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Frush DP, Vassileva J, Brambilla M, Mahesh M, Rehani M, Samei E, Applegate K, Bourland J, Ciraj-Bjenlac O, Dahlstrom D, Gershan V, Gilligan P, Godthelp B, Hjemly H, Kainberger F, Mikhail-Lette M, Holmberg O, Paez D, Schrandt S, Valentin A, Van Deventer T, Wakeford R. Recurrent medical imaging exposures for the care of patients: one way forward. Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-024-10659-x. [PMID: 38592419 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Medical imaging is both valuable and essential in the care of patients. Much of this imaging depends on ionizing radiation with attendant responsibilities for judicious use when performing an examination. This responsibility applies in settings of both individual as well as multiple (recurrent) imaging with associated repeated radiation exposures. In addressing the roles and responsibilities of the medical communities in the paradigm of recurrent imaging, both the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) have issued position statements, each affirmed by other organizations. The apparent difference in focus and approach has resulted in a lack of clarity and continued debate. Aiming towards a coherent approach in dealing with radiation exposure in recurrent imaging, the IAEA convened a panel of experts, the purpose of which was to identify common ground and reconcile divergent perspectives. The effort has led to clarifying recommendations for radiation exposure aspects of recurrent imaging, including the relevance of patient agency and the provider-patient covenant in clinical decision-making. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: An increasing awareness, generating some lack of clarity and divergence in perspectives, with patients receiving relatively high radiation doses (e.g., ≥ 100 mSv) from recurrent imaging warrants a multi-stakeholder accord for the benefit of patients, providers, and the imaging community. KEY POINTS: • Recurrent medical imaging can result in an accumulation of exposures which exceeds 100 milli Sieverts. • Professional organizations have different perspectives on roles and responsibilities for recurrent imaging. • An expert panel reconciles differing perspectives for addressing radiation exposure from recurrent medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Paul Frush
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Jenia Vassileva
- Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Brambilla
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital of Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Mahadevappa Mahesh
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Madan Rehani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Ehsan Samei
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | | | - John Bourland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Vesna Gershan
- Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paddy Gilligan
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barbara Godthelp
- Authority for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Hakon Hjemly
- International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists, London, UK
| | - Franz Kainberger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ola Holmberg
- Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Paez
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suz Schrandt
- ExPPect, Founder & CEO, and Patients for Patient Safety US, Champion (Affiliate, WHO PFPS Network), Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Andreas Valentin
- Department of Internal Medicine With Cardiology & Intensive Care Medicine Clinic Donaustadt Vienna Health Care Group, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Wakeford R, Balonov M, Boice JD, Harrison JD, Niwa O, Preston RJ, Shore RE. The LNT risk model and radiological protection. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2023; 43:040201. [PMID: 37800304 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acfe85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mikhail Balonov
- UNSCEAR Consultant, Rabindranat Tagore St 35/17, Tel Aviv 6946032, Israel
| | - John D Boice
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - John D Harrison
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Julian Preston
- Office of Air and Radiation, Radiation Protection Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Roy E Shore
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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Harrison JD, Oatway WB, Brown IK, Hopewell JW. Health risks from radioactive particles on Cumbrian beaches near the Sellafield nuclear site. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2023; 43:031504. [PMID: 37339608 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acdfd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A monitoring programme, in place since 2006, continues to recover radioactive particles (<2 mm diameter) and larger objects from the beaches of West Cumbria. The potential risks to members of the public using the beaches are mainly related to prolonged skin contact with or the inadvertent ingestion of small particles. Most particles are classified as either 'beta-rich' or 'alpha-rich' and are detected as a result of their caesium-137 or americium-241 content. Beta-rich particles generally also contain strontium-90, with90Sr:137Cs ratios of up to about 1:1, but typically <0.1:1. Alpha-rich particles contain plutonium isotopes, with Pu:241Amαratios usually around 0.5-0.6:1. 'Beta-rich' particles have the greatest potential to cause localised skin damage if held in stationary contact with the skin for prolonged periods. However, it is concluded that only particles of >106Bq of137Cs, with high90Sr:137Cs ratios, would pose a significant risk of causing acute skin ulceration. No particles of this level of activity have been found. Inadvertent ingestion of a particle will result in the absorption to blood of a small proportion of the radionuclide content of the particle. The subsequent retention of radionuclides in body organs and tissues presents a potential risk of the development of cancer. For 'beta-rich' particles with typical activities (mean 2 × 104Bq137Cs, Sr:Cs ratio of 0.1:1), the estimated committed effective doses are about 30µSv for adults and about 40µSv for 1 year old infants, with lower values for 'alpha-rich' particles of typical activities. The corresponding estimates of lifetime cancer incidence following ingestion for both particle types are of the order of 10-6for adults and up to 10-5for infants. These estimates are subject to substantial uncertainties but provide an indication of the low risks to members of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Harrison
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne B Oatway
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Iain K Brown
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - John W Hopewell
- Green Temple College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Abalo KD, Malekzadeh-Milani S, Hascoët S, Dreuil S, Feuillet T, Damon C, Bouvaist H, Bouzguenda I, Cohen S, Dauphin C, Di Filippo S, Douchin S, Godart F, Guérin P, Helms P, Karsenty C, Lefort B, Mauran P, Ovaert C, Piéchaud JF, Thambo JB, Lee C, Little MP, Bonnet D, Bernier MO, Rage E. Lympho-hematopoietic malignancies risk after exposure to low dose ionizing radiation during cardiac catheterization in childhood. Eur J Epidemiol 2023; 38:821-834. [PMID: 37191831 PMCID: PMC11281830 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) often undergo low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) from cardiac catheterization (CC) for the diagnosis and/or treatment of their disease. Although radiation doses from a single CC are usually low, less is known about the long-term radiation associated cancer risks. We aimed to assess the risk of lympho-hematopoietic malignancies in pediatric CHD patients diagnosed or treated with CC. A French cohort of 17,104 children free of cancer who had undergone a first CC from 01/01/2000 to 31/12/2013, before the age of 16 was set up. The follow-up started at the date of the first recorded CC until the exit date, i.e., the date of death, the date of first cancer diagnosis, the date of the 18th birthday, or the 31/12/2015, whichever occurred first. Poisson regression was used to estimate the LDIR associated cancer risk. The median follow-up was 5.9 years, with 110,335 person-years. There were 22,227 CC procedures, yielding an individual active bone marrow (ABM) mean cumulative dose of 3.0 milligray (mGy). Thirty-eight incident lympho-hematopoietic malignancies were observed. When adjusting for attained age, gender and predisposing factors to cancer status, no increased risk was observed for lympho-hematopoietic malignancies RR/mGy = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.88; 1.10). In summary, the risk of lympho-hematopoietic malignancies and lymphoma was not associated to LDIR in pediatric patients with CHD who undergo CC. Further epidemiological studies with greater statistical power are needed to improve the assessment of the dose-risk relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kossi D Abalo
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SESANE/Laboratory of Epidemiology, BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92262, France
| | - Sophie Malekzadeh-Milani
- M3C-Necker, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Hascoët
- Cardiology department, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Serge Dreuil
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SER/UEM, BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92262, France
| | | | - Cecilia Damon
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, (IRSN), DTR/D3NSI/SVDDA/CVD, BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92262, France
| | - Hélène Bouvaist
- Cardiopédiatrie, hôpital couple enfant, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble cedex 9, 38043, France
| | - Ivan Bouzguenda
- Pediatric and congenital cardiology, Interventional cardiology, INTERCARD Clinique La Louvière, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Cardiology department, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Claire Dauphin
- Cardiology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Di Filippo
- Paediatric and Congential Cardiology Department, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Douchin
- Cardiopédiatrie, hôpital couple enfant, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble cedex 9, 38043, France
| | - François Godart
- Service de Cardiologie Infantile et Congénitale, Institut Coeur Poumon, Lille Cedex, 59037, France
| | - Patrice Guérin
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Clinique Cardiologique et des Maladies Vasculaires, Institut du Thorax, Nantes, 1413, CIC, France
| | - Pauline Helms
- Unit of Cardiopediatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément Karsenty
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Children's Hospital, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, I2MC, France
| | - Bruno Lefort
- Institut des Cardiopathies Congénitales, CHRU Tours, 49 boulevard Béranger, Tours, 37000, France
| | - Pierre Mauran
- Unité de cardiologie pédiatrique et congénitale, American Memorial Hospital, CHU de Reims, 47 rue Cognacq-Jay, Reims Cedex, 51092, France
| | - Caroline Ovaert
- Cardiologie pédiatrique et congénitale, AP-HM et INSERM 1251, Aix-Marseille Université, Timone enfants, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean-Benoît Thambo
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Damien Bonnet
- M3C-Necker, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Bernier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SESANE/Laboratory of Epidemiology, BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92262, France
| | - Estelle Rage
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SESANE/Laboratory of Epidemiology, BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92262, France.
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Tomita M, Torigata M, Ohchi T, Ito A. Observation of Histone H2AX Phosphorylation by Radiation-Induced Bystander Response Using Titanium Characteristic X-ray Microbeam. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050734. [PMID: 37237546 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander response (RIBR) is a response induced in non-irradiated cells that receive bystander signals from directly irradiated cells. X-ray microbeams are useful tools for elucidating the mechanisms underlying RIBR. However, previous X-ray microbeams used low-energy soft X-rays with higher biological effects, such as aluminum characteristic X-rays, and the difference from conventional X-rays and γ-rays has often been discussed. The microbeam X-ray cell irradiation system at the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry has been upgraded to generate higher energy titanium characteristic X-rays (TiK X-rays), which have a longer penetration distance sufficient to irradiate 3D cultured tissues. Using this system, we irradiated the nuclei of HeLa cells with high precision and found that the pan-nuclear induction of phosphorylated histone H2AX on serine 139 (γ-H2AX) in the non-irradiated cells increased 180 and 360 min after irradiation. We established a new method to quantitatively evaluate bystander cells, using the fluorescence intensity of γ-H2AX as an indicator. The percentage of bystander cells increased significantly to 23.2% ± 3.2% and 29.3% ± 3.5% at 180 and 360 min after irradiation, respectively. Our irradiation system and the obtained results may be useful for studies of cell competition as well as non-targeted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tomita
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masaya Torigata
- School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ohchi
- NTT Advanced Technology Co., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0124, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ito
- School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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Otsuka K, Iwasaki T. Insights into radiation carcinogenesis based on dose-rate effects in tissue stem cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1503-1521. [PMID: 36971595 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2194398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing epidemiological and biological evidence suggests that radiation exposure enhances cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner. This can be attributed to the 'dose-rate effect,' where the biological effect of low dose-rate radiation is lower than that of the same dose at a high dose-rate. This effect has been reported in epidemiological studies and experimental biology, although the underlying biological mechanisms are not completely understood. In this review, we aim to propose a suitable model for radiation carcinogenesis based on the dose-rate effect in tissue stem cells. METHODS We surveyed and summarized the latest studies on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Next, we summarized the radiosensitivity of intestinal stem cells and the role of dose-rate in the modulation of stem-cell dynamics after irradiation. RESULTS Consistently, driver mutations can be detected in most cancers from past to present, supporting the hypothesis that cancer progression is initiated by the accumulation of driver mutations. Recent reports demonstrated that driver mutations can be observed even in normal tissues, which suggests that the accumulation of mutations is a necessary condition for cancer progression. In addition, driver mutations in tissue stem cells can cause tumors, whereas they are not sufficient when they occur in non-stem cells. For non-stem cells, tissue remodeling induced by marked inflammation after the loss of tissue cells is important in addition to the accumulation of mutations. Therefore, the mechanism of carcinogenesis differs according to the cell type and magnitude of stress. In addition, our results indicated that non-irradiated stem cells tend to be eliminated from three-dimensional cultures of intestinal stem cells (organoids) composed of irradiated and non-irradiated stem cells, supporting the stem-cell competition. CONCLUSIONS We propose a unique scheme in which the dose-rate dependent response of intestinal stem cells incorporates the concept of the threshold of stem-cell competition and context-dependent target shift from stem cells to whole tissue. The concept highlights four key issues that should be considered in radiation carcinogenesis: i.e. accumulation of mutations; tissue reconstitution; stem-cell competition; and environmental factors like epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Otsuka
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Strategy and Planning Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
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Suzuki K, Imaoka T, Tomita M, Sasatani M, Doi K, Tanaka S, Kai M, Yamada Y, Kakinuma S. Molecular and cellular basis of the dose-rate-dependent adverse effects of radiation exposure in animal models. Part I: Mammary gland and digestive tract. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:210-227. [PMID: 36773323 PMCID: PMC10036108 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While epidemiological data are available for the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) for human populations, animal models have contributed significantly to providing quantitative data with mechanistic insights. The aim of the current review is to compile both the in vitro experiments with reference to the dose-rate effects of DNA damage and repair, and the animal studies, specific to rodents, with reference to the dose-rate effects of cancer development. In particular, the review focuses especially on the results pertaining to underlying biological mechanisms and discusses their possible involvement in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Because the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP) together with the key events has been considered as a clue to estimate radiation risks at low doses and low dose-rates, the review scrutinized the dose-rate dependency of the key events related to carcinogenesis, which enables us to unify the underlying critical mechanisms to establish a connection between animal experimental studies with human epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. Tel: +81-95-819-7116; Fax: +81-95-819-7117;
| | | | | | | | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727-162 Ichiki, Oita, Oita 870-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Suzuki K, Imaoka T, Tomita M, Sasatani M, Doi K, Tanaka S, Kai M, Yamada Y, Kakinuma S. Molecular and cellular basis of the dose-rate-dependent adverse effects of radiation exposure in animal models. Part II: Hematopoietic system, lung and liver. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:228-249. [PMID: 36773331 PMCID: PMC10036110 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While epidemiological data have greatly contributed to the estimation of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) for human populations, studies using animal models have made significant contributions to provide quantitative data with mechanistic insights. The current article aims at compiling the animal studies, specific to rodents, with reference to the dose-rate effects of cancer development. This review focuses specifically on the results that explain the biological mechanisms underlying dose-rate effects and their potential involvement in radiation-induced carcinogenic processes. Since the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept together with the key events holds promise for improving the estimation of radiation risk at low doses and low dose-rates, the review intends to scrutinize dose-rate dependency of the key events in animal models and to consider novel key events involved in the dose-rate effects, which enables identification of important underlying mechanisms for linking animal experimental and human epidemiological studies in a unified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Corresponding author, Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. Tel:+81-95-819-7116; Fax:+81-95-819-7117; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727-162 Ichiki, Oita, Oita 870-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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9
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Kohda A, Toyokawa T, Umino T, Ayabe Y, Tanaka IB, Komura JI. Frequencies of Chromosome Aberrations are Lower in Splenic Lymphocytes from Mice Continuously Exposed to Very Low-Dose-Rate Gamma Rays Compared with Non-Irradiated Control Mice. Radiat Res 2022; 198:639-645. [PMID: 36481804 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome aberrations have been one of the most sensitive and reliable biomarkers of exposure to ionizing radiation. Using the multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) technique, we compared the changes, over time, in the frequencies of translocations and of dicentric chromosomes in the splenic lymphocytes from specific pathogen-free (SPF) C3H/HeN female mice continuously exposed to 0.05 mGy/day (18.25 mGy/year) gamma rays for 125 to 700 days (total accumulated doses: 6.25-35 mGy) with age-matched non-irradiated controls. Results show that the frequencies of translocations and of dicentric chromosomes increased significantly over time in both irradiated and non-irradiated control mice, and that the frequencies were significantly lower, not higher, in the irradiated mice, which differs from our previous reports of increased chromosome aberration frequencies at higher radiation dose rates of 1 mGy/day and 20 mGy/day. These results will be useful when considering the radiation risk at very low-dose rates comparable to regulatory dose limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kohda
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - Takuo Toyokawa
- Tohoku Nuclear Co., Ltd., 2-41-14 Higashi Okamisawa, Misawa, Aomori 033-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Umino
- Tohoku Nuclear Co., Ltd., 2-41-14 Higashi Okamisawa, Misawa, Aomori 033-0024, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ayabe
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, 92-25 Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
| | - Ignacia Braga Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Komura
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 2-121 Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
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Kudo KI, Tsuyama N, Nagata K, Imaoka T, Iizuka D, Sugai-Takahashi M, Muramatsu M, Sakai A. ΔNp63α transcriptionally represses p53 target genes involved in the radiation-induced DNA damage response. Radiat Oncol 2022; 17:183. [DOI: 10.1186/s13014-022-02139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a mechanism that protects cells against radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. TP63 is a member of the tumour suppressor TP53 gene family, and ΔNp63α, a TP63 splicing variant, is constitutively expressed in the stem cell-containing basal layer of stratified epithelial tissues, including the mammary gland, where it plays a critical role in stemness and tissue development. ΔNp63α has been reported to transcriptionally inhibit the tumour suppression protein p53. This p53-repressive activity may cause genomic instability in epithelial stem cells exposed to radiation. In this study, we analysed the inhibitory effect of ΔNp63α on radiation-induced DDR.
Methods
To elucidate the role of the p53-repressive effect of ΔNp63α in radiation response, we performed a p63-siRNA knockdown experiment using human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) expressing ΔNp63α and then performed ectopic and entopic expression experiments using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). After irradiation, the expression of DDR-related genes and proteins in ΔNp63α-expressing and control cells was analysed by RT–qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry.
Results
The mRNA/protein expression levels of BAX and p21 were significantly increased in p63-siRNA-treated HMECs (sip63) after X-ray irradiation (4 Gy, 0.7 Gy/min) but not in scramble-siRNA treated HMECs (scr). Transcriptomic analysis showed decreased RNA expression of cell cycle-related genes and increased expression of programmed cell death-related genes in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed an increase in apoptotic cells and a decrease in 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine uptake in sip63 cells compared to scr cells. On the other hand, both the ectopic and entopic expression of ΔNp63α in apoptosis-sensitive hiPSCs reduced the expression levels of BAX after irradiation and significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells induced by radiation.
Conclusion
Taken together, these results indicate that ΔNp63α represses p53-related radiation-induced DDR, thereby potentially causing genomic instability in epithelial stem cells.
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11
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Baiocco G, Bartzsch S, Conte V, Friedrich T, Jakob B, Tartas A, Villagrasa C, Prise KM. A matter of space: how the spatial heterogeneity in energy deposition determines the biological outcome of radiation exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:545-559. [PMID: 36220965 PMCID: PMC9630194 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of the exposure of living organisms to ionizing radiation is determined by the distribution of the associated energy deposition at different spatial scales. Radiation proceeds through ionizations and excitations of hit molecules with an ~ nm spacing. Approaches such as nanodosimetry/microdosimetry and Monte Carlo track-structure simulations have been successfully adopted to investigate radiation quality effects: they allow to explore correlations between the spatial clustering of such energy depositions at the scales of DNA or chromosome domains and their biological consequences at the cellular level. Physical features alone, however, are not enough to assess the entity and complexity of radiation-induced DNA damage: this latter is the result of an interplay between radiation track structure and the spatial architecture of chromatin, and further depends on the chromatin dynamic response, affecting the activation and efficiency of the repair machinery. The heterogeneity of radiation energy depositions at the single-cell level affects the trade-off between cell inactivation and induction of viable mutations and hence influences radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In radiation therapy, where the goal is cancer cell inactivation, the delivery of a homogenous dose to the tumour has been the traditional approach in clinical practice. However, evidence is accumulating that introducing heterogeneity with spatially fractionated beams (mini- and microbeam therapy) can lead to significant advantages, particularly in sparing normal tissues. Such findings cannot be explained in merely physical terms, and their interpretation requires considering the scales at play in the underlying biological mechanisms, suggesting a systemic response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baiocco
- Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology Group, Physics Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefan Bartzsch
- Institute for Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeria Conte
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare INFN, Laboratori Nazionali Di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrianna Tartas
- Biomedical Physics Division, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carmen Villagrasa
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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12
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Fujimichi Y, Otsuka K, Tomita M, Iwasaki T. INTESTINAL ORGANOIDS FOR STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE/LOW-DOSE-RATE RADIATION. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1115-1119. [PMID: 36083761 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiation response differs depending on the dose and dose rate in intestinal stem cells; however, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. To understand the effects of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation, the authors established an organoid system that mimics the in vivo environment and sporadic low-dose-rate irradiation conditions in vitro. Organoid-forming potential and the number of stem cells in the organoids derived from 1 Gy-irradiated cells were lower than those from non-irradiated cells; however, the difference was not significant, although 1 Gy-irradiated stem cells exhibited significant growth disadvantage in the mixed-organoid with non-irradiated and irradiated stem cells. Furthermore, the authors irradiated a cell with X-ray microbeams and performed time-lapse observations and found that irradiated cells did not remain in the organoid. These results suggest that radiation-induced stem cell competition can occur in intestinal organoids and contribute to a low risk of cancers at low-dose-rate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujimichi
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Kensuke Otsuka
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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13
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Imaoka T, Nishimura M, Daino K, Hosoki A, Kudo KI, Iizuka D, Nagata K, Takabatake M, Nishimura Y, Kokubo T, Morioka T, Doi K, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. DOSE-RATE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON RAT MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS AND AN EMERGING ROLE FOR STEM CELL BIOLOGY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1036-1046. [PMID: 36083756 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The uncertain cancer risk of protracted radiation exposure at low dose rates is an important issue in radiological protection. Tissue stem/progenitor cells are a supposed origin of cancer and may contribute to the dose-rate effect on carcinogenesis. The authors have shown that female rats subjected to continuous whole body γ irradiation as juveniles or young adults have a notably reduced incidence of mammary cancer as compared with those irradiated acutely. Experiments using the mammosphere formation assay suggested the presence of radioresistant progenitor cells. Cell sorting indicated that basal progenitor cells in rat mammary gland were more resistant than luminal progenitors to killing by acute radiation, especially at high doses. Thus, the evidence indicates a cell-type-dependent inactivation of mammary cells that manifests only at high acute doses, implying a link to the observed dose-rate effect on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hosoki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kudo
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1247, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masaru Takabatake
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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14
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Fukunaga H, Yokoya A, Prise KM. A Brief Overview of Radiation-Induced Effects on Spermatogenesis and Oncofertility. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030805. [PMID: 35159072 PMCID: PMC8834293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spermatogenesis is one of the most important processes for the propagation of life; however, the testes’ ability to form sperm via this differentiation process is highly radiosensitive and easily impacted by exposure to environmental, occupational, or therapeutic radiation. Furthermore, the possibility that radiation effects on the gonads can be passed on from generation to generation should not be overlooked. This review focuses on the radiation-induced effects on spermatogenesis and the transgenerational effects. We also explore the potential of novel radiobiological approaches to improve male fertility preservation during radiotherapy. Abstract The genotoxicity of radiation on germ cells may be passed on to the next generation, thus its elucidation is not only a scientific issue but also an ethical, legal, and social issue in modern society. In this article, we briefly overview the effects of radiation on spermatogenesis and its associated genotoxicity, including the latest findings in the field of radiobiology. The potential role of transgenerational effects is still poorly understood, and further research in this area is desirable. Furthermore, from the perspective of oncofertility, we discuss the historical background and clinical importance of preserving male fertility during radiation treatment and the potential of microbeam radiotherapy. We hope that this review will contribute to stimulating further discussions and investigations for therapies for pediatric and adolescent/young adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Patrick G Johnstone Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
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15
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Kwan ML, Miglioretti DL, Bowles EJA, Weinmann S, Greenlee RT, Stout NK, Rahm AK, Alber SA, Pequeno P, Moy LM, Stewart C, Fong C, Jenkins CL, Kohnhorst D, Luce C, Mor JM, Munneke JR, Prado Y, Buth G, Cheng SY, Deosaransingh KA, Francisco M, Lakoma M, Martinez YT, Theis MK, Marlow EC, Kushi LH, Duncan JR, Bolch WE, Pole JD, Smith-Bindman R. Quantifying cancer risk from exposures to medical imaging in the Risk of Pediatric and Adolescent Cancer Associated with Medical Imaging (RIC) Study: research methods and cohort profile. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:711-726. [PMID: 35107724 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Risk of Pediatric and Adolescent Cancer Associated with Medical Imaging (RIC) Study is quantifying the association between cumulative radiation exposure from fetal and/or childhood medical imaging and subsequent cancer risk. This manuscript describes the study cohorts and research methods. METHODS The RIC Study is a longitudinal study of children in two retrospective cohorts from 6 U.S. healthcare systems and from Ontario, Canada over the period 1995-2017. The fetal-exposure cohort includes children whose mothers were enrolled in the healthcare system during their entire pregnancy and followed to age 20. The childhood-exposure cohort includes children born into the system and followed while continuously enrolled. Imaging utilization was determined using administrative data. Computed tomography (CT) parameters were collected to estimate individualized patient organ dosimetry. Organ dose libraries for average exposures were constructed for radiography, fluoroscopy, and angiography, while diagnostic radiopharmaceutical biokinetic models were applied to estimate organ doses received in nuclear medicine procedures. Cancers were ascertained from local and state/provincial cancer registry linkages. RESULTS The fetal-exposure cohort includes 3,474,000 children among whom 6,606 cancers (2394 leukemias) were diagnosed over 37,659,582 person-years; 0.5% had in utero exposure to CT, 4.0% radiography, 0.5% fluoroscopy, 0.04% angiography, 0.2% nuclear medicine. The childhood-exposure cohort includes 3,724,632 children in whom 6,358 cancers (2,372 leukemias) were diagnosed over 36,190,027 person-years; 5.9% were exposed to CT, 61.1% radiography, 6.0% fluoroscopy, 0.4% angiography, 1.5% nuclear medicine. CONCLUSION The RIC Study is poised to be the largest study addressing risk of childhood and adolescent cancer associated with ionizing radiation from medical imaging, estimated with individualized patient organ dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Kwan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
| | - Diana L Miglioretti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin J A Bowles
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheila Weinmann
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA.,Center for Integrated Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert T Greenlee
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Natasha K Stout
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alanna Kulchak Rahm
- Center for Health Research, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Susan A Alber
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Moy
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Carly Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Charisma L Jenkins
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Diane Kohnhorst
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Casey Luce
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanne M Mor
- Center for Integrated Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Julie R Munneke
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Yolanda Prado
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Glen Buth
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Kamala A Deosaransingh
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Melanie Francisco
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Lakoma
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mary Kay Theis
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily C Marlow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - James R Duncan
- Interventional Radiology Section, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - Wesley E Bolch
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason D Pole
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Smith-Bindman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Rodina AV, Semochkina YP, Vysotskaya OV, Glukhov AI, Moskaleva EY. Features of the Response of Long-Term Cultured Adipose Tissue–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to γ-Irradiation. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Improved Survival and Regeneration of Irradiated Mouse Neural Stem Cells after Co-Culturing with Non-Irradiated Mouse Neural Stem Cells or Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Adipose Tissue. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 172:228-235. [PMID: 34855083 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of neural stem cells (NSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from mouse adipose tissue on survival, clonogenic activity, and senescence of NSC after exposure to γ-radiation. It was found that survival and clonogenic activity of NSC irradiated in doses of 1 and 2 Gy was enhanced when irradiated cells were co-cultured with non-irradiated NSC and MSC in permeable Transwell inserts. The proportion of senescent NSC (cells with high β-galactosidase activity) increased with increasing irradiation dose. Co-culturing with non-irradiated NSC in 3 days after irradiation in a dose of 1 Gy led to a decrease in the proportion of senescent cells among irradiated NSC. Factors secreted by NSC and MSC can become the basis for the development of means for prevention and treatment of damage to brain cells resulting from radiation therapy of head and neck cancer.
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18
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Welsh JS, Bevelacqua J, Mortazavi SMJ, Sacks B. In Regard to Shuryak et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:574-576. [PMID: 34473975 PMCID: PMC8403553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.05.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | | | - S M J Mortazavi
- Medical Physics and Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bill Sacks
- FDA (retired medical officer), Gaithersburg, Maryland
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19
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Fukunaga H. Stem Cell Migration: A Possible Mechanism for the Tissue-Sparing Effect of Spatially Fractionated Radiation. Radiat Res 2021; 196:680-685. [PMID: 34496025 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00134.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell responses in tissues after exposure to radiation are of significance for maintaining tissue functions. From the point of view of stem cell characteristics, this article seeks to illustrate some contributions of microbeam research to spatially fractionated radiotherapy (SFRT), such as grid radiotherapy and microbeam radiotherapy. Although the tissue-sparing response after SFRT was first reported more than a century ago, current radiation dose-volume metrics are still unable to accurately predict such tissue-level changes in response to spatially fractionated radiation fields. However, microbeam approaches could contribute to uncovering the mechanisms of tissue response, significantly improving the outcomes of SFRT and reducing its adverse effects. Studies with microbeams have shown that the testicular tissue-sparing effect for maintaining spermatogenesis after exposure to spatially fractionated radiation depends on biological parameters, such as the radiation dose distribution at the microscale level for tissue-specific stem cells and the microenvironment, or niche. This indicates that stem cell survival, migration, and repopulation are involved in the tissue-level changes during or after SFRT. The illustration of microbeam applications in this article focuses on the stem cell migration as a possible mechanism of the tissue-sparing effect for preserving functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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20
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A Brief Overview of the Preclinical and Clinical Radiobiology of Microbeam Radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:705-712. [PMID: 34454806 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is the delivery of spatially fractionated beams that have the potential to offer significant improvements in the therapeutic ratio due to the delivery of micron-sized high dose and dose rate beams. They build on longstanding clinical experience of GRID radiotherapy and more recently lattice-based approaches. Here we briefly overview the preclinical evidence for MRT efficacy and highlight the challenges for bringing this to clinical utility. The biological mechanisms underpinning MRT efficacy are still unclear, but involve vascular, bystander, stem cell and potentially immune responses. There is probably significant overlap in the mechanisms underpinning MRT responses and FLASH radiotherapy that needs to be further defined.
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21
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Shimura T. The role of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the tumor microenvironment in radiation-related cancer. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:i36-i43. [PMID: 33978176 PMCID: PMC8114220 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The health risks associated with low-dose radiation, which are a major concern after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (the Fukushima accident), have been extensively investigated, and the cancer risks from low-dose radiation exposure (below ~ 100 mSv) are thought to be negligible. According to World Health Organization and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation reports, the level of radiation exposure from the Fukushima accident is limited, estimating no significant increased risk from the accident. Radiation-induced cell injury is mainly caused by oxidative damage to biomolecules, including DNA, lipids and proteins. Radiation stimulates metabolic activation within the mitochondria to provide energy for the DNA damage response. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and III are the most important intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells. Manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione are key players in redox control within cells. However, perturbation of the antioxidant response leads to chronic oxidative stress in irradiated cells. Excess ROS of mitochondrial origin is reported in cancer-associated fibroblast and promotes carcinogenesis. The aim of this review paper is to discuss critical roles of mitochondria in radiation-related cancer by introducing our recent studies. In particular, elevated mitochondrial ROS in stromal fibroblasts potentiate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling, which triggers smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression to stimulate myofibroblast differentiation. Radiation-induced myofibroblasts promote tumor growth by enhancing angiogenesis. Thus, radiation affects both malignant cancer cells and neighboring stromal cells through secretion of soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan. Tel. +81-48-458-6261; Fax +81-48-458-6270;
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22
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Suzuki K, Amrenova A, Mitsutake N. Recent advances in radiobiology with respect to pleiotropic aspects of tissue reaction. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:i30-i35. [PMID: 33978178 PMCID: PMC8114206 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation are the major cause of cell death, leading to tissue/organ injuries, which is a fundamental mechanism underlying the development of tissue reaction. Since unscheduled senescence, predominantly induced among epithelial tissues/organs, is one of the major modes of cell death in response to radiation exposure, its role in tissue reaction has been extensively studied, and it has become clear that senescence-mediated secretion of soluble factors is an indispensable component of the manifestation of tissue reaction. Recently, an unexpected link between cytoplasmic DSBs and innate immunity was discovered. The activation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) results in the stimulation of the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which has been shown to regulate the transactivation of a variety of secretory factors that are the same as those secreted from senescent cells. Furthermore, it has been proven that cGAS-STING pathway also mediates execution of the senescence process by itself. Hence, an autocrine/paracrine feedback loop has been discussed in previous literature in relation to its effect on the tissue microenvironment. As the tissue microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer development, tissue reaction could be involved in the late health effects caused by radiation exposure. In this paper, the novel findings in radiation biology, which should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced carcinogenesis, are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Aidana Amrenova
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Fukunaga H, Kaminaga K, Sato T, Butterworth KT, Watanabe R, Usami N, Ogawa T, Yokoya A, Prise KM. Spatially Fractionated Microbeam Analysis of Tissue-sparing Effect for Spermatogenesis. Radiat Res 2021; 194:698-706. [PMID: 33348374 DOI: 10.1667/rade-19-00018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) has been based on the delivery of a single high-dose fraction to a large treatment area that has been divided into several smaller fields, reducing the overall toxicity and adverse effects. Complementary microbeam studies have also shown an effective tissue-sparing effect (TSE) in various tissue types and species after spatially fractionated irradiation at the microscale level; however, the underlying biological mechanism remains elusive. In the current study, using the combination of an ex vivo mouse spermatogenesis model and high-precision X-ray microbeams, we revealed the significant TSE for maintaining spermatogenesis after spatially fractionated microbeam irradiation. We used the following ratios of the irradiated to nonirradiated areas: 50:50, 150:50 and 350:50 µm-slit, where approximately 50, 75 and 87.5% of the sample was irradiated (using center-to-center distances of 100, 200 and 400 µm, respectively). We found that the 50 and 75% micro-slit irradiated testicular tissues showed an almost unadulterated TSE for spermatogenesis, whereas the 87.5% micro-slit irradiated tissues showed an incomplete TSE. This suggests that the TSE efficiency for spermatogenesis is dependent on the size of the nonirradiated spermatogonial stem cell pool in the irradiated testicular tissues. In addition, there would be a spatiotemporal limitation of stem cell migration/competition, resulting in the insufficient TSE for 87.5% micro-slit irradiated tissues. These stem cell characteristics are essential for the accurate prediction of tissue-level responses during or after SFRT, indicating the clinical potential for achieving better outcomes while preventing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom.,Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura 247-8533, Japan
| | - Kiichi Kaminaga
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Tokai 319-1106, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Karl T Butterworth
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Ritsuko Watanabe
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Tokai 319-1106, Japan
| | - Noriko Usami
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ogawa
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Tokai 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
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24
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Shimura T. Roles of Fibroblasts in Microenvironment Formation Associated with Radiation-Induced Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:239-251. [PMID: 34664243 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In tumor tissues, activated stromal fibroblasts, termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), exhibit similar characteristics to myofibroblasts. CAFs promote cancer cell differentiation and invasion by releasing various factors, such as growth factors, chemokines, and matrix-degrading proteases, into neighboring tumor cells. However, the roles of tumor microenvironment in case of radiation-induced carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. We recently revealed that mitochondrial oxidative stress causes tumor microenvironment formation associated with radiation-induced cancer. Repeated low-dose fractionated radiation progressively damages fibroblast mitochondria and elevates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Excessive mitochondrial ROS activate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling, thereby inducing fibroblasts activation and facilitating tumor microenvironment formation. Consequently, radiation affects malignant cancer cells directly and indirectly via molecular alterations in stromal fibroblasts, such as the activation of TGF-β and angiogenic signaling. This review summarizes for the first time the roles of mitochondrial oxidative stress in microenvironment formation associated with radiation-induced cancer. This review may help us understand the risks of exposure to low-dose radiation. The cross talk between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts contributes to the development and progression of radiation-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan.
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25
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Hosoki A, Ogawa M, Nishimura Y, Nishimura M, Daino K, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y, Imaoka T. The effect of radiation on the ability of rat mammary cells to form mammospheres. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:711-721. [PMID: 32996008 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As classical transplantation repopulation assays for studying the radiobiology of rat mammary stem/progenitor cells are extremely time-consuming, this study aimed to characterize the radiobiological properties of mammospheres, spherical clumps of mammary cells formed under non-adherent culture conditions, which are a simple and widely used technique for assessing progenitor cell activity. Rat mammary cells were dissociated and used in transplantation repopulation assays and for the formation of mammospheres. Immunofluorescence for cytokeratin 14 and 18 was used to identify basal and luminal mammary epithelial cells, respectively. Incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was used to evaluate cell proliferation. The repopulating activity of the transplanted primary rat mammary cells demonstrated their radiosensitivity, reproducing previous data, with a significant reduction in repopulating activity at ≥ 2 Gy. Cells constituting rat mammospheres were positive for either cytokeratin 14 or 18, with occasional double-positive cells. Both proliferation and aggregation contributed to sphere formation. Cells obtained from the spheres showed lower repopulating activity after transplantation than primary cells. When primary cells were irradiated and then used for sphere formation, the efficiency of sphere formation was significantly decreased at 8 Gy but not at ≤ 6 Gy, indicating radioresistance of the formation process. Irradiation at 8 Gy reduced the proliferation of cells during sphere formation, whereas the cellular composition of the resulting spheres was unaffectes. Thus, mammosphere formation assays may measure a property of putative mammary progenitors that is different from what is measured in the classic transplantation repopulation assay in radiobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Hosoki
- Fukushima Project Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Chiba, Japan
- Healios KK Kobe Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Executive Board, QST, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, NIRS, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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26
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Kudo KI, Takabatake M, Nagata K, Nishimura Y, Daino K, Iizuka D, Nishimura M, Suzuki K, Kakinuma S, Imaoka T. Flow Cytometry Definition of Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Populations and Their Distinct Radiation Responses. Radiat Res 2020; 194:22-37. [PMID: 32352870 DOI: 10.1667/rr15566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Breast tissue is very susceptible to radiation-induced carcinogenesis, and mammary stem/progenitor cells are potentially important targets of this. The mammary epithelium is maintained as two mostly independent lineages of luminal and basal cells. To elucidate their immediate radiation responses, we analyzed the mammary glands of female Sprague-Dawley rats, a radiation carcinogenesis model, using colony formation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The results revealed that flow cytometry successfully fractionates rat mammary cells into CD49fhi CD24lo basal, CD49fmed CD24hi luminal progenitor, and CD49flo CD24hi mature luminal populations, resembling human breast, rather than mouse tissues. The colony-forming ability of the basal cells was more radiosensitive than the luminal progenitor cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed more efficient cell cycle arrest, γ-H2AX responses, and apoptosis in the irradiated luminal progenitor cells, than in the basal cells. These results provide important insights into the early phase of radiation-induced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kudo
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Takabatake
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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27
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Liu Y, Yang M, Luo J, Zhou H. Radiotherapy targeting cancer stem cells "awakens" them to induce tumour relapse and metastasis in oral cancer. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:19. [PMID: 32576817 PMCID: PMC7311531 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common treatments for oral cancer. However, in the clinic, recurrence and metastasis of oral cancer occur after radiotherapy, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), considered the “seeds” of cancer, have been confirmed to be in a quiescent state in most established tumours, with their innate radioresistance helping them survive more easily when exposed to radiation than differentiated cancer cells. There is increasing evidence that CSCs play an important role in recurrence and metastasis post-radiotherapy in many cancers. However, little is known about how oral CSCs cause tumour recurrence and metastasis post-radiotherapy. In this review article, we will first summarise methods for the identification of oral CSCs and then focus on the characteristics of a CSC subpopulation induced by radiation, hereafter referred to as “awakened” CSCs, to highlight their response to radiotherapy and potential role in tumour recurrence and metastasis post-radiotherapy as well as potential therapeutics targeting CSCs. In addition, we explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting these “awakened” CSCs to solve the serious clinical challenges of recurrence and metastasis in oral cancer after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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28
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The Tissue-Sparing Effect of Spatially Fractionated X-rays for Maintaining Spermatogenesis: A Radiobiological Approach for the Preservation of Male Fertility after Radiotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041089. [PMID: 32290436 PMCID: PMC7231089 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy can result in temporary or permanent gonadal toxicity in male cancer patients despite the high precision and accuracy of modern radiation treatment techniques. Previous radiobiological studies have shown an effective tissue-sparing response in various tissue types and species following exposure to spatially fractionated radiation. In the present study, we used an ex vivo mouse testicular tissue culture model and a conventional X-ray irradiation device to evaluate the tissue-sparing effect (TSE) of spatially fractionated X-rays for the protection of male fertility from radiotherapy-related adverse effects. We revealed a significant TSE for maintaining spermatogenesis in the ex vivo testes model following spatially fractionated X-ray irradiation. Moreover, we experimentally propose a possible mechanism by which the migration of spermatogonial cells, from the non-irradiated areas to the irradiated ones, in irradiated testicular tissue, is essential for the TSE and maintaining spermatogenesis. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that the control of TSE following spatially fractionated X-rays in the testes has a considerable potential for clinical application. Interdisciplinary research will be essential for further expanding the applicability of this method as an approach for the preservation of male fertility during or after radiotherapy.
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29
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Sakashita T, Sato T, Hamada N. A biologically based mathematical model for spontaneous and ionizing radiation cataractogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221579. [PMID: 31442279 PMCID: PMC6707595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataracts have long been known, but a biomathematical model is still unavailable for cataratogenesis. There has been a renewed interest in ionizing radiation cataracts because the recent international recommendation of the reduced lens dose limit stimulated the discussion toward its regulatory implementation in various countries. Nevertheless, a relationship between radiation (dose and dose rate) and response (e.g., incidence, onset and progression) remains incompletely understood, raising the need for a risk-predictive mathematical model. We here report for the first time an in silico model for cataractogenesis. First, a simplified cell proliferation model was developed for human lens growth based on stem and progenitor cell proliferation as well as epithelial-fiber cell differentiation. Then, a model for spontaneous cataractogenesis was developed to reproduce the human data on a relationship between age and cataract incidence. Finally, a model for radiation cataractogenesis was developed that can reproduce the human data on a relationship between dose and cataract onset at various ages, which was further applied to estimate cataract incidence following chronic lifetime exposure. The model can serve as the foundation for further development of the risk-predictive model for cataractogenesis along with additional considerations of various biological mechanisms and epidemiological datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sakashita
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Rusin A, Hamada N. Exploring the legacy and impact of historical IJRB articles and contributions to ICRP publications and Radiation Research articles through graphical reference mapping. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:802-815. [PMID: 30806134 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1587195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The International Journal of Radiation Biology (IJRB) celebrates its 60th birthday this year. Ahead of this very special issue, we wanted to produce strong representations of the journal's publication history in order to celebrate the current status of the journal and to look forward to its future. This was accomplished using 'reference maps'. Reference data were used from 1959 onward from the highest-cited paper in IJRB, for each respective year, to create a figure displaying when those articles were cited in IJRB since their publication. This was done to show the relative impact of historical IJRB papers to future research. Common themes of research were also examined by decade. Additionally, to show the historical impact of the journal outside of its immediate area of research and its practical applications, information on IJRB articles cited by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was collected. It was in 1959 when IJRB published the first issue, and when ICRP also issued Publication 1. Among all Publications (1-139), 43 publications have thus far cited 320 IJRB papers and each of which have been cited 1-7 times. Most notably, Publications 90, 99, 118, and 131 cited more than 40 IJRB papers. Further research was done into references for IJRB's contemporary journal: Radiation Research. The most highly cited IJRB articles for each year together since its inception were cited 16,760 times since they were published and cited 1385 times in Radiation Research. Together, these three datasets and their representations show the diversity of historical IJRB publications, the impact of historical IJRB articles in both future research in the journal and outside of it, and articles which new prospective authors contributing to IJRB might find useful in their own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- a Department of Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- b Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory , Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) , Tokyo , Japan
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31
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Yatagai F, Honma M, Dohmae N, Ishioka N. Biological effects of space environmental factors: A possible interaction between space radiation and microgravity. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 20:113-123. [PMID: 30797428 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the mid-1980s, space experiments began to examine if microgravity could alter the biological effects of space radiation. In the late 1990s, repair of DNA strand breaks was reported to not be influenced by microgravity using the pre-irradiated cells, because the exposure doses of space radiation were few due to the short spaceflight. There were, however, conflicting reports depending on the biological endpoints used in various systems. While almost no attempts were made to assess the possibility that the microgravity effects could be altered by space radiation. This was probably due to the general understanding that microgravity plays a major role in space and works independently from space radiation. Recent ground-based simulation studies focusing on DNA oxidative damage and signal transduction suggested that combined effects of microgravity and space radiation might exist. These studies also implicated the importance of research focusing not only on chromosomal DNA but also on cytoplasm, especially mitochondria. Therefore, we propose a new model which accounts for the combined-effects through the window of cellular responses. In this model, the interactions between microgravity and space radiation might occur during the following cellular-responses; (A) damaging and signaling by ROS, (B) damage responses on DNA (repair, replication, transcription, etc.), and (C) expression of gene and protein (regulation by chromatin, epigenetic control, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yatagai
- Institute of Astronautical Research, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Kanagawa 252-0022, Japan; Center for Sustainable Resource Science, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Institute of Astronautical Research, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Kanagawa 252-0022, Japan; Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ishioka
- Institute of Astronautical Research, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Kanagawa 252-0022, Japan; Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Kanagawa 252-0022, Japan
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32
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Sadremomtaz A, Masoumi M. An assessment of bone-seeking radionuclides for palliation of metastatic bone pain in a vertebral model. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:252-264. [PMID: 30659480 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals have the main role in the treatment of painful bone metastases. The aim of this study was to dosimetrically compare radiopharmaceuticals in use for bone pain palliation therapy and bone scan. METHODS The MCNPX code was used to simulate the radiation transport in a vertebral phantom. Absorbed fractions were calculated for monoenergetic electrons, photons and alpha particles. S values were obtained for radionuclides 32P, 33P, 89Sr, 90Y, 99mTc, 117mSn, 153Sm, 166Ho, 169Er, 177Lu, 186Re, 188Re, 223Ra, 224Ra and their progenies for target regions including the active marrow and the bone endosteum. RESULTS The results demonstrated the dependence of dosimetric parameters on the source or target size, particle energy and location of the source. The electron emitters including 33P, 117mSn, 169Er and 177Lu and 223Ra as an α-emitter gave the lower absorbed dose to the active marrow. These radionuclides gave the highest values of the Relative Advantage Factor (RAF). CONCLUSIONS According to the results, 33P, 117mSn, 169Er, 177Lu and 223Ra have fewer side effects on the active marrow than other investigated radionuclides. Therefore, these radionuclides may be a better choice for use in palliative radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahboubeh Masoumi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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33
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Madas BG, Drozsdik EJ. Effects of mucus thickness and goblet cell hyperplasia on microdosimetric quantities characterizing the bronchial epithelium upon radon exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:967-974. [PMID: 30265181 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1511931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The most exposed tissue upon radon exposure is the bronchial epithelium where goblet cells serve as responsive and adaptable front-line defenders. They can rapidly produce a vast amount of mucus, and can change in number, in response to airway insults. The objective of the present study is to quantify the effects of mucus discharge and goblet cell hyperplasia on the microscopic dose consequences of macroscopic radon exposures. METHODS For this purpose, computational models of the bronchial epithelium and alpha-particle transport have been prepared and applied to quantify the hits received and doses absorbed by cell nuclei in case of different mucus thicknesses and goblet cell number. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Both mucus discharge and induction of goblet cell hyperplasia reduce radiation burden at the cellular level, and as such they both can be considered as radioadaptive responses to radon exposure. As compared to basal cell hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia is more effective in reducing the microscopic dose consequences of a given macroscopic exposure. Such changes in exposure geometry highlight the need for improvements in the application of biokinetic and dosimetry models for incorporated radionuclides as well as the dose and dose rate effectiveness factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emese J Drozsdik
- a MTA Centre for Energy Research , Budapest , Hungary.,b Doctoral School of Physics , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
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34
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Otsuka K, Suzuki K, Fujimichi Y, Tomita M, Iwasaki T. Cellular responses and gene expression profiles of colonic Lgr5+ stem cells after low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation exposure. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:ii18-ii22. [PMID: 29281035 PMCID: PMC5941159 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that high-dose-rate radiation induced a replenishment of the colonic Lgr5+ stem cell pool, whereas low-dose-rate radiation did not. To identify key molecules that determine the dose-rate effects on this stem cell pool, we harvested colonic Lgr5+ stem cells by cell sorting at 2 weeks after exposure to 1 Gy of high-dose-rate (30 Gy/h) or low-dose-rate (0.003 Gy/h) radiation and analyzed their gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq. We found that pathways related to DNA damage response, cell growth, cell differentiation and cell death were upregulated in Lgr5+ stem cells irradiated with high dose rates, whereas pathways related to apical junctions and extracellular signaling were upregulated in low-dose-rate-irradiated colonic Lgr5+ stem cells. Interestingly, biological events involving apical junctions are known to play an important role in the exclusion of transformed cells that are surrounded by normal epithelial cells through 'cell competition'. We speculated that cell competition, through apical junctions and extracellular ligands, might contribute to the dose-rate effect on Lgr5+ cell replenishment. To understand this mechanism, we focused on 69 genes that were significantly upregulated in low-dose-rate-irradiated cells, which we named DREDGE (Dose-Rate Effect Determining GEnes). Based on these findings, we propose a possible mechanism underlying the dose-rate effect observed in the colonic stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Otsuka
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimichi
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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γH2AX, 53BP1 and Rad51 protein foci changes in mesenchymal stem cells during prolonged X-ray irradiation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64317-64329. [PMID: 28969073 PMCID: PMC5610005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
At high exposure levels ionizing radiation is a carcinogen. Little is known about how human stem cells, which are known to contribute to tumorigenesis, respond to prolonged radiation exposures. We studied formation of DNA double strand breaks, accessed as γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exposed to either acute (5400 mGy/h) or prolonged (270 mGy/h) X-irradiation. We show a linear γH2AX and 53BP1 dose response for acute exposures. In contrast, prolonged exposure resulted in a dose-response curve that had an initial linear portion followed by a plateau. Analysis of Rad51 foci, as a marker of homologous recombination, in cells exposed to prolonged irradiation revealed a threshold in a dose response. Using Ki67 as a marker of proliferating cells, we show no difference in the γH2AX distribution in proliferating vs. quiescent cells. However, Rad51 foci were found almost exclusively in proliferating cells. Concurrent increases in the fraction of S/G2 cells were detected in cells exposed to prolonged irradiation by scoring CENPF-positive cells. Our data suggest that prolonged exposure of MSCs to ionizing radiation leads to cell cycle redistribution and associated activation of homologous recombination. Also, proliferation status may significantly affect the biological outcome, since homologous repair is not activated in resting MSCs.
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Little MP, Hendry JH. Mathematical models of tissue stem and transit target cell divisions and the risk of radiation- or smoking-associated cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005391. [PMID: 28196079 PMCID: PMC5347390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling biological data to suggest that cancer arises from a series of mutations in single target cells, resulting in defects in cell renewal and differentiation processes which lead to malignancy. Because much mutagenic damage is expressed following cell division, more-rapidly renewing tissues could be at higher risk because of the larger number of cell replications. Cairns suggested that renewing tissues may reduce cancer risk by partitioning the dividing cell populations into lineages comprising infrequently-dividing long-lived stem cells and frequently-dividing short-lived daughter transit cells. We develop generalizations of three recent cancer-induction models that account for the joint maintenance and renewal of stem and transit cells, also competing processes of partially transformed cell proliferation and differentiation/apoptosis. We are particularly interested in using these models to separately assess the probabilities of mutation and development of cancer associated with "spontaneous" processes and with those linked to a specific environmental mutagen, specifically ionizing radiation or cigarette smoking. All three models demonstrate substantial variation in cancer risks, by at least 20 orders of magnitude, depending on the assumed number of critical mutations required for cancer, and the stem-cell and transition-cell mutation rates. However, in most cases the conditional probabilities of cancer being mutagen-induced range between 7-96%. The relative risks associated with mutagen exposure compared to background rates are also stable, ranging from 1.0-16.0. Very few cancers, generally <0.5%, arise from mutations occurring solely in stem cells rather than in a combination of stem and transit cells. However, for cancers with 2 or 3 critical mutations, a substantial proportion of cancers, in some cases 100%, have at least one mutation derived from a mutated stem cell. Little difference is made to relative risks if competing processes of proliferation and differentiation in the partially transformed stem and transit cell population are allowed for, nor is any difference made if one assumes that transit cells require an extra mutation to confer malignancy from the number required by stem cells. The probability of a cancer being mutagen-induced correlates across cancer sites with the estimated cumulative number of stem cell divisions in the associated tissue (p<0.05), although in some cases there is sensitivity of findings to removal of high-leverage outliers and in some cases only modest variation in probability, but these issues do not affect the validity of the findings. There are no significant correlations (p>0.3) between lifetime cancer-site specific radiation risk and the probability of that cancer being mutagen-induced. These results do not depend on the assumed critical number of mutations leading to cancer, or on the assumed mutagen-associated mutation rate, within the generally-accepted ranges tested. However, there are borderline significant negative correlations (p = 0.08) between the smoking-associated mortality rate difference (current vs former smokers) and the probability of cancer being mutagen-induced. This is only the case where values of the critical number of mutations leading to cancer, k, is 3 or 4 and not for smaller values (1 or 2), but does not strongly depend on the assumed mutagen-associated mutation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and
Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD, United States of
America
| | - Jolyon H. Hendry
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, Christie Hospital and
University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United
Kingdom
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Geyer AM, Schwarz BC, O'Reilly SE, Hobbs RF, Sgouros G, Bolch WE. Depth-dependent concentrations of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult skeleton: Implications for active marrow dosimetry. Med Phys 2017; 44:747-761. [PMID: 28133749 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The hematopoietically active (or red) bone marrow is the target tissue assigned in skeletal dosimetry models for assessment of stochastic effects (leukemia induction) as well as tissue reactions (marrow toxicity). Active marrow, however, is in reality a surrogate tissue region for specific cell populations, namely the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Present models of active marrow dosimetry implicitly assume that these cells are uniformly localized throughout the marrow spaces of trabecular spongiosa. Data from Watchman et al. and Bourke et al., however, clearly indicate that there is a substantial spatial concentration gradient of these cells with the highest concentrations localized near the bone trabeculae surfaces. The purpose of the present study was thus to explore the dosimetric implications of these spatial gradients on active marrow dosimetry. METHODS Images of several bone sites from a 45-yr female were retagged to group active marrow voxels into 50 μm increments of marrow depth, after which electron and alpha-particle depth-dependent specific absorbed fractions were computed for four source tissues - active marrow, inactive marrow, bone trabeculae volumes, and bone trabeculae surfaces. Corresponding depth-dependent S values (dose to a target tissue per decay in a source tissue) were computed and further weighted by the relative target cell concentration. These depth-weighted radionuclide S values were systematically compared to the more traditional volume-averaged radionuclide S values of the MIRD schema for both individual bones of the skeleton and their skeletal-averaged quantities. RESULTS For both beta-emitters and alpha-emitters localized in the active and inactive marrow, depth-weighted S values were shown to differ from volume-averaged S values by only a few percent, as dose gradients across the marrow tissues are nonexistent. For bone volume and bone surface sources of alpha-emitters and lower energy beta-emitters, when marrow dose gradients are expected, explicit consideration of target cell spatial concentration gradients are shown to significantly impact marrow dosimetry. CONCLUSIONS For medical isotopes currently utilized for treatment of skeletal metastases, namely 153 Sm and 223 Ra, accounting for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell concentration gradients resulted in maximum percent differences to reference skeletal-averaged S values of ~21% and 55%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Geyer
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA
| | - Bryan C Schwarz
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA
| | - Shannon E O'Reilly
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA
| | - Robert F Hobbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - George Sgouros
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Wesley E Bolch
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA
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O’Reilly SE, DeWeese LS, Maynard MR, Rajon DA, Wayson MB, Marshall EL, Bolch WE. An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for the ICRP reference adult female-internal electron sources. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:8794-8824. [PMID: 27897136 PMCID: PMC6385869 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/61/24/8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for internal electron sources was created for the ICRP-defined reference adult female. Many previous skeletal dosimetry models, which are still employed in commonly used internal dosimetry software, do not properly account for electron escape from trabecular spongiosa, electron cross-fire from cortical bone, and the impact of marrow cellularity on active marrow self-irradiation. Furthermore, these existing models do not employ the current ICRP definition of a 50 µm bone endosteum (or shallow marrow). Each of these limitations was addressed in the present study. Electron transport was completed to determine specific absorbed fractions to both active and shallow marrow of the skeletal regions of the University of Florida reference adult female. The skeletal macrostructure and microstructure were modeled separately. The bone macrostructure was based on the whole-body hybrid computational phantom of the UF series of reference models, while the bone microstructure was derived from microCT images of skeletal region samples taken from a 45 years-old female cadaver. The active and shallow marrow are typically adopted as surrogate tissue regions for the hematopoietic stem cells and osteoprogenitor cells, respectively. Source tissues included active marrow, inactive marrow, trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone surfaces, cortical bone volume, and cortical bone surfaces. Marrow cellularity was varied from 10 to 100 percent for active marrow self-irradiation. All other sources were run at the defined ICRP Publication 70 cellularity for each bone site. A total of 33 discrete electron energies, ranging from 1 keV to 10 MeV, were either simulated or analytically modeled. The method of combining skeletal macrostructure and microstructure absorbed fractions assessed using MCNPX electron transport was found to yield results similar to those determined with the PIRT model applied to the UF adult male skeletal dosimetry model. Calculated skeletal averaged absorbed fractions for each source-target combination were found to follow similar trends of more recent dosimetry models (image-based models) but did not follow results from skeletal models based upon assumptions of an infinite expanse of trabecular spongiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. O’Reilly
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Maynard
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Didier A. Rajon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | | | - Emily L. Marshall
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Wesley E. Bolch
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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Hamada N, Hei TK, Bouffler S, Woloschak GE. William F. Morgan (1952–2015). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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40
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Madas BG. Radon induced hyperplasia: effective adaptation reducing the local doses in the bronchial epithelium. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:653-666. [PMID: 27517484 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/3/653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is experimental and histological evidence that chronic irritation and cell death may cause hyperplasia in the exposed tissue. As the heterogeneous deposition of inhaled radon progeny results in high local doses at the peak of the bronchial bifurcations, it was proposed earlier that hyperplasia occurs in these deposition hot spots upon chronic radon exposure. The objective of the present study is to quantify how the induction of basal cell hyperplasia modulates the microdosimetric consequences of a given radon exposure. For this purpose, computational epithelium models were constructed with spherical cell nuclei of six different cell types based on histological data. Basal cell hyperplasia was modelled by epithelium models with additional basal cells and increased epithelium thickness. Microdosimetry for alpha-particles was performed by an own-developed Monte-Carlo code. Results show that the average tissue dose, and the average hit number and dose of basal cells decrease by the increase of the measure of hyperplasia. Hit and dose distribution reveal that the induction of hyperplasia may result in a basal cell pool which is shielded from alpha-radiation. It highlights that the exposure history affects the microdosimetric consequences of a present exposure, while the biological and health effects may also depend on previous exposures. The induction of hyperplasia can be considered as a radioadaptive response at the tissue level. Such an adaptation of the tissue challenges the validity of the application of the dose and dose rate effectiveness factor from a mechanistic point of view. As the location of radiosensitive target cells may change due to previous exposures, dosimetry models considering the tissue geometry characteristic of normal conditions may be inappropriate for dose estimation in case of protracted exposures. As internal exposures are frequently chronic, such changes in tissue geometry may be highly relevant for other incorporated radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs G Madas
- Radiation Biophysics Group, Environmental Physics Department, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., Hungary
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Rühm W, Woloschak GE, Shore RE, Azizova TV, Grosche B, Niwa O, Akiba S, Ono T, Suzuki K, Iwasaki T, Ban N, Kai M, Clement CH, Bouffler S, Toma H, Hamada N. Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2015; 54:379-401. [PMID: 26343037 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). The present paper summarizes what was presented and discussed by experts from ICRP and Japan at a dedicated workshop on this topic held in May 2015 in Kyoto, Japan. This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g., BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy E Shore
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Tamara V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russian Federation, 456780
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ohtsura Niwa
- Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Suminori Akiba
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ono
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Rokkasho, Aomori-ken, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ban
- Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8558, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita, 840-1201, Japan
| | - Christopher H Clement
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Hideki Toma
- JAPAN NUS Co., Ltd. (JANUS), 7-5-25 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada.
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