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Lei R, Liu X, Wu J. Nutrition and melanoma: the contribution of trace elements in onset, progression, and treatment of melanoma. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:1138-1149. [PMID: 37702535 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly malignant and drug-resistant disease that imposes a substantial economic burden on the world. There are many studies linking trace elements to diverse types of cancers, including melanoma. This review elucidates the relationship between trace elements exposure and melanoma. It was identified that copper, manganese, selenium, zinc, iron, and many other trace elements were associated with melanoma in humans. In terms of epidemiology, different elements have different correlations with melanoma. These trace elements affect the occurrence and development of melanoma through various mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and the MAPK pathway. The literature on the role of trace elements in the pathogenesis and treatment of melanoma depicts promising prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Dong Y, Wei J, Yang F, Qu Y, Huang J, Shi D. Nutrient-Based Approaches for Melanoma: Prevention and Therapeutic Insights. Nutrients 2023; 15:4483. [PMID: 37892558 PMCID: PMC10609833 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a prevalent and lethal form of skin cancer, remains a formidable challenge in terms of prevention and treatment. While significant progress has been made in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment, the quest for effective prevention strategies and therapeutic approaches remains ongoing. Considering the increased advancements in understanding the dynamic interplay between nutrients and melanoma, we aim to offer a refreshed perspective on nutrient-based approaches for melanoma prevention and adjunctive therapy. In contrast to other studies, we have innovatively provided a detailed exposition of the nutrients' influences on melanoma prognosis and treatment. This review firstly examines various nutrients, including antioxidants (namely vitamins A, D, C, and E; selenium; and caffeine), polyunsaturated fatty acids, and flavonoids, for their effects and underlying mechanisms in reducing melanoma risk. Among these nutrients, caffeine shows the most promising potential, as it is supported by multiple cohort studies for its protective effect against melanoma. In contrast, there is a certain degree of inconsistency in the research of other nutrients, possibly due to inherent differences between animal studies and epidemiological research, as well as variations in the definition of nutrient intake. To comprehensively investigate the impact of nutrients on melanoma progression and therapeutic approaches, the following sections will explore how nutrients influence immune responses and other physiological processes. While there is robust support from cell and animal studies regarding the immunomodulatory attributes of vitamins D and zinc, the anti-angiogenic potential of polyphenols, and the cell growth-inhibitory effects of flavonoids, the limited availability of human-based research substantially constrains their practical relevance in clinical contexts. As for utilizing nutrients in adjuvant melanoma treatments, multiple approaches have garnered clinical research support, including the utilization of vitamin D to decrease the postoperative recurrence rates among melanoma patients and the adoption of a high-fiber diet to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. In general, the effects of most nutrients on reducing the risk of melanoma are not entirely clear. However, several nutrients, including vitamin D and dietary fiber, have demonstrated their potential to improve the melanoma prognosis and enhance the treatment outcomes, making them particularly deserving of clinical attention. A personalized and interdisciplinary approach, involving dermatologists, oncologists, nutritionists, and researchers, holds the promise of optimizing melanoma treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Dong
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Jiaxin Wei
- Department of Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Jiuzuo Huang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Di Shi
- Department of Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
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3
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Peláez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Aggett P, Crous Bou M, Cubadda F, Ciccolallo L, de Sesmaisons Lecarré A, Fabiani L, Titz A, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07704. [PMID: 36698500 PMCID: PMC9854220 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to identify evidence regarding excess selenium intake and clinical effects and potential biomarkers of effect, risk of chronic diseases and impaired neuropsychological development in humans. Alopecia, as an early observable feature and a well-established adverse effect of excess selenium exposure, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base a UL for selenium. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 330 μg/day is identified from a large randomised controlled trial in humans (the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)), to which an uncertainty factor of 1.3 is applied. A UL of 255 μg/day is established for adult men and women (including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for children are derived from the UL for adults using allometric scaling (body weight0.75). Based on available intake data, adult consumers are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high daily doses of selenium or regular consumers of Brazil nuts. No risk has been reported with the current levels of selenium intake in European countries from food (excluding food supplements) in toddlers and children, and selenium intake arising from the natural content of foods does not raise reasons for concern. Selenium-containing supplements in toddlers and children should be used with caution, based on individual needs.
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4
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Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Charboneau R, George CM, Navas-Acien A, O’Leary M, Red Cloud R, Zacher T, Breitmeyer SE, Cardon MC, Cuny CK, Ducheneaux G, Enright K, Evans N, Gray JL, Harvey DE, Hladik ML, Kanagy LK, Loftin KA, McCleskey RB, Medlock-Kakaley EK, Meppelink SM, Valder JF, Weis CP. Tapwater Exposures, Effects Potential, and Residential Risk Management in Northern Plains Nations. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1772-1788. [PMID: 36277121 PMCID: PMC9578051 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the United States (US), private-supply tapwater (TW) is rarely monitored. This data gap undermines individual/community risk-management decision-making, leading to an increased probability of unrecognized contaminant exposures in rural and remote locations that rely on private wells. We assessed point-of-use (POU) TW in three northern plains Tribal Nations, where ongoing TW arsenic (As) interventions include expansion of small community water systems and POU adsorptive-media treatment for Strong Heart Water Study participants. Samples from 34 private-well and 22 public-supply sites were analyzed for 476 organics, 34 inorganics, and 3 in vitro bioactivities. 63 organics and 30 inorganics were detected. Arsenic, uranium (U), and lead (Pb) were detected in 54%, 43%, and 20% of samples, respectively. Concentrations equivalent to public-supply maximum contaminant level(s) (MCL) were exceeded only in untreated private-well samples (As 47%, U 3%). Precautionary health-based screening levels were exceeded frequently, due to inorganics in private supplies and chlorine-based disinfection byproducts in public supplies. The results indicate that simultaneous exposures to co-occurring TW contaminants are common, warranting consideration of expanded source, point-of-entry, or POU treatment(s). This study illustrates the importance of increased monitoring of private-well TW, employing a broad, environmentally informative analytical scope, to reduce the risks of unrecognized contaminant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bradley
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | | | - Kelly L. Smalling
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | | | - Robert Charboneau
- Spirit
Lake Tribe Office of Environmental Health, Fort Totten, North Dakota 58335, United States
| | - Christine Marie George
- Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Columbia
University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Marcia O’Leary
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Reno Red Cloud
- Oglala
Sioux Tribe Natural Resources Regulatory Agency, Pine Ridge, South Dakota 57770, United States
| | - Tracy Zacher
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | | | - Mary C. Cardon
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christa K. Cuny
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Guthrie Ducheneaux
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Kendra Enright
- Missouri
Breaks Industries Research Inc., Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625, United States
| | - Nicola Evans
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80228-3742, United States
| | - David E. Harvey
- Indian Health Service/HHS, Rockville, Maryland 20857, United States
| | | | - Leslie K. Kanagy
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80228-3742, United States
| | - Keith A. Loftin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | | | | | | | - Joshua F. Valder
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Rapid City, South Dakota 57702, United States
| | - Christopher P. Weis
- National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United
States
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Rogoża-Janiszewska E, Malińska K, Baszuk P, Marciniak W, Derkacz R, Lener M, Jakubowska A, Cybulski C, Huzarski T, Masojć B, Gronwald J, Rudnicka H, Kram A, Kiedrowicz M, Boer M, Dębniak T, Lubiński J. Serum Selenium Level and 10-Year Survival after Melanoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080991. [PMID: 34440195 PMCID: PMC8392027 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. The determination of prognostic biomarkers is important for the early detection of recurrence and for the enrollment of the patients into different treatment regimens. Herein, we report the 10-year survival of 375 melanoma patients depending on their serum selenium levels. The study group was followed up from the date of melanoma diagnosis until death or 2020. Patients were assigned to one of four categories, in accordance with the increasing selenium level (I-IV quartiles). The subgroup with low selenium levels had a significant lower survival rate in relation to patients with high selenium levels, HR = 8.42; p = 0.005 and HR = 5.83; p = 0.02, for uni- and multivariable models, respectively. In the univariable analysis, we also confirmed the association between Breslow thickness, Clark classification and age at melanoma prognosis. In conclusion, a low serum selenium level was associated with an increased mortality rate in the 10 years following melanoma diagnosis. Future studies in other geographic regions with low soil selenium levels should be conducted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rogoża-Janiszewska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Malińska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Piotr Baszuk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Wojciech Marciniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Róża Derkacz
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Marcin Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Bartłomiej Masojć
- Radiation Oncology Department, West Pomeranian Oncology Center, 71-730 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Helena Rudnicka
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Andrzej Kram
- Pathology Department, West Pomeranian Oncology Center, 71-730 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Kiedrowicz
- Department of Skin Diseases and Venerology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-010 Police, Poland; (M.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Magdalena Boer
- Department of Skin Diseases and Venerology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-010 Police, Poland; (M.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (K.M.); (P.B.); (W.M.); (R.D.); (M.L.); (A.J.); (C.C.); (T.H.); (J.G.); (H.R.); (T.D.); (J.L.)
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Vinceti M, Bonaccio M, Filippini T, Costanzo S, Wise LA, Di Castelnuovo A, Ruggiero E, Persichillo M, Cerletti C, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L. Dietary selenium intake and risk of hospitalization for type 2 diabetes in the Moli-sani study cohort. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1738-1746. [PMID: 33853720 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experimental and non-experimental human studies have consistently shown a positive association between exposure to the trace element selenium, which occurs primarily through diet, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plausible biological mechanisms include adverse effects of selenium and selenium-containing proteins on glucose metabolism. However, the levels of exposure above which risk increases are uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the association between selenium intake and first hospitalization for type 2 diabetes during a median follow-up period of 8.2 years among 21,335 diabetes-free participants in the Moli-sani cohort, Italy. Selenium intake was ascertained at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire, showing a median value of 59 μg/day. During follow-up, we identified 135 incident cases of hospitalization for diabetes, based on population-based hospital discharge data. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hospitalization for diabetes, adjusting for potential confounders. HRs (95% CIs) were 1.01 (0.60-1.70), 1.13 (0.66-1.96) and 1.75 (0.99-3.10) comparing the second, third, and fourth sex-specific quartiles with the first quartile, respectively. Risk was 64% greater in the fourth quartile as compared with the previous three. Spline regression analysis also indicated a steeper increase in risk occurring among men compared with women. CONCLUSIONS In a large population of Italian adults free of type 2 diabetes at cohort entry, high dietary selenium intake was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Marialaura Bonaccio
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Costanzo
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | | | - Emilia Ruggiero
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cerletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni de Gaetano
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy
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Vinceti M, Filippini T, Wise LA, Rothman KJ. A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of exposure to environmental selenium and the risk of type 2 diabetes in nonexperimental studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111210. [PMID: 33895112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from both experimental and nonexperimental human studies in the last 15 years indicates that exposure to high levels of the trace element selenium increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the relation of dose to effect is not well understood because randomized controlled trials used only one dose (200 μg/day) of selenium supplementation. While no new trial on this topic has been published since 2018, several nonexperimental studies have appeared. We therefore updated a previous meta-analysis to include recently published observational studies, and incorporated the recently developed one-stage random-effects model to display the dose-response relation between selenium and type 2 diabetes. We retrieved 34 potentially eligible nonexperimental studies on selenium and diabetes risk up to April 15, 2021. The bulk of the evidence indicates a direct relation between blood, dietary and urinary levels of selenium and risk of diabetes, but not with nail selenium, which may be considered a less reliable biomarker. The association was nonlinear, with risk increasing above 80 μg/day of dietary selenium. Whole blood/plasma/serum selenium concentrations of 160 μg/L corresponded to a risk ratio of 1.96 (95% CI 1.27-3.03) compared with a concentration of 90 μg/L (approximately 60 μg of daily selenium intake). The cohort studies, which are less susceptible to reverse causation bias, indicated increased risk for both blood and urine selenium levels and dietary selenium intake, whereas no such pattern emerged from studies relying on nail selenium content. Overall, the nonexperimental studies agree with findings from randomized controlled trials, indicating that moderate to high levels of selenium exposure are associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Gowda S, Mundkur L. An exploratory study of selenium status in healthy individuals and in patients with COVID-19 in a south Indian population: The case for adequate selenium status. Nutrition 2021; 82:111053. [PMID: 33321395 PMCID: PMC7657009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has affected millions of individuals, causing major health and economic disruptions worldwide. The pandemic is still raging, with a second and third wave in a few countries, while new infections steadily rise in India. Nutrition and immune status are two critical aspects of fighting the virus successfully. Recently, selenium status was reported to positively correlate with the survival of patients with COVID-19 compared with non-survivors. We analyzed the blood serum levels in 30 apparently healthy individuals and in 30 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection in the southern part of India. The patients showed significantly lower selenium levels of 69.2 ± 8.7 ng/mL than controls 79.1 ± 10.9 ng/mL. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0003). Interestingly, the control group showed a borderline level of selenium, suggesting that the level of this micronutrient is not optimum in the population studied. The results of this exploratory study pave the way for further research in a larger population and suggest that selenium supplementation may be helpful in reducing the effects of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Sabinsa Corporation, East Windsor, New Jersey, United States.
| | | | - Sujay Gowda
- ClinWorld Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Lakshmi Mundkur
- Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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9
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Huo J, Liu T, Huan Y, Li F, Wang R. Serum level of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with vitiligo, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126570. [PMID: 32593085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidant status is considered as important factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. However, there are controversial findings about serum status of antioxidants in vitiligo patients. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the evidences comparing the serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals between vitiligo patients and controls, and performing meta-analysis of the results. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed for studies comparing the serum status of antioxidant vitamins and minerals using following databases since inception up to 30 April 2020; PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Data extraction was done by two independent reviewers. The data was pooled for serum level of each antioxidant comparing between vitiligo and control groups. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review. The serum level of vitamin A, C, E, selenium, zinc and copper were compared between vitiligo patients and controls in these studies. Eleven studies including 570 vitiligo cases and 580 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Serum vitamin A and copper level in vitiligo patients were only evaluated in single studies and not included in meta-analysis. Based on fixed effect model, there were no statistical difference between two groups regarding serum vitamin C (OR = 1.17, 95 % CI, 0.74-1.84, P = 0.495), and vitamin E (OR = 0.61, 95 % CI, 0.30-1.25, P = 0.180). Higher serum zinc can decrease the risk of vitiligo based on sensitivity analysis of the results. (OR = 0.29, 95 % CI 0.15-0.54, P < 0.001). Higher serum selenium level significantly increased the risk of vitiligo (OR = 4.31, 95 % CI, 2.72-6.81, P < 0.001). Vitamin A was not significantly different in two reported groups (6.35 ± 1.53 vs 6.77 ± 1.46 μg/mL, P > 0.05). Copper was significantly higher in vitiligo patients compared to controls (129 ± 33 vs 99 ± 19 μg /100 mL, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis of data on serum level of most studied antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc and selenium) in patients suffering vitiligo showed that higher serum selenium (OR = 4.31) and lower zinc level (OR = 0.29) can increased the risk of vitiligo. Potential mechanism associated with preventive effects of zinc and the depigmentation effect of selenium should be more elucidated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Taibin Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Yuchao Huan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, China.
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10
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Chawla R, Filippini T, Loomba R, Cilloni S, Dhillon KS, Vinceti M. Exposure to a high selenium environment in Punjab, India: Biomarkers and health conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:134541. [PMID: 31862262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seleniferous areas have been identified and described in many parts of the world. Despite the interest in selenium as a trace element of considerable toxicologic and nutritional relevance, however, only a few studies have been carried out on human health effects of such high selenium environments. We collected blood, hair and nail samples from 680 adult volunteers (267 men and 413 women) living in seven villages located in the seleniferous area of Punjab, India. We measured selenium levels in these specimens. We also administered a questionnaire to collect information about diet and other lifestyle characteristics, to identify the sources of selenium exposure and to correlate it with a number of health conditions. Serum and hair selenium contents were highly correlated, while the association of these biomarkers with nail selenium content was weaker. Serum selenium showed limited association with consumption of locally produced foods, while pulses and vegetables, along with cereals and pulses, were associated to higher hair and nail selenium contents, respectively. Association of a number of adverse health endpoints with serum and hair selenium was stronger than for nail selenium contents. Such endpoints included higher prevalence of nausea and vomiting, bad breath, worm infestation, breathlessness exert and bad breath, chest pain, hair and nail abnormalities and loss, garlic odor, edema, spontaneous abortion, and overall selenosis. In contrast, we gathered no evidence of dermatitis or loss of appetite in residents most exposed to selenium. Overall, and despite some statistical imprecision in effect estimates, these results confirm the occurrence of adverse health effects in subjects exposed to high levels of environmental selenium. Nail selenium contents may be less adequate to reflect and monitor such overexposure, compared with blood and hair levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Chawla
- Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India; Accuscript Consultancy, Ludhiana, India
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rinchu Loomba
- Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Silvia Cilloni
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
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11
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Gutiérrez-González E, García-Esquinas E, de Larrea-Baz NF, Salcedo-Bellido I, Navas-Acien A, Lope V, Gómez-Ariza JL, Pastor R, Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B. Toenails as biomarker of exposure to essential trace metals: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108787. [PMID: 31610392 PMCID: PMC8164381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Health problems associated with essential trace metals can result from both inadequate (i.e., low intake) and excessive exposures (i.e., from environmental and/or occupational source). Thus, measuring the exposure level is a real challenge for epidemiologists. Among non-invasive biomarkers that intend to measure long-term exposure to essential trace metals, the toenail is probably the biological matrix with the greatest potential. This systematic review collects the current evidence regarding the validity of toenail clippings as exposure biomarker for trace metals such as boron, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Special attention was paid to the time-window of exposure reflected by the toenail, the intraindividual variability in exposure levels over time in this matrix, and the relationship of toenail with other biomarkers, personal characteristics and environmental sources. Our search identified 139 papers, with selenium and zinc being the most studied elements. The variability among studies suggests that toenail levels may reflect different degrees of exposure and probably correspond to exposures occurred 3-12 months before sampling (i.e., for manganese/selenium). Few studies assessed the reproducibility of results over time and, for samples obtained 1-6 years apart, the correlation coefficient were between 0.26 and 0.66. Trace metal levels in toenails did not correlate well with those in the blood and urine and showed low-moderate correlation with those in the hair and fingernails. Available data suggests that for some elements (Se, Mn, Zn) toenail concentrations reflect long-term external exposures in fairly reproducible levels, while for other metals, this association has not yet been assessed. Among dietary factors, only toenail selenium showed clear associations with the intake of supplements or specific foods. The toenail levels could also represent occupational exposure, for instance, Mn exposure in welders. The scarcity of information on other essential trace elements, together with the great heterogeneity among studies makes the validation of the usage of toenails as biomarkers of exposure to these elements difficult. Standardization of sample collection, quality control, analytical techniques and reporting procedures might facilitate further research focused on the clear understanding of the significance of essential levels in this promising matrix and would enhance its utility in epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gutiérrez-González
- Public Health & Preventive Medicine Teaching Unit, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther García-Esquinas
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada & Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Av. de La Investigación, 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Virginia Lope
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, Research Center on Health and Environment (RENSMA), C/ Menéndez Pelayo, 21002, Huelva, Spain
| | - Roberto Pastor
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Public Health & Preventive Medicine Teaching Unit, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Selenium, a trace element, is ubiquitous in the environment. The main source of human exposure is diet. Despite its nutritional benefits, it is one of the most toxic naturally occurring elements. Selenium deficiency and overexposure have been associated with adverse health effects. Its level of toxicity may depend on its chemical form, as inorganic and organic species have distinct biological properties. RECENT FINDINGS Nonexperimental and experimental studies have generated insufficient evidence for a role of selenium deficiency in human disease, with the exception of Keshan disease, a cardiomyopathy. Conversely, recent randomized trials have indicated that selenium overexposure is positively associated with type 2 diabetes and high-grade prostate cancer. In addition, a natural experiment has suggested an association between overexposure to inorganic hexavalent selenium and two neurodegenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Risk assessments should be revised to incorporate the results of studies demonstrating toxic effects of selenium. Additional observational studies and secondary analyses of completed randomized trials are needed to address the uncertainties regarding the health risks of selenium exposure.
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13
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Matthews NH, Fitch K, Li WQ, Morris JS, Christiani DC, Qureshi AA, Cho E. Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:3-21. [PMID: 30297516 PMCID: PMC6324965 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental trace elements has been studied in relation to many cancers. However, an association between exposure to trace elements and skin cancer remains less understood. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of published epidemiologic literature examining the association between exposure to trace elements, and risk of melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma in humans. We identified epidemiologic studies investigating exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, selenium, and zinc and risk of skin cancer in humans. Among the minerals, arsenic, selenium, and zinc had more than five studies available. Exposure to arsenic was associated with increased risk of keratinocyte carcinoma, while too few studies existed on melanoma to draw conclusions. Exposure to selenium was associated with possible increased risk of keratinocyte carcinoma. Studies of zinc and skin cancer were case-control in design and were found to have inconsistent associations. The data on the association between cadmium, chromium, copper, and iron and risk of skin cancer remain too sparse to draw any conclusions. In summary, epidemiologic studies on exposure to trace elements and cutaneous malignancies are limited. Studies with larger sample sizes and prospective designs are warranted to improve our knowledge of trace elements and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Matthews
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Fitch
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - J Steven Morris
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia and Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Zeegers MPA, Horneber M, D'Amico R, Crespi CM. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 1:CD005195. [PMID: 29376219 PMCID: PMC6491296 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005195.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review is the third update of the Cochrane review "Selenium for preventing cancer". Selenium is a naturally occurring element with both nutritional and toxicological properties. Higher selenium exposure and selenium supplements have been suggested to protect against several types of cancer. OBJECTIVES To gather and present evidence needed to address two research questions:1. What is the aetiological relationship between selenium exposure and cancer risk in humans?2. Describe the efficacy of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in humans. SEARCH METHODS We updated electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2017, Issue 2), MEDLINE (Ovid, 2013 to January 2017, week 4), and Embase (2013 to 2017, week 6), as well as searches of clinical trial registries. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies that enrolled adult participants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed random-effects (RE) meta-analyses when two or more RCTs were available for a specific outcome. We conducted RE meta-analyses when five or more observational studies were available for a specific outcome. We assessed risk of bias in RCTs and in observational studies using Cochrane's risk assessment tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, respectively. We considered in the primary analysis data pooled from RCTs with low risk of bias. We assessed the certainty of evidence by using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 83 studies in this updated review: two additional RCTs (10 in total) and a few additional trial reports for previously included studies. RCTs involved 27,232 participants allocated to either selenium supplements or placebo. For analyses of RCTs with low risk of bias, the summary risk ratio (RR) for any cancer incidence was 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.10; 3 studies, 19,475 participants; high-certainty evidence). The RR for estimated cancer mortality was 1.02 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.30; 1 study, 17,444 participants). For the most frequently investigated site-specific cancers, investigators provided little evidence of any effect of selenium supplementation. Two RCTs with 19,009 participants indicated that colorectal cancer was unaffected by selenium administration (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.43), as were non-melanoma skin cancer (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.30 to 4.42; 2 studies, 2027 participants), lung cancer (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.50; 2 studies, 19,009 participants), breast cancer (RR 2.04, 95% CI 0.44 to 9.55; 1 study, 802 participants), bladder cancer (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.52; 2 studies, 19,009 participants), and prostate cancer (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.14; 4 studies, 18,942 participants). Certainty of the evidence was high for all of these cancer sites, except for breast cancer, which was of moderate certainty owing to imprecision, and non-melanoma skin cancer, which we judged as moderate certainty owing to high heterogeneity. RCTs with low risk of bias suggested increased melanoma risk.Results for most outcomes were similar when we included all RCTs in the meta-analysis, regardless of risk of bias. Selenium supplementation did not reduce overall cancer incidence (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.14; 5 studies, 21,860 participants) nor mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.32; 2 studies, 18,698 participants). Summary RRs for site-specific cancers showed limited changes compared with estimates from high-quality studies alone, except for liver cancer, for which results were reversed.In the largest trial, the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Trial, selenium supplementation increased risks of alopecia and dermatitis, and for participants with highest background selenium status, supplementation also increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. RCTs showed a slightly increased risk of type 2 diabetes associated with supplementation. A hypothesis generated by the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial - that individuals with low blood selenium levels could reduce their risk of cancer (particularly prostate cancer) by increasing selenium intake - has not been confirmed. As RCT participants have been overwhelmingly male (88%), we could not assess the potential influence of sex or gender.We included 15 additional observational cohort studies (70 in total; over 2,360,000 participants). We found that lower cancer incidence (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.93; 7 studies, 76,239 participants) and lower cancer mortality (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.97; 7 studies, 183,863 participants) were associated with the highest category of selenium exposure compared with the lowest. Cancer incidence was lower in men (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.14, 4 studies, 29,365 men) than in women (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.77, 2 studies, 18,244 women). Data show a decrease in risk of site-specific cancers for stomach, colorectal, lung, breast, bladder, and prostate cancers. However, these studies have major weaknesses due to study design, exposure misclassification, and potential unmeasured confounding due to lifestyle or nutritional factors covarying with selenium exposure beyond those taken into account in multi-variable analyses. In addition, no evidence of a dose-response relation between selenium status and cancer risk emerged. Certainty of evidence was very low for each outcome. Some studies suggested that genetic factors might modify the relation between selenium and cancer risk - an issue that merits further investigation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Well-designed and well-conducted RCTs have shown no beneficial effect of selenium supplements in reducing cancer risk (high certainty of evidence). Some RCTs have raised concerns by reporting a higher incidence of high-grade prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes in participants with selenium supplementation. No clear evidence of an influence of baseline participant selenium status on outcomes has emerged in these studies.Observational longitudinal studies have shown an inverse association between selenium exposure and risk of some cancer types, but null and direct relations have also been reported, and no systematic pattern suggesting dose-response relations has emerged. These studies suffer from limitations inherent to the observational design, including exposure misclassification and unmeasured confounding.Overall, there is no evidence to suggest that increasing selenium intake through diet or supplementation prevents cancer in humans. However, more research is needed to assess whether selenium may modify the risk of cancer in individuals with a specific genetic background or nutritional status, and to investigate possible differential effects of various forms of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Boston University School of Public HealthDepartment of Epidemiology715 Albany StreetBoston, MAUSA02118
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaResearch Center in Environmental, Nutritional and Genetic Epidemiology (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesVia Campi 287ModenaItaly41125
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaResearch Center in Environmental, Nutritional and Genetic Epidemiology (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesVia Campi 287ModenaItaly41125
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- University of BernInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)Gesellschaftsstrasse 49BernSwitzerland3012
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaCochrane Italy, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health MedicineVia del Pozzo, 71ModenaItaly41100
| | - Gabriele Dennert
- University of Applied Sciences DortmundSocial Medicine and Public Health with Focus on Gender and Diversity, Department of Applied Social SciencesEmil‐Figge‐Str. 44DortmundGermanyD‐44227
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- University of BernInstitute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM)Finkelhubelweg11BernSwitzerland3012
| | - Maree Brinkman
- Nutrition Biomed Research InstituteDepartment of Nutritional Epidemiology and Clinical StudiesArgyle Place SouthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia3053
- Chairgroup of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Care and Public Health Research InstituteUnit of Nutritional and Cancer EpidemiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | | | - Markus Horneber
- Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum NurembergDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology and HematologyProf.‐Ernst‐Nathan‐Str. 1NurembergGermanyD‐90419
| | - Roberto D'Amico
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaCochrane Italy, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health MedicineVia del Pozzo, 71ModenaItaly41100
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- University of California Los AngelesBiostatisticsFielding School of Public Health650 Charles Young Drive South, A2‐125 CHS, Box 956900Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA90095‐6900
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15
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Vinceti M, Chiari A, Eichmüller M, Rothman KJ, Filippini T, Malagoli C, Weuve J, Tondelli M, Zamboni G, Nichelli PF, Michalke B. A selenium species in cerebrospinal fluid predicts conversion to Alzheimer's dementia in persons with mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:100. [PMID: 29258624 PMCID: PMC5735937 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about factors influencing progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s dementia. A potential role of environmental chemicals and specifically of selenium, a trace element of nutritional and toxicological relevance, has been suggested. Epidemiologic studies of selenium are lacking, however, with the exception of a recent randomized trial based on an organic selenium form. Methods We determined concentrations of selenium species in cerebrospinal fluid sampled at diagnosis in 56 participants with mild cognitive impairment of nonvascular origin. We then investigated the relation of these concentrations to subsequent conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s dementia. Results Twenty-one out of the 56 subjects developed Alzheimer’s dementia during a median follow-up of 42 months; four subjects developed frontotemporal dementia and two patients Lewy body dementia. In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, sex, duration of sample storage, and education, an inorganic selenium form, selenate, showed a strong association with Alzheimer’s dementia risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.0–9.5) in subjects having a cerebrospinal fluid content above the median level, compared with those with lower concentration. The hazard ratio of Alzheimer’s dementia showed little departure from unity for all other inorganic and organic selenium species. These associations were similar in analyses that measured exposure on a continuous scale, and also after excluding individuals who converted to Alzheimer’s dementia at the beginning of the follow-up. Conclusions These results indicate that higher amounts of a potentially toxic inorganic selenium form in cerebrospinal fluid may predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0323-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN-Environmental, Genetic, and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy. .,Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy. .,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Annalisa Chiari
- Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcel Eichmüller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH-German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, 1 Ingolstaedter Landstrasse, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN-Environmental, Genetic, and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN-Environmental, Genetic, and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Jennifer Weuve
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Manuela Tondelli
- Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Paolo F Nichelli
- Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, Modena, 41125, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, Modena, Italy
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH-German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, 1 Ingolstaedter Landstrasse, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
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16
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Abstract
The relation between selenium and cancer has been one of the most hotly debated topics in human health over the last decades. Early observational studies reported an inverse relation between selenium exposure and cancer risk. Subsequently, randomized controlled trials showed that selenium supplementation does not reduce the risk of cancer and may even increase it for some types, including advanced prostate cancer and skin cancer. An increased risk of diabetes has also been reported. These findings have been consistent in the most methodologically sound trials, suggesting that the early observational studies were misleading. Other studies have investigated selenium compounds as adjuvant therapy for cancer. Though there is currently insufficient evidence regarding the utility and safety of selenium compounds for such treatments, this issue is worthy of further investigation. The study of selenium and cancer is complicated by the existence of a diverse array of organic and inorganic selenium compounds, each with distinct biological properties, and this must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of both observational and experimental human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Cilloni
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Chemical Speciation of Selenium and Mercury as Determinant of Their Neurotoxicity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:53-83. [PMID: 28889263 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antagonism of mercury toxicity by selenium has been well documented. Mercury is a toxic metal, widespread in the environment. The main target organs (kidneys, lungs, or brain) of mercury vary depending on its chemical forms (inorganic or organic). Selenium is a semimetal essential to mammalian life as part of the amino acid selenocysteine, which is required to the synthesis of the selenoproteins. This chapter has the aim of disclosing the role of selenide or hydrogen selenide (Se-2 or HSe-) as central metabolite of selenium and as an important antidote of the electrophilic mercury forms (particularly, Hg2+ and MeHg). Emphasis will be centered on the neurotoxicity of electrophile forms of mercury and selenium. The controversial participation of electrophile mercury and selenium forms in the development of some neurodegenerative disease will be briefly presented. The potential pharmacological use of organoseleno compounds (Ebselen and diphenyl diselenide) in the treatment of mercury poisoning will be considered. The central role of thiol (-SH) and selenol (-SeH) groups as the generic targets of electrophile mercury forms and the need of new in silico tools to guide the future biological researches will be commented.
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dos Reis AR, El-Ramady H, Santos EF, Gratão PL, Schomburg L. Overview of Selenium Deficiency and Toxicity Worldwide: Affected Areas, Selenium-Related Health Issues, and Case Studies. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56249-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Su L, Jin Y, Unverzagt FW, Liang C, Cheng Y, Hake AM, Kuruppu D, Ma F, Liu J, Chen C, Bian J, Li P, Gao S. Longitudinal Association between Selenium Levels and Hypertension in a Rural Elderly Chinese Cohort. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:983-988. [PMID: 27925137 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Results from previous studies have been inconsistent on the association between selenium and hypertension, and very few studies on this subject have focused on the elderly population. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between selenium level and hypertension in a rural elderly Chinese cohort. DESIGN A longitudinal study was implemented and data were analyzed using logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusting for potential confounders. The associations between selenium level and prevalent hypertension at baseline and between selenium and incident hypertension were examined. SETTING Community-based setting in four rural areas in China. SUBJECTS A total of 2000 elderly aged 65 years and over (mean 71.9±5.6 years) participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS Nail selenium levels were measured in all subjects at baseline. Blood pressure measures and self-reported hypertension history were collected at baseline, 2.5 years and 7 years later. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure 140 mmHg or higher, diastolic blood pressure 90 mmHg or higher, or reported use of anti-hypertensive medication. RESULTS The rate of baseline hypertension was 63.50% in this cohort and the mean nail selenium level is 0.413±0.183μg/g. Multi-covariate adjusted cross-sectional analyses indicated that higher selenium level was associated with higher blood pressure measures at baseline and higher rates of hypertension. For the 635 participants with normal blood pressure at baseline, 360 had developed hypertension during follow-up. The incidence rate for hypertension was 45.83%, 52.27%, 62.50%, 70.48%, and 62.79% from the first selenium quintile to the fifth quintile respectively. Comparing to the lowest quintile group, the hazard ratios were 1.41 (95%CI: 1.03 to1.94), 1.93 (95%CI: 1.40 to 2.67), 2.35 (95%CI: 1.69 to 3.26) and 1.94 (95%CI: 1.36 to 22.77) for the second selenium quintile to the fifth quintile respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that high selenium may play a harmful role in the development of hypertension. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings and to elucidate a plausible biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Su
- Dr. Sujuan Gao, Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, #3000, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2872, Phone: U.S. (317) 274-0820 Fax: (317)274-2678,
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Frisbie SH, Mitchell EJ, Sarkar B. Urgent need to reevaluate the latest World Health Organization guidelines for toxic inorganic substances in drinking water. Environ Health 2015; 14:63. [PMID: 26268322 PMCID: PMC4535738 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidelines for drinking-water quality that cover biological and chemical hazards from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In the most recent edition of Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (2011), the WHO withdrew, suspended, did not establish, or raised guidelines for the inorganic toxic substances manganese, molybdenum, nitrite, aluminum, boron, nickel, uranium, mercury, and selenium. In this paper, we review these changes to the WHO drinking-water guidelines, examining in detail the material presented in the WHO background documents for each of these toxic substances. In some cases, these WHO background documents use literature reviews that do not take into account scientific research published within the last 10 or more years. In addition, there are instances in which standard WHO practices for deriving guidelines are not used; for example, rounding and other mathematical errors are made. According to published meeting reports from the WHO Chemical Aspects Working Group, the WHO has a timetable for revising some of its guidelines for drinking-water quality, but for many of these toxic substances the planned changes are minimal or will be delayed for as long as 5 years. Given the limited nature of the planned WHO revisions to the inorganic toxic substances and the extended timetable for these revisions, we suggest that governments, researchers, and other stakeholders might establish independent recommendations for inorganic toxic substances and possibly other chemicals to proactively protect public health, or at the very least, revert to previous editions of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, which were more protective of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
| | - Erika J Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, USA.
| | - Bibudhendra Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function, The Research Institute of The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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21
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de Waure C, Quaranta G, Gualano MR, Cadeddu C, Jovic-Vranes A, Djikanovic B, La Torre G, Ricciardi W. Systematic review of studies investigating the association between dietary habits and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Public Health 2015; 129:1099-113. [PMID: 26212104 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several papers have dealt with diet as a risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). This study aimed to synthesize available data on the topic. STUDY DESIGN A systematic review of observational studies assessing the association between dietary habits and CMM was performed. METHODS Electronic databases were used to identify eligible articles. Quality was assessed through the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Case-control and cohort studies evaluating the intake of food/nutrients through the assessment of dietary habits and the occurrence of CMM were considered eligible. Data comparing the highest and lowest levels of consumption were collected from single studies and described qualitatively as data combination was not possible. Results were reported as percentages on the basis of relative risks and odds ratios. RESULTS Eighteen studies reported in 21 articles were selected. Cohort studies showed better quality than case-control studies. Most articles did not detect any significant association between food/nutrient intake and CMM, except for limited evidence of a protective role associated with fish, vegetables and fruit. Risk reduction was shown to be 35-37%, 40-57% and 34-46%, respectively, in studies reporting significant results. Similarly, few articles showed protective roles of beta-carotene and vitamins A, C, D and E, with risk reduction of 64%, 37-43%, 41%, 15-39% and 50-66%, respectively. CONCLUSION A trend towards reduced risk of CMM associated with higher intake of fish, vegetables and fruit, as well as beta-carotene and vitamins A, C, D and E, has been shown but further research is needed to provide decisive data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C de Waure
- Department of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Quaranta
- Department of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Gualano
- Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - C Cadeddu
- Department of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - A Jovic-Vranes
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Djikanovic
- Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G La Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - W Ricciardi
- Department of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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22
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Jiang A, Rambhatla P, Eide M. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and melanoma: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:885-915. [PMID: 25354495 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Jiang
- Stritch School of Medicine; Loyola University Chicago; Maywood IL U.S.A
| | - P.V. Rambhatla
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
| | - M.J. Eide
- Department of Dermatology; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Henry Ford Hospital; New Center One; 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800 Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A
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Stoffaneller R, Morse NL. A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients 2015; 7:1494-537. [PMID: 25734564 PMCID: PMC4377864 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a systematic review of existing data on dietary selenium (Se) intake and status for various population groups in Europe (including the United Kingdom (UK)) and the Middle East. It includes English language systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional and case-control studies obtained through PUBMED searches from January, 2002, to November, 2014, for European data and from 1990 to November 2014, for Middle Eastern data. Reports were selected if they included data on Se intake and status. The search identified 19 European/UK studies and 15 investigations in the Middle East that reported Se intake and Se concentration in water and/or food and 48 European/UK studies and 44 investigations in the Middle East reporting Se status. Suboptimal Se status was reported to be widespread throughout Europe, the UK and the Middle East, and these results agreed with previous reports highlighting the problem. Eastern European countries had lower Se intake than Western European countries. Middle Eastern studies provided varying results, possibly due to varying food habits and imports in different regions and within differing socioeconomic groups. In conclusion, Se intake and status is suboptimal in European and Middle Eastern countries, with less consistency in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Stoffaneller
- Station Road, Polegate, East Sussex, BN26 6EA, UK.
- Research consultant to Wassen International Ltd. Cedar Court Office Park, Denby Dale Road, Wakefield WF4 3DB, UK.
| | - Nancy L Morse
- Research consultant to Wassen International Ltd. Cedar Court Office Park, Denby Dale Road, Wakefield WF4 3DB, UK.
- Horsburgh Dr., Berwick, N.S., B0P 1E0, Canada.
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Vinceti M, Grioni S, Alber D, Consonni D, Malagoli C, Agnoli C, Malavolti M, Pala V, Krogh V, Sieri S. Toenail selenium and risk of type 2 diabetes: the ORDET cohort study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:145-50. [PMID: 25169979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies, particularly randomized controlled trials, have shown a direct relation between dietary and environmental exposure to the metalloid selenium and risk of type 2 diabetes. We investigated the association between baseline toenail selenium levels and diabetes occurrence in a case-control study nested in ORDET, a population-based female cohort in Northern Italy. After a median follow-up of 16 years, we identified 226 cases of type 2 diabetes cases and 395 age-matched control women with available toenail samples at baseline. The multivariate odds ratios of diabetes in increasing a priori defined categories of toenail selenium exposure were 1.09 (95% confidence interval 0.61, 1.96), 0.71 (0.38, 1.34) and 1.14 (0.46, 2.80) compared with the lowest category. The results were not substantially altered when quartile distribution of toenail selenium in controls was used to define exposure categories. Spline regression analysis did not show homogeneous risk trends. Overall, we did not find an association between toenail selenium and subsequent development of diabetes. Since the diabetogenic activity of selenium is strongly supported by experimental studies and some observational investigations, our null results might be explained by the limitations of overall selenium toenail content to assess environmental exposure to selenium species of etiologic relevance in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Centro di Ricerca in Epidemiologia Ambientale, Genetica e Nutrizionale (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dorothea Alber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba, 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- Centro di Ricerca in Epidemiologia Ambientale, Genetica e Nutrizionale (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- Centro di Ricerca in Epidemiologia Ambientale, Genetica e Nutrizionale (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Vinceti M, Grill P, Malagoli C, Filippini T, Storani S, Malavolti M, Michalke B. Selenium speciation in human serum and its implications for epidemiologic research: a cross-sectional study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:1-10. [PMID: 26004885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies addressing the relation between selenium and human health, particularly cancer risk, yielded inconsistent results, while most recent randomized trials showed a fairly consistent pattern suggesting null or adverse effects of the metalloid. One of the most plausible explanations for such inconsistencies is inadequate exposure assessment in observational studies, commonly carried out by measuring total Se content without taking into account the specific exposure to the individual chemical forms of the metalloid, whose toxic and nutritional properties may vary greatly. Data on the distribution of these species in human blood and their correlation with overall selenium levels are very limited. The concentrations of organic and inorganic selenium species were analyzed in serum of fifty subjects sampled from the general population of the municipality of Modena, northern Italy, aged from 35 to 70 years. Samples were collected during a 30-month period, and determinations of selenium species were carried out using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry. The majority of selenium was found to be present as organic species, but the inorganic forms showed higher levels than expected. These species showed limited correlations with age, sex and body mass index, while the organic forms increased in subjects consuming selenium-containing dietary supplements and decreased in smokers. The length of the sample storage period strongly influenced the distribution of selenium compounds, with a clear tendency towards higher inorganic and lower organic selenium levels over time. In multivariate analysis adjusting for potential confounders, total serum selenium correlated with human serum albumin-bound selenium and, in males, with two organic species of the metalloid (selenocysteine and glutathione peroxidase-bound selenium), while little association existed with the other organic forms and the inorganic ones. These findings highlight the potential for exposure misclassification of observational epidemiologic investigations based on overall selenium content in blood and possibly other tissues, and the critical role of the storage conditions for speciation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Peter Grill
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simone Storani
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
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Chen C, Jin Y, Unverzagt FW, Cheng Y, Hake AM, Liang C, Ma F, Su L, Liu J, Bian J, Li P, Gao S. The association between selenium and lipid levels: a longitudinal study in rural elderly Chinese. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 60:147-52. [PMID: 25263027 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A protective effect of selenium on lipid levels has been reported in populations with relatively low selenium status. However, recent studies found that high selenium exposure may lead to adverse cardiometabolic effects, particularly in selenium-replete populations. We examined the associations of selenium status with changes in lipid levels in a 7-year follow up of an elderly Chinese cohort including participants from selenium-deplete areas. METHODS Study population consisted of 140 elderly Chinese aged 65 or older with nail selenium levels measured at baseline (2003-2005). Lipid concentrations were measured in fasting blood samples collected at baseline and the 7-year follow-up (2010-2012). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models was used to determine the association between baseline selenium status and changes in lipid levels from baseline to follow-up adjusting for other covariates. RESULTS Mean (±standard deviation) baseline selenium concentration was 0.41±0.2mg/kg. In prospective analysis, we found that individuals in the highest selenium quartile group showed 1.11 SD decrease on total-cholesterol (p<0.001), 0.41 SD increase on HDL-cholesterol (p<0.001) and 0.52 SD decrease on triglyceride after 7 years than those in the lowest selenium quartile group. The similar trends were seen with significant lipid changes in the 2nd and 3rd quartile groups. CONCLUSION Selenium has modest beneficial effects on blood lipid levels in a population with relatively low selenium status. Our result suggests adequate dietary selenium intake as a potential prevention strategy for lowering lipid levels in selenium deplete populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlong Jin
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Frederick W Unverzagt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yibin Cheng
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ann M Hake
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chaoke Liang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liqin Su
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Bian
- Shandong Institute for Prevention and Treatment of Endemic Disease in China, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Tong LX, Young LC. Nutrition: The future of melanoma prevention? J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:151-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vinceti M, Dennert G, Crespi CM, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Zeegers MPA, Horneber M, D'Amico R, Del Giovane C. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD005195. [PMID: 24683040 PMCID: PMC4441528 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005195.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review is an update of the first Cochrane publication on selenium for preventing cancer (Dennert 2011).Selenium is a metalloid with both nutritional and toxicological properties. Higher selenium exposure and selenium supplements have been suggested to protect against several types of cancers. OBJECTIVES Two research questions were addressed in this review: What is the evidence for:1. an aetiological relation between selenium exposure and cancer risk in humans? and2. the efficacy of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in humans? SEARCH METHODS We conducted electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2013, Issue 1), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1966 to February 2013 week 1), EMBASE (1980 to 2013 week 6), CancerLit (February 2004) and CCMed (February 2011). As MEDLINE now includes the journals indexed in CancerLit, no further searches were conducted in this database after 2004. SELECTION CRITERIA We included prospective observational studies (cohort studies including sub-cohort controlled studies and nested case-control studies) and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with healthy adult participants (18 years of age and older). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS For observational studies, we conducted random effects meta-analyses when five or more studies were retrieved for a specific outcome. For RCTs, we performed random effects meta-analyses when two or more studies were available. The risk of bias in observational studies was assessed using forms adapted from the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort and case-control studies; the criteria specified in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were used to evaluate the risk of bias in RCTs. MAIN RESULTS We included 55 prospective observational studies (including more than 1,100,000 participants) and eight RCTs (with a total of 44,743 participants). For the observational studies, we found lower cancer incidence (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 0.91, N = 8) and cancer mortality (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.93, N = 6) associated with higher selenium exposure. Gender-specific subgroup analysis provided no clear evidence of different effects in men and women (P value 0.47), although cancer incidence was lower in men (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.05, N = 6) than in women (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.77, N = 2). The most pronounced decreases in risk of site-specific cancers were seen for stomach, bladder and prostate cancers. However, these findings have limitations due to study design, quality and heterogeneity that complicate interpretation of the summary statistics. Some studies suggested that genetic factors may modify the relation between selenium and cancer risk-a hypothesis that deserves further investigation.In RCTs, we found no clear evidence that selenium supplementation reduced the risk of any cancer (risk ratio (RR) 0.90, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.17, two studies, N = 4765) or cancer-related mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.32, two studies, N = 18,698), and this finding was confirmed when the analysis was restricted to studies with low risk of bias. The effect on prostate cancer was imprecise (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.14, four studies, N = 19,110), and when the analysis was limited to trials with low risk of bias, the interventions showed no effect (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.14, three studies, N = 18,183). The risk of non-melanoma skin cancer was increased (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.17, three studies, N = 1900). Results of two trials-the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial (NPCT) and the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Trial (SELECT)-also raised concerns about possible increased risk of type 2 diabetes, alopecia and dermatitis due to selenium supplements. An early hypothesis generated by NPCT that individuals with the lowest blood selenium levels at baseline could reduce their risk of cancer, particularly of prostate cancer, by increasing selenium intake has not been confirmed by subsequent trials. As the RCT participants were overwhelmingly male (94%), gender differences could not be systematically assessed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although an inverse association between selenium exposure and the risk of some types of cancer was found in some observational studies, this cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relation, and these results should be interpreted with caution. These studies have many limitations, including issues with assessment of exposure to selenium and to its various chemical forms, heterogeneity, confounding and other biases. Conflicting results including inverse, null and direct associations have been reported for some cancer types.RCTs assessing the effects of selenium supplementation on cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results, although the most recent studies, characterised by a low risk of bias, found no beneficial effect on cancer risk, more specifically on risk of prostate cancer, as well as little evidence of any influence of baseline selenium status. Rather, some trials suggest harmful effects of selenium exposure. To date, no convincing evidence suggests that selenium supplements can prevent cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaDepartment of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health MedicineVia Campi 287ModenaItaly41125
| | - Gabriele Dennert
- University of Applied Sciences DortmundSocial Medicine and Public Health with Focus on Gender and Diversity, Department of Applied Social SciencesEmil‐Figge‐Str. 44DortmundGermanyD‐44227
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- University of California Los AngelesBiostatisticsFielding School of Public Health650 Charles Young Drive South, A2‐125 CHS, Box 95690090095‐6900USALos Angeles
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- University of BernInstitute of Social and Preventive MedicineFinkelhubelweg11BernSwitzerland3012
| | - Maree Brinkman
- Cancer Council VictoriaCancer Epidemiology Centre615 St Kilda RdMelbourneAustralia3004
| | | | - Markus Horneber
- Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum NurembergDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology and HematologyProf.‐Ernst‐Nathan‐Str. 1NurembergGermanyD‐90419
| | - Roberto D'Amico
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaItalian Cochrane Centre, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health MedicineVia del Pozzo 71ModenaItaly41124
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaItalian Cochrane Centre, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health MedicineVia del Pozzo 71ModenaItaly41124
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Copat C, Vinceti M, D'Agati MG, Arena G, Mauceri V, Grasso A, Fallico R, Sciacca S, Ferrante M. Mercury and selenium intake by seafood from the Ionian Sea: A risk evaluation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:87-92. [PMID: 24433795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The subject of the present study is the evaluation of the concentrations of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) in fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Catania (Ionian Sea) and the assessment of related risk-based consumption limits per single contaminant in adults and children. In contrast to the potential harm from Hg, Se is an essential element that is normally found in high levels in seafood. If the amount of Hg is high enough, it could bind Se and irreversibly inhibit selenium-dependent enzymes. Thus, adequate levels of Se need to be available to replace the amount of Se lost to Hg sequestration, thereby maintaining normal selenoprotein synthesis. Hg analysis was conducted using a flow injection analysis system coupled with an atomic adsorption spectrometer, and Se analysis was conducted using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Of the trace elements investigated, only Hg has a limit set by the European Community for human consumption, and this was never exceeded. Nevertheless, based on Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) over 1, and on the Estimated Daily Intake per meal (EDIm) higher than the Provisional Tolerable Intake (PTI) suggested by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive (JECFA), Hg oral exposure derived from consumption of the benthonic fish and of the bigger pelagic fish species analyzed, could follow the occurrence of systemic effects. Se was found always in molar excess respect to Hg in all pelagic fish and in the shellfish, nearly equimolar in the benthonic fish. Determining the evidence that foods, such as pelagic fish, with high molar excess of Se, could contribute to replace the amount of Se bound to Hg and thereby maintaining normal selenoprotein synthesis, is useful for a better understanding of the seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Copat
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D'Agati
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Arena
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Mauceri
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alfina Grasso
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Fallico
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacca
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Hygiene and Public Health "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Vinceti M, Solovyev N, Mandrioli J, Crespi CM, Bonvicini F, Arcolin E, Georgoulopoulou E, Michalke B. Cerebrospinal fluid of newly diagnosed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients exhibits abnormal levels of selenium species including elevated selenite. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:25-32. [PMID: 23732511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to selenium, and particularly to its inorganic forms, has been hypothesized as a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fast progressing motor neuron disease with poorly understood etiology. However, no information is known about levels of inorganic and some organic selenium species in the central nervous system of ALS patients, and recent observations suggest that peripheral biomarkers of exposure are unable to predict these levels for several Se species including the inorganic forms. Using a hospital-referred case-control series and advanced selenium speciation methods, we compared the chemical species of selenium in cerebrospinal fluid from 38 ALS patients to those of 38 reference neurological patients matched on age and gender. We found that higher concentrations of inorganic selenium in the form of selenite and of human serum albumin-bound selenium were associated with increased ALS risk (relative risks 3.9 (95% confidence interval 1.2-11.0) and 1.7 (1.0-2.9) for 0.1μg/L increase). Conversely, lower concentrations of selenoprotein P-bound selenium were associated with increased risk (relative risk 0.2 for 1μg/L increase, 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.8). The associations were stronger among cases age 50 years or older, who are postulated to have lower rates of genetic disease origin. These results suggest that excess selenite and human serum albumin bound-selenium and low levels of selenoprotein P-bound selenium in the central nervous system, which may be related, may play a role in ALS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Vinceti M, Crespi CM, Bonvicini F, Malagoli C, Ferrante M, Marmiroli S, Stranges S. The need for a reassessment of the safe upper limit of selenium in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:633-42. [PMID: 23220755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Results of recent epidemiologic studies suggest the need to reassess the safe upper limit in drinking water of selenium, a metalloid with both toxicological and nutritional properties. Observational and experimental human studies on health effects of organic selenium compounds consumed through diet or supplements, and of inorganic selenium consumed through drinking water, have shown that human toxicity may occur at much lower levels than previously surmised. Evidence indicates that the chemical form of selenium strongly influences its toxicity, and that its biological activity may differ in different species, emphasizing the importance of the few human studies on health effects of the specific selenium compounds found in drinking water. Epidemiologic studies that investigated the effects of selenate, an inorganic selenium species commonly found in drinking water, together with evidence of toxicity of inorganic selenium at low levels in from in vitro and animal studies, indicate that health risks may occur at exposures below the current European Union and World Health Organization upper limit and guideline of 10 and 40 μg/l, respectively, and suggest reduction to 1 μg/l in order to adequately protect human health. Although few drinking waters are currently known to have selenium concentrations exceeding this level, the public health importance of this issue should not be overlooked, and further epidemiologic research is critically needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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