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Maurice RL. Post-COVID-19: Time to Change Our Way of Life for a Better Future. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 5:211-220. [PMID: 38804342 PMCID: PMC11130812 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: From the year 1 anno Domini until 1855, with the third plague, major pandemics occurred on average every 348 years. Since then, they have occurred on average every 33 years, with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) now underway. Even though current technologies have greatly improved the way of life of human beings, COVID-19, with more than 700,000,000 cases and 6,950,000 deaths worldwide by the end of 2023, reminds us that much remains to be done. This report looks back at 18 months of COVID-19, from March 2020 to August 2021, with the aim of highlighting potential solutions that could help mitigate the impact of future pandemics. Materials and Methods: COVID-19 data, including case and death reports, were extracted daily from the Worldometer platform to build a database for the macroscopic analysis of the spread of the virus around the world. Demographic data were integrated into the COVID-19 database for a better understanding of the spatial spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in cities/municipalities. Without loss of generality, only data from the top 30 (out of 200 and above) countries ranked by total number of COVID-19 cases were analyzed. Statistics (regression, t-test (p < 0.05), correlation, mean ± std, etc.) were carried out with Excel software (Microsoft® Excel® 2013 (15.0.5579.1001)). Spectral analysis, using Matlab software (license number: 227725), was also used to try to better understand the temporal spread of COVID-19. Results: This study showed that COVID-19 mainly affects G20 countries and that cities/municipalities with high population density are a powerful activator of the spread of the virus. In addition, spectral analysis highlighted that the very first months of the spread of COVID-19 were the most notable, with a strong expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. On the other hand, the following six months showed a certain level of stability, mainly due to multiple preventive measures such as confinement, the closure of non-essential services, the wearing of masks, distancing of 2 m, etc. Conclusion: Given that densely populated cities and municipal areas have largely favored the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is believed that such a demographic context is becoming a societal problem that developed countries must address in a manner that is adequate and urgent. COVID-19 has made us understand that it is time to act both preventatively and curatively. With phenomenological evidence suggesting that the next pandemic could occur in less than 50 years, it may be time to launch new societal projects aimed at relieving congestion in densely populated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roch Listz Maurice
- Groupe Biomédical Montérégie, Centre Intégré de Santé et des Services Sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre (CISSSMC), Brossard, QC J4W 3J8, Canada
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Zayeri ZD, Torabizadeh M, Kargar M, Kazemi H. The molecular fingerprint of neuroinflammation in COVID-19: A comprehensive discussion on molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation due to SARS-COV2 antigens. Behav Brain Res 2024; 462:114868. [PMID: 38246395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 attacks the neural system directly and indirectly via various systems, such as the nasal cavity, olfactory system, and facial nerves. Considering the high energy requirement, lack of antioxidant defenses, and high amounts of metal ions in the brain, oxidative damage is very harmful to the brain. Various neuropathic pain conditions, neurological disorders, and neuropsychiatric complications were reported in Coronavirus disease 2019, prolonged Coronavirus disease 2019, and after Coronavirus disease 2019 immunization. This manuscript offers a distinctive outlook on the interconnectedness between neurology and neuropsychiatry through its meticulous analysis of complications. DISCUSSION After recovering from Coronavirus disease 2019, approximately half of the patients reported developing Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Long Coronavirus disease 2019 imaging reports illustrated the hypometabolism in various parts of the brain, such as olfactory bulbs, limbic/paralimbic domains, the brainstem, and the cerebellum. Ninety imaging and neuropathological studies of Coronavirus disease 2019 have shown evidence of white matter, brainstem, frontotemporal, and oculofrontal lesions. Emotional functions, such as pleasant, long/short-term memory, movement, cognition and cognition in decision-making are controlled by these regions. The neuroinflammation and the mechanisms of defense are well presented in the discussion. The role of microglia activation, Inducible NO synthase, Cyclooxygenases ½, Reactive oxygen species, neurotoxic toxins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha are highlighted in neuronal dysfunction and death. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Activator Protein 1, and Interferon regulatory factors are the main pathways involved in microglia activation in Coronavirus disease 2019 neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION The neurological aspect of Coronavirus disease 2019 should be highlighted. Neurological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019, prolonged Coronavirus disease 2019, and Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines can be the upcoming issues. We need a global awareness where this aspect of the disease should be more considered in health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Torabizadeh
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Kargar
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hashem Kazemi
- Department of Biology, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
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Azimi S, Merza MS, Ghasemi F, Dhahi HA, Baradarbarjastehbaf F, Moosavi M, Kargar PG, Len C. Green and rapid and instrumental one-pot method for the synthesis of imidazolines having potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 main protease activity. SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 2023; 34:101136. [PMID: 37333050 PMCID: PMC10239909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2023.101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for ongoing epidemics in humans and some other mammals and has been declared a public health emergency of international concern. In this project, several small non-peptide molecules were synthesized to inhibit the major proteinase (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using rational strategies of drug design and medicinal chemistry. Mpro is a key enzyme of coronaviruses and plays an essential role in mediating viral replication and transcription in human lung epithelial and stem cells, making it an attractive drug target for SARS-CoV. The antiviral potential of imidazoline derivatives as inhibitors of (SARS-CoV-2) Mpro was evaluated using in-silico techniques such as molecular docking simulation, molecular dynamics (MD), and ADMET prediction. The docking scores of these imidazoline derivatives were compared to that of the N3 crystal inhibitor and showed that most of these compounds, particularly compound E07, interacted satisfactorily in the active site of the coronavirus and strongly interacted with the residues (Met 165, Gln 166, Met 165, His 41, and Gln 189). Furthermore, the results were confirmed by MD simulations after exposure to long-term MD simulations and ADMET predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabikeh Azimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97175-615, Iran
| | - Muna S Merza
- Prosthetic Dental Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Fatemeh Ghasemi
- MSC in Software Engineering, Kowsar, The Institute of Higher Education, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Computer Engineering Department, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hasan Ali Dhahi
- National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Farid Baradarbarjastehbaf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mehdi Moosavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Pouya Ghamari Kargar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97175-615, Iran
| | - Christophe Len
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, F- 60200, Compiegne, France
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Stasenko SV, Kovalchuk AV, Eremin EV, Drugova OV, Zarechnova NV, Tsirkova MM, Permyakov SA, Parin SB, Polevaya SA. Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Determine the Post-COVID State of a Person by Their Rhythmogram. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115272. [PMID: 37299999 DOI: 10.3390/s23115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel method for detecting the post-COVID state using ECG data. By leveraging a convolutional neural network, we identify "cardiospikes" present in the ECG data of individuals who have experienced a COVID-19 infection. With a test sample, we achieve an 87 percent accuracy in detecting these cardiospikes. Importantly, our research demonstrates that these observed cardiospikes are not artifacts of hardware-software signal distortions, but rather possess an inherent nature, indicating their potential as markers for COVID-specific modes of heart rhythm regulation. Additionally, we conduct blood parameter measurements on recovered COVID-19 patients and construct corresponding profiles. These findings contribute to the field of remote screening using mobile devices and heart rate telemetry for diagnosing and monitoring COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Stasenko
- Neurotechnology Department, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrey V Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Autowave Processes, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Eremin
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga V Drugova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalya V Zarechnova
- GBUZ NO "Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary", 603126 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maria M Tsirkova
- Clinical Hospital No. 2, Privolzhsky District Medical Center, 603032 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey A Permyakov
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey B Parin
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sofia A Polevaya
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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5
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Tsuchiya H. Treatments of COVID-19-Associated Taste and Saliva Secretory Disorders. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:140. [PMID: 37366663 DOI: 10.3390/dj11060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, treating taste and saliva secretory disorders associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a critical issue. The aim of the present study was to update information on treatments applicable to such oral symptoms and discuss their pathogenic mechanisms. The literature search indicated that different treatments using tetracycline, corticosteroids, zinc, stellate ganglion block, phytochemical curcumin, traditional herbal medicine, nutraceutical vitamin D, photobiomodulation, antiviral drugs, malic acid sialagogue, chewing gum, acupuncture, and/or moxibustion have potential effects on COVID-19-associated ageusia/dysgeusia/hypogeusia and xerostomia/dry mouth/hyposalivation. These treatments have multiple modes of action on viral cellular entry and replication, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced pathological conditions such as inflammation, cytokine storm, pyroptosis, neuropathy, zinc dyshomeostasis, and dysautonomia. An understanding of currently available treatment options is required for dental professionals because they may treat patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 or who recovered from COVID-19, and become aware of their abnormal taste and salivary secretion. By doing so, dentists and dental hygienists could play a crucial role in managing COVID-19 oral symptoms and contribute to improving the oral health-related quality of life of the relevant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsuchiya
- Department of Dental Basic Education, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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6
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Jaramillo M, Thyvalikakath TP, Eckert G, Srinivasan M. Characteristics of Chemosensory Perception in Long COVID and COVID Reinfection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103598. [PMID: 37240704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest an increasing prevalence of persistent symptoms in individuals affected by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to determine the relative frequency of altered taste and smell in COVID reinfection (multiple COVID positive tests) and long COVID (one COVID positive test). We sent an electronic survey to patients in the Indiana University Health COVID registry with positive COVID test results, querying if they were experiencing symptoms consistent with long COVID including altered chemosensory perceptions. Among the 225 respondents, a greater long COVID burden and COVID reinfection was observed in women. Joint pain was reported as the most common symptom experienced by 18% of individuals in the long COVID cohort. In the COVID reinfection cohort >20% of individuals reported headache, joint pain, and cough. Taste perception worse than pre-COVID was reported by 29% and 42% of individuals in the long COVID and COVID reinfection cohorts, respectively. Smell perception worse than pre-COVID was reported by 37% and 46% of individuals in long COVID and COVID reinfection cohorts, respectively. Further, Chi-square test suggested significant association between pre-COVID severity of taste/smell perception and headache in both cohorts. Our findings highlight the prevalence of persistent chemosensory dysfunction for two years and longer in long COVID and COVID reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikki Jaramillo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thankam P Thyvalikakath
- Department of Dental Public Health and Dental Informatics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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7
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Neuman N, Sandvik P, Lindholm NB, Bömer-Schulte K, Lövestam E. Food-related experiences and behavioral responses among people affected by chemosensory dysfunctions following COVID-19: A scoping review. Res Nurs Health 2023. [PMID: 37171788 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A category of symptoms that became characteristic early in the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was chemosensory dysfunctions (alterations of smell and taste). Such symptoms substantially affect food and eating-cornerstones for both nutrition-related health outcomes and for quality of life. Based on this, this scoping review aimed to map out existing scientific literature on food-related experiences and related behavioral responses among people affected by chemosensory dysfunctions following COVID-19. A librarian-supported search of PsycInfo, PubMed, and Scopus for publications written in English (2020 to April 26, 2022) was conducted. Two authors searched for and screened publications and three others extracted and collated data. These are reported following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Of 1169 hits, 9 publications were included in the review. The results are thematized as "Psychological and social aspects" and "Nutritional aspects," each with the subsections "Experiences" and "Behavioral responses." A great variety of food-related problems, nutritional and mental health effects, and implications for social life are identified. People affected by chemosensory dysfunctions following COVID-19 suffer, as evident both in stories from qualitative studies and in measurements of quality of life. The results impact all professions who are and may come to be involved in treating these patients, such as nurses, physicians, dietitians, and psychologists. With more knowledge about the dysfunctions' manifestation, duration, and impact on everyday life, multiprofessional teams need to collaborate in supporting patients medically, psychosocially, and nutritionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Neuman
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Sandvik
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ninni Bellini Lindholm
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katharina Bömer-Schulte
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Lövestam
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yeung AWK. The Revived Interest in Ageusia Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bibliometric Analysis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041062. [PMID: 37109591 PMCID: PMC10144926 DOI: 10.3390/life13041062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of ageusia research literature has yet to be investigated. This bibliometric study analyzed the entire ageusia research literature indexed in Web of Science, to reveal its growth and the most productive entities in terms of authors, institutions, countries, journals, and journal categories. In addition, this study aimed to identify medical conditions (and their treatments) that were frequently associated with ageusia. On 7 March 2022, the Web of Science Core Collection database was accessed with the following search query: TS = (ageusia OR "taste loss" OR "loss of taste" OR "loss of gustat*" OR "gustatory loss"). The search identified publications mentioning these terms in their title, abstract, or keywords. No additional filters were placed on publication year, language, etc. The basic publication and citation counts were extracted from the in-built functions of the database. The complete record of the publications was exported into VOSviewer, a bibliometric software for visualizations. The search yielded 1170 publications. The cumulative publication and citation counts of the ageusia research sharply increased in 2020. The most productive author was Professor Thomas Hummel from Technische Universität Dresden. Ageusia research had heavy contributions from the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, and India. The top 5 most productive journals mainly belonged to the otorhinolaryngology and medicine categories. The medical conditions frequently investigated in ageusia research included COVID-19, cancers (head and neck, and advanced basal cell), Guillain-Barré syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and Sjogren's syndrome. This study could act as a begvinner's guide for (1) clinicians who are not familiar with ageusia so that they might better understand which scenarios they need to be more aware of since ageusia could be a co-morbidity of a patient's underlying disease, and (2) for those who wish to search for relevant authors and journals for suitable publications related to the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Deldadeh N, Haghighat S, Omidi Z, Sarrami-Foroushani R, Ansari AM, Sanati H, Azizi A, Zayeri F, Forouzesh F, Geijtenbeek TBH, Javidi MA. Anti-cancer effect of COVID-19 vaccines in 4T1 mice models. Life Sci 2023; 325:121569. [PMID: 36907328 PMCID: PMC10007716 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Without any doubt, vaccination was the best choice for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic control. According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), people with cancer or a history of cancer have a higher risk of dying from Covid-19 than ordinary people; hence, they should be considered a high-priority group for vaccination. On the other hand, the effect of the Covid-19 vaccination on cancer is not transparent enough. This study is one of the first in vivo studies that try to show the impact of Sinopharm (S) and AstraZeneca (A) vaccines on breast cancer, the most common cancer among women worldwide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vaccination was performed with one and two doses of Sinopharm (S1/S2) or AstraZeneca (A1/A2) on the 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mice model. The tumor size and body weight of mice were monitored every two days. After one month, mice were euthanized, and the existence of Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and expression of the important markers in the tumor site was assessed. Metastasis in the vital organs was also investigated. KEY FINDINGS Strikingly, all of the vaccinated mice showed a decrease in tumor size and this decrease was highest after two vaccinations. Moreover, we observed more TILs in the tumor after vaccination. Vaccinated mice demonstrated a decrease in the expression of tumor markers (VEGF, Ki-67, MMP-2/9), CD4/CD8 ratio, and metastasis to the vital organs. SIGNIFICANCE Our results strongly suggest that COVID-19 vaccinations decrease tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Deldadeh
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahpar Haghighat
- Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Omidi
- Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Sanati
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Azizi
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Zayeri
- Proteomics Research Center and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Mohammad Amin Javidi
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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The global prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:2663-2674. [PMID: 36715738 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vestibular dysfunction has been extensively studied amongst the older population. Recently, conditions and management of vestibular dysfunction among children and adolescent has gained attention. Yet, a lack of awareness and expertise in managing children and adolescents with vestibular dysfunction has led to a delay in diagnosis as well as a trifling prevalence rate. AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in children and adolescents. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies published until 29 April 2022. We used a random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and Cochran's Q test. The robustness of the pooled estimates was checked by different subgroups and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We identified 1811 studies, of which 39 studies (n = 323,663) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled prevalence of children and adolescents with VD was 30.4% [95% CI 28.5-32.3%]. The age of the participants ranged from 1 to 19 years. Participants of the included 39 studies were from 15 countries. Among the studies, 34 were cross-sectional, and five were case-control designed. There were discrepancies found in the studies with objective (higher prevalence) versus subjective (lower prevalence) evaluations. CONCLUSION The prevalence of VD among children and adolescents was found to be 30.4% based on high-quality evidence. Due to the subjective assessment of most studies pooled in the analysis, the results should be interpreted cautiously until future comparative studies with objective assessments are carried out.
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Nguyen H, Albayay J, Höchenberger R, Bhutani S, Boesveldt S, Busch NA, Croijmans I, Cooper KW, de Groot JHB, Farruggia MC, Fjaeldstad AW, Hayes JE, Hummel T, Joseph PV, Laktionova TK, Thomas-Danguin T, Veldhuizen MG, Voznessenskaya VV, Parma V, Pepino MY, Ohla K. Covid-19 affects taste independently of smell: results from a combined chemosensory home test and online survey from a global cohort (N=10,953). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.16.23284630. [PMID: 36711499 PMCID: PMC9882440 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.23284630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
People often confuse smell loss with taste loss, so it is unclear how much gustatory function is reduced in patients self-reporting taste loss. Our pre-registered cross-sectional study design included an online survey in 12 languages with instructions for self-administering chemosensory tests with ten household items. Between June 2020 and March 2021, 10,953 individuals participated. Of these, 3,356 self-reported a positive and 602 a negative COVID-19 diagnosis (COVID+ and COVID-, respectively); 1,267 were awaiting test results (COVID?). The rest reported no respiratory illness and were grouped by symptoms: sudden smell/taste changes (STC, N=4,445), other symptoms excluding smell or taste loss (OthS, N=832), and no symptoms (NoS, N=416). Taste, smell, and oral irritation intensities and self-assessed abilities were rated on visual analog scales. Compared to the NoS group, COVID+ was associated with a 21% reduction in taste (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 15-28%), 47% in smell (95%-CI: 37-56%), and 17% in oral irritation (95%-CI: 10-25%) intensity. In all groups, perceived intensity of smell (r=0.84), taste (r=0.68), and oral irritation (r=0.37) was correlated. Our findings suggest most reports of taste dysfunction with COVID-19 were genuine and not due to misinterpreting smell loss as taste loss (i.e., a classical taste-flavor confusion). Assessing smell and taste intensity of household items is a promising, cost-effective screening tool that complements self-reports and helps to disentangle taste loss from smell loss. However, it does not replace standardized validated psychophysical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Javier Albayay
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Centro Interdipartimentale Mente/Cervello, Rovereto, IT
| | | | - Surabhi Bhutani
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen, NL
| | - Niko A Busch
- University of Münster, Institute for Psychology, Münster, DE
| | - Ilja Croijmans
- Radboud University, Language and communication, Nijmegen, Gelderland, NL
| | - Keiland W Cooper
- University of California Irvine, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander W Fjaeldstad
- Gødstrup Regional Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Flavour Clinic, University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Herning, DK
| | - John E Hayes
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Food Science, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- University of Dresden Medical School, Smell & Taste Clinic, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Dresden, DE
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Paule Joseph, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, DIBCR, Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tatiana K Laktionova
- Tatiana K. Laktionova, A N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, RU
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- Thierry Thomas-Danguin, INRAE CSGA, Research Center for Smell Taste and Feeding Behavior, Dijon, FR
| | | | - Vera V Voznessenskaya
- Tatiana K. Laktionova, A N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, RU
| | | | - M Yanina Pepino
- University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Food Science, University Park, PA, USA
- Helmut-Schmidt-University / University of the Armed Forces Hamburg, Experimental Psychology Unit, Hamburg, DE
- Firmenich SA, Human Perception & Bioresponse, Satigny, CH
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12
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Shirani M, Talebi S, Shojaei M, Askari G, Bagherniya M, Guest PC, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Spices and Biomarkers of COVID-19: A Mechanistic and Therapeutic Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:375-395. [PMID: 37378778 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world have increased their healthy behaviors to prevent transmission of the virus and potentially improve their immune systems. Therefore, the role of diet and food compounds such as spices with bioactive and antiviral properties may be important in these efforts. In this chapter, we review the efficacy of spices such as turmeric (curcumin), cinnamon, ginger, black pepper, saffron, capsaicin, and cumin by investigating the effects of these compounds of COVID-19 disease severity biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Shirani
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Talebi
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Shojaei
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Hannum ME, Koch RJ, Ramirez VA, Marks SS, Toskala AK, Herriman RD, Lin C, Joseph PV, Reed DR. Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad043. [PMID: 38100383 PMCID: PMC11320609 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory scientists have been skeptical that reports of COVID-19 taste loss are genuine, in part because before COVID-19 taste loss was rare and often confused with smell loss. Therefore, to establish the predicted prevalence rate of taste loss in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 376 papers published in 2020-2021, with 235 meeting all inclusion criteria. Drawing on previous studies and guided by early meta-analyses, we explored how methodological differences (direct vs. self-report measures) may affect these estimates. We hypothesized that direct measures of taste are at least as sensitive as those obtained by self-report and that the preponderance of evidence confirms taste loss is a symptom of COVID-19. The meta-analysis showed that, among 138,015 COVID-19-positive patients, 36.62% reported taste dysfunction (95% confidence interval: 33.02%-40.39%), and the prevalence estimates were slightly but not significantly higher from studies using direct (n = 15) versus self-report (n = 220) methodologies (Q = 1.73, df = 1, P = 0.1889). Generally, males reported lower rates of taste loss than did females, and taste loss was highest among middle-aged adults. Thus, taste loss is likely a bona fide symptom of COVID-19, meriting further research into the most appropriate direct methods to measure it and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Hannum
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley J Koch
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced,
Merced, CA 95348, USA
| | - Sarah S Marks
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Aurora K Toskala
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley D Herriman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
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14
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Nguyen H, Albayay J, Höchenberger R, Bhutani S, Boesveldt S, Busch NA, Croijmans I, Cooper KW, de Groot JHB, Farruggia MC, Fjaeldstad AW, Hayes JE, Hummel T, Joseph PV, Laktionova TK, Thomas-Danguin T, Veldhuizen MG, Voznessenskaya VV, Parma V, Pepino MY, Ohla K. Covid-19 affects taste independent of taste-smell confusions: results from a combined chemosensory home test and online survey from a large global cohort. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad020. [PMID: 37350646 PMCID: PMC10396355 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
People often confuse smell loss with taste loss, so it is unclear how much gustatory function is reduced in patients self-reporting taste loss. Our pre-registered cross-sectional study design included an online survey in 12 languages with instructions for self-administering chemosensory tests with 10 household items. Between June 2020 and March 2021, 10,953 individuals participated. Of these, 5,225 self-reported a respiratory illness and were grouped based on their reported COVID test results: COVID-positive (COVID+, N = 3,356), COVID-negative (COVID-, N = 602), and COVID unknown for those waiting for a test result (COVID?, N = 1,267). The participants who reported no respiratory illness were grouped by symptoms: sudden smell/taste changes (STC, N = 4,445), other symptoms excluding smell or taste changes (OthS, N = 832), and no symptoms (NoS, N = 416). Taste, smell, and oral irritation intensities and self-assessed abilities were rated on visual analog scales. Compared to the NoS group, COVID+ was associated with a 21% reduction in taste (95% confidence interval (CI): 15-28%), 47% in smell (95% CI: 37-56%), and 17% in oral irritation (95% CI: 10-25%) intensity. There were medium to strong correlations between perceived intensities and self-reported abilities (r = 0.84 for smell, r = 0.68 for taste, and r = 0.37 for oral irritation). Our study demonstrates that COVID-19-positive individuals report taste dysfunction when self-tested with stimuli that have little to none olfactory components. Assessing the smell and taste intensity of household items is a promising, cost-effective screening tool that complements self-reports and may help to disentangle taste loss from smell loss. However, it does not replace standardized validated psychophysical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Javier Albayay
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente/Cervello, Università degli Studi di Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Surabhi Bhutani
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niko A Busch
- Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ilja Croijmans
- Department of Language and Communication, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Keiland W Cooper
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Farruggia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander W Fjaeldstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Flavour Clinic, University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Gødstrup Regional Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Smell & Taste Clinic, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paule V Joseph
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, DIBCR, Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Yanina Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Science & Research, dsm-firmenich, Satigny, Switzerland
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15
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Progress on COVID-19 Chemotherapeutics Discovery and Novel Technology. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238257. [PMID: 36500347 PMCID: PMC9736643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel highly contagious and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through virus-containing droplets and small particles of air pollution, which greatly increases the risk of inhaling these virus particles when people are in close proximity. COVID-19 is spreading across the world, and the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to human health and public safety. To date, there are no specific vaccines or effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we focus on the enzyme targets of the virus and host that may be critical for the discovery of chemical compounds and natural products as antiviral drugs, and describe the development of potential antiviral drugs in the preclinical and clinical stages. At the same time, we summarize novel emerging technologies applied to the research on new drug development and the pathological mechanisms of COVID-19.
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16
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Luong T, Jang SS, Said M, DeConde AS, Yan CH. Impact of COVID-19 versus chronic rhinosinusitis/rhinitis associated olfactory dysfunction on health utility and quality of life. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:LIO2921. [PMID: 36249088 PMCID: PMC9538416 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is associated with both post-viral and inflammatory etiologies such as COVID-19 and chronic rhinosinusitis/rhinitis (CRS/R) respectively, to result in reduced quality of life (QoL). However, the former typically induces a sudden-onset OD while the latter has a gradual presentation. This study aims to establish and compare health utility values (HUVs) and olfactory-specific QoL measurements between patients with COVID-19 and CRS/R related OD. Methods This prospective study surveyed COVID-19 and CRS/R patients with self-reported OD using HUV assessments (EuroQol-visual analog scale [EQ-VAS], EuroQol-5 dimension [EQ-5D], time trade-off [TTO]) and olfactory and sinonasal QoL measures (questionnaire of olfactory disorders -negative and positive statements [QOD-NS + PS] and sino-nasal outcome test [SNOT-22]). A subgroup of subjects completed objective olfactory testing. Intergroup mean scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results One hundred eleven subjects were enrolled: mean age ± SD (43.0 ± 15.4 years), 55.9% female. CRS/R was associated with lower HUVs as measured by EQ-VAS (CRS/R: 0.67 ± 0.18 vs. COVID-19: 0.74 ± 0.19, p = .03) and worse SNOT-22 scores in both overall (CRS/R: 49.03 ± 21.04 vs. COVID-19: 27.58 ± 18.45, p < .001) and subgroup analysis of objectively confirmed OD subjects (CRS/R: 52.40 ± 22.78 vs. COVID-19: 29.84 ± 21.10, p = .01). On the other hand, COVID-19 has greater burden on olfactory-specific QoL (QOD-NS + PS, COVID-19: 23.19 ± 13.73 vs. CRS/R: 17.25 ± 11.38, p = .04). Both groups demonstrated a similar decrease in health using the EQ-5D assessment. Conclusion CRS/R associated OD has a more severe impact on general health and sinonasal specific QoL outcomes, while COVID-19 associated OD has a greater burden on olfactory-specific QoL. Level of evidence Level 2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophie S. Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mena Said
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adam S. DeConde
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carol H. Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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17
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Mulheren R, Westemeyer RM, Dietsch AM. The effect of taste on swallowing: A scoping and systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1256-1282. [PMID: 36036968 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Consuming foods and liquids for nutrition requires the coordination of several muscles. Swallowing is triggered and modified by sensory inputs from the aerodigestive tract. Taste has recently received attention as a potential modulator of swallowing physiology, function, and neural activation; additionally, taste impairment is a sequela of COVID-19. This review presents factors impacting taste and swallowing, systematically summarizes the existing literature, and assesses the quality of included studies. A search was conducted for original research including taste stimulation, deglutition-related measure(s), and human participants. Study design, independent and dependent variables, and participant characteristics were coded; included studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias. Forty-eight articles were included after abstract and full-text review. Synthesis was complicated by variable sensory components of stimuli (taste category and intensity, pure taste vs. flavor, chemesthesis, volume/amount, consistency, temperature), participant characteristics, confounding variables such as genetic taster status, and methods of measurement. Most studies had a high risk of at least one type of bias and were of fair or poor quality. Interpretation is limited by wide variability in methods, taste stimulation, confounding factors, and lower-quality evidence. Existing studies suggest that taste can modulate swallowing, but more rigorous and standardized research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mulheren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ross M Westemeyer
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Angela M Dietsch
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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18
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 SNPs as Common Genetic Loci and Optimal Early Identification Genetic Markers for COVID-19. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080947. [PMID: 36015068 PMCID: PMC9415427 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is implicated as a host cell receptor that causes infection in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and its genetic polymorphisms in the ACE2 gene may promote cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammatory injury in COVID-19 patients. Hence, the genetic background may potentially explain the broad interindividual variation in disease susceptibility and/or severity. Methods: Genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 was analyzed by examining single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ACE2 in 246 patients with COVID-19 and 210 normal controls using the TaqMan genotyping assay. Results: We demonstrated that the ACE2 SNPs rs4646142, rs6632677, and rs2074192 were associated with COVID-19 (for all, p < 0.05), and the differences in the ACE2 SNPs rs4646142 and rs6632677 were correlated with COVID-19-related systemic inflammatory injury and cardiovascular risk. Specifically, rs4646142 was associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), prealbumin (PAB), apolipoprotein A (APOA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels. Rs6632677 was also associated with elevated CRP, acid glycoprotein (AGP), and haptoglobin (HPT). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the ACE2 SNPs rs4646142 and rs6632677 may be common genetic loci and optimal early identification genetic markers for COVID-19 with cardiovascular risk.
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19
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Islam MA, Cavestro C, Alam SS, Kundu S, Kamal MA, Reza F. Encephalitis in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Evidence-Based Analysis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162575. [PMID: 36010650 PMCID: PMC9406394 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) predominantly infects the respiratory system, several investigations have shown the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) along the course of the illness, with encephalitis being one of the symptoms. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the characteristics (clinical, neuro-radiological aspects, and laboratory features) and outcomes of encephalitis in COVID-19 patients. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1 December 2019 until 21 July 2022 to identify case reports and case series published on COVID-19 associated with encephalitis. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. This systematic review included 79 studies, including 91 COVID-19 patients (52.7% male) experiencing encephalitis, where 85.6% were adults (49.3 ± 20.2 years), and 14.4% were children (11.2 ± 7.6 years). RT-PCR was used to confirm 92.2% of the COVID-19 patients. Encephalitis-related symptoms were present in 78.0% of COVID-19 patients at the time of diagnosis. In these encephalitis patients, seizure (29.5%), confusion (23.2%), headache (20.5%), disorientation (15.2%), and altered mental status (11.6%) were the most frequently reported neurologic manifestations. Looking at the MRI, EEG, and CSF findings, 77.6%, 75.5%, and 64.1% of the patients represented abnormal results. SARS-CoV-2-associated or -mediated encephalitis were the most common type observed (59.3%), followed by autoimmune encephalitis (18.7%). Among the included patients, 66.7% were discharged (37.8% improved and 28.9% fully recovered), whereas 20.0% of the reported COVID-19-positive encephalitis patients died. Based on the quality assessment, 87.4% of the studies were of high quality. Although in COVID-19, encephalitis is not a typical phenomenon, SARS-CoV-2 seems like a neuropathogen affecting the brain even when there are no signs of respiratory illness, causing a high rate of disability and fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Cinzia Cavestro
- Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, San Lazzaro Hospital, ASL CN2, 12051 Alba, CN, Italy
| | - Sayeda Sadia Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Shoumik Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Faruque Reza
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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20
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Hajissa K, Islam MA, Hassan SA, Zaidah AR, Ismail N, Mohamed Z. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127257. [PMID: 35742506 PMCID: PMC9223681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A reliable estimate of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies is increasingly important to track the spread of infection and define the true burden of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted with the objective of estimating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa. A systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar electronic databases was conducted. Thirty-five eligible studies were included. Using meta-analysis of proportions, the overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was calculated as 16% (95% CI 13.1-18.9%). Based on antibody isotypes, 14.6% (95% CI 12.2-17.1%) and 11.5% (95% CI 8.7-14.2%) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, respectively, while 6.6% (95% CI 4.9-8.3%) were tested positive for both IgM and IgG. Healthcare workers (16.3%) had higher seroprevalence than the general population (11.7%), blood donors (7.5%) and pregnant women (5.7%). The finding of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) may not accurately reflect the true seroprevalence status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa, hence, further seroprevalence studies across Africa are required to assess and monitor the growing COVID-19 burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: or (M.A.I.); (Z.M.)
| | - Siti Asma Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Zaidah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (K.H.); (S.A.H.); (A.R.Z.); (N.I.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (M.A.I.); (Z.M.)
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21
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COVID-19 Induced Taste Dysfunction and Recovery: Association with Smell Dysfunction and Oral Health Behaviour. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060715. [PMID: 35743978 PMCID: PMC9231283 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Disruption to taste and smell are common symptoms of COVID-19 infection. The current literature overlooks taste symptoms and tends to focus on the sense of smell. Persisting cases (>28 days) of taste dysfunction are increasingly recognised as a major future healthcare challenge. This study focuses on the severity and recovery of COVID-19 induced taste loss and association with olfactory symptoms, lifestyle and oral health factors. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey comparing 182 rapid taste recovery participants (≤28 days) with 47 participants with prolonged taste recovery >28 days. Analyses of taste loss in association with smell loss, age, sex, illness severity, diet, BMI, vitamin-D supplementation, antidepressants, alcohol use, smoking, brushing frequency, flossing, missing teeth, appliances and number of dental restorations were conducted. Differences in the severity of the loss of sour, sweet, salt, bitter and umami tastes were explored. Results: Both the severity and the duration of taste and smell loss were closely correlated (p < 0.001). Salt taste was significantly less affected than all other taste qualities (p < 0.001). Persisting taste loss was associated with older age (mean ± 95% CI = 31.73 ± 1.23 years vs. 36.66 ± 3.59 years, p < 0.001) and reduced likelihood of using floss (odds ratio ± 95% CI = 2.22 (1.15−4.25), p = 0.047). Conclusions: Smell and taste loss in COVID-19 are closely related, although a minority of individuals can experience taste or smell dysfunction in the absence of the other. The taste of salt may be less severely affected than other taste qualities and future work exploring this finding objectively is indicated. The association of flossing with rapid taste recovery adds to the growing evidence of a link between good periodontal health and favourable COVID-19 outcomes.
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22
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Byaruhanga R, Kabagenyi F, Kagga DS, Ndoleriire C, Kamulegeya A, Ssemwogerere L, Kiguba R, Kirenga B, Kakande E. Smell and Taste Symptoms Among Patients With Mild and Moderately Severe COVID-19 Infection in Uganda. OTO Open 2022; 6:2473974X221108357. [PMID: 35794964 PMCID: PMC9251986 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x221108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may present with smell/taste dysfunctions in addition to the most frequent symptoms (fever, cough, and shortness of breath) or as the first symptom or even the only symptom. There is paucity of documentation of prevalence and characteristics of smell/taste dysfunction in COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of smell/taste symptoms in our setting to institute local evidence-based practice. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting COVID-19 treatment centers in Uganda. Methods Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at 3 treatment sites from November 2020 to March 2021 were recruited. Following written informed consent, their demographics, comorbidities, and smell/taste symptoms data were collected using a questionnaire. Results Of 614 patients recruited, 409 (63.8%) had mild symptoms and 232 (36.2%) had moderate to severe symptoms; 64.3% were male, and the mean age was 48.6 ± 15.51 years. In total, 23.1% were health responders and 12.2% had contact with a positive case. Smell and taste impairment was seen in 425 (66.3%) patients, second to cough (71.6%). Smell and taste impairment was seen in 162 (38.1%) as the first symptom, in 128 (30%) as the only symptom, and significantly more in those with mild COVID-19 symptoms (P < .001). Conclusion COVID-19 manifests with various symptoms, including impairment of smell and taste. This study shows that smell and taste impairment is common and can be the first and only symptom in less severe COVID-19 infections. Therefore, inclusion in the Ministry of Health guidelines is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Byaruhanga
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Uganda
| | - Fiona Kabagenyi
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Adriane Kamulegeya
- Department of Oro-maxillofacial Surgery, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ronald Kiguba
- Department of Pharmacology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Kakande
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
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23
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Khalid MF, Selvam K, Jeffry AJN, Salmi MF, Najib MA, Norhayati MN, Aziah I. Performance of Rapid Antigen Tests for COVID-19 Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12010110. [PMID: 35054277 PMCID: PMC8774565 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of viral RNA using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for identifying an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The limitations of RT-qPCR such as requirement of expensive instruments, trained staff and laboratory facilities led to development of rapid antigen tests (RATs). The performance of RATs has been widely evaluated and found to be varied in different settings. The present systematic review aims to evaluate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the commercially available RATs. This review was registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021278105). Literature search was performed through PubMed, Embase and Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register to search studies published up to 26 August 2021. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of RATs and subgroup analyses were calculated. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) was used to assess the risk of bias in each study. The overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of RATs were 70% (95% CI: 69–71) and 98% (95% CI: 98–98), respectively. In subgroup analyses, nasal swabs showed the highest sensitivity of 83% (95% CI: 80–86) followed by nasopharyngeal swabs 71% (95% CI: 70–72), throat swabs 69% (95% CI: 63–75) and saliva 68% (95% CI: 59–77). Samples from symptomatic patients showed a higher sensitivity of 82% (95% CI: 82–82) as compared to asymptomatic patients at 68% (95% CI: 65–71), while a cycle threshold (Ct) value ≤25 showed a higher sensitivity of 96% (95% CI: 95–97) as compared to higher Ct value. Although the sensitivity of RATs needs to be enhanced, it may still be a viable option in places where laboratory facilities are lacking for diagnostic purposes in the early phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Kasturi Selvam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Alfeq Jazree Nashru Jeffry
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology (FRST), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia; (A.J.N.J.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohamad Fazrul Salmi
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology (FRST), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia; (A.J.N.J.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.F.K.); (K.S.); (M.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Hannum ME, Koch RJ, Ramirez VA, Marks SS, Toskala AK, Herriman RD, Lin C, Joseph PV, Reed DR. Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac001. [PMID: 35171979 PMCID: PMC8849313 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory scientists have been skeptical that reports of COVID-19 taste loss are genuine, in part because before COVID-19 taste loss was rare and often confused with smell loss. Therefore, to establish the predicted prevalence rate of taste loss in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 376 papers published in 2020-2021, with 241 meeting all inclusion criteria. Drawing on previous studies and guided by early meta-analyses, we explored how methodological differences (direct vs. self-report measures) may affect these estimates. We hypothesized that direct measures of taste are at least as sensitive as those obtained by self-report and that the preponderance of evidence confirms taste loss is a symptom of COVID-19. The meta-analysis showed that, among 138,897 COVID-19-positive patients, 39.2% reported taste dysfunction (95% confidence interval: 35.34%-43.12%), and the prevalence estimates were slightly but not significantly higher from studies using direct (n = 18) versus self-report (n = 223) methodologies (Q = 0.57, df = 1, P = 0.45). Generally, males reported lower rates of taste loss than did females, and taste loss was highest among middle-aged adults. Thus, taste loss is likely a bona fide symptom of COVID-19, meriting further research into the most appropriate direct methods to measure it and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Hannum
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley J Koch
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95348, USA
| | - Sarah S Marks
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Aurora K Toskala
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley D Herriman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
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25
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Rawal S, Duffy VB, Berube L, Hayes JE, Kant AK, Li CM, Graubard BI, Hoffman HJ. Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124561. [PMID: 34960113 PMCID: PMC8704378 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (n = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-h dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD–diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (−0.67 (−1.22, −0.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40–64 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Rawal
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen Str., Newark, NJ 07107-1709, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Valerie B. Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Lauren Berube
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ashima K. Kant
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA;
| | - Chuan-Ming Li
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-M.L.); (H.J.H.)
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Howard J. Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-M.L.); (H.J.H.)
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26
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Chang CWD, McCoul ED, Briggs SE, Guardiani EA, Durand ML, Hadlock TA, Hillel AT, Kattar N, Openshaw PJM, Osazuwa-Peters N, Poetker DM, Shin JJ, Chandrasekhar SS, Bradford CR, Brenner MJ. Corticosteroid Use in Otolaryngology: Current Considerations During the COVID-19 Era. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 167:803-820. [PMID: 34874793 DOI: 10.1177/01945998211064275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To offer pragmatic, evidence-informed advice on administering corticosteroids in otolaryngology during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, considering therapeutic efficacy, potential adverse effects, susceptibility to COVID-19, and potential effects on efficacy of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, and guideline databases. REVIEW METHODS Guideline search strategies, supplemented by database searches on sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), idiopathic facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy), sinonasal polyposis, laryngotracheal disorders, head and neck oncology, and pediatric otolaryngology, prioritizing systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and COVID-19-specific findings. CONCLUSIONS Systemic corticosteroids (SCSs) reduce long-term morbidity in individuals with SSNHL and Bell's palsy, reduce acute laryngotracheal edema, and have benefit in perioperative management for some procedures. Topical or locally injected corticosteroids are preferable for most other otolaryngologic indications. SCSs have not shown long-term benefit for sinonasal disorders. SCSs are not a contraindication to vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention noted that these vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE SCS use for SSNHL, Bell's palsy, laryngotracheal edema, and perioperative care should follow prepandemic standards. Local or topical corticosteroids are preferable for most other otolaryngologic indications. Whether SCSs attenuate response to vaccination against COVID-19 or increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Immunosuppression may lower vaccine efficacy, so immunocompromised patients should adhere to recommended infection control practices. COVID-19 vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, or Johnson & Johnson vaccines is safe for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W David Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward D McCoul
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Selena E Briggs
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Guardiani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marlene L Durand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Infectious Disease Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tessa A Hadlock
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander T Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nrusheel Kattar
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Poetker
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer J Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carol R Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael J Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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27
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Hannum ME, Koch RJ, Ramirez VA, Marks SS, Toskala AK, Herriman RD, Lin C, Joseph PV, Reed DR. Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.10.09.21264771. [PMID: 34671775 PMCID: PMC8528083 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.09.21264771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensory scientists have been skeptical that reports of COVID-19 taste loss are genuine, in part because before COVID-19, taste loss was rare and often confused with smell loss. Therefore, to establish the predicted prevalence rate of taste loss in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 376 papers published in 2020-2021, with 241 meeting all inclusion criteria. Additionally, we explored how methodological differences (direct vs. self-report measures) may affect these estimates. We hypothesized that direct prevalence measures of taste loss would be the most valid because they avoid the taste/smell confusion of self-report. The meta-analysis showed that, among 138,897 COVID-19-positive patients, 39.2% reported taste dysfunction (95% CI: 35.34-43.12%), and the prevalence estimates were slightly but not significantly higher from studies using direct (n = 18) versus self-report (n = 223) methodologies (Q = 0.57, df = 1, p = 0.45). Generally, males reported lower rates of taste loss than did females and taste loss was highest in middle-aged groups. Thus, taste loss is a bona fide symptom COVID-19, meriting further research into the most appropriate direct methods to measure it and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riley J Koch
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95348
| | - Sarah S Marks
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Aurora K Toskala
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Riley D Herriman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
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28
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Hasim N, Bakar MAA, Islam MA. Efficacy and Safety of Isotonic and Hypotonic Intravenous Maintenance Fluids in Hospitalised Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090785. [PMID: 34572217 PMCID: PMC8471545 DOI: 10.3390/children8090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatraemia is a known complication in hospitalised children receiving maintenance intravenous fluid. Several studies have been published to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous fluids in children. However, there is still an ongoing debate regarding the ideal solution to be used in the paediatric population. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the safety and efficacy of administering isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluid in hospitalised children. An extensive search was undertaken on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library on 28 December 2020. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. We used the random-effects model for all analyses. Risk ratio (RR) and mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. The quality of each study was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for RCTs. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021229067). Twenty-two RCTs with a total of 3795 participants were included. The studies encompassed surgical and medical patients admitted to intensive care unit as well as to general wards. We found that hypotonic fluid significantly increases the risk of hyponatremia at both ≤24 h (RR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.26–0.43, p < 0.00001) and >24 h (RR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.36–0.64, p < 0.00001). Isotonic fluid increases the risk of hypernatraemia at ≤24 h (RR 2.15; 95% CI: 1.24–3.73, p = 0.006). The prevalence of hyponatraemia was also higher in the hypotonic group at both ≤24 h (5.7% vs. 23.3%) and >24 h (6.0% vs. 26.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of developing adverse outcomes between the two groups. Mean serum and urine sodium as well as serum osmolality/osmolarity was lower in the hypotonic group. Isotonic solution is protective against the development of hyponatraemia while hypotonic solution increases the risk of hyponatraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfarahin Hasim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mimi Azliha Abu Bakar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.B.); or (M.A.I.)
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.B.); or (M.A.I.)
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29
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Kaneko S, Takasawa K, Asada K, Shinkai N, Bolatkan A, Yamada M, Takahashi S, Machino H, Kobayashi K, Komatsu M, Hamamoto R. Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1142. [PMID: 34572329 PMCID: PMC8466119 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. With the advancing development of COVID-19 vaccines and their administration globally, it is expected that COVID-19 will converge in the future; however, the situation remains unpredictable because of a series of reports regarding SARS-CoV-2 variants. Currently, there are still few specific effective treatments for COVID-19, as many unanswered questions remain regarding the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19. Continued elucidation of COVID-19 pathogenic mechanisms is a matter of global importance. In this regard, recent reports have suggested that epigenetics plays an important role; for instance, the expression of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, an important factor in human infection with SARS-CoV-2, is epigenetically regulated; further, DNA methylation status is reported to be unique to patients with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on epigenetic mechanisms to provide a new molecular framework for elucidating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and of COVID-19, along with the possibility of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuzo Kaneko
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ken Takasawa
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ken Asada
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Norio Shinkai
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- Department of NCC Cancer Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Amina Bolatkan
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamada
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Department of Endoscopy, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Hidenori Machino
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kobayashi
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- Department of NCC Cancer Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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30
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Schmidt J, Waldova E, Balkova S, Suchanek J, Smucler R. Impact of COVID-19 on Czech Dentistry: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Preliminary Study among Dentists in the Czech Republic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9121. [PMID: 34501710 PMCID: PMC8430605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Czech dentistry from March 2020 to March 2021. The assessment was based on questionnaires filled out by 3674 Czech dentists representing 42.6% of practicing dentists in the country. During March-May, 2020 (the first COVID-19 wave), 90.7% of dental practices remained open; however, only 22.8% of the practices continued to operate with no changes, 46.5% had fewer patients, 21.4% treated only acute cases, and 3.8% were closed. During September 2020-May 2021 (the second wave of COVID-19), 96.1% of dental practices remained open, 60.8% operated with no changes, 34.5% had fewer patients, 0.8% treated only acute cases, and 0.5% were closed. The reasons leading to the closure of Czech dental practices during the whole pandemic were a shortage of personal protective equipment (50.5%), a COVID-19 outbreak in the workplace (24.5%), fear of a possible self-infection (24.0%), and quarantine (20.5%). The time range of Czech dental practices closure during the whole pandemic was: 1-2 weeks (49.9%), 2-4 weeks (21.2%), and >1 month (0.8%). The greatest professional difficulties of Czech dentists during the pandemic were crisis operating management (55%), health safety and hygiene concerns (21%), shortage of personal protective equipment (21%), and difficulty working with the protective equipment (15%). In addition, 47.3% of dentists also observed a declining interest in preventive dental care, and 16.9% of them observed worse oral care of patients. These results show that despite the lack of protective equipment, dental care was maintained throughout the pandemic. Additionally, the pandemic negatively affected the patients' approach to dental care, indicating a deterioration in oral health as a possible delayed outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schmidt
- Department of Dentistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Eliska Waldova
- Wald Pharmaceuticals, s.r.o., Detska 37, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Stepanka Balkova
- Czech Dental Chamber, Slavojova 270/22, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Jakub Suchanek
- Department of Dentistry, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Roman Smucler
- Czech Dental Chamber, Slavojova 270/22, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.B.); (R.S.)
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31
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van den Brink M, IJpma I, Tissing WJE, Havermans RC. Taste dysfunction in children - a clinical perspective and review of assessment methods. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6347383. [PMID: 34374747 PMCID: PMC8412178 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste dysfunction has been associated with aging and is therefore thought to be less common in children. However, children can face medical conditions influencing their taste function. Measuring and understanding taste dysfunction in children may foster the development of treatments/interventions mitigating the detrimental effects of taste dysfunction on children's appetite and quality of life. But measuring loss of taste function requires adequate tools. This review was conducted to (1) provide an overview of etiologies (i.e., disease and iatrogenic) associated with taste dysfunction in a pediatric population; (2) to investigate which tools (psychophysical tests and questionnaires) are available to assess taste function in children; and (3) to identify what tools can be and are actually used in clinical practice. It is concluded that only a minority of available tools to assess taste function in children are readily suitable for a pediatric clinical setting. Considering the profound impact of taste dysfunction in the pediatric setting, developing and implementing a standard taste test that is sensitive, simple, and practical to use with children is pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van den Brink
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene IJpma
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Remco C Havermans
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, the Netherlands
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32
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Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Antigen Test Kits for Detecting SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17,171 Suspected COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163493. [PMID: 34441789 PMCID: PMC8397079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis is still as crucial as the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. As RT-PCR sometimes is not feasible in developing nations or rural areas, health professionals may use a rapid antigen test (RAT) to lessen the load of diagnosis. However, the efficacy of RAT is yet to be investigated thoroughly. Hence, we tried to evaluate the overall performance of RAT in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Based on our PROSPERO registered protocol (CRD42021231432), we searched online databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) and analysed overall pooled specificity and sensitivity of RAT along with study quality, publication bias, heterogeneity and more. The overall pooled specificity and sensitivity of RAT were detected as 99.4% (95% CI: 99.1–99.8; I2 = 90%) and 68.4% (95% CI: 60.8–75.9; I2 = 98%), respectively. In subgroup analyses, nasopharyngeal specimens and symptomatic patient’s samples were more sensitive in RAT, while cycle threshold (Ct) values were found to have an inverse relationship with sensitivity. In the European and American populations, RAT showed better performance. Although the sensitivity of RAT is yet to be improved, it could still be an alternative in places with poor laboratory set up. Nevertheless, the negative samples of RAT can be re-tested using RT-PCR to reduce false negative results.
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33
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Le Bon SD, Payen L, Prunier L, Steffens Y, Horoi M, Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Lechien JR, Saussez S. Making scents of loss of taste in COVID-19: Is self-reported loss of taste due to olfactory dysfunction? A prospective study using psychophysical testing. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:1504-1507. [PMID: 34013654 PMCID: PMC8222876 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Léa Payen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, epiCURA, Mons, Belgium
| | - Léa Prunier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Younès Steffens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mihaela Horoi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Biomedical Science PhD School, Biomedical Science Department, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Jérôme R Lechien
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, epiCURA, Mons, Belgium
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34
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Islam MA, Kundu S, Alam SS, Hossan T, Kamal MA, Hassan R. Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249788. [PMID: 33822812 PMCID: PMC8023501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 started to spread globally since December 2019 from Wuhan, China. Fever has been observed as one of the most common clinical manifestations, although the prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric COVID-19 patients is inconclusive. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of fever and chills in addition to fever characteristics (low, medium, and high temperature) in both adult and paediatric COVID-19 patients. METHODS The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020176327). PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases were searched between 1st December 2019 and 3rd April 2020 without language restrictions. Both adult (≥18 years) and paediatric (<18 years) COVID-19 patients were considered eligible. We used random-effects model for the meta-analysis to obtain the pooled prevalence and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic and Cochran's Q test. Robustness of the pooled estimates was checked by different subgroups and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We identified 2055 studies, of which 197 studies (n = 24266) were included in the systematic review and 167 studies with 17142 adults and 373 paediatrics were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled prevalence of fever in adult and paediatric COVID-19 patients were 79.43% [95% CI: 77.05-81.80, I2 = 95%] and 45.86% [95% CI: 35.24-56.48, I2 = 78%], respectively. Besides, 14.45% [95% CI: 10.59-18.32, I2 = 88%] of the adult COVID-19 patients were accompanied with chills. In adult COVID-19 patients, the prevalence of medium-grade fever (44.33%) was higher compared to low- (38.16%) and high-grade fever (14.71%). In addition, the risk of both low (RR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.69-3.22, p<0.00001, I2 = 84%) and medium grade fever (RR: 2.79, 95% CI: 2.21-3.51, p<0.00001, I2 = 75%) were significantly higher compared to high-grade fever, however, there was no significant difference between low- and medium-grade fever (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.94-1.44, p = 0.16, I2 = 87%). 88.8% of the included studies were of high-quality. The sensitivity analyses indicated that our findings of fever prevalence for both adult and paediatric patients are reliable and robust. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of fever in adult COVID-19 patients was high, however, 54.14% of paediatric COVID-19 patients did not exhibit fever as an initial clinical feature. Prevalence and risk of low and medium-grade fevers were higher compared to high-grade fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Shoumik Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayeda Sadia Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tareq Hossan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rosline Hassan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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35
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Wang C, Wang D, Abbas J, Duan K, Mubeen R. Global Financial Crisis, Smart Lockdown Strategies, and the COVID-19 Spillover Impacts: A Global Perspective Implications From Southeast Asia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:643783. [PMID: 34539457 PMCID: PMC8446391 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study primarily emphasizes to seek the COVID-19 adverse impacts posing health challenges and global economic crisis. The pandemic (COVID-19) continues to hit the global economies adversely. Pakistan is the 5th-most-populous nation, and recorded positive cases with the third-highest positivity ratio in South Asia, and 26th-highest deaths toll of 21,450 and 29th number of most COVID-19 positive cases with 933,750 worldwide, as of June 6, 2021. The first wave appeared at the end of May 2020, and mid of June reported its peak, which ended by mid-July 2020. Early November 2020 witnessed the second wave with low intensity reached the climax by mid-December. The COVID-19's third wave severely affected the country during mid-March 2021. It exhibited the highest positivity rate, around 20%. New positive patients and deaths toll commenced to skyrocket and reported peak by April 15, 2021. Then situation gradually improved with effective measures and restrictions. The pandemic coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected 220 territories, regions, and countries and resulted in more than 174.116 million infections, deaths, 3.75 million, and 157.157 million positive cases fully recovered from this infectious disease, as of June 7, 2021. The pandemic has caused a severe crisis of healthcare facilities and economic challenges worldwide. Pakistani economy reported GPD's negative growth (-0.05) for the first time over the last 60 years in 2020, which caused a massive financial crisis. The Government's relief package intervened to reduce public mental stress and improve the quality of their lives. IMF reported that Pakistan's GPD bounced back at 4% growth by June 2021. This article determines that economic instability and health burden happened in Pakistan for a longer time than financial disequilibrium that occurred globally. Pakistan encountered this crisis due to its feeble healthcare systems and fragile economy. This study explores adverse health issues and spillover consequences on the economic crisis in Pakistan with global implications. It recommends smart lockdown restrictions in most affected areas to reopen the economic cycle with strict preventive measures to minimize the COVD-19 adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- School of International Economics and Trade, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai, China
| | - Dake Wang
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jaffar Abbas
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaifeng Duan
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Riaqa Mubeen
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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