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Kishawy ATY, Abd El-Wahab RA, Eldemery F, Abdel Rahman MMI, Altuwaijri S, Ezz-Eldin RMM, Abd-Allah EM, Zayed S, Mulla ZS, El Sharkawy RB, Badr S, Youssef W, Ibrahim D. Insights of early feeding regime supplemented with glutamine and various levels of omega-3 in broiler chickens: growth performance, muscle building, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barriers health and defense against mixed Eimeria spp infection. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-20. [PMID: 38961536 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2373287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Early nutritional management approach greatly impacts broilers' performance and resistance against coccidiosis. The current study explored the impact of post-hatch feeding with a combination of glutamine (Glut) and different levels of omega-3 on broiler chickens' growth performance, muscle building, intestinal barrier, antioxidant ability and protection against avian coccidiosis. A total of six hundred Cobb 500 was divided into six groups: first group (fed basal diet and unchallenged (control) and challenged (negative control, NC) groups were fed a basal diet without additives, and the other groups were infected with Eimeria spp and supplemented with 1.5% Glut alone or with three different levels of omega-3 (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) during the starter period. Notable improvement in body weight gain was observed in the group which fed basal diet supplemented with glut and 1% omega 3 even after coccidia infection (increased by 25% compared challenged group) while feed conversion ratio was restored to control. Myogeneis was enhanced in the group supplemented with Glut and omega-3 (upregulation of myogenin, MyoD, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase and insulin like growth factor-1 and downregulating of myostatin genes). Groups supplemented with Glut and higher levels of omega-3 highly expressed occluding, mucin-2, junctional Adhesion Molecule 2, b-defensin-1 and cathelicidins-2 genes. Group fed 1% Glut + omega-3 showed an increased total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase enzymes activities with reduced levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and H2O2. Post-infection, dietary Glut and 1% omega-3 increased intestinal interleukin-10 (IL) and secretory immunoglobulin-A and serum lysozyme, while decreased the elevated inflammatory mediators comprising interleukin IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase. Fecal oocyst excretion and lesions score severity were lowered in the group fed 1% Glut and omega 3. Based on these findings, dietary Glut and omega-3 supplementation augmented restored overall broilers' performance after coccidial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa T Y Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham A Abd El-Wahab
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Saleh Altuwaijri
- Department of Pathology and laboratory diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha M M Ezz-Eldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ehab M Abd-Allah
- Veterinary Educational Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Zayed
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Zohair S Mulla
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudia Arabia
| | - Rasha B El Sharkawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Zagazig Branch, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shereen Badr
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Wessam Youssef
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Trejo-Solis C, Silva-Adaya D, Serrano-García N, Magaña-Maldonado R, Jimenez-Farfan D, Ferreira-Guerrero E, Cruz-Salgado A, Castillo-Rodriguez RA. Role of Glycolytic and Glutamine Metabolism Reprogramming on the Proliferation, Invasion, and Apoptosis Resistance through Modulation of Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17633. [PMID: 38139462 PMCID: PMC10744281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells exhibit genetic and metabolic alterations that affect the deregulation of several cellular signal transduction pathways, including those related to glucose metabolism. Moreover, oncogenic signaling pathways induce the expression of metabolic genes, increasing the metabolic enzyme activities and thus the critical biosynthetic pathways to generate nucleotides, amino acids, and fatty acids, which provide energy and metabolic intermediates that are essential to accomplish the biosynthetic needs of glioma cells. In this review, we aim to explore how dysregulated metabolic enzymes and their metabolites from primary metabolism pathways in glioblastoma (GBM) such as glycolysis and glutaminolysis modulate anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways as well as pro-oncogenic signaling and contribute to the formation, survival, growth, and malignancy of glioma cells. Also, we discuss promising therapeutic strategies by targeting the key players in metabolic regulation. Therefore, the knowledge of metabolic reprogramming is necessary to fully understand the biology of malignant gliomas to improve patient survival significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solis
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Roxana Magaña-Maldonado
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira-Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.F.-G.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.F.-G.); (A.C.-S.)
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Lopes ALF, Araújo AKDS, Chaves LDS, Pacheco G, Oliveira APD, Silva KCD, Oliveira ACPD, Aquino CCD, Gois MB, Nicolau LAD, Medeiros JVR. Protective effect of alpha-ketoglutarate against water-immersion restraint stress-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176118. [PMID: 37871764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric lesions have several aetiologies, among which stress is the most prominent. Therefore, identification of new therapies to prevent stress is of considerable importance. Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-kg) several beneficial effects and has shown promise in combating oxidative stress, inflammation, and premature aging. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of α-kg in a gastric damage model by water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS). Pretreatment with α-kg decreased stress-related histopathological scores of tissue oedema, cell loss, and inflammatory infiltration. The α-kg restored the percentage of type III collagen fibres. Mucin levels were preserved as well as the structure and area of the myenteric plexus ganglia were preserved after pretreatment with α-kg. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) were also reduced following α-kg pretreatment. Decreased levels of glutathione (GSH) in the stress group were restored by α-kg. The omeprazole group was used as standard drug e also demonstrated improve on some parameters after the exposition to WIRS as inflammatory indexes, GSH and mucin. Through this, was possible to observe that α-kg can protect the gastric mucosa exposed to WIRS, preserve tissue architecture, reduce direct damage to the mucosa and inflammatory factors, stimulate the production of type III collagen and mucin, preserve the myenteric plexus ganglia, and maintain antioxidant potential. Due to, we indicate that α-kg has protective activity of the gastric mucosa, demonstrating its ability to prevent damage associated with gastric lesions caused by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fernandes Lopes
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Ketly da Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Letícia de Sousa Chaves
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Gabriella Pacheco
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Ana Patrícia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Katriane Carvalho da Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Pereira de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Health, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Antonio Duarte Nicolau
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Jand Venes Rolim Medeiros
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
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Effect of Glutamine on the Growth Performance, Oxidative Stress, and Nrf2/p38 MAPK Expression in the Livers of Heat-Stressed Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040652. [PMID: 36830439 PMCID: PMC9951748 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of glutamine (Gln) on the growth performance, oxidative stress, Nrf2, and p38 MAPK pathway in the livers of heat-stressed broilers. In total, 300 broilers were divided into five groups, including a normal temperature (NT, without dietary Gln) group and four cyclic high temperature groups (HT, GHT1, GHT2, and GHT3) fed with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% Gln, respectively. High temperature conditions increased (p < 0.05) liver malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration, but decreased (p < 0.05), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) levels in broilers. Nrf2 and p38 MAPK protein and mRNA expression levels were lower (p < 0.05) in the NT group than that in the HT group. However, dietary 1.5% Gln decreased (p < 0.05) liver MDA concentration, but increased (p < 0.05) BWG, FI, liver SOD, T-AOC, GSH-Px, GST, and GSH levels in heat-stressed broilers. Nrf2 and p38 MAPK protein and mRNA expression levels were higher (p < 0.05) in the GHT3 group than that in the HT group. In summary, Gln improved oxidative damage through the activation of Nrf2 and p38 MAPK expression in the livers of heat-stressed broilers.
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Wang S, Wang F, Kong F, Cao Z, Wang W, Yang H, Wang Y, Bi Y, Li S. Effect of Supplementing Different Levels of L-Glutamine on Holstein Calves during Weaning. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030542. [PMID: 35326192 PMCID: PMC8944981 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning stress affects the health and performance of calves. L-glutamine (L-Gln) is commonly used as a functional antioxidant and energy supplement in the body. However, dietary L-Gln supplementation improving weaning stress of calves is unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of L-Gln (provided by rumen-protected L-Gln) on calves during weaning. Seventy-five Holstein calves (54.0 ± 2.68 kg; 42 ± 2.1 d of age) were assigned to five groups: no supplementation and L-Gln with 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% dry matter daily intake (DMI) supplementation groups, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days (42–70 d of age of calves), and the calves were weaned at 15 d of experiment. DMI and body weekly weight of all calves were recorded. Blood samples of nine healthy calves with similar body weight were collected from each group at 0, 7, 14, 16, 18, 21, and 28 d of experiment for detecting serum L-Gln, glucose, insulin, urea nitrogen, D-lactate, cortisol, haptoglobin, interleukin-8, immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, IgM, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde. At the end of the experiment, six healthy calves with similar body weight from each group were selected for slaughter and morphological analysis of small intestine tissue. The results showed that the L-Gln supplementation in the diets improved the negative effects of sudden weaning in calves. Furthermore, compared to the higher-level L-Gln supple-mentation (3 and 4% of DMI) groups, the dietary lower-level L-Gln supplementation (1 and 2% of DMI) had higher average daily gain, glutathione peroxidase and IgG concentration, and villus height/crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum, as well as lower cortisol, haptoglobin, and interleukin-8 concentration of weaned calves. These results provided effective reference for relieving the negative effects of calves during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Fuwei Wang
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Fanlin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanliang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.W.); (F.K.); (Z.C.); (W.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (S.L.)
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Koike TE, Dell Aquila RA, Silva KS, Aoki MS, Miyabara EH. Glutamine supplementation improves contractile function of regenerating soleus muscles from rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:87-97. [PMID: 35201551 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of glutamine supplementation immediately after freezing injury on morphological and contractile function of regenerating soleus muscles from rats. Young male Wistar rats were subjected to cryolesion of soleus muscles, and immediately after received a daily supplementation of glutamine (1 g/kg/day). The muscles were evaluated on post-injury days 3 and 10. Glutamine-supplemented injured muscles had a lower number of CD11b positive immune cells and higher mRNA levels of IL-4 compared to those from the cryolesioned muscles analyzed on post-injury day 3. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the myogenic transcription factor MyoD were also higher in glutamine-supplemented injured muscles than in injured muscles examined on post-cryolesion day 3. In addition, glutamine-supplemented injured muscles had a higher size of their regenerating myofibers, attenuated decline in maximum tetanic strength and improved fatigue resistance compared to those from injured muscles evaluated on post-cryolesion day 10. No effect was observed in uninjured muscles supplemented with glutamine. Our results suggest that glutamine supplementation improves the resolution of inflammation, as well as the size and functional recovery of regenerating myofibers from soleus muscles by accelerating the up-regulation of IL-4 and MyoD expression. Future non-pharmacological rehabilitation studies are warranted to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on the outcome of injured skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana E Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Dell Aquila
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Kellana S Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Abdel-Moneim AME, Shehata AM, Khidr RE, Paswan VK, Ibrahim NS, El-Ghoul AA, Aldhumri SA, Gabr SA, Mesalam NM, Elbaz AM, Elsayed MA, Wakwak MM, Ebeid TA. Nutritional manipulation to combat heat stress in poultry - A comprehensive review. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102915. [PMID: 34016342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Global warming and climate change adversely affect livestock and poultry production sectors under tropical and subtropical conditions. Heat stress is amongst the most significant stressors influencing poultry productivity in hot climate regions, causing substantial economic losses in poultry industry. These economic losses are speculated to increase in the coming years with the rise of global temperature. Moreover, modern poultry strains are more susceptible to high ambient temperature. Heat stress has negative effects on physiological response, growth performance and laying performance, which appeared in the form of reducing feed consumption, body weight gain, egg production, feed efficiency, meat quality, egg quality and immune response. Numerous practical procedures were used to ameliorate the negative impacts of increased temperature; among them the dietary manipulation, which gains a great concern in different regions around the world. These nutritional manipulations are feed additives (natural antioxidants, minerals, electrolytes, phytobiotics, probiotics, fat, and protein), feed restriction, feed form, drinking cold water and others. However, in the large scale of poultry industry, only a few of these strategies are commonly used. The current review article deliberates the different practical applications of useful nutritional manipulations to mitigate the heat load in poultry. The documented information will be useful to poultry producers to improve the general health status and productivity of heat-stressed birds via enhancing stress tolerance, oxidative status and immune response, and thereby provide recommendations to minimize production losses due to heat stress in particular under the growing global warming crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt.
| | - Abdelrazeq M Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; Department of Dairy Science & Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | | - Vinod K Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science & Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nashaat S Ibrahim
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt
| | - Abdelkawy A El-Ghoul
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Sami Ali Aldhumri
- Department of Biology, Khurmah University College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A Gabr
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt; Department of Biology, Khurmah University College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura M Mesalam
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A Elsayed
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt
| | - Magda M Wakwak
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt
| | - Tarek A Ebeid
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Bai X, Dai S, Li J, Xiao S, Wen A, Hu H. Glutamine Improves the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Profile and Antioxidant Status in Broilers Under Medium-Term Chronic Heat Stress. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Gould RL, Pazdro R. Impact of Supplementary Amino Acids, Micronutrients, and Overall Diet on Glutathione Homeostasis. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1056. [PMID: 31083508 PMCID: PMC6566166 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a critical endogenous antioxidant found in all eukaryotic cells. Higher GSH concentrations protect against cellular damage, tissue degeneration, and disease progression in various models, so there is considerable interest in developing interventions that augment GSH biosynthesis. Oral GSH supplementation is not the most efficient option due to the enzymatic degradation of ingested GSH within the intestine by γ-glutamyltransferase, but supplementation of its component amino acids-cysteine, glycine, and glutamate-enhances tissue GSH synthesis. Furthermore, supplementation with some non-precursor amino acids and micronutrients appears to influence the redox status of GSH and related antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, lowering systemic oxidative stress and slowing the rate of tissue deterioration. In this review, the effects of oral supplementation of amino acids and micronutrients on GSH metabolism are evaluated. And since specific dietary patterns and diets are being prescribed as first-line therapeutics for conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, the impact of overall diets on GSH homeostasis is also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gould
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Robert Pazdro
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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de Souza Silva PM, de Sousa RV, Simão AA, Cesar PHS, Trento MVC, Marcussi S. Protective effect of β-D-glucan and glutamine on the genomic instability induced by Cytarabine/Ara-C in BALB/c mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:559-564. [PMID: 29852229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic antibiotics and growth promoters have been substituted, mainly for livestock, by immunomodulators and intestinal health promoters - such as β-D-glucans and glutamine. The aim of this study was to verify the beneficial effects of β-D-glucans and glutamine against Cytarabine/Ara-C, evaluating the DNA damage in leukocytes, the leukogram, and the mitotic index of intestinal crypts cells. Balb/C mice received treatment with β-D-glucan (80 mg/Kg), glutamine (150 mg/Kg), or both, for 21 days. On the last two days of this period, Ara-C was administered (1.8 mg/animal) by intraperitoneal injection every 12 h. The animals submitted to the treatment with Ara-C presented the highest genotoxic index, a significant leukopenia, and a decrease in the mitotic index of the intestinal crypts cells. Treatment with β-D-glucan protected the leukocytes against DNA fragmentation induced by Ara-C. Glutamine alone promoted maintenance of the mitotic index and, in association with β-Dglucan, reduced leukopenia. Thus, the use of β-D-glucan and glutamine proved to be beneficial to intestinal tropism. This can happen once the damage to the genetic material, prevented by the treatments with β-D-glucan and glutamine, can result in genotoxicity. Not only this, but it might be capable of turning into a mutagenesis, with consequential physiopathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Mirian de Souza Silva
- Veterinarian Medicine Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, University Campus, CP: 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Vicente de Sousa
- Veterinarian Medicine Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, University Campus, CP: 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Assaid Simão
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, University Campus, CP: 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Souza Cesar
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, University Campus, CP: 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Cardoso Trento
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, University Campus, CP: 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, University Campus, CP: 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil.
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11
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Rittler P, Schiefer B, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Roscher AA, Jacobs R, Krick M, Jauch KW, Hartl WH. Effect of Amino Acid Infusion on Human Postoperative Colon Protein Synthesisin Situ. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 29:255-61. [PMID: 15961681 DOI: 10.1177/0148607105029004255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids are an integral part of parenteral nutrition because of their anabolic action helping to conserve body protein after surgical stress. At the gastrointestinal tract, an adequate supply of amino acids may be particularly important because of the gut's high rate of protein turnover, cell division, and proliferation. However, no information is available about the effects of amino acids on human intestinal protein metabolism after surgery. METHODS Studies were performed in postabsorptive patients 8-10 days after major abdominal surgery. Mass spectrometry techniques (capillary gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry) were used to directly determine the incorporation rate of 1-[13C]-leucine into colon mucosal protein. All subjects had a colostomy, which allowed easy access to the colon mucosa, and consecutive sampling from the same tissue was performed during continuous isotope infusion (0.16 micromol/kg min). Isotopic enrichments were determined at baseline and after a 4-hour infusion of amino acids or after infusion of saline (control group). RESULTS Compared with baseline, infusion of amino acids reduced fractional colon protein synthesis significantly by -29.2 +/- 8.3%. This decrease was also significantly different from the corresponding (insignificant) change during saline infusion (+19.4 +/- 26.9%, p < .05 vs amino acid group). CONCLUSIONS After surgery, an amino acid infusion acutely reduces postoperative colon protein synthesis. This effect possibly may be attributed to interactions of specific amino acids (glutamine) with an altered intestinal immune system and enterocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rittler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) recovery rapidly occurring at 14 days after start of chemotherapy for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma is a good prognostic factor. Conversely, lymphopenia is associated with significantly decreased sarcoma survival. Clearly, the immune system can contribute towards better survival from sarcoma. This chapter will describe treatment and host factors that influence immune function and how effective local control and systemic interventions of sarcoma therapy can cause inflammation and/or immune suppression but are currently the standard of care. Preclinical and clinical efforts to enhance immune function against sarcoma will be reviewed. Interventions to enhance immune function against sarcoma have included regional therapy (surgery, cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, electroporation, and radiotherapy), cytokines, macrophage activators (mifamurtide), vaccines, natural killer (NK) cells, T cell receptor (TCR) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and efforts to decrease inflammation. The latter is particularly important because of new knowledge about factors influencing expression of checkpoint inhibitory molecules, PD1 and CTLA-4, in the tumor microenvironment. Since these molecules can now be blocked using anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, how to translate this knowledge into more effective immune therapies in the future as well as how to augment effectiveness of current interventions (e.g., radiotherapy) is a challenge. Barriers to implementing this knowledge include cost of agents that release immune checkpoint blockade and coordination of cost-effective outpatient sarcoma treatment. Information on how to research clinical trial eligibility criteria and how to access current immune therapy trials against sarcoma are shared, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Anderson
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Cleveland Clinic S20, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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13
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Hu K, Zhang JX, Feng L, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Jiang J, Zhou XQ. Effect of dietary glutamine on growth performance, non-specific immunity, expression of cytokine genes, phosphorylation of target of rapamycin (TOR), and anti-oxidative system in spleen and head kidney of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:635-649. [PMID: 25675866 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary glutamine on the growth performance, cytokines, target of rapamycin (TOR), and antioxidant-related parameters in the spleen and head kidney of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish were fed the basal (control) and glutamine-supplemented (12.0 g glutamine kg(-1) diet) diets for 6 weeks. Results indicated that the dietary glutamine supplementation improved the growth performance, spleen protein content, serum complement 3 content, and lysozyme activity in fish. In the spleen, glutamine down-regulated the expression of the interleukin 1 and interleukin 10 genes, and increased the level of phosphorylation of TOR protein. In the head kidney, glutamine down-regulated the tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 gene expressions, phosphorylated and total TOR protein levels, while up-regulated the transforming growth factor β2 gene expression. Furthermore, the protein carbonyl content was decreased in the spleen of fish fed glutamine-supplemented diet; conversely, the anti-hydroxyl radical capacity and glutathione content in the spleen were increased by glutamine. However, diet supplemented with glutamine did not affect the lipid peroxidation, anti-superoxide anion capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the spleen. Moreover, all of these antioxidant parameters in the head kidney were not affected by glutamine. Results from the present experiment showed the importance of dietary supplementation of glutamine in benefaction of the growth performance and several components of the innate immune system, and the deferential role in cytokine gene expression, TOR kinase activity, and antioxidant status between the spleen and head kidney of juvenile Jian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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Hu K, Feng L, Jiang W, Liu Y, Jiang J, Li S, Zhou X. Oxidative damage repair by glutamine in fish enterocytes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1437-1445. [PMID: 24777750 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish intestine is very sensitive to oxidative damage. Repair of damaged enterocytes may be involved to restore normal function of fish intestine. However, studies of fish enterocyte repair are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the potential repair role of glutamine after a H2O2 challenge. In this study, fish enterocytes were post-treated with graded levels of glutamine (0, 4, 8, 12 and 20 mM of glutamine) after expose to 100 μM H2O2. The basal control cells were kept in the glutamine-free minimum essential medium only. Results showed that the H2O2-induced decreases in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide optical density, alkaline phosphatase and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities were completely restored by subsequent glutamine treatments. In addition, cellular injury (lactate dehydrogenase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) caused by H2O2 were reversed by subsequent glutamine treatments. Furthermore, the H2O2-induced decreases in glutathione contents, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were completely restored by subsequent glutamine treatments. In summary, the present study indicated that glutamine improved the repair activity in fish enterocytes after challenge with H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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15
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Zhang JX, Guo LY, Feng L, Jiang WD, Kuang SY, Liu Y, Hu K, Jiang J, Li SH, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Soybean β-conglycinin induces inflammation and oxidation and causes dysfunction of intestinal digestion and absorption in fish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58115. [PMID: 23520488 PMCID: PMC3592885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Conglycinin has been identified as one of the major feed allergens. However, studies of β-conglycinin on fish are scarce. This study investigated the effects of β-conglycinin on the growth, digestive and absorptive ability, inflammatory response, oxidative status and gene expression of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) in vivo and their enterocytes in vitro. The results indicated that the specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, and feed efficiency were reduced by β-conglycinin. In addition, activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, creatine kinase, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase in the intestine showed similar tendencies. The protein content of the hepatopancreas and intestines, and the weight and length of the intestines were all reduced by β-conglycinin. β-Conglycinin increased lipid and protein oxidation in the detected tissues and cells. However, β-conglycinin decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) content in the intestine and enterocytes. Similar antioxidant activity in the hepatopancreas was observed, except for GST. The expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) gene was reduced by β-conglycinin. Furthermore, mRNA levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) genes were increased by β-conglycinin. However, β-conglycinin increased CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, and GPx1b gene expression. In conclusion, this study indicates that β-conglycinin induces inflammation and oxidation, and causes dysfunction of intestinal digestion and absorption in fish, and finally reduces fish growth. The results of this study provide some information to the mechanism of β-conglycinin-induced negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiu Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin-Ying Guo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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16
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the immune-enhancing effects of dietaryl-glutamine supplementation in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-infected mice, and to examine the clearance effects of glutamine against PCV2 in experimentally infected mice. A total of sixty Kunming female mice were infected with PCV2 at a dose of 100 TCID50(50 % tissue culture infection dose) by intraperitoneal injection after 2 weeks of dietaryl-glutamine supplementation orl-alanine supplementation (as the control (isonitrogenous) group). The measured variables on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th d post-infection (dpi) included: (1) PCV2 virus loaded in the liver, spleen, heart, lung, kidney, ovary and serum was determined by real-time PCR; (2) IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and C-reactive protein levels in serum were measured by ELISA; (3) serum total superoxide dismutase activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 550 nm absorbance. Dietaryl-glutamine supplementation significantly increased serum IL-2 levels on the 3rd (P< 0·01), 5th (P< 0·01), 7th (P< 0·05) and 9th dpi, significantly (P< 0·05) increased serum IL-6 levels on 3rd dpi, significantly (P< 0·05) increased serum IFN-γ levels on the 9th and 11th dpi and significantly decreased (P< 0·01) serum IL-10 levels on the 9th and 11th dpi, compared with those in the control group. Meanwhile, the PCV2 virus genome was detected sporadically throughout the experimental period in both groups. Taken together, the present results suggest that dietaryl-glutamine supplementation enhances immune function in PCV2-infected mice.
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17
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Nagashima M, Soejima Y, Saito K. Glutamine and exercise. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The intestinal tract, known for its capability for self-renew, represents the first barrier of defence between the organism and its luminal environment. The thiol/disulfide redox systems comprising the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG), cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) and reduced and oxidized thioredoxin (Trx/TrxSS) redox couples play important roles in preserving tissue redox homeostasis, metabolic functions, and cellular integrity. Control of the thiol-disulfide status at the luminal surface is essential for maintaining mucus fluidity and absorption of nutrients, and protection against chemical-induced oxidant injury. Within intestinal cells, these redox couples preserve an environment that supports physiological processes and orchestrates networks of enzymatic reactions against oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on the intestinal redox and antioxidant systems, their subcellular compartmentation, redox signalling and epithelial turnover, and contribution of luminal microbiota, key aspects that are relevant to understanding redox-dependent processes in gut biology with implications for degenerative digestive disorders, such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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19
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H S Kumar S, Anandan R. Biochemical studies on the cardioprotective effect of glutamine on tissue antioxidant defense system in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 40:49-55. [PMID: 18437213 PMCID: PMC2291504 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.40.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The protective effect of glutamine on myocardial antioxidant defense system was investigated during isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction, an animal model of myocardial infarction of human beings. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in heart tissue were determined. Injection of isoprenaline caused significant increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue. A parallel decline in the levels of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and GSH and the activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and antiperoxidative enzymes in heart tissue was also observed. Prior oral administration of glutamine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced adverse effects and maintained myocardial antioxidant status at near normal status. The cardioprotective effect of glutamine is probably related to a strengthening of the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action, or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property, or to its ability to maintain near to normal status the activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and the level of GSH, which protect myocardial membrane against oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam H S Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072, INDIA
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20
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Sacks GS. Effect of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on mortality in critically ill patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26:44-7. [PMID: 21266696 DOI: 10.1177/0884533610392923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is recognized as a critical amino acid involved in immunity, intestinal health, and nitrogen transport between organs. Prior to the pivotal study by Griffiths and colleagues in 1997, no clinical trials had demonstrated a positive effect from glutamine supplementation on improving long-term survival in critically ill intensive care unit patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Subsequent investigations have confirmed these findings, but further data are needed to determine the optimal dose and timing of glutamine as well as the form of glutamine (ie, free vs dipeptide) that produces the most significant improvement in outcome parameters.
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Tazuke Y, Maeda K, Wasa M, Satoko N, Fukuzawa M. Protective mechanism of glutamine on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen after cisplatin-induced intestinal mucosal injury. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:151-8. [PMID: 21080177 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine prevents the intestinal mucosal injury induced by chemotherapy. However, the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is expressed in the nuclei of cells during the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle, and PCNA is also involved in the DNA damage tolerance pathway known as post-replication repair. We hypothesized that glutamine supplementation might stimulate the intestinal epithelial cell cycle interruption induced by chemotherapy. The effect of supplemental glutamine after cisplatin-induced intestinal mucosal injury on the expression of PCNA was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The male Wister rats were divided into three groups; a control group (control n = 5), which received standard rat diet; the Cis group (cisplatin 6 mg/kg i.p., n = 5), and the Cis + Gln group [cisplatin + Ala-Glutamine (0.5 g/day × 3 days p.o., n = 5)]. After 1, 3, and 7 days of chemotherapy, PCNA, and glutamine transporter (ASCT2) expression in the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) was investigated. RESULTS The expression of PCNA in the crypt of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) decreased after chemotherapy, while the expression strongly increased by glutamine administration, even if it was after chemotherapy. On day 1, both the mRNA expression of the glutamine transporter (ASCT2) and PCNA expression in crypt cells were significantly increased by administration of glutamine (Cis + Gln group). The increased expression of ACST2 appeared earlier than in the Cis group. In the Cis + Gln group, the PCNA expression was normalized on day 3, and the expression was same as that in the control group on day 3. CONCLUSION Glutamine supplementation rapidly improved the expression of PCNA after cisplatin-induced intestinal mucosal injury. The effects of glutamine may be due to an anti-oxidant effect, but the amino acid might also attenuate the initial mucosal injury and improve intestinal cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tazuke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi/Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Jefferies H, Bot J, Coster J, Khalil A, Hall JC, McCauley RD. The Role of Glutathione in Intestinal Dysfunction. J INVEST SURG 2010; 16:315-23. [PMID: 14708530 DOI: 10.1080/08941930390250214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione plays an important cytoprotective role in the gut. Animal studies have demonstrated that the provisions of glutathione precursors are protective for different types of free-radical-mediated cellular injury. There is a need to clarify the potential role of glutathione supplementation in ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammatory bowel disease. More speculative is whether treatment with glutathione precursors can modify the progress of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Jefferies
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Zhang F, Wang X, Wang W, Li N, Li J. Glutamine reduces TNF-alpha by enhancing glutathione synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar epithelial cells of rats. Inflammation 2008; 31:344-50. [PMID: 18807160 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-008-9084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of glutathione (GSH) synthesis in the regulation on nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release by glutamine (GLN) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar type II (AT-II) epithelial cells of rat lungs. Primary cultured AT-II cells were pre-treated with various doses of GLN for 2, 8, 16, 24 h. At the 8 h time point before LPS stimulation, various doses of L: -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, were added with 10 mM GLN. Then the cells were stimulated with 1 mug/ml LPS for 24 h. The cells were obtained for GSH measurement. TNF-alpha level in the supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NF-kappaB activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Eight hours before LPS exposure was the best time point for GLN's enhancing GSH synthesis. LPS could significantly decrease the GSH level, increase NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha release in AT-II cells. Supplementation of GLN could increase the GSH level and attenuate the release of TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated AT-II cells in a dose-dependant manner. And NF-kappaB activation also could be prevented by GLN. BSO could block the effect of GLN. As a precursor of GSH, glutamine could prevent the NF-kappaB activation and attenuate the release of TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated AT-II cells and the effect may be mediated via GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Felinine is a branched-chain sulfur amino acid present in the urine of certain Felidae, including domestic cats. The objective of the present study was to determine if additional cystine and/or dietary N would increase felinine and N-acetylfelinine excretion by intact male cats fed a low-protein (LP) diet. Feeding five adult intact male cats an LP diet (18·8 % of metabolisable energy (ME) as protein) v. a high-protein diet (38·6 % of ME as protein) resulted in a trend (P = 0·08) for decreased urinary felinine and no change in N-acetylfelinine excretion. In a 23 d study, when the LP diet was supplemented with l-cystine at 9·3 g/kg DM, urinary felinine:creatinine ratio showed a linear two-fold (121 %) increase (P < 0·01) from 0·24 (sem 0·05) to 0·53 (sem 0·13) after 10 d. Subsequent feeding of the LP diet resulted in a decrease in felinine excretion to base levels. Plasma γ-glutamylfelinylglycine concentrations were consistent with the excretion of felinine. Supplementation of the LP diet with l-cystine (9·3 g/kg DM), dispensable amino acids and arginine to a second group (n 5) also resulted in a significant (P < 0·01) but smaller (+72 %) increase in the daily felinine:creatinine ratio (0·25 (sem 0·04) to 0·43 (sem 0·05)). The degree of felinine N-acetylation within groups was unaffected by dietary addition and withdrawal of amino acids. The results indicate that felinine synthesis is regulated by cystine availability, and that arginine may be physiologically important in decreasing felinine biosynthesis in intact male cats.
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Kaufmann Y, Spring P, Klimberg VS. Oral glutamine prevents DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis via upregulation of glutathione production. Nutrition 2008; 24:462-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kaufmann Y, Klimberg VS. Effect of glutamine on gut glutathione fractional release in the implanted tumor model. Nutr Cancer 2008; 59:199-206. [PMID: 18001215 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701439632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and its treatments cause a marked depletion of glutamine (GLN). However, dietary GLN can restore this loss and improve the outcomes of the treatments. The reasons behind this need to be investigated. GLN is suggested to involve in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Fast-growing tumors alter gut GLN metabolism, but the effect of tumor growth on gut GSH release remains unknown. We hypothesized that gut GSH release would decrease in the tumor-bearing host and this downregulation would be antagonized by supplemental GLN. Female Fisher-344 rats were randomized to the groups: GLN + TUMOR, Freamine (FA) + TUMOR, GLN + SHAM, and FA + SHAM. The rats were implanted with MTF-7 mammary tumors as tumor-bearing groups, whereas the rats were sham operated as control groups. The rats were pair fed chow, gavaged with 1 g/kg/day GLN or an isonitrogenous FA. Tumor growth, blood and gut mucosa GLN, glutamate, and/or GSH were measured. The gut extractions, defined as the difference of concentrations across the gut, were calculated. Supplemental GLN enhanced the gut GLN uptake and GSH release with tumor growth and significantly increased blood and gut mucosa GLN and/or GSH concentrations. Our results demonstrate the important antioxidant role of GLN and thus may have significant implications in nutritional immune modulation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Kaufmann
- Medical Research Service, Central Arkansas Veteran's Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Zhang YL, Li QQ, Guo W, Huang Y, Yang J. EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION ON TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEINS AND BARRIER FUNCTION OF ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM IN THE RAT. Shock 2007; 28:245-52. [PMID: 17515855 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31803404a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that chronic alcohol abuse is an independent risk factor for acute lung injury (ALI) and impairs alveolar epithelial barrier function through glutathione depletion. However, the precise molecular structures that are damaged by chronic ethanol ingestion have not been identified. To test whether chronic ethanol ingestion impairs the alveolar epithelium barrier by tight junction protein deterioration and predisposes to ALI, this study determined the alterations in tight junction proteins occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and adherens junction protein E-cadherin in alveolar epithelium and observed the protective effect of glutamine (Gln) supplementation. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to control, ethanol (6 weeks' ethanol feeding), lipopolysaccharide ([LPS] 2 mg/kg, i.v.), ethanol plus LPS, ethanol plus Gln (0.3 g/kg, gavage daily), and ethanol plus Gln plus LPS groups. Treatment with both ethanol and LPS significantly increased bronchoalveolar epithelial permeability, and treatment with ethanol plus LPS further increased the permeability. Using immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, this study shows that treatment with both ethanol and LPS induced partial breakdown of membrane staining and decreased cytoplasm staining in alveolar epithelium and decreased the messenger RNA and protein expression of those molecules in alveolar epithelial cells. Treatment with ethanol plus LPS caused further deterioration. Moreover, Gln supplementation markedly attenuated the enhanced bronchoalveolar epithelial permeability and decreased messenger RNA and protein expression of those molecules induced by ethanol and ethanol plus LPS. These data suggest that chronic ethanol ingestion impairs the alveolar epithelial barrier function via occludin, ZO-1, and E-cadherin deterioration, and predisposes to ALI. Glutamine supplementation has protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Li Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Belmonte L, Coëffier M, Le Pessot F, Miralles-Barrachina O, Hiron M, Leplingard A, Lemeland JF, Hecketsweiler B, Daveau M, Ducrotté P, Déchelotte P. Effects of glutamine supplementation on gut barrier, glutathione content and acute phase response in malnourished rats during inflammatory shock. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2833-40. [PMID: 17569119 PMCID: PMC4395635 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i20.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of glutamine on intestinal mucosa integrity, glutathione stores and acute phase response in protein-depleted rats during an inflammatory shock.
METHODS: Plasma acute phase proteins (APP), jejunal APP mRNA levels, liver and jejunal glutathione concentrations were measured before and one, three and seven days after turpentine injection in 4 groups of control, protein-restricted, protein-restricted rats supplemented with glutamine or protein powder. Bacterial translocation in mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal morphology were also assessed.
RESULTS: Protein deprivation and turpentine injection significantly reduced jejunal villus height, and crypt depths. Mucosal glutathione concentration significantly decreased in protein-restricted rats. Before turpentine oil, glutamine supplementation restored villus heights and glutathione concentration (3.24 ± 1.05 vs 1.72 ± 0.46 μmol/g tissue, P < 0.05) in the jejunum, whereas in the liver glutathione remained low. Glutamine markedly increased jejunal α1-acid glycoprotein mRNA level after turpentine oil but did not affect its plasma concentration. Bacterial translocation in protein-restricted rats was not prevented by glutamine or protein powder supplementation.
CONCLUSION: Glutamine restored gut glutathione stores and villus heights in malnourished rats but had no preventive effect on bacterial translocation in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Belmonte
- ADEN EA3234, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Recherche Biomédicale and Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Rouen, France
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Sido B, Seel C, Hochlehnert A, Breitkreutz R, Dröge W. Low intestinal glutamine level and low glutaminase activity in Crohn's disease: a rational for glutamine supplementation? Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:2170-9. [PMID: 17078002 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal glutamine utilization is integral to mucosal regeneration. We analyzed the systemic and intestinal glutamine status in Crohn's disease (CD) and evaluated the therapeutic effect of glutamine supplementation in an animal model of ileitis. In CD, glutamine concentrations were decreased systemically and in noninflamed and inflamed ileal/colonic mucosa. Mucosal glutaminase activities were depressed in the ileum independent of inflammation but were not different from controls in the colon. In experimental ileitis, oral glutamine feeding prevented macroscopic inflammation, enhanced ileal and colonic glutaminase activities above controls, and normalized the intestinal glutathione redox status. However, glutamine supplementation enhanced myeloperoxidase activity along the gastrointestinal tract and potentiated lipid peroxidation in the colon. In conclusion, glutamine metabolism is impaired in CD. In experimental ileitis, glutamine supplementation prevents inflammatory tissue damage. In the colon, however, which does not use glutamine as its principal energy source, immune enhancement of inflammatory cells by glutamine increases oxidative tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Sido
- Department of Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Todorova VK, Kaufmann Y, Luo S, Klimberg VS. Modulation of p53 and c-myc in DMBA-Induced Mammary Tumors by Oral Glutamine. Nutr Cancer 2006; 54:263-73. [PMID: 16898871 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5402_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies established that oral glutamine (GLN) reduced tumor development in implantable and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer models. This finding was associated with a decrease in tumor glutathione (GSH) levels, while maintaining normal gut, blood, and breast GSH. Alterations in GSH levels contribute to the control of apoptotic and cell cycle-regulating signaling. The aim of this study was to examine the role of dietary GLN on activation of p53 and c-myc, which play critical roles in cancer development and sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. Mammary gland carcinomas were induced in rats by DMBA. The rats were gavaged daily with GLN or water (controls), starting 1 wk prior DMBA-application and throughout the duration of the experiment (11 wk after DMBA). Tumor DNA was examined for mutations in p53 exons 5 and 6. Protein and mRNA levels of p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1), PTEN, IGF-IR, mdm2, and c-myc in tumors of GLN-supplemented rats were compared with those of the control rats (received water). The sequencing of p53 showed that it was wild type. Increased phosphorylation of p53, as well as higher mRNA and protein levels of p21(WAF1/CIP1), PTEN, and mdm2, and lower levels of IGF-IR were detected in tumors of GLN-supplemented rats vs. controls. Both phosphorylated c-myc and c-myc mRNA levels were reduced by GLN. The up-regulation of tumor p53 signaling and down-regulation of c-myc, in addition to previously established inhibition of Akt signaling in DMBA-breast cancer model, suggest that dietary GLN could be a useful approach for increasing the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina K Todorova
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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Abstract
No direct data exist on the influence of supranormal intakes of sulfur amino acids on immune function in humans. However 3 major products of sulfur amino acids, glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy), and taurine (Tau), influence, mainly, inflammatory aspects of the immune response in vitro and in vivo. Methionine intakes above approximately 1 g/d transiently raise plasma Tau, Hcy, and GSH. Tau and GSH ameliorate inflammation. Hcy has the opposite effect. A biphasic relation, between cellular GSH and CD4+ and CD8+ numbers occurs in healthy men. How changes in sulfur amino acid intake influence this phenomenon is unknown. In animals, high Tau intakes are antiinflammatory. How immune function in humans is affected is unknown. A positive relation between plasma neopterin (a marker of a Th-1-type immune response) and Hcy indicates that Hcy may play a part in inflammatory aspects of Parkinson's disease and aging. In vitro, Hcy, at concentrations seen following consumption of approximately 6 g L-methionine/d in adults, increases the interactions among T lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelium. Whether a similar phenomenon occurs in vivo is unknown. Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are associated with raised plasma Hcy in young but not old subjects. The relation of this observation to immune function is unknown. The relationships among Hcy, inflammatory aspects of disease, and in vitro alterations in immune cell behavior create a cautionary note about supplementation of diets with l-methionine to raise intake above approximately 1 g/d. Studies directly linking methionine intake, genetics, plasma Hcy, Tau, and GSH and immune function are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Grimble
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Humbert B, Nguyen P, Martin L, Dumon H, Vallette G, Maugère P, Darmaun D. Effect of glutamine on glutathione kinetics in vivo in dogs. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 18:10-6. [PMID: 16563721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether glutamine affects glutathione (GSH, gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) metabolism, seven healthy beagle dogs received 6-h infusions of [(15)N]glutamate and [(13)C]leucine after a 3-day fast. Isotope infusions were performed during oral feeding with an elemental regimen, supplemented with either l-glutamine or an isonitrogenous amino acid mixture, on two separate days and in randomized order. Timed blood samples were obtained, and a surgical duodenal biopsy was performed after 6 h of isotope infusion. GSH fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was assessed from [(15)N]glutamate incorporation into blood and gut GSH, and duodenal protein synthesis from [(13)C]leucine incorporation into gut protein. Glutamine supplementation failed to alter erythrocyte GSH concentration (2189+/-86 vs. 1994+/-102 micromol L(-1) for glutamine vs. control; ns) or FSR (64+/-17% vs. 74+/-20% day(-1); ns). In the duodenum, glutamine supplementation was associated with a 92% rise in reduced/oxidized GSH ratio (P=.024) and with a 44% decline in GSH FSR (96+/-15% day(-1) vs. 170+/-18% day(-1); P=.005), whereas total GSH concentration remained unchanged (808+/-154 vs. 740+/-127 micromol kg(-1); P=.779). We conclude that, in dogs receiving enteral nutrition after a 3-day fast: (1) glutamine availability does not affect blood GSH, and, (2) in contrast, in the duodenum, the preserved GSH pool, along with a decreased synthesis rate, suggests that glutamine may maintain GSH pool and intestinal redox status by acutely decreasing GSH utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Humbert
- INSERM U.539, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Nantes, 44093 Cedex 1, France
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Fuchs BC, Bode BP. Stressing out over survival: glutamine as an apoptotic modulator. J Surg Res 2005; 131:26-40. [PMID: 16154153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amino acid glutamine (GLN) has received considerable attention as a potential therapeutic adjuvant in critical illness and in improving postoperative clinical outcomes. Most studies on the role of GLN in cellular physiology have historically focused on its anabolic roles in specific cell types and its contribution to growth in cancer cells. However, an emerging body of work that examines the consequences of GLN deprivation on cellular survival and gene expression has constructed a new paradigm for this amino acid, namely, that limited extracellular GLN supplies modulate stress and apoptotic responses. METHODS A survey of the scientific literature was conducted on GLN in cell survival signaling and apoptosis. Work from our laboratory in liver cancer cells also was included in this review. RESULTS Most studies on this topic have used mammalian cell lines derived from the gut, immune system (including hybridomas), and various cancers. GLN limitation, even in the presence of an adequate glucose supply, impacts stress-related gene expression, differentially modulates receptor-mediated apoptosis, and directly elicits apoptosis through signaling mechanisms and caspase cascades that are specific to cell type. To date, GLN transporters, cellular hydration, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase, ATP levels, mRNA stability, and glutathione economy have been variably implicated in GLN-dependent survival signaling. CONCLUSION The cell type-specific mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of GLN in cell survival continue to unfold at a steady pace through in vitro studies. These results have collectively provided testable hypotheses for further in vivo studies into their physiological relevance during GLN "nutritional pharmacology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103-2010, USA
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Coëffier M, Déchelotte P. The role of glutamine in intensive care unit patients: mechanisms of action and clinical outcome. Nutr Rev 2005; 63:65-9. [PMID: 15762090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients in the intensive care unit are at high risk of glutamine depletion and subsequent complications. Several controlled studies and a meta-analysis have concluded that glutamine supplementation has beneficial effects on the clinical outcome of critically ill and surgical patients. These results may be explained by glutamine's influences on the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cell protection, and the gut barrier. In addition, glutamine may also improve glucose metabolism by reducing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse Coëffier
- Appareil Digestif Environnement Nutrition, IFR 23, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Rouen, France
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Thomas S, Prabhu R, Balasubramanian KA. Surgical manipulation of the intestine and distant organ damage—protection by oral glutamine supplementation. Surgery 2005; 137:48-55. [PMID: 15614281 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestine is increasingly recognized as a primary effector of distant organ damage, such as the lung, after any abdominal surgery. Earlier studies have shown that surgical manipulation of the intestine induces generation of reactive oxygen species in the intestine, resulting in mucosal and lung damage. Because glutamine is preferentially used by the small intestine as an energy source, this study examined the effect of glutamine and glutamic acid on intestinal and lung damage after surgical manipulation. METHODS Controls and rats were pretreated for 7 days with 2% glutamine or glutamic acid, or the isonitrogenous amino acids glycine or alanine in the diet and subjected to surgical manipulation of the intestine. The intestine and lung were assessed for damage, and protection offered by various amino acids was studied. RESULTS Surgical manipulation resulted in oxidative stress in the intestine as evidenced by increased xanthine oxidase activity and decreased antioxidant status. Enterocyte mitochondria were also functionally impaired with altered calcium flux, decreased respiratory control ratio, and increased swelling. Gut manipulation also resulted in neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress in the lung as assessed by an increase in myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status. Glutamine or glutamic acid supplementation for 7 days before surgical manipulation showed a protective effect against the intestinal and lung damage. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that preoperative enteral glutamine or glutamic acid supplementation attenuates intestinal and lung damage in rats during surgical manipulation and that this effect might offer protection from postsurgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmy Thomas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore-632004, India
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Melis GC, ter Wengel N, Boelens PG, van Leeuwen PAM. Glutamine: recent developments in research on the clinical significance of glutamine. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7:59-70. [PMID: 15090905 DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200401000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe the clinical relevance of supplementation of glutamine from the recent literature. First, new basic research is examined and subsequently recent clinical trials and a metaanalysis are illustrated. RECENT FINDINGS Glutamine has a major impact on the functionality of the immune system. It has recently been established that glutamine not only has a protective effect on cells of the immune system, but also on other cells of the body, for instance cardiomyocytes. Evidence is accumulating for an effect of glutamine via glutathione, heat shock proteins as well as taurine. Another area of interest is the way glutamine enhances gut barrier function. More and more research is concentrating on the positive effect of glutamine on the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. SUMMARY Based on a recent meta-analysis and up-to-date clinical trials, we may conclude that glutamine has a beneficial effect on infectious complications and reduces hospital stay. In critically ill patients glutamine supplementation may reduce morbidity and mortality. The greatest effect was observed in patients receiving high dose parenteral glutamine. A recent study with high dose enteral glutamine demonstrated a reduced mortality in the glutamine supplemented group. In the future more trials with larger numbers of participants are needed, especially with high dose enteral glutamine in the perioperatively and the intensive care unit setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien C Melis
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fürst P, Alteheld B, Stehle P. Why should a single nutrient—glutamine—improve outcome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Johnson AT, Kaufmann Y, Luo S, Babb K, Hawk R, Klimberg VS. Gut glutathione metabolism and changes with 7,12-DMBA and glutamine. J Surg Res 2003; 115:242-6. [PMID: 14697290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanism by which oral glutamine (GLN) prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer is unknown. While GLN triples the negative extraction of gut glutathione (GSH) in rats, DMBA significantly disrupts it. Actual gut GSH flux has not been reported. We hypothesized that the gut is a producer of GSH; DMBA blocks gut GSH production and supplemental oral GLN antagonizes this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four groups (n = 20/group): DMBA + GLN, DMBA + FA, OIL + GLN, OIL + FA. Rats (age 50 days) were gavaged with a one-time dose of 100 mg/kg DMBA or oil. Rats were gavaged with AES-14 as GLN (1 gm/kg/day) or an isonitrogenous amount of Freamine (FA) from 1 week before till sacrifice at 1 week after DMBA (greatest effect on gut GSH extraction). Arterial and portal blood was taken for GLN and GSH levels, and blood flow was measured using (14)C-PAH. Gut GLN and GSH fluxes (uptake or production) were calculated. RESULTS DMBA abrogated the normal GSH production (negative flux) in OIL + FA while not affecting GLN metabolism. GLN maintained GSH production in DMBA + GLN. CONCLUSIONS Oral GLN restores to normal GSH production in DMBA-treated animals suggesting one of the mechanism(s) by which GLN prevents breast cancer in this model. Unchanged uptake of GLN in the DMBA-treated animals may indicate a block in GSH transport rather than actual intracellular production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita T Johnson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Jonas CR, Gu LH, Nkabyo YS, Mannery YO, Avissar NE, Sax HC, Jones DP, Ziegler TR. Glutamine and KGF each regulate extracellular thiol/disulfide redox and enhance proliferation in Caco-2 cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R1421-9. [PMID: 12947032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00702.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) each stimulate intestinal epithelial cell growth, but regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. We determined whether Gln and KGF alter intra- and extracellular thiol/disulfide redox pools in Caco-2 cells cultured in oxidizing or reducing cell medium and whether such redox variations are a determinant of proliferative responses to these agents. Cells were cultured over a physiological range of oxidizing to reducing extracellular thiol/disulfide redox (Eh) conditions, obtained by varying cysteine (Cys) and cystine (CySS) concentrations in cell medium. Cell proliferation was determined by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Gln (10 mmol/l) or KGF (10 microg/l) did not alter BrdU incorporation at reducing Eh (-131 to -150 mV), but significantly increased incorporation at more oxidizing Eh (Gln at 0 to -109 mV; KGF at -46 to -80 mV). Cellular glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) Eh was unaffected by Gln, KGF, or variations in extracellular Cys/CySS Eh. Control cells largely maintained extracellular Eh at initial values after 24 h (-36 to -136 mV). However, extracellular Eh shifted toward a narrow physiological range with Gln and KGF treatment (Gln -56 to -88 mV and KGF -76 to -92 mV, respectively; P < 0.05 vs. control). The results indicate that thiol/disulfide redox state in the extracellular milieu is an important determinant of Caco-2 cell proliferation induced by Gln and KGF, that this control is independent of intracellular GSH redox status, and that both Gln and KGF enhance the capability of Caco-2 cells to modulate extremes of extracellular redox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Jonas
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Savarese DMF, Savy G, Vahdat L, Wischmeyer PE, Corey B. Prevention of chemotherapy and radiation toxicity with glutamine. Cancer Treat Rev 2003; 29:501-13. [PMID: 14585260 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(03)00133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GOALS OF THE WORK Malignancy produces a state of physiologic stress that is characterized by a relative deficiency of glutamine, a condition that is further exacerbated by the effects of cancer treatment. Glutamine deficiency may impact on normal tissue tolerance to antitumor treatment, and may lead to dose reductions and compromised treatment outcome. Providing supplemental glutamine during cancer treatment has the potential to abrogate treatment-related toxicity. We reviewed the available data on the use of glutamine to decrease the incidence and severity of adverse effects due to chemotherapy and/or radiation in cancer patients. METHODS We performed a search of the MEDLINE database during the time period 1980-2003, and reviewed the English language literature of both human and animal studies pertaining to the use of glutamine in subjects with cancer. We also manually searched the bibliographies of published articles for relevant references. MAIN RESULTS The available evidence suggests that glutamine supplementation may decrease the incidence and/or severity of chemotherapy-associated mucositis, irinotecan-associated diarrhea, paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, hepatic veno-occlusive disease in the setting of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, and the cardiotoxicity that accompanies anthracycline use. Oral glutamine supplementation may enhance the therapeutic index by protecting normal tissues from, and sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiation-related injury. CONCLUSIONS The role of glutamine in the prevention of chemotherapy and radiation-induced toxicity is evolving. Glutamine supplementation is inexpensive and it may reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal, neurologic, and possibly cardiac complications of cancer therapy. Further studies, particularly placebo-controlled phase III trials, are needed to define its role in chemotherapy-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M F Savarese
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Bengmark S. Bio-ecological control of perioperative and ITU morbidity. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2003; 389:145-54. [PMID: 14605886 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-003-0425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative and intensive therapy unit (ITU) morbidity and mortality has remained unchanged during the past several decades, and this at an unacceptably high level. It is most likely, in the EU countries annually, that more than 1 million people suffer severe sepsis and some 300,000 die. Pharmaceutical attempts at prevention and treatment have, despite extensive efforts, hitherto failed to improve outcome more significantly. Much supports the fact that sepsis and its severe consequences are results of a malfunctioning innate immune system, impaired by both lifestyle and disease. A series of mostly simple measures to prevent further deterioration of the immune system, and to boost it, is recommended. Among the measures recommended are some modifications of surgical and postoperative management: restricted use of antibiotics, attempts made to maintain salivation and GI secretions, omission of prophylactic gastric decompression, postoperative drainage and preoperative bowel preparation, restricted use of stored blood, avoidance of overload with nutrients, uninterrupted enteral nutrition but also tight blood glucose control, supply of antioxidants, administration of prebiotic fibre and probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Nutritional control of postoperative morbidity includes use of so-called synbiotics, e.g. a combination of bioactive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bioactive plant fibres. RESULTS Dramatic reduction in (in reality, almost abolishment of) septic morbidity is reported following supplementation of specific bioactive lactic bacteria in combination with prebiotic plant fibres, as tried in controlled studies in connection with extensive abdominal operations, liver transplantation and severe acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- Departments of Hepatology and Surgery, University College, London Medical School, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Abstract
In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Castell
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, England.
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Le Bacquer O, Laboisse C, Darmaun D. Glutamine preserves protein synthesis and paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cells submitted to "luminal fasting". Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285:G128-36. [PMID: 12799310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00459.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study used polarized cell line Caco-2 as a model of human enterocytes to determine: 1) whether deprivation of nutrients on the apical (luminal) side of the epithelium (fasting) alters protein synthesis in enterocytes; 2) if so, whether glutamine can attenuate the effects of fasting; and 3) whether the effects of glutamine depend on its route (i.e., apical vs. basolateral) of supply. Caco-2 cells were submitted to nutrient deprivation on the apical side to mimic the effects of fasting, whereas the basolateral side of the epithelium remained exposed to regular medium. Cells were then incubated with [2H3]leucine with or without glutamine, and the fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of total cell protein was determined from [2H3]leucine enrichments in protein-bound and intracellular free leucine measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A 24-h apical nutrient deprivation (luminal fasting) was associated with a decline in intracellular glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione concentrations (-38, -40, and -40%, respectively), protein FSR (-20%), and a rise in passage of dextran, an index of transepithelial permeability. In fasted cells, basolateral or luminal glutamine supplementation did not alter the glutathione pool, but it restored protein FSR and improved permeability. The effects of glutamine were abolished by 6-diazo-oxo-l-norleucine, an inhibitor of glutaminase, and was mimicked by glutamate. We conclude that in Caco-2 cells, protein synthesis depends on nutrient supply on the apical side, and glutamine regardless of the route of supply corrects some of the deleterious effects of fasting in a model of human enterocytes through its deamidation into glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Le Bacquer
- INSERM U.539, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Groupe Métabolisme, Hotel-Dieu, 3ème étage aile nord, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
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Abstract
Glutamine and glutamate with proline, histidine, arginine and ornithine, comprise 25% of the dietary amino acid intake and constitute the "glutamate family" of amino acids, which are disposed of through conversion to glutamate. Although glutamine has been classified as a nonessential amino acid, in major trauma, major surgery, sepsis, bone marrow transplantation, intense chemotherapy and radiotherapy, when its consumption exceeds its synthesis, it becomes a conditionally essential amino acid. In mammals the physiological levels of glutamine is 650 micromol/l and it is one of the most important substrate for ammoniagenesis in the gut and in the kidney due to its important role in the regulation of acid-base homeostasis. In cells, glutamine is a key link between carbon metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins and plays an important role in the growth of fibroblasts, lymphocytes and enterocytes. It improves nitrogen balance and preserves the concentration of glutamine in skeletal muscle. Deamidation of glutamine via glutaminase produces glutamate a precursor of gamma-amino butyric acid, a neurotransmission inhibitor. L-Glutamic acid is a ubiquitous amino acid present in many foods either in free form or in peptides and proteins. Animal protein may contain from 11 to 22% and plants protein as much as 40% glutamate by weight. The sodium salt of glutamic acid is added to several foods to enhance flavor. L-Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in brain and it is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system. Most free L-glutamic acid in brain is derived from local synthesis from L-glutamine and Kreb's cycle intermediates. It clearly plays an important role in neuronal differentiation, migration and survival in the developing brain via facilitated Ca++ transport. Glutamate also plays a critical role in synaptic maintenance and plasticity. It contributes to learning and memory through use-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy and plays a role in the formation and function of the cytoskeleton. Glutamine via glutamate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate, an integral component of the citric acid cycle. It is a component of the antioxidant glutathione and of the polyglutamated folic acid. The cyclization of glutamate produces proline, an amino acid important for synthesis of collagen and connective tissue. Our aim here is to review on some amino acids with high functional priority such as glutamine and to define their effective activity in human health and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tapiero
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8612, 5, rue Jean-Baptiste-Clément, 94200 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
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Mora LDO, Antunes LMG, Francescato HDC, Bianchi MLP. The effects of oral glutamine on cisplatin-induced genotoxicity in Wistar rat bone marrow cells. Mutat Res 2002; 518:65-70. [PMID: 12063068 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that dietary supplementation with antioxidants can influence the response to chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects that result from treatment with antineoplastic agents. The emphasis of the present study was to investigate whether the administration of a single dose of oral glutamine had any protective effect against cisplatin-induced clastogenicity. Cisplatin was administered to Wistar rats either alone or after treatment with glutamine. The rats were treated with glutamine (300 mg/kg b.w.) by gavage 24h before the administration of cisplatin (5mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and then sacrificed 24h after treatment with cisplatin. Glutamine significantly reduced (by about 48%) the clastogenicity of cisplatin in rat bone marrow cells. The antioxidant action of glutamine presumably modulates the clastogenic action of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Oliveira Mora
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café s/n. 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Valencia E, Marin A, Hardy G. Impact of oral L-glutamine on glutathione, glutamine, and glutamate blood levels in volunteers. Nutrition 2002; 18:367-70. [PMID: 11985937 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of glutamine supplementation on plasma glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), and whole-blood glutathione (GSH) concentrations in human volunteers. METHODS Subjects first adapted to a standard diet with known intakes of protein, total GSH, cysteine, methionine, and total Glu (Glu values include Glu and Gln) for 3 d. Plasma Gln, Glu, and whole-blood GSH levels were then measured at 4-h intervals over 24 h. Supplemental oral Gln (0.3 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) was ingested for 10 d and then 24-h plasma levels of Gln, Glu, and whole-blood GSH were measured. RESULTS The plasma concentrations of Glu (116%; P = 0.006) and Gln (20%; P = 0.046) were significantly higher, whereas concentrations of GSH were significantly lower (37%; P = 0.00091) after oral Gln supplementation. CONCLUSION Oral Gln increases Glu and Gln levels in plasma of healthy subjects but does not increase GSH red cell (whole-blood) levels. Thus, GSH biosynthesis and preservation of GHS stores in red blood cells may involve rate-limiting substrates other than Gln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Valencia
- Pharmaceutical Nutrition Group, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United
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Carlos Iglesias A, Bender Braulio V, Jordão AA, Ceneviva R, Zucoloto S, Sergio Marchini J, Vannucchi H. Influence of the ingestion of glutamine or glutamic acid in hepatic steatosis, growth and nitrogen balance after extensive enterectomy in rats. Nutr Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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