exploring the Effect of Surgical Operations on the Oral Microflora of Human Oral Carcinoma. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.22.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Pavlinac PB, Hawes SE, Gottlieb GS, Gaye A, N'Diaye CF, Critchlow CW, Sow PS, Feng Q, Kiviat NB. HIV shedding in the oral cavity: an assessment of HIV type, immunovirologic, demographic and oral factors. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88:45-50. [PMID: 22250179 PMCID: PMC4028315 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the prevalence and burden of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) and HIV-1 RNA in the oral cavity of antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected Senegalese individuals and to identify correlates of oral HIV viral loads. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of 163 HIV-1 and 27 HIV-2-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive Senegalese adults. METHODS Participants received clinical and oral exams and provided blood and oral wash samples for viral load and plasma CD4 count ascertainment. Logistic and interval regression models were used to identify univariate and multivariable associations between presence and level of oral HIV RNA and various immunovirologic, local and demographic factors. RESULTS Presence of detectable oral HIV RNA was less common in HIV-2-infected compared with HIV-1-infected study participants (33% vs 67%, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.59). HIV type was no longer associated with oral shedding of HIV when plasma viral load was considered. Detection of oral HIV RNA was associated with increased plasma viral load in both HIV-1-infected and HIV-2-infected individuals (HIV-1, OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.61; HIV-2, OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.39). Oral HIV-1 detection was also associated with periodontal disease (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.16 to 7.87). CONCLUSIONS Oral shedding of HIV-2 RNA is less common than HIV-1 RNA, a likely consequence of lower overall viral burden. Both systemic and local factors may contribute to shedding of HIV in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Pavlinac
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen E Hawes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Awa Gaye
- Department of Dentistry, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Papa Salif Sow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Qinghua Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nancy B Kiviat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Imai K, Ochiai K. Role of histone modification on transcriptional regulation and HIV-1 gene expression: possible mechanisms of periodontal diseases in AIDS progression. J Oral Sci 2011; 53:1-13. [PMID: 21467809 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.53.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Although approximately 200 distinct cell types - including fibroblasts, neurons, and hematopoietic cells - possess the same DNA sequence, they have diverse functions in humans and exhibit considerably different gene expression patterns. It has become increasingly clear that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in gene expression. There are two major forms of epigenetic regulation: posttranslational modification of DNA-associated histone proteins in chromatin and methylation of DNA. These forms are regulated by distinct but coupled pathways. Notably, histone Lys acetylation by histone acetyltransferase and deacetylation by histone deacetylases play a crucial role in on-off regulation of gene expression. It is now understood that epigenetics plays an important role not only in the regulation of gene expression but also in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases such as cancer and microbial infections. We have determined that epigenetic regulation is involved in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency and in the reactivation of HIV-1 by periodontopathic bacteria. In this review, we focus on the effect of histone modification on transcriptional regulation and the contribution thereof to the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression during the lytic and latent stages of HIV-1 infection. Likewise, we discuss the mechanisms by which periodontal diseases may accelerate AIDS progression in infected individuals as a new systemic disease caused by periodontitis and describe potential therapeutic interventions based on epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Tugizov SM, Webster-Cyriaque JY, Syrianen S, Chattopadyay A, Sroussi H, Zhang L, Kaushal A. Mechanisms of viral infections associated with HIV: workshop 2B. Adv Dent Res 2011; 23:130-6. [PMID: 21441494 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511400076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is commonly associated with activation and dissemination of several other viral pathogens, including herpes simplex virus 1/2, human cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 8, Epstein-Barr virus, Varicella Zoster virus, and human papillomavirus, which behave as opportunistic agents and cause various diseases in immunocompromised hosts. The increased frequency and severity of diseases caused by these viruses in HIV-infected individuals is due mainly to dysfunction of both the adaptive and innate immune responses to viral pathogens. In addition, molecular interactions between HIV and these opportunistic viruses are likely to play critical roles in the progression of disease, including neoplasia. This report reviews the critical aspects of HIV interaction with opportunistic viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Varicella Zoster virus, human herpesvirus 8, and human papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Mataftsi M, Skoura L, Sakellari D. HIV infection and periodontal diseases: an overview of the post-HAART era. Oral Dis 2010; 17:13-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Meurman JH. Oral microbiota and cancer. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523227 PMCID: PMC3084564 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by infections may be the most important preventable cause of cancer in general. However, in the oral cavity the role of microbiota in carcinogenesis is not known. Microbial populations on mouth mucosa differ between healthy and malignant sites and certain oral bacterial species have been linked with malignancies but the evidence is still weak in this respect. Nevertheless, oral microorganisms inevitably up-regulate cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that affect the complex metabolic pathways and may thus be involved in carcinogenesis. Poor oral health associates statistically with prevalence of many types of cancer, such as pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer. Furthermore, several oral micro-organisms are capable of converting alcohol to carcinogenic acetaldehyde which also may partly explain the known association between heavy drinking, smoking, poor oral health and the prevalence of oral and upper gastrointestinal cancer. A different problem is the cancer treatment-caused alterations in oral microbiota which may lead to the emergence of potential pathogens and subsequent other systemic health problems to the patients. Hence clinical guidelines and recommendations have been presented to control oral microbiota in patients with malignant disease, but also in this area the scientific evidence is weak. More controlled studies are needed for further conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Navazesh M, Mulligan R, Kono N, Kumar SKS, Nowicki M, Alves M, Mack WJ. Oral and systemic health correlates of HIV-1 shedding in saliva. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1074-9. [PMID: 20671205 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510375290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship among oral and systemic health and HIV shedding in saliva is not well-understood. We hypothesized that oral and systemic health are associated with HIV shedding in saliva of HIV-infected women. Saliva from 127 participants enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) was collected at repeated visits over a 5½-year study period (October 1998 through March 2004) and was evaluated for HIV-1 RNA. Demographic, lifestyle, and systemic and oral health characteristics were evaluated as possible correlates of salivary HIV-1 shedding. Multivariate models showed significantly increased risk of HIV-1 shedding in saliva as blood levels of CD4 cell counts decreased (p < 0.0001) and HIV RNA increased (p < 0.0001). Diabetes (p = 0.002) and a high proportion of gingival bleeding sites (p = 0.01) were associated with increased likelihood, while anti-retroviral therapy (p = 0.0003) and higher levels of stimulated saliva flow rates (p = 0.02) were associated with a lower likelihood of HIV-1 RNA shedding in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Navazesh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, 925 West 34th Street, DEN 4320, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,CA 90089-0641, USA.
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27
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González OA, Ebersole JL, Huang CB. Supernatants from oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts modulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter activation induced by periodontopathogens in monocytes/macrophages. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:136-49. [PMID: 20331801 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2009.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial and host cell products during coinfections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1-positive (HIV-1(+)) patients regulate HIV-1 recrudescence in latently infected cells (e.g. T cells, monocytes/macrophages), impacting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) failure and progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A high frequency of oral opportunistic infections (e.g. periodontitis) in HIV-1(+) patients has been demonstrated; however, their potential to impact HIV-1 exacerbation is unclear. We sought to determine the ability of supernatants derived from oral epithelial cells (OKF4) and human gingival fibroblasts (Gin-4) challenged with periodontal pathogens, to modulate the HIV-1 promoter activation in monocytes/macrophages. BF24 monocytes/macrophages transfected with the HIV-1 promoter driving the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, or Treponema denticola in the presence of supernatants from OKF4 or Gin4 cells either unstimulated or previously pulsed with bacteria. CAT levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cytokine production was evaluated by Luminex beadlyte assays. OKF4 and Gin4 supernatants enhanced HIV-1 promoter activation particularly related to F. nucleatum challenge. An additive effect was observed in HIV-1 promoter activation when monocytes/macrophages were simultaneously stimulated with gingival cell supernatants and bacterial extracts. OKF4 cells produced higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukins -6 and -8 in response to F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. Preincubation of OKF4 supernatants with anti-GM-CSF reduced the additive effect in periodontopathogen-induced HIV-1 promoter activation. These results suggest that soluble mediators produced by gingival resident cells in response to periodontopathogens could contribute to HIV-1 promoter activation in monocytes/macrophages, albeit this effect is most notable following direct stimulation of the cells with oral gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A González
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
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29
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Imai K, Okamoto T, Ochiai K. Molecular Mechanisms of HIV-1 Latency and Its Breakdown by Periodontal Diseases. J Oral Biosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(10)80030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Imai K, Ochiai K, Okamoto T. Reactivation of latent HIV-1 infection by the periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis involves histone modification. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3688-95. [PMID: 19265147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Latently infected cells harbor the HIV-1 proviral DNA genome primarily integrated into heterochromatin, allowing the persistence of transcriptionally silent proviruses. Hypoacetylation of histone proteins by histone deacetylases (HDAC) is involved in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency by repressing viral transcription. In addition, periodontal diseases, caused by polymicrobial subgingival bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis, are among the most prevalent infections of mankind. Here we demonstrate the effects of P. gingivalis on HIV-1 replication. This activity could be ascribable to the bacterial culture supernatant but not to other bacterial components such as fimbriae or LPS. We found that this HIV-1-inducing activity was recovered in the lower molecular mass (<3 kDa) fraction of the culture supernatant. We also demonstrated that P. gingivalis produces high concentrations of butyric acid, acting as a potent inhibitor of HDACs and causing histone acetylation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the corepressor complex containing HDAC1 and AP-4 was dissociated from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter upon stimulation with bacterial culture supernatant concomitantly with the association of acetylated histone and RNA polymerase II. We thus found that P. gingivalis could induce HIV-1 reactivation via chromatin modification and that butyric acid, one of the bacterial metabolites, is responsible for this effect. These results suggest that periodontal diseases could act as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation in infected individuals and might contribute to the systemic dissemination of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Imai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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González OA, Ebersole JL, Huang CB. Oral infectious diseases: a potential risk factor for HIV virus recrudescence? Oral Dis 2009; 15:313-27. [PMID: 19364391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transitioned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a 'chronic disease' management strategy, there is growing evidence that infection with non-HIV pathogens in HIV+ patients may have important public health implications in undermining HAART success and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome progression. Several bacterial and host cell products during infections with non-HIV pathogens have shown the capacity to regulate HIV replication in latently infected cells. A high prevalence of oral infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi has been described in HIV+ patients, including periodontal disease. The oral cavity appears to be a site of HIV pathogenesis and potential reservoir for the disease as HIV RNA and DNA forms are present in saliva as well as in gingival crevicular fluid, and oral epithelial cells are susceptible to either cell free or cell-associated HIV infection. The clinical and biological bases of potential associations between chronic oral inflammatory disorders, such as periodontal disease, and exacerbation of HIV viraemia have received little attention. This review attempts to evaluate the current understanding of HIV reactivation as a result of co-infection and/or inflammation induced by non-HIV pathogens in HIV-infected patients, and presents a hypothetic model about the potential role of periodontitis as a global oral infection that potentially contributes to HIV recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A González
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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33
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Grande SR, Imbronito AV, Okuda OS, Lotufo RFM, Magalhães MHG, Nunes FD. Herpes viruses in periodontal compromised sites: comparison between HIV-positive and -negative patients. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:838-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fábián T, Fejérdy P, Csermely P. Salivary Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics: The Emerging Concept of the Oral Ecosystem and their Use in the Early Diagnosis of Cancer and other Diseases. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:11-21. [PMID: 19424479 PMCID: PMC2674305 DOI: 10.2174/138920208783884900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasingly growing interest world-wide for the genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics of saliva and the oral cavity, since they provide a non-invasive source of unprecedently rich genetic information. The complexity of oral systems biology goes much beyond the human genome, transcriptome and proteome revealed by oral mucosal cells, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva, and includes the complexity of the oral microbiota, the symbiotic assembly of bacterial, fungal and other microbial flora in the oral cavity. In our review we summarize the recent information on oral genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, of both human and microbial origin. We also give an introduction and practical advice on sample collection, handling and storage for analysis. Finally, we show the usefulness of salivary and oral genomics in early diagnosis of cancer, as well as in uncovering other systemic diseases, infections and oral disorders. We close the review by highlighting a number of possible exploratory pathways in this emerging, hot research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.K Fábián
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Csermely
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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35
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Yin MT, Dobkin JF, Grbic JT. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007; 44:55-81. [PMID: 17474926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Yin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Yapijakis C, Panis V, Koufaliotis N, Yfanti G, Karachalios S, Roumeliotou A, Mantzavinos Z. Immunological and molecular detection of human immunodeficiency virus in saliva, and comparison with blood testing. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:175-9. [PMID: 16776764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the detection feasibility of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in saliva, a three-method blind screening analysis was conducted. Sixty-eight individuals were studied, comprising 34 HIV carriers and 34 noncarriers (controls) of matched gender and age. An oral examination preceded saliva and blood sampling of studied individuals. All samples were tested blind for HIV by using two immunological methods [Oraquick-compatible enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a fluorescent immunoenzymatic method (ELFA)], confirmed by western blotting, and a simple molecular method (polymerase chain reaction amplification of a relatively constant viral DNA region), confirmed by DNA hydridization. Compared with the controls, about twice as many HIV carriers had oral health problems, including periodontal disease. ELFA resulted in 33/34 positives and 34/34 negatives in saliva, while it detected 34/34 positives and 34/34 negatives in blood. ELISA performed even better, with correct assignment of all positives and negatives in both saliva and blood. The PCR method, at three annealing temperatures, surprisingly detected all positive samples, while it gave no false-positive result. In conclusion, the detection of anti-HIV in saliva may achieve accuracy of 97.1-100%, comparable with that in blood. Furthermore, this study suggests that a highly accurate molecular method of HIV detection may be feasible, although the studied carriers had rather homogeneous characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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Abstract
With the advent of newer pharmacological approaches to the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the incidence and progression of both atypical and conventional periodontal diseases are changing. The incidence of necrotizing periodontitis and gingival diseases of fungal origin appears to be on the decline as a result of these therapies that have led to increased life spans for HIV patients. However, in cases where these therapies lose their effectiveness and HIV patients relapse into an immunosuppressed state, these conditions may recur. Recent evidence has shown that HIV patients with more conventional periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis may have increased attachment loss and gingival recession when compared to their HIV-negative counterparts. This pattern of loss of periodontal support may be due in part to a diffuse invasion of opportunistic bacterial infections, viruses, and fungi into the gingival tissue, leading to a more elevated and more diffuse destructive inflammatory response in the periodontal soft and hard tissues. While the accepted approaches to treating the spectrum of periodontal diseases in HIV patients remain essentially unchanged over the past 15 years, the impact of newer systemic therapies on patient immunocompetence may influence treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Ryder
- Department of Stomatology, University of California-San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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39
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Hermida M, Ferreiro MC, Barral S, Laredo R, Castro A, Diz Dios P. Detection of HCV RNA in saliva of patients with hepatitis C virus infection by using a highly sensitive test. J Virol Methods 2002; 101:29-35. [PMID: 11849681 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted primarily by direct percutaneous exposures to blood. Since HCV RNA has been found in saliva, it has been suggested that saliva might also be a source of infection. HCV RNA in saliva from plasma HCV RNA positive patients was tested by a highly sensitive PCR method. HCV RNA was detected in 32 out of 61 saliva specimens (52.4%). No correlation was found between the presence of HCV in saliva and age, sex, identified risk factors for HCV infection, time lapsed since the diagnosis, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase values and stimulated salivary flow. A statistically significant relation between plasma HCV RNA viral load and saliva HCV RNA detection was observed (P<0.001). In conclusion, HCV RNA is often present in saliva of HCV infected patients, with plasma viral load being the only known predictable factor. Further studies on salivary HCV RNA are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hermida
- Institute of Health Sciences, Juan Canalejo Hospital, La Coruña, Spain
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