1
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Lamglait B, Moresco A, Couture ÉL, Ferrell ST, Lair S. Vaginal foreign bodies in six nonhuman primates with underlying pathological conditions. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:595-600. [PMID: 35253920 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) from the same group as well as Wolf's guenon (Cercopithecus wolfi) and a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from a second institution presented with vaginal foreign bodies in parallel with diseases of the urogenital tract or with endocrine disorders. These foreign bodies were associated with a mild to marked, diffuse vaginitis in all cases. Underlying pathological conditions consisted of a cavernous uterine hemangioma in a 20-year-old macaque, diffuse endometritis in a 21-year-old macaque, an in situ endometrial carcinoma in a 24-year-old macaque, endometritis and an ovarian cyst-like structure in the 27-year-old Western lowland gorilla, chronic cystitis and chronic renal disease in a 24-year-old macaque, and a history of hypothyroidism with irregular reproductive cycles in the 12-year-old Wolf's guenon. Vaginal foreign bodies have been reported in nonhuman primates used in biomedical research, but their concurrence with underlying conditions has not been explored. In women, vaginal foreign bodies have been linked to serious underlying medical conditions. This case series emphasizes the recommendation to investigate this abnormal behavior for underlying medical or adverse psychosocial conditions in primates under human care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lamglait
- Centre québécois sur la santé des animaux sauvages/Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal St. Hyacinthe, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anneke Moresco
- Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Stéphane Lair
- Centre québécois sur la santé des animaux sauvages/Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal St. Hyacinthe, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Adapen C, Réot L, Nunez N, Cannou C, Marlin R, Lemaître J, d'Agata L, Gilson E, Ginoux E, Le Grand R, Nugeyre MT, Menu E. Local Innate Markers and Vaginal Microbiota Composition Are Influenced by Hormonal Cycle Phases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841723. [PMID: 35401577 PMCID: PMC8990777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosa is the first line of defense against sexually transmitted infection (STI). FRT environmental factors, including immune-cell composition and the vaginal microbiota, interact with each other to modulate susceptibility to STIs. Moreover, the menstrual cycle induces important modifications within the FRT mucosa. Cynomolgus macaques are used as a model for the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of STIs. In addition, their menstrual cycle and FRT morphology are similar to women. The cynomolgus macaque vaginal microbiota is highly diverse and similar to dysbiotic vaginal microbiota observed in women. However, the impact of the menstrual cycle on immune markers and the vaginal microbiota in female cynomolgus macaques is unknown. We conducted a longitudinal study covering three menstrual cycles in cynomolgus macaques. The evolution of the composition of the vaginal microbiota and inflammation (cytokine/chemokine profile and neutrophil phenotype) in the FRT and blood was determined throughout the menstrual cycle. Results Cervicovaginal cytokine/chemokine concentrations were affected by the menstrual cycle, with a peak of production during menstruation. We observed three main cervicovaginal neutrophil subpopulations: CD11bhigh CD101+ CD10+ CD32a+, CD11bhigh CD101+ CD10- CD32a+, and CD11blow CD101low CD10- CD32a-, of which the proportion varied during the menstrual cycle. During menstruation, there was an increase in the CD11bhigh CD101+ CD10+ CD32a+ subset of neutrophils, which expressed higher levels of CD62L. Various bacterial taxa in the vaginal microbiota showed differential abundance depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. Compilation of the factors that vary according to hormonal phase showed the clustering of samples collected during menstruation, characterized by a high concentration of cytokines and an elevated abundance of the CD11bhigh CD101+ CD10+ CD32a+ CD62L+ neutrophil subpopulation. Conclusions We show a significant impact of menstruation on the local environment (cytokine production, neutrophil phenotype, and vaginal microbiota composition) in female cynomolgus macaques. Menstruation triggers increased production of cytokines, shift of the vaginal microbiota composition and the recruitment of mature/activated neutrophils from the blood to the FRT. These results support the need to monitor the menstrual cycle and a longitudinal sampling schedule for further studies in female animals and/or women focusing on the mucosal FRT environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Adapen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Louis Réot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Claude Cannou
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infection Control (MISTIC) Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infection Control (MISTIC) Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases [IMVA-HB/Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT)], Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infection Control (MISTIC) Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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3
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis IN, USA
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4
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Moresco A, Feltrer-Rambaud Y, Wolfman D, Agnew DW. Reproductive one health in primates. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23325. [PMID: 34516669 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One Health is a collaborative trans-disciplinary approach to health; integrating human, animal, and environmental health. The focus is often on infection disease transmission and disease risk mitigation. However, One Health also includes the multidisciplinary and comparative approach to disease investigation and health of humans, animals, and the environment. One key aspect of environmental/ecosystem health is conservation, the maintenance of healthy, actively reproducing wildlife populations. Reproduction and reproductive health are an integral part of the One Health approach: the comparative aspects of reproduction can inform conservation policies or breeding strategies (in situ and ex situ) in addition to physiology and disease. Differences in reproductive strategies affect the impact poaching and habitat disruption might have on a given population, as well as ex situ breeding programs and the management of zoo and sanctuary populations. Much is known about chimpanzees, macaques, and marmosets as these are common animal models, but there is much that remains unknown regarding reproduction in many other primates. Examining the similarities and differences between and within taxonomic groups allows reasonable extrapolation for decision-making when there are knowledge gaps. For example: (1) knowing that a species has very low reproductive rates adds urgency to conservation policy for that region or species; (2) identifying species with short or absent lactation anestrus allows ex situ institutions to better plan contraception options for specific individuals or prepare for the immediate next pregnancy; (3) recognizing that progestin contraceptives are effective contraceptives, but may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia in some species (in Lemuridae but not great apes) better guides empirical contraceptive choice; (4) recognizing the variable endometriosis prevalence across taxa improves preventive medicine programs. A summary of anatomical variation, endocrinology, contraception, pathology, and diagnostics is provided to illustrate these features and aid in routine physical and postmortem examinations as well as primate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Moresco
- International Primate Health & Welfare Group, Madrid, Spain.,Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, Colorado, USA
| | - Yedra Feltrer-Rambaud
- International Primate Health & Welfare Group, Madrid, Spain.,EAZA Reproductive Management Group, Chester, UK
| | - Darcy Wolfman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, National Capital Region, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dalen W Agnew
- Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, Colorado, USA.,Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
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5
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Vincent KL, Frost PA, Motamedi M, Dick EJ, Wei J, Yang J, White R, Gauduin MC. High-Resolution Quantitative Mapping of Macaque Cervicovaginal Epithelial Thickness: Implications for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660524. [PMID: 34262561 PMCID: PMC8273733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal mucosal surfaces naturally offer some protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1, however topical preventative medications or vaccine designed to boost local immune responses can further enhance this protection. We previously developed a novel mucosal vaccine strategy using viral vectors integrated into mouse dermal epithelium to induce virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses at the site of exposure. Since vaccine integration occurs at the site of cell replication (basal layer 100-400 micrometers below the surface), temporal epithelial thinning during vaccine application, confirmed with high resolution imaging, is desirable. In this study, strategies for vaginal mucosal thinning were evaluated noninvasively using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to map reproductive tract epithelial thickness (ET) in macaques to optimize basal layer access in preparation for future effective intravaginal mucosal vaccination studies. Twelve adolescent female rhesus macaques (5-7kg) were randomly assigned to interventions to induce vaginal mucosal thinning, including cytobrush mechanical abrasion, the chemical surfactant spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N9), the hormonal contraceptive depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), or no intervention. Macaques were evaluated at baseline and after interventions using colposcopy, vaginal biopsies, and OCT imaging, which allowed for real-time in vivo visualization and measurement of ET of the mid-vagina, fornices, and cervix. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Colposcopy findings included pink, rugated tissue with variable degrees of white-tipped, thickened epithelium. Baseline ET of the fornices was thinner than the cervix and vagina (p<0.05), and mensing macaques had thinner ET at all sites (p<0.001). ET was decreased 1 month after DMPA (p<0.05) in all sites, immediately after mechanical abrasion (p<0.05) in the fornix and cervix, and after two doses of 4% N9 (1.25ml) applied over 14 hrs in the fornix only (p<0.001). Histological assessment of biopsied samples confirmed OCT findings. In summary, OCT imaging allowed for real time assessment of macaque vaginal ET. While varying degrees of thinning were observed after the interventions, limitations with each were noted. ET decreased naturally during menses, which may provide an ideal opportunity for accessing the targeted vaginal mucosal basal layers to achieve the optimum epithelial thickness for intravaginal mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Vincent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Patrice A. Frost
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Edward J. Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jingna Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jinping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robert White
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marie-Claire Gauduin
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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6
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Saravanan C, Flandre T, Hodo CL, Lewis AD, Mecklenburg L, Romeike A, Turner OC, Yen HY. Research Relevant Conditions and Pathology in Nonhuman Primates. ILAR J 2021; 61:139-166. [PMID: 34129672 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research involving animal models continues to provide important insights into disease pathogenesis and treatment of diseases that impact human health. In particular, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in translational research due to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and similarities to disease pathogenesis and treatment responses as assessed in clinical trials. Microscopic changes in tissues remain a significant endpoint in studies involving these models. Spontaneous, expected (ie, incidental or background) histopathologic changes are commonly encountered and influenced by species, genetic variations, age, and geographical origin of animals, including exposure to infectious or parasitic agents. Often, the background findings confound study-related changes, because numbers of NHPs used in research are limited by animal welfare and other considerations. Moreover, background findings in NHPs can be exacerbated by experimental conditions such as treatment with xenobiotics (eg, infectious morphological changes related to immunosuppressive therapy). This review and summary of research-relevant conditions and pathology in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, baboons, African green monkeys, common marmosets, tamarins, and squirrel and owl monkeys aims to improve the interpretation and validity of NHP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Saravanan
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Thierry Flandre
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn L Hodo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Münster 48163, Germany
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7
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Kirejczyk S, Pinelli C, Gonzalez O, Kumar S, Dick E, Gumber S. Urogenital Lesions in Nonhuman Primates at 2 National Primate Research Centers. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:147-160. [PMID: 33208023 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820971752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Given their genetic and anatomic similarities to humans, nonhuman primates (NHPs) may serve as animal models for urogenital diseases of humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of spontaneous urogenital lesions occurring over a 30-year period at the Yerkes and Southwest National Primate Research Centers and to compare and contrast lesions occurring in Old World versus New World primates. Lesions occurring in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), baboon (Papio spp.), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), cotton-top tamarin (Sanguinus oedipus), and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) are discussed. The most common lesions of the kidney were medullary amyloidosis, renal cysts, renal tubular degeneration, glomerulonephritis or glomerulopathy, nephritis, nephrocalcinosis, pyelonephritis, and hydronephrosis. Specific causes of renal tubular disease included pigmentary nephrosis and tubular lipidosis. Renal tumors, including renal adenoma and carcinoma, lymphoma, and nephroblastoma, were infrequent diagnoses in all species. Endometriosis was the most frequently diagnosed lesion of the female genital tract. Of the animals examined in this study, it was most frequent in Old World primates. Leiomyoma was the most common uterine tumor. Granulosa cell tumor was the most frequently observed neoplasm of the ovaries, followed by teratoma. Of animals included in the study, most ovarian tumors occurred in baboons. Neoplasms of the male reproductive tract included interstitial cell tumor, seminoma, penile squamous cell carcinoma, penile papilloma, and histiocytoma. In New World monkeys, renal lesions were reported more frequently than genital lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Pinelli
- 1371Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,*Current address: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave South MCN AA-6206, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- 7075Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- 7075Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward Dick
- 7075Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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8
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Kaye S. Chronic uterine abscess in a Bolivian grey titi monkey (
Plecturocebus donacophilus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Kaye
- Animal Care DepartmentStaten Island ZooStaten IslandNew YorkUSA
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9
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Belcher SM, Cline JM, Conley J, Groeters S, Jefferson WN, Law M, Mackey E, Suen AA, Williams CJ, Dixon D, Wolf JC. Endocrine Disruption and Reproductive Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:1049-1071. [PMID: 31833458 PMCID: PMC8008741 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319879903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, investigations involving endocrine active substances (EAS) and reproductive toxicity have dominated the landscape of ecotoxicological research. This has occurred in concert with heightened awareness in the scientific community, general public, and governmental entities of the potential consequences of chemical perturbation in humans and wildlife. The exponential growth of experimentation in this field is fueled by our expanding knowledge into the complex nature of endocrine systems and the intricacy of their interactions with xenobiotic agents. Complicating factors include the ever-increasing number of novel receptors and alternate mechanistic pathways that have come to light, effects of chemical mixtures in the environment versus those of single EAS laboratory exposures, the challenge of differentiating endocrine disruption from direct cytotoxicity, and the potential for transgenerational effects. Although initially concerned with EAS effects chiefly in the thyroid glands and reproductive organs, it is now recognized that anthropomorphic substances may also adversely affect the nervous and immune systems via hormonal mechanisms and play substantial roles in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mac Law
- North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Emily Mackey
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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10
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Mecklenburg L, Luetjens CM, Weinbauer GF. Toxicologic Pathology Forum*: Opinion on Sexual Maturity and Fertility Assessment in Long-tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) in Nonclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:444-460. [PMID: 30898082 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319831009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
If nonhuman primates represent the only relevant species for nonclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived products, male and female fertility effects can be assessed in repeat dose toxicity studies given that sexually mature monkeys are used. This opinion piece provides recommendations for determining sexual maturity and when/how fertility assessments should be conducted in the cynomolgus monkey. Male sexual maturity should be proven by presence of sperm in a semen sample, female sexual maturity by at least two consecutive menstrual bleedings. As per regulatory guidance, default parameters for an indirect assessment of fertility in both sexes are reproductive organ weight and histopathology. Beyond default parameters, daily vaginal swabs are recommended for females, and for males, it is recommended to include blood collections (for potential analysis of reproductive hormones), testis volume sonography, and collection of frozen testis samples at necropsy. Only if there is a cause for concern, blood collection for potential reproductive hormone analysis should be conducted in females and semen analysis in males. In principle, adverse reproductive effects can be detected within 4 weeks of test article administration, depending on study design and reproductive end point chosen. Therefore, there are options for addressing reproductive toxicity aspects with studies of less than 3 months dosing duration. *This is an opinion article submitted to the Toxicologic Pathology Forum. It represents the views of the authors. It does not constitute an official position of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, British Society of Toxicological Pathology, or European Society of Toxicologic Pathology, and the views expressed might not reflect the best practices recommended by these Societies. This article should not be construed to represent the policies, positions, or opinions of their respective organizations, employers, or regulatory agencies.
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11
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Buse E, Markert UR. The immunology of the macaque placenta: A detailed analysis and critical comparison with the human placenta. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:118-145. [PMID: 30632863 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is increasingly considered in toxicological research as the most appropriate model for humans due to the species' close physiological contiguity, including reproductive physiology. Here, literature on the cynomolgus monkey placenta is reviewed in regards to its similarity to the human placenta and particularly for its immunological role, which is not entirely mirrored in humans. Pertinent original data are included in this article. The cynomolgus monkey placenta is evaluated based on three aspects: first, morphological development; second, the spatial and temporal appearance of maternal and fetal immune cells and certain immune cell products of the innate and adaptive immune systems; and third, the expression of relevant immune tolerance-related molecules including the homologs of anti-human leucocyte antigen, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, FAS/FAS-L, annexin II, and progesterone. Parameters relevant to the immunological role of the placenta are evaluated from the immunologically immature stage of gestational day (GD) 50 until more mature stages close to birth. Selected comparisons are drawn with human and other laboratory animal placentas. In conclusion, the cynomolgus monkey placenta has a high degree of morphological and physiological similarity to the human placenta. However, there are differences in the topographical distribution of cell types and immune tolerance-related molecules. Three basic features are recognized: (1) the immunological capacity of the placenta changes throughout the lifetime of the organ; (2) these immunological changes include multiple parameters such as morphological adaptations, cell type involvement, and changes in immune-relevant molecule expression; and (3) the immune systems of two genetically disparate individuals (mother and child) are functionally intertwined at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udo R Markert
- b Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics , University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
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12
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Elmore SA, Carreira V, Labriola CS, Mahapatra D, McKeag SR, Rinke M, Shackelford C, Singh B, Talley A, Wallace SM, Wancket LM, Willson CJ. Proceedings of the 2018 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:865-897. [PMID: 30282530 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318800734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Indianapolis, Indiana, at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 37th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and other topics covered during the symposium included seminiferous tubule dysgenesis in rats, ameloblast and odontoblast degeneration/necrosis in a Sprague Dawley rat, intestinal leiomyositis in a beagle dog, gallbladder mucinous hyperplasia, focus of hepatocellular alteration and bile duct alteration in otters, renal tubule cytoplasmic vacuolation with basophilic granules in mice treated swith antisense oligonucleotide therapy, a uterine choriocarcinoma in a rhesus macaque, and rete ovarii proliferative ovarian lesions in various aged rat strains. One particularly provocative lesion was a malignant neoplastic proliferation in the renal pelvic region of a cynomolgus macaque from a 21-day study. Additional challenging lesions included thyroid proliferative lesions in zebra fish and gross findings in fish larvae during routine chemical screening. The Rabbit and Minipig International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Groups also presented a series of challenging lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Caralyn S Labriola
- 3 Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debabrata Mahapatra
- 4 Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean R McKeag
- 5 Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cynthia Shackelford
- 7 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- 8 Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Talley
- 9 Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallace
- 10 Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Cynthia J Willson
- 4 Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Dickerson MF, Martin LD, Lewis AD. Uterus-like Masses in a Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2017; 67:376-380. [PMID: 28830586 PMCID: PMC5557211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a relatively common condition in women and some populations of adult female rhesus macaques. However, endometriosis with extensive smooth muscle proliferation, as occurs in endomyometrioma and uterus-like mass (ULM), is rare in women. This report describes a case of endometriosis with extensive smooth muscle metaplasia resembling multiple ULM in a 20-y-old female rhesus macaque. During a protocol-related procedure, a large, smooth, globoid, freely moveable mass was palpated in the midabdomen. Ultrasonography revealed a cystic structure from which dark brown fluid was aspirated. During exploratory laparotomy, an 8-cm spherical mass in the greater omentum and 3 additional masses (diameter, 2 to 5 cm) attached to the omentum were excised. Microscopic examination of the masses revealed numerous foci of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma frequently surrounded by bundles of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue. The gross and histologic lesions in this macaque bore many similarities to ULM in women. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of endometriosis resembling a uteruslike mass in a NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Dickerson
- Office of Comparative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Lauren D Martin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Kangawa A, Otake M, Enya S, Yoshida T, Shibata M. Normal Developmental and Estrous Cycle–dependent Histological Features of the Female Reproductive Organs in Microminipigs. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:551-573. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623317710012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microminipig has become an increasingly attractive animal model for various experimental practices because of its manageable size; however, studies of the histological features of the female reproductive organs in microminipigs are limited. The present study investigates the sexual development of the reproductive organs and the cyclical changes during the estrous cycle in female microminipigs. The ovaries, oviducts, uteri, and vaginal tissues from 33 animals aged 0 to 26 months were utilized in this study. By evaluating the large tertiary follicles, corpora lutea, and the regressing corpora lutea, we estimated that female microminipigs reached puberty at approximately 5 months of age and sexual maturity at 8 months of age. The appearance of the follicles and corpora lutea in the ovaries, as well as the epithelium in other reproductive organs, was synchronized with each phase of the estrous cycle and was identical to that in common domestic pigs. In addition, several spontaneous findings were observed, including mesonephric duct remnants adjacent to oviducts and mineralization in ovaries. Understanding the normal histology of the reproductive organs in microminipigs is crucial for advancing pathological evaluations for future toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Kangawa
- Swine and Poultry Department, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otake
- Swine and Poultry Department, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoko Enya
- Swine and Poultry Department, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibata
- Swine and Poultry Department, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Evaluation of the female reproductive system in a general toxicity setting can be challenging for the toxicologic pathologist due to the cyclic nature of the estrous and menstrual cycles, timing of puberty and reproductive senescence, and species differences. Age in particular can have a significant impact on the histologic appearance of the female reproductive system and create challenges when trying to distinguish test article-related findings from normal developmental or senescent changes. This review describes the key physiologic and histologic features of immaturity, the transition through puberty, sexual maturity, and reproductive senescence in the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on practical applications for the toxicologic pathologist, and includes recommendations for distinguishing and documenting these developmental periods. Rats and cynomolgus monkeys are used as examples throughout with correlations to clinically observed end points to better aid the toxicologic pathologist in understanding how age may impact study interpretation.
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Nishimoto-Kakiuchi A, Netsu S, Matsuo S, Hayashi S, Ito T, Okabayashi S, Yasmin L, Yuzawa K, Kondoh O, Kato A, Suzuki M, Konno R, Sankai T. Characteristics of histologically confirmed endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2352-9. [PMID: 27591226 PMCID: PMC5027930 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the characteristics of spontaneous endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys? SUMMARY ANSWER Spontaneous endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys exhibited similar characteristics to the human disease. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY One previous report described the prevalence and the basic histopathology of spontaneous endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Endometriotic lesions that had been histologically confirmed in 8 female cynomolgus monkeys between 5 and 21 years old were subjected to study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The monkeys died of, or were sacrificed because of, sickness consequent on endometriosis. Specimens were evaluated histopathologically with haematoxylin and eosin staining, iron staining and immunohistochemistry (CD10, CD31, α-SMA and PGP9.5), and by observing them under a microscope. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Endometriotic and stromal cells (CD10-positive) with haemorrhage and inflammation were observed. Smooth muscle metaplasia and nerve fibres were also noted in the endometriotic lesions. Endometriotic lesions in lymph nodes were incidentally found. LIMITATIONS AND REASONS FOR CAUTION Since laparoscopic analysis for monitoring the disease state was not set as a parameter of the current study, time course changes (progression) of the disease were not assessed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Further investigation of spontaneous endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys may contribute to better understanding of the disease pathobiology. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funds were used for this study. A.N.K., S.M., S.H., T.I., O.K., A.K. and M.S. are full-time employees of Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. R.K. received lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., unrelated to the submitted work. S.N., S. O., L.Y., K.Y. and T.S. have nothing to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nishimoto-Kakiuchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - S Netsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanumacho, Omiya-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - S Matsuo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - S Hayashi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - T Ito
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - S Okabayashi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - L Yasmin
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - K Yuzawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - O Kondoh
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - A Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - M Suzuki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - R Konno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanumacho, Omiya-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - T Sankai
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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Halpern WG, Ameri M, Bowman CJ, Elwell MR, Mirsky ML, Oliver J, Regan KS, Remick AK, Sutherland VL, Thompson KE, Tremblay C, Yoshida M, Tomlinson L. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider Review: Inclusion of Reproductive and Pathology End Points for Assessment of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity in Pharmaceutical Drug Development. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:789-809. [PMID: 27235322 PMCID: PMC4979743 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316650052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Standard components of nonclinical toxicity testing for novel pharmaceuticals include clinical and anatomic pathology, as well as separate evaluation of effects on reproduction and development to inform clinical development and labeling. General study designs in regulatory guidances do not specifically mandate use of pathology or reproductive end points across all study types; thus, inclusion and use of these end points are variable. The Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) formed a Working Group to assess the current guidelines and practices on the use of reproductive, anatomic pathology, and clinical pathology end points in general, reproductive, and developmental toxicology studies. The Working Group constructed a survey sent to pathologists and reproductive toxicologists, and responses from participating organizations were collected through the STP for evaluation by the Working Group. The regulatory context, relevant survey results, and collective experience of the Working Group are discussed and provide the basis of each assessment by study type. Overall, the current practice of including specific end points on a case-by-case basis is considered appropriate. Points to consider are summarized for inclusion of reproductive end points in general toxicity studies and for the informed use of pathology end points in reproductive and developmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amera K Remick
- WIL Research, a Charles River Company, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Midori Yoshida
- Food Safety Commission of Japan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Chaudhari UK, Imran M, Manjramkar DD, Metkari SM, Sable NP, Gavhane DS, Katkam RR, Sachdeva G, Thakur MH, Kholkute SD. Use of ultrasound imaging for the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in the bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata). Lab Anim 2016; 51:65-74. [PMID: 26946119 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216637304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a powerful, low-cost, non-invasive medical tool used by laboratory animal veterinarians for diagnostic imaging. Sonohysterography and transvaginal ultrasound are frequently used to assess uterine anomalies in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). In the present study, we have evaluated the abdominal ultrasound of bonnet monkeys ( n = 8) showing spontaneous ovulatory ( n = 5) and anovulatory ( n = 3) AUB. The ovulatory ( n = 5) macaques showed cyclic AUB for 7-8 days. The anovulatory ( n = 3) macaques had irregular AUB with menstrual cycles of 40-45 days. The B-mode abdominal, colour Doppler and 3D ultrasound scans were performed during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Ultrasound examination revealed endometrial polyps in five macaques and endometrial hyperplasia in three animals. The width and length of endometrial polyps was around 0.5-1 cm (average 0.51 ± 0.23 cm × 0.96 ± 0.16 cm) with significant increase in endometrial thickness ( P < 0.0002). 3D ultrasound also showed a homogeneous mass in the uterine cavity and colour Doppler ultrasound showed increased vascularity in the endometrial polyps. Endometrial hyperplasia characteristically appeared as a thickened echogenic endometrium ( P < 0.0002). This study demonstrates the use of non-invasive ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of AUB in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav K Chaudhari
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - M Imran
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Nilesh P Sable
- 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Rajendra R Katkam
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Meenakshi H Thakur
- 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva D Kholkute
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
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19
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Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the most extensively used nonhuman primate models for human diseases. This article presents a literature review focusing on major organ systems and age-associated conditions in humans and primates, combined with information from the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center Electronic Health Record database to highlight and contrast age-associated lesions in geriatric rhesus macaques with younger cohorts. Rhesus macaques are excellent models for age-associated conditions, including diabetes, osteoarthritis, endometriosis, visual accommodation, hypertension, osteoporosis, and amyloidosis. Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine (ileocecocolic junction, cecum, and colon) is the most common spontaneous neoplasm in the rhesus macaque. A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is required to truly define mechanisms of maturation, aging, and the pathology of age-associated conditions in macaques and thus humans. The rhesus macaque is and will continue to be an appropriate and valuable model for investigation of the mechanisms and treatment of age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Schelling SH, Morton D. An extragonadal teratoma in a female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2015; 44:113-5. [PMID: 25656828 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extragonadal teratomas have not been reported in nonhuman primates. A female cynomolgus monkey, a vehicle control in an exploratory toxicity study, was necropsied. Microscopic examination of an extragonadal mass in the animal's craniodorsal retroperitoneum revealed a teratoma. This is the first report of an extragonadal teratoma in a nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Schelling
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, MA, USA
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21
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Beck AP, Erdelyi I, Zeiss CJ. Endometrial decidualization and deciduosis in aged rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2014; 64:148-156. [PMID: 24674591 PMCID: PMC3997294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Superficial decidualization of the endometrial stroma is an essential feature of the implantation stage of pregnancy in rhesus macaques and other primates. Decidualization involves proliferation of the endometrial stromal cells, with differentiation into morphologically distinct decidual cells. Previous reports involving nonpregnant rhesus monkeys have described local- ized and widespread endometrial decidualization in response to administration of progesterone and synthetic progestogens. Ectopic decidua or 'deciduosis' describes the condition in which groups of decidual cells are located outside of the endometrium, most often in the ovaries, uterus and cervix but also in various other organs. In humans, most cases of deciduosis are associated with normal pregnancy, and ectopic decidua can be found in the ovary in nearly all term pregnancies. Here we describe pronounced endometrial decidualization in 2 rhesus macaques. Both macaques had been treated long-term with medroxyprogesterone acetate for presumed endometriosis, which was confirmed in one of the macaques at postmortem examination. In one animal, florid extrauterine and peritoneal serosal decidualization was admixed multifocally with carcinomatosis from a primary colonic adenocarcinoma. Cells constituting endometrial and serosal decidualization reactions were immunopositive for the stromal markers CD10, collagen IV, smooth muscle actin, and vimentin and immunonegative for cytokeratin. In contrast, carcinomatous foci were cytokeratin-positive. To our knowledge, this report describes the first cases of serosal peritoneal decidualization in rhesus macaques. The concurrent presentation of serosal peritoneal decidualization with carcinomatosis is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Beck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Ildiko Erdelyi
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Ricci F, Broggini M, Damia G. Revisiting ovarian cancer preclinical models: Implications for a better management of the disease. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:561-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cline JM, Dixon D, Ernerudh J, Faas MM, Göhner C, Häger JD, Markert UR, Pfarrer C, Svensson-Arvelund J, Buse E. The placenta in toxicology. Part III: Pathologic assessment of the placenta. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:339-44. [PMID: 23531795 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313482207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This short review is derived from the peer-reviewed literature and the experience and case materials of the authors. Brief illustrated summaries are presented on the gross and histologic normal anatomy of rodent and macaque placentas, including typical organ weights, with comments on differences from the human placenta. Common incidental findings, background lesions, and induced toxic lesions are addressed, and a recommended strategy for pathologic evaluation of placentas is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Cline
- 1Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Pohl O, Williams ARW, Bergeron C, Gotteland JP. A 39-week oral toxicity study of ulipristal acetate in cynomolgus monkeys. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:6-12. [PMID: 23474274 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ulipristal acetate (UPA) is a novel Progesterone Receptor Modulator (PRM) and registered for the pre-operative treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids during 3months. In a study which assessed the potential toxicity of UPA in female cynomolgus monkeys following daily oral administration of 1, 5, or 25mg/kg for 39weeks, UPA was well tolerated with dose-dependent macroscopic and microscopic observations limited to the uterus and oviducts. These findings were considered to be related to the pharmacological action of UPA and showed evidence of partial reversibility. Findings in the endometrium were similar to PRM-associated-endometrial-changes (PAEC) described in PRM-treated women. No adverse effects were found that would raise concerns about potential pre-malignancy. Although the translation of these findings to human is limited by the small study size and species differences, these results from animals chronically exposed to up to 150times the clinical UPA exposure are considered significant and supportive to the chronic administration of UPA for more than 3months in women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pohl
- PregLem S.A., Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 3, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
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25
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Harbison CE, Ellis ME, Westmoreland SV. Spontaneous cervicovaginal lesions and immune cell infiltrates in nonhuman primates. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1016-27. [PMID: 23427274 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313477754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), provide important model systems for studying human reproductive infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, and Chlamydia spp. An understanding of the spectrum of spontaneous cervical disease provides essential context for interpreting experimental disease outcomes in the female reproductive tract. This retrospective study characterizes the incidence of inflammatory and/or proliferative cervicovaginal lesions seen over a 14-year period in a multispecies nonhuman primate colony, focusing on rhesus macaques. The most common observations included a spectrum of lymphocytic accumulation from within normal limits to lymphoplasmacytic cervicitis, and suppurative inflammation with occasional squamous metaplasia or polyp formation. These inflammatory spectra frequently occurred in the context of immunosuppression following experimental simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. Cervical neoplasias were uncommon and included leiomyomas and carcinomas. Cervical sections from 13 representative cases, with an emphasis on proliferative and dysplastic lesions, were surveyed for leukocyte infiltration, abnormal epithelial proliferation, and the presence of papillomavirus antigens. Proliferative lesions showed sporadic evidence of spontaneous papillomavirus infection and variable immune cell responses. These results underscore the importance of pre screening potential experimental animals for the presence of preexisting reproductive tract disease, and the consideration of normal variability within cycling reproductive tracts in interpretation of cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole E Harbison
- 1New England Primate Research Center-Division of Comparative Pathology, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
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Kim SW, Lee YH, Lee SR, Kim KM, Lee YJ, Jung KJ, Chang KS, Kim D, Son HY, Reu DS, Chang KT. Bilateral ovarian cysts originating from rete ovarii in an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1229-32. [PMID: 22673701 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cyst is common incidental finding in humans and many animals and includes follicular cysts, cystic rete ovarii and mesonephric duct cysts. Ovarian cyst is often associated with reproductive disorders in humans and animals. We found accidentally bilateral cystic masses in ovaries in an African green monkey. Grossly, the left and right ovarian cystic masses were single unilocular cystic structures measuring 0.6 and 1.8 cm in diameter, respectively. Histologically, both cysts were thin-walled structures that arose from the center of the ovary and displaced ovarian tissue peripherally. The cysts were lined by a single layer of nonciliated low cuboidal epithelium. Immunohistochemically, epithelial cells in the cysts were positive for cytokeratin, and the stromal cells were positive for smooth muscle actin but negative for vimentin. These results suggest that these ovarian cysts in an African green monkey are cystic rete ovarii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cystic rete ovarii in African green monkeys and may be of value in relation to research of the pathogenesis and treatment of ovarian cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Kim
- The National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
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27
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Bergin IL, Bell JD, Chen Z, Zochowski MK, Chai D, Schmidt K, Culmer DL, Aronoff DM, Patton DL, Mwenda JM, Wood CE, Burk RD. Novel genital alphapapillomaviruses in baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) with cervical dysplasia. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:200-8. [PMID: 22446324 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812439725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genital Alphapapillomavirus (αPV) infections are one of the most common sexually transmitted human infections worldwide. Women infected with the highly oncogenic genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are at high risk for development of cervical cancer. Related oncogenic αPVs exist in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Here the authors identified 3 novel genital αPV types (PhPV1, PhPV2, PhPV3) by PCR in cervical samples from 6 of 15 (40%) wild-caught female Kenyan olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis). Eleven baboons had koilocytes in the cervix and vagina. Three baboons had dysplastic proliferative changes consistent with cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). In 2 baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV1, 1 had moderate (CIN2, n = 1) and 1 had low-grade (CIN1, n = 1) dysplasia. In 2 baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV2, 1 had low-grade (CIN1, n = 1) dysplasia and the other had only koilocytes. Two baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV3 had koilocytes only. PhPV1 and PhPV2 were closely related to oncogenic macaque and human αPVs. These findings suggest that αPV-infected baboons may be useful animal models for the pathogenesis, treatment, and prophylaxis of genital αPV neoplasia. Additionally, this discovery suggests that genital αPVs with oncogenic potential may infect a wider spectrum of non-human primate species than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Bergin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Sato J, Doi T, Kanno T, Wako Y, Tsuchitani M, Narama I. Histopathology of incidental findings in cynomolgus monkeys ( macaca fascicularis ) used in toxicity studies. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 25:63-101. [PMID: 22481861 PMCID: PMC3320159 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our publication is to widely communicate pictures of spontaneous findings occurring in cynomolgus monkeys. Focal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration is commonly seen in the general organs. The frequency and severity of these lesions may be influenced by the administration of drugs with an effect on the immune system. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the lamina propria of the stomach is also frequently seen in cynomolgus monkeys, and it is caused mainly by a Helicobacter pylori infection. Various degrees of brown pigments are observed in various organs, and it is possible to distinguish the material of the pigments by its morphological features and site. A focal/segmental glomerular lesion is occasionally seen in a section of the kidney, and the minimal lesion has no influence on the urinalysis. We showed the common glomerular lesions in HE-stained sections, as well as in PAM- or PAS-stained sections, for understanding the details. Young and pubertal monkeys are usually used in toxicity studies; therefore, understanding various maturation stages of the genital system is important. In particular, the female genital system needs to be understood in the morphology, because their cyclic changes are different from other laboratory animals. Thus, we present the normal features of the cyclic changes of the female genital organs. Furthermore, we provide more information on spontaneous findings in cynomolgus monkeys for exact diagnoses in toxicity studies.
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King SM, Burdette JE. Evaluating the progenitor cells of ovarian cancer: analysis of current animal models. BMB Rep 2011; 44:435-45. [PMID: 21777513 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.7.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serous ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies. Progress on effective diagnostics and therapeutics for this disease are hampered by ambiguity as to the cellular origins of this histotype of ovarian cancer, as well as limited suitable animal models to analyze early stages of disease. In this report, we will review current animal models with respect to the two proposed progenitor cells for serous ovarian cancer, the ovarian surface epithelium and the fallopian tube epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M King
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, USA
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Ethun KF, Cline JM, Appt SE. Endocrine profile of an ovariectomized cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with a supernumerary ovary. Comp Med 2011; 61:462-466. [PMID: 22330356 PMCID: PMC3193071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
For 21 mo after a bilateral ovariectomy, a 19-y-old ovariectomized cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) continued to have menstrual cycles and measurable premenopausal estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Among these 10 menstrual cycles, 5 cycles were normal in duration and 5 were prolonged. At necropsy, a firm nodule was identified in the omental fat, and histologic evaluation confirmed the presence of ovarian tissue containing various stages of atretic follicles, a regressing corpora lutea, and a degenerating antral follicle. The endometrium and vaginal epithelium were atrophic. The occurrence of ectopic ovarian tissue in any form and location is a rare gynecologic condition in both women and nonhuman primates. Previously reported cases in nonhuman primates have been incidental findings at necropsy; therefore, the steroidogenic capacity and endocrine-related sequelae of such ovarian tissue in any nonhuman primate species is unknown. Based on structure, location, and relationship to normally situated ovaries, the ovarian tissue in this case was classified as a supernumerary ovary. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a supernumerary ovary in a cynomolgus macaque. This report demonstrates that supernumerary ovaries in nonhuman primates can be biologically active for many years beyond sexual maturity and should be considered as a possible cause for vaginal bleeding and elevated ovarian hormone concentrations after ovariectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Ethun
- Wake Forest University Primate Center and the Department of Pathology-Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Bell JD, Bergin IL, Harris LH, Chai D, Mullei I, Mwenda J, Dalton VK, Vahratian A, Lebar W, Zochowski MK, Kiulia N, Aronoff DM, Patton DL. The effects of a single cervical inoculation of Chlamydia trachomatis on the female reproductive tract of the baboon (Papio anubis). J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1305-12. [PMID: 21921205 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) can be transcervically instrumented, facilitating studies of intrauterine contraception and reproductive tract infection. We sought to determine if the baboon could become infected with a single cervical inoculation of Chlamydia trachomatis. METHODS Ten female baboons were randomized and inoculated cervically with C. trachomatis serovar E (or buffer alone). Animals underwent weekly clinical and laparoscopic evaluations for four weeks and at post-inoculation week 8, to monitor upper tract infection. Cervical culture and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) were completed weekly throughout the study. Animals were euthanized at week 16 and the reproductive tracts were examined histologically. RESULTS All inoculated animals developed cervical infection. The average duration of positive NAAT results was 6.8 weeks (range 2-16). Two of eight (25%) animals tested positive from fallopian tube samples. Infected animals showed histological findings consistent with chlamydial infection, such as germinal centers. Five of ten animals seroconverted to C. trachomatis. CONCLUSIONS Baboons cervically inoculated once with C. trachomatis develop infection similar to humans, with a low incidence of upper tract infection. This novel model of Chlamydia infection closely resembles human disease and opens new avenues for studying the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted infections and contraceptive safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Bell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Starost MF. Adenomyofibroma of the fimbria in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 21:892-4. [PMID: 19901298 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 20-year-old female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was presented for an end-of-study necropsy. At necropsy, a 2 cm x 1.5 cm x 1 cm, butterfly-shaped, multilobulated mass extended off the right uterine tube fimbria. Microscopically, the mass was composed of large, plump, finger-like projections lined primarily by simple columnar ciliated epithelium. The interstitium contained a proliferation of smooth muscle stromal cells admixed with varying amounts of collagen. A diagnosis of adenomyofibroma of the fimbria was made. This benign neoplasm should be considered as a differential diagnosis for masses arising from the fallopian tube in old-world macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Starost
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Veterinary Resources, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Marr-Belvin AK, Bailey CC, Knight HL, Klumpp SA, Westmoreland SV, Miller AD. Ovarian pathology in rhesus macaques: a 12-year retrospective. J Med Primatol 2010; 39:170-6. [PMID: 20345769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian pathology is an important cause of decreased fertility and reproductive capability and may impact multiple systems, particularly in aging rhesus macaques. METHODS Retrospective histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 458 female rhesus macaque necropsies over 12 years at the New England Primate Research Center in Southborough, MA. RESULTS Degenerative and inflammatory changes in the ovaries included mineralization, infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, endometriosis, and arteriopathy. Cystic changes included follicular cysts, cystic rete, and mesonephric duct cysts with cystic rete the most common. Neoplasms included granulosa cell tumors, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and teratoma. CONCLUSIONS Ovarian lesions of the rhesus macaque are similar to those of cynomolgus macaques and humans. These lesions are frequently incidental findings but may impact metabolic and neurocognitive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Marr-Belvin
- Division of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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Cline JM, Wood CE. Estrogen/isoflavone interactions in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Am J Primatol 2009; 71:722-31. [PMID: 19322873 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogenic components of dietary soy, which are widely consumed for their potential health benefits. Soy isoflavones appear to decrease breast and endometrial cancer risk in human observational studies, but paradoxically stimulate growth of breast cancer cells in culture and uterine enlargement in rodents. We have shown that these compounds are not estrogenic in cynomolgus monkeys even at relatively high doses, but that they reduce estrogen-induced proliferative responses of the breast and endometrium. This effect may be mediated through estrogen receptor interactions and/or modulation of endogenous estrogen metabolism. Interindividual variation in isoflavone absorption and metabolism contributes to the degree of estrogen antagonistic effect. Our recent studies have also shown that individual isoflavone metabolites such as glyceollins may have unique selective estrogen receptor modulator-like activity, acting as tissue-specific antagonists without agonist activity. Rodent studies and human epidemiologic data suggest that timing of exposure and dose relative to endogenous estrogen concentrations are important determinants of effect, and studies of dietary soy on breast development and pubertal maturation are under way. Because soy isoflavones are both abundant in standard monkey chow diets and widely available as dietary supplements for human beings, these findings have broad relevance to the health of human and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Cline
- Wake Forest University Primate Center, Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040, USA.
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Abstract
As part of an overview of the female reproductive organs in the macaque monkey, the present paper presents normal placental development. Although normally not examined in routine toxicologic pathology, the interest in the macaque as a model for reprotoxicity studies is increasing significantly. Based on different classifications, the macaque placenta belongs to the chorioallantoic, (bi)discoid, villous, deciduate, and hemochorial placental type. Within the first fourteen days after fertilization, a large number of events subsequently occur (apposition, adhesion, penetration and traversal of trophoblasts, blood vessel penetration, and development of villi). After this period, the basic placental structure has been laid down in the endometrium, and the initial communication between mother and fetus has been established. Further expansive growth of the placenta and development of anchoring villi are believed to be accomplished by continuous proliferation and migration of the trophoblasts from the trophoblastic shell. Despite the same function of human and macaque placentas, the morphologic structure and developmental timelines are different. Possible toxicological and physiological implications of these differences toward the value of macaques within reprotoxicity studies is discussed at the end of this paper. Besides a transporting role between mother and fetus, the placenta is also an endocrine organ that synthesizes a variety of hormones and cytokines. They influence ovarian and uterine physiology at the start of pregnancy and fetal and mammary physiology during gestation and around labor, respectively. Competing Interests: This article was sponsored by Covance Inc. and Schering-Plough. Eveline P. C. T. de Rijk and Eric Van Esch are employed by Schering-Plough. No other competing interests were declared.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Van Esch
- Schering-Plough, Department of Toxicology and Drug Disposition, Oss, the Netherlands
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van Esch E, Cline JM, Buse E, Weinbauer GF. The Macaque Endometrium, with Special Reference to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623308326149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The macaque endometrium undergoes dramatic morphologic and functional changes during the menstrual cycle that are nearly identical to those of the human endometrium. The sequential events that take place in the endometrium are mainly driven by the ovarian steroids and their respective receptors. To be able to interpret the changes and effects induced by mammalian or synthetic hormones and other compounds that could have influence on the hormonal status of the animal, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and histology of the cyclic hormone-mediated processes within the endometrium is indispensable. In this paper we give an overview of uterine growth and development, anatomy, basic histology, aging, spontaneous pathology, and the techniques to study the endometrium in-life. In addtion, a comprehensive description of the receptor-mediated, hormone-driven morphological changes during the menstrual cycle in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is given. Where possible, differences between the macaque and human endometria are discussed. Competing Interests: This article was sponsored by Covance Inc. and Schering-Plough. Gerhard F. Weinbauer and Eberhard Buse are employed by Covance Inc. Eric Van Esch is employed by Schering-Plough. No other competing interests were declared.
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