Prediction of immunotherapy responsiveness in melanoma through single-cell sequencing-based characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB) therapy have emerged as effective treatments for melanomas. However, the response of melanoma patients to ICB has been highly heterogenous. Here, by analyzing integrated scRNA-seq datasets from melanoma patients, we revealed significant differences in the TiME composition between ICB-resistant and responsive tissues, with resistant or responsive tissues characterized by an abundance of myeloid cells and CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cell predominance, respectively. Among CD4+ T cells, CD4+ CXCL13+ Tfh-like cells were associated with an immunosuppressive phenotype linked to immune escape-related genes and negative regulation of T cell activation. We also develop an immunotherapy response prediction model based on the composition of the immune compartment. Our predictive model was validated using CIBERSORTx on bulk RNA-seq datasets from melanoma patients pre- and post-ICB treatment and showed a better performance than other existing models. Our study presents an effective immunotherapy response prediction model with potential for further translation, as well as underscores the critical role of the TiME in influencing the response of melanomas to immunotherapy.

[Analysis of clinical characteristic of pediatric with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3]

Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestations, pathology, and gene variant characteristics in children with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3). Methods: This retrospective study assessed the clinical manifestations, pathological features, gene variants, and prognosis data of 11 children with PFIC3 hospitalized in the Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, from January 2015 to December 2022. Panel or whole exome sequencing was performed on the probands, followed by Sanger sequencing for verification within the family. Detected pathogenic variants were compared with known disease databases. Additionally, the new variants were predicted the deleteriousness and protein structure using relevant software to evaluate their pathogenicity. Results: Among the 11 PFIC3 children, 8 were boys and 3 were girls. The age of onset was 3.1 (0.2, 15.6) years. The main complaint of onset was different in the 11 patients;5 of them were abnormal liver function, 3 of them were liver and spleen enlargement, 2 of them were abdominal distension, and 1 of them was jaundice. alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase and r-glutamyltransferase increased in all the patients, which were(113±40), (150±44) and (270±156) U/L respectively. Moreover, direct bilirubin increased in 9 patients, and cholestasis was showed in 8 patients. All patients showed liver fibrosis on imaging, and 8 patients had cirrhosis. The pathological features of 8 cases by liver biopsy were as follows: 8 cases of fibrosis in the portal area, 7 cases of small bile duct hyperplasia, 4 cases of positive copper staining, and 5 cases of cirrhosis. A total of 17 ABCB4 gene variants were detected, including 9 new variants: c.589C>T(p.Q197X), c.1230+1G>A(Splicing), c.2914G>A(P.D972N), c.1058G>A(p.C353Y), c.956G>T(p.G319V), c.473T>A(p.L158Q), c.164T>C(p.L55S), c.2493G>C(p.R831S), and c.1150G>C(p.G384R). All 11 patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and followed up for 5.1(0.6, 7.4) years. Among them, 4 cases of cirrhosis progressed continuously, 3 cases had liver transplantations, and the remaining 4 cases were stable after medical treatment. Conclusions: Children with PFIC3 have early onset, diverse clinical manifestations, rapid progression of fibrotic and cholestasis, as well as poor prognosis. Genetic testing helps to confirm the diagnosis.

12/15-Lipoxygenases mediate neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in female mice

It is estimated that chronic neuropathic pain conditions exhibit up to 10% prevalence in the general population, with increased incidence in females. However, nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are ineffective, and currently indicated prescription treatments such as opioids, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants provide only limited therapeutic benefit. In the current work, we extended previous studies in male rats utilizing a paradigm of central Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent, NSAID-unresponsive neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity to male and female C57BL/6N mice, uncovering an unexpected hyperalgesic phenotype in female mice following intrathecal (IT) LPS. In contrast to previous reports in female C57BL/6J mice, female C57BL/6N mice displayed tactile and cold allodynia, grip force deficits, and locomotor hyperactivity in response to IT LPS. Congruent with our previous observations in male rats, systemic inhibition of 12/15-Lipoxygenases (12/15-LOX) in female B6N mice with selective inhibitors - ML355 (targeting 12-LOX-p) and ML351 (targeting 15-LOX-1) - completely reversed allodynia and grip force deficits. We demonstrate here that 12/15-LOX enzymes also are expressed in mouse spinal cord and that 12/15-LOX metabolites produce tactile allodynia when administered spinally (IT) or peripherally (intraplantar in the paw, IPLT) in a hyperalgesic priming model, similar to others observations with the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). Surprisingly, we did not detect hyperalgesic priming following IT administration of LPS, indicating that this phenomenon likely requires peripheral activation of nociceptors. Collectively, these data suggest that 12/15-LOX enzymes contribute to neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in rodents, with potential translatability as druggable targets across sexes and species using multiple reflexive and non-reflexive outcome measures.

[High-quality acceleration of the Chinese national schistosomiasis elimination programme to advance the building of Healthy China]

The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023-2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China.

[Clinical and genetic spectrum of 6 cases with asparagine synthetase deficiency]

Objective: To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of asparagine synthase deficiency. Methods: Case series studies. Retrospective analysis and summary of the clinical data of 6 cases with asparagine synthase deficiency who were diagnosed by genetic testing and admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from May 2017 to April 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. The main clinical features, laboratory and imaging examination characteristics of the 6 cases were summarized, and the gene variation sites of them were analyzed. Results: All of the 6 cases were male, with onset ages ranging from 1 month to 1 year and 4 months. All of the 6 cases had cognitive and motor developmental delay, with 3 cases starting with developmental delay, 3 cases starting with convulsions and later experiencing developmental arrest or even regression. All of 6 cases had epilepsy, in whom 2 cases with severe microcephaly developed epileptic encephalopathy in the early stages of infancy with spasms as the main form of convulsions, 4 cases with mild or no microcephaly gradually evolved into convulsions with no fever after multiple febrile convulsions with focal seizures, tonic clonic seizures and tonic seizure as the main forms of convulsions. Three cases of 4 gradually developed into stagnation or even regression of development and ataxia after multiple convulsions with no fever. There were normal cranial imaging in 2 cases, dysplasia of the brains in 1 cases, frontal lobe apex accompanied by abnormal white matter signal in the frontal lobe and thin corpus callosum in 1 case, thin corpus callosum and abnormal lateral ventricular morphology in 1 case, and normal in early stage, but gradually developing into cerebellar atrophy at the age of 5 years and 9 months in 1 case. Two cases underwent visual evoked potential tests, the results of which were both abnormal. Three cases underwent auditory evoked potential examination, with 1 being normal and 2 being abnormal. All of 6 cases had variations in the asparagine synthase gene, with 2 deletion variations and 7 missense variations. The variations of 2 cases had not been reported so far, including c.1341_1343del and c.1283A>G, c.1165_1167del and c.1075G>A. The follow-up time ranged from 3 months to 53 months. Two cases who had severe microcephaly died in infancy, while the other 4 cases with mild or no microcephaly were in survival states until the follow-up days but the control of epilepsy was poor. Conclusions: Asparagine synthase deficiency has a certain degree of heterogeneity in clinical phenotype. Children with obvious microcephaly often present as severe cases, while children with mild or no microcephaly have relatively mild clinical manifestations. The variation of asparagine synthetase gene is mainly missense variation.

Long-term prognostic value of thyroid hormones in left ventricular noncompaction

PURPOSE

Thyroid function is closely related to the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of thyroid hormones for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC).

METHODS

This longitudinal cohort study enrolled 388 consecutive LVNC patients with complete thyroid function profiles and comprehensive cardiovascular assessment. Potential predictors for adverse outcomes were thoroughly evaluated.

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up of 5.22 years, primary outcome (the combination of cardiovascular mortality and heart transplantation) occurred in 98 (25.3%) patients. For secondary outcomes, 75 (19.3%) patients died and 130 (33.5%) patients experienced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Multivariable Cox analysis identified that free triiodothyronine (FT3) was independently associated with both primary (HR 0.455, 95%CI 0.313-0.664) and secondary (HR 0.547, 95%CI 0.349-0.858; HR 0.663, 95%CI 0.475-0.925) outcomes. Restricted cubic spline analysis illustrated that the risk for adverse outcomes increased significantly with the decline of serum FT3. The LVNC cohort was further stratified according to tertiles of FT3 levels. Individuals with lower FT3 levels in the tertile 1 group suffered from severe cardiac dysfunction and remodeling, resulting in higher incidence of mortality and MACE (Log-rank P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that lower concentration of FT3 was linked to worse prognosis, particularly for patients with left atrial diameter ≥ 40 mm or left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35%. Adding FT3 to the pre-existing risk score for MACE in LVNC improved its predictive performance.

CONCLUSION

Through the long-term investigation on a large LVNC cohort, we demonstrated that low FT3 level was an independent predictor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

ATP7A-dependent copper sequestration contributes to termination of β-CATENIN signaling during early adipogenesis

OBJECTIVES

Adipocyte fate determination is tightly regulated by extrinsic signaling pathways and intrinsic metabolic and morphologic changes that maintain adipose tissue function. Copper (Cu) homeostasis is required for the normal metabolism of mature adipocytes, whereas the role of Cu in adipogenesis is unclear.

METHODS

To determine the role of Cu is adipocytes differentiation, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes, immunocytochemistry, X-ray fluorescence, mass-spectrometry, pharmacological treatments, and manipulations of copper levels.

RESULTS

In differentiating 3T3-L1 cells, adipogenic stimuli trigger the upregulation and trafficking of the Cu transporter Atp7a, thus causing Cu redistribution from the cytosol to vesicles. Disrupting Cu homeostasis by the deletion of Atp7a results in Cu elevation and inhibition of adipogenesis. The upregulation of C/EBPβ, an initial step of adipogenesis, is not affected in Atp7a-/- cells, whereas the subsequent upregulation of PPARγ is inhibited. Comparison of changes in the Atp7a-/- and wild type cells proteomes during early adipogenesis revealed stabilization of β-catenin, a negative regulator of adipogenesis. Cu chelation, or overexpression of the Cu transporter ATP7B in Atp7a-/- cells, restored β-catenin down-regulation and intracellular targeting.

CONCLUSIONS

Cu buffering during early adipogenesis contributes to termination of β-catenin signaling. Abnormal upregulation of β-catenin was also observed in vivo in the livers of Atp7b-/- mice, which accumulate Cu, suggesting a tissue-independent crosstalk between Cu homeostasis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results point to a new regulatory role of Cu in adipocytes and contribute to better understanding of human disorders of Cu misbalance.

Integrative analysis reveals the recurrent genetic etiologies in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is increasingly recognized as a chronic, progressive and fatal lung disease with an unknown etiology. Current studies focus on revealing the genetic factors in the risk of IPF, making the integrative analysis of genetic variations and transcriptomic alterations of substantial value.

AIM

This study aimed to improve the understanding of the molecular basis of IPF through an integrative analysis of whole-exome sequencing (WES), bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data.

METHODS

WES is a powerful tool for studying the genetic basis of IPF, allowing for the identification of genetic variants that may be associated with the development of the disease. RNA-seq data provide a comprehensive view of the transcriptional changes in IPF patients, while scRNA-seq data offer a more granule view of cell-type-specific alterations.

RESULTS

In this study, we identified a comprehensive mutational landscape of recurrent genomic and transcriptomic variations, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms, CNVs and differentially expressed genes, in IPF populations, which may play a significant role in the development and progression of IPF.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provided valuable insights into the genetic and transcriptomic variations associated with IPF, revealing changes in gene expression that may contribute to disease development and progression. These findings highlight the importance of an integrative approach to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying IPF and may pave the way for identifying potential therapeutic targets.

[Molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in hilly regions]

OBJECTIVE

To establish a snail control approach for spraying chemicals with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in complex snail habitats in hilly regions, and to evaluate its molluscicidal effect.

METHODS

The protocol for evaluating the activity of spraying chemical molluscicides with drones against O. hupensis snails was formulated based on expert consultation and literature review. In August 2022, a pretest was conducted in a hillside field environment (12 000 m2) north of Dafengji Village, Dacang Township, Weishan County, Yunnan Province, which was assigned into four groups, of no less than 3 000 m2 in each group. In Group A, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group B, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, while in Group C, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group D, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2. Then, each group was equally divided into six sections according to land area, with Section 1 for baseline surveys and sections 2 to 6 for snail surveys after chemical treatment. Snail surveys were conducted prior to chemical treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7 days post-treatment, and the mortality and corrected mortality of snails, density of living snails and costs of molluscicidal treatment were calculated in each group.

RESULTS

The mortality and corrected mortality of snails were 69.49%, 69.09%, 53.57% and 83.48%, and 68.58%, 68.17%, 52.19% and 82.99% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post-treatment, and the density of living snails reduced by 58.40%, 63.94%, 68.91% and 83.25% 14 days post-treatment relative to pre-treatment in four groups, respectively. The median concentrations of chemical molluscicides were 37.08, 35.42, 42.50 g/m2 and 56.25 g/m2 in groups A, B, C and D, and the gross costs of chemical treatment were 0.93, 1.50, 0.46 Yuan per m2 and 1.03 Yuan per m2 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against O. hupensis snails is superior to manual chemical treatment without environmental cleaning, and chemical treatment with drones and manual chemical treatment show comparable molluscicidal effects following environmental cleaning in hilly regions. The cost of chemical treatment with drones is slightly higher than manual chemical treatment regardless of environmental cleaning. Spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones is recommended in complex settings with difficulty in environmental cleaning to improve the molluscicidal activity and efficiency against O. hupensis snails.

Prediction of high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma using a combined intratumoural and peritumoural MRI-based radiomics nomogram

AIM

To develop an intratumoural and peritumoural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics nomogram for predicting tumour grade to improve clinical treatment and long-term prognosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MRI (3 T) features and T2-weighted imaging with fat-saturation (T2WI-FS)-based radiomics features of 57 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) were analysed retrospectively. Tumour size, ratio of width and length, relative depth to the peripheral fascia, peritumoural oedema, heterogeneity on T2WI, necrosis signal, enhancement model, and peritumoural enhancement were obtained. Independent risk factors were screened to construct an MRI feature nomogram. Radiomics features were obtained from intratumoural and peritumoural images on T2WI-FS. The optimal radiomics model was selected by the four-step dimensionality reduction method of minimum and maximum normalisation, optimal feature selection, selection based on support vector machine with L1-norm regularisation model, and iterative feature selection. MRI features and optimal radiomics features were used to construct a radiomics nomogram. The MRI feature nomogram model, the radiomics model, and the radiomics nomogram model were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves of the training and validation sets.

RESULTS

Heterogeneity on T2WI and peritumoural enhancement were independent risk factors for predicting high-grade STS. The areas under the curves of the training set and verification set of the three models were as follows: MRI feature nomogram, 0.86 and 0.83, respectively; intratumoural and peritumoural combined radiomics model, 0.99 and 0.86, respectively; and radiomics nomogram model, 0.98 and 0.96, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The radiomics nomogram model based on MRI features and combined intratumoural and peritumoural radiomic features was best able to predict high-grade STS.

Prognostic value of plaque volume combined with CT fractional flow reserve in patients with suspected coronary artery disease

AIM

To investigate the prognostic value of quantitative plaque volume on coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA) combined with CT fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients who underwent coronary CTA with clinically suspected CAD were enrolled retrospectively in this study. Patients' baseline, Framingham Risk Score (FRS), coronary CTA plaque assessment, and CT-FFR were analysed retrospectively. Study outcomes included rehospitalisation and MACE (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, revascularisation, and cardiac death).

RESULTS

There were 251 patients in the study, with a follow-up period of 1-6.58 years. Mean age was 61.16 ± 10.45 years and 146 (58%) patients were male. Higher CT-adapted Leaman score and quantitative plaque volume were found in patients with FRS >0.2 regardless of categorical or continuous variables. Coronary scores, quantitative plaque parameters, and CT-FFR were associated with MACE and rehospitalisation in univariate analysis. In model 1, CT-FFR was associated with MACE in multivariate Cox analysis when adjusted for FRS and CT-adapted Leaman score. Quantitative plaque parameters including calcified plaque volume, fibro-fatty plaque volume, low-attenuation plaque volume, non-calcified plaque volume, and total plaque volume were significantly associated with MACE and improved overall prognostic performance in a model adjusted for CT-FFR.

CONCLUSION

Additional quantitative plaque volume and CT-FFR further improve the predictive incremental value based on risk factor scores for prognostic prediction in patients. Adding quantitative plaque volume combined with CT-FFR analysis to anatomical and clinical assessment will be further beneficial to predict patients' prognosis of MACE.

Identification and adaptive evolution analysis of glutaredoxin genes in Populus spp

Glutaredoxin (GRX) is a class of small redox proteins widely involved in cellular redox homeostasis and the regulation of various cellular processes. The role of GRX gene in the differentiation of Populus spp. is rarely reported. We compared the similarities and differences of GRX genes among four sections of poplar using bioinformatics, corrected the annotations of some GRX genes, and focused on analysing their transcript profiling and adaptive evolution in Populus spp. A total of 219 GRX genes were identified in four sections of poplar, among which annotations for 13 genes were corrected. Differences in GRX genes were found between sect. Turanga, represented by P. euphratica, and other poplar sections. Most notably, P. euphratica had the smallest number of duplication events for GRX genes (n = 9) and no tandem duplications, whereas there were >25 duplication events for all other poplars. Furthermore, we detected 18 pairs of GRX genes under positive selection pressure in various sections of poplar, and identified two groups of GRX genes in the Salicaceae that potentially underwent positive selection. Expression profiling results showed that the PtrGRX34 and its orthologous genes were upregulated under stress treatments. In summary, the GRX gene family underwent expansion during poplar differentiation, and some genes underwent rapid evolution during this process, which may be beneficial for Populus spp. to adapt to environmental changes. This study may provide more insights into the molecular mechanisms of Populus spp. adaptation to environmental changes and the adaptive evolution of GRX genes.

"Triple-low" radiation dose bronchial artery CT angiography before bronchial artery embolisation: a feasibility study

AIM

To explore the feasibility of a "triple-low" dose (low tube voltage, low tube current, and low contrast agent volume) bronchial artery computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA) to replace routine dose bronchial artery CTA before bronchial artery embolisation (BAE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CTA was obtained from 60 patients with body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2 using a 256 multi-section iCT system, and they were divided into two groups: (1) group A: 100 kVp, 100 mAs, 50 ml contrast medium (CM); (2) group B: 120 kVp, automatic tube current modulation (ACTM), 80 ml CM. CT attenuation of the thoracic aorta, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated, and subjective image quality scores and traceability scores assessed. The effective radiation dose was calculated.

RESULTS

The radiation dose was reduced by 79.7% in group A compared to group B (p<0.05). The CT attenuation of the thoracic aorta was increased by approximately 13% in group A compared to group B (p<0.05). Higher image noise, lower SNR, and CNR were obtained in group A compared to group B (all p<0.05). Both subjective image quality scores and traceability scores did not differ between groups A and B (both p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

It is feasible to use the "triple-low" dose CTA protocol for patients with a body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2. The radiation dose was reduced by 79.7%, and the dose of contrast medium was reduced by 37.5% to ensure the diagnostic value.

Nutrient-Based Approaches for Melanoma: Prevention and Therapeutic Insights

Melanoma, a prevalent and lethal form of skin cancer, remains a formidable challenge in terms of prevention and treatment. While significant progress has been made in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment, the quest for effective prevention strategies and therapeutic approaches remains ongoing. Considering the increased advancements in understanding the dynamic interplay between nutrients and melanoma, we aim to offer a refreshed perspective on nutrient-based approaches for melanoma prevention and adjunctive therapy. In contrast to other studies, we have innovatively provided a detailed exposition of the nutrients' influences on melanoma prognosis and treatment. This review firstly examines various nutrients, including antioxidants (namely vitamins A, D, C, and E; selenium; and caffeine), polyunsaturated fatty acids, and flavonoids, for their effects and underlying mechanisms in reducing melanoma risk. Among these nutrients, caffeine shows the most promising potential, as it is supported by multiple cohort studies for its protective effect against melanoma. In contrast, there is a certain degree of inconsistency in the research of other nutrients, possibly due to inherent differences between animal studies and epidemiological research, as well as variations in the definition of nutrient intake. To comprehensively investigate the impact of nutrients on melanoma progression and therapeutic approaches, the following sections will explore how nutrients influence immune responses and other physiological processes. While there is robust support from cell and animal studies regarding the immunomodulatory attributes of vitamins D and zinc, the anti-angiogenic potential of polyphenols, and the cell growth-inhibitory effects of flavonoids, the limited availability of human-based research substantially constrains their practical relevance in clinical contexts. As for utilizing nutrients in adjuvant melanoma treatments, multiple approaches have garnered clinical research support, including the utilization of vitamin D to decrease the postoperative recurrence rates among melanoma patients and the adoption of a high-fiber diet to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. In general, the effects of most nutrients on reducing the risk of melanoma are not entirely clear. However, several nutrients, including vitamin D and dietary fiber, have demonstrated their potential to improve the melanoma prognosis and enhance the treatment outcomes, making them particularly deserving of clinical attention. A personalized and interdisciplinary approach, involving dermatologists, oncologists, nutritionists, and researchers, holds the promise of optimizing melanoma treatment strategies.

Targeting Immunosuppressive Myeloid Cells and Exhausted CD8+ T Cells Overcomes Radioresistance in NSCLC

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Although stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has achieved great success in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), local relapses still occur and abscopal effects are rarely seen even when combined with immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs). Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the immune responses after SBRT.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We characterized the dynamic changes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells at early and late time points after SBRT in a therapy-resistant murine tumor model using single-cell transcriptomes and T-cell receptor sequencing.

RESULTS

At the early stage, the innate and adaptive immune systems were activated, including activation of NKs and NKTs, and infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. At the late stage, however, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) shifted into immunosuppressive properties, containing enrichment of immunosuppressive tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and terminal exhausted CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, our study revealed that inhibition of CD39 combined with SBRT preferentially reinvigorated exhausted CD8+ T cells and promoted their proliferation, infiltration, and cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, it also promoted M1-like macrophage infiltration and DCs maturation. On the other hand, consequently increased infiltration of immunosuppressive myeloid cells after SBRT could be a potential mechanism mediating CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Moreover, we found that combination treatment with anti-VISTA and SBRT synergistically reduced immunosuppressive myeloid cells, containing TANs, M-MDSCs, and M2-like TAMs, and further activated CD8+ T cells. Clinically, high VISTA expression was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients.

CONCLUSION

Altogether, our data provides deep insight into acquired resistance to SBRT from an immune perspective and presents rational combination strategies.

A Minimum Cost Consensus-Based Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Framework Considering Experts' Limited Compromise and Tolerance Behaviors

This study proposes a minimum cost consensus-based failure mode and effect analysis (MCC-FMEA) framework considering experts' limited compromise and tolerance behaviors, where the first behavior indicates that a failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) expert might not tolerate modifying his/her risk assessment without limitations, and the second behavior indicates that an FMEA expert will accept risk assessment suggestions without being paid for any cost if the suggested risk assessments fall within his/her tolerance threshold. First, an MCC-FMEA with limited compromise behaviors is presented. Second, experts' tolerance behaviors are added to the MCC-FMEA with limited compromise behaviors. Theoretical results indicate that in some cases, this MCC-FMEA with limited compromise and tolerance behaviors has no solution. Thus, a minimum compromise adjustment consensus model and a maximum consensus model with limited compromise behaviors are developed and analyzed, and an interactive MCC-FMEA framework, resulting in an FMEA problem consensual collective solution, is designed. A case study, regarding the assessment of COVID-19-related risk in radiation oncology, and a detailed sensitivity and comparative analysis with the existing FMEA approaches are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach to FMEA consensus-reaching.

Relationship between Bladder Cancer, Nutritional Supply, and Treatment Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

Bladder cancer (BC) is the predominant neoplasm affecting the urinary system and ranks among the most widespread malignancies globally. The causes of bladder cancer include genetic factors; age; sex; and lifestyle factors, such as imbalanced nutrition, obesity, and metabolic disorders. The lack of proper nutrient intake leads to the development of bladder cancer because insufficient nutrients are consumed to prevent this disease. The purpose of this review was to analyze the nutrients closely linked to the onset and advancement of bladder cancer and to explore the relationship between dietary nutrients and bladder cancer. Particular emphasis was placed on nutrients that are frequently ingested in daily life, including sugar, fat, protein, and others. The focus of this research was to analyze how nutritional intake before and after surgery affects the recovery process of patients who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer. This article seeks to increase awareness among both society and the medical community about the significance of implementing appropriate dietary nutrition to reduce the chances of developing bladder cancer, enhance perioperative care for patients with bladder cancer, and aid in their recuperation.

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in cancer: mechanisms, functions, and clinical implications

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is circular DNA that plays an important role in the development and heterogeneity of cancer. The rapid evolution of methods to detect ecDNA, including microscopic and sequencing approaches, has greatly enhanced our knowledge of the role of ecDNA in cancer development and evolution. Here, we review the molecular characteristics, functions, mechanisms of formation, and detection methods of ecDNA, with a focus on the potential clinical implications of ecDNA in cancer. Specifically, we consider the role of ecDNA in acquired drug resistance, as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and as a therapeutic target in the context of cancer. As the pathological and clinical significance of ecDNA continues to be explored, it is anticipated that ecDNA will have broad applications in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients with cancer.

[Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma]

Objective: To investigate the features of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) in order to improve the preoperative diagnosis rate. Methods: CEUS images of 32 pathologically-proven cases of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma from January 2004 to August 2021 were collected. Lesions were analyzed to observe the features of enhancement mode, enhancement intensity, and distinct enhancement phases. Results: Among the 32 cases, one had a solitary lesion, 29 had multiple lesions, and two had diffuse-type lesions. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound revealed a total of 42 lesions in 32 cases. In terms of arterial phase enhancement, 18 lesions had overall enhancement, six lesions had uneven dendritic enhancement, 16 lesions had rim-like enhancement, and two lesions had just slight peripheral spot enhancement around the lesions. Among the three cases, there were multiple lesions that had overall enhancement and ring enhancement. In terms of the enhancement phase, 20 lesions showed "fast progression", 20 lesions showed "same progression", and two lesions showed "slow progression". During the late arterial or early portal venous phases with rapid washout, all lesions manifested as hypoechoic. With peaked enhanced intensity, 11 lesions had a lower enhancement intensity than the surrounding normal liver parenchyma; 11 lesions had the same enhancement degree as the surrounding normal liver parenchyma; and 20 lesions had a higher enhancement degree than the surrounding normal liver parenchyma. All 16 ring-enhancing lesions had marked hyperenhancement. In the typical enhancing lesions, four showed hyperenhancement, five showed low enhancement, and nine showed isoenhancement. In the dendrite-enhancing lesions, there were two isoenhancing and four hypoenhancing. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound delineated the boundaries of all lesions more clearly than two-dimensional ultrasound. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound has certain value in the diagnosis of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.

Counterterrorism resource allocation during a pandemic: The effects of dynamic target valuations when facing a strategic terrorist

The outbreak of pandemics such as COVID-19 can result in cascading effects for global systemic risk. To combat an ongoing pandemic, governmental resources are largely allocated toward supporting the health of the public and economy. This shift in attention can lead to security vulnerabilities which are exploited by terrorists. In view of this, counterterrorism during a pandemic is of critical interest to the safety and well-being of the global society. Most notably, the population flows among potential targets are likely to change in conjunction with the trend of the health crisis, which leads to fluctuations in target valuations. In this situation, a new challenge for the defender is to optimally allocate his/her resources among targets that have changing valuations, where his/her intention is to minimize the expected losses from potential terrorist attacks. In order to deal with this challenge, in this paper, we first develop a defender-attacker game in sequential form, where the target valuations can change as a result of the pandemic. Then we analyze the effects of a pandemic on counterterrorism resource allocation from the perspective of dynamic target valuations. Finally, we provide some examples to display the theoretical results, and present a case study to illustrate the usability of our proposed model during a pandemic.

Global analysis of the COVID-19 policy activity levels and evolution patterns: A cross-sectional study

Background and Aims

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a large number of government policies have been implemented worldwide in response to the global spread of COVID-19. This paper aims at developing a data-driven analysis to answer the three research questions: (a) Compared to the pandemic development, are the global government COVID-19 policies sufficiently active? (b) What are the differences and characteristics in the policy activity levels at the country level? (c) What types of COVID-19 policy patterns are forming?

Methods

Using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker data set, we present a global analysis of the COVID-19 policy activity levels and evolution patterns from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022, based on the differential expression-sliding window analysis (DE-SWAN) algorithm and the clustering ensemble algorithm.

Results

Within the period under study, the results indicate that (a) the global government policy responses to COVID-19 are very active, and the policy activity levels are significantly higher than those of global pandemic developments; (b) a high activity of policy is positively correlated to pandemic prevention at the country level; and (c) a high human development index (HDI) score is negatively correlated to the country policy activity level. Furthermore, we propose to categorize the global policy evolution patterns into three categories: (i) Mainstream (152 countries); (ii) China; and (iii) Others (34 countries).

Conclusion

This work is one of the few studies that quantitatively explores the evolutionary characteristics of global government policies on COVID-19, and our results provide some new perspectives on global policy activity levels and evolution patterns.

Medical capacity investment for epidemic disease: The effects of policymaker's confidence and public trust

Due to the server bed shortage, which has raised ethical dilemmas in the earliest days of the COVID-19 crisis, medical capacity investment has become a vital decision-making issue in the attempt to contain the epidemic. Furthermore, economic strength has failed to explain the significant performance difference across countries in combatting COVID-19. Unlike common diseases, epidemic diseases add substantial unpredictability, complexity, and uncertainty to decision-making. Knowledge miscalibration on epidemiological uncertainties by policymaker's over- and underconfidence can seriously impact policymaking. Ineffective risk communication may lead to conflicting and incoherent information transmission. As a result, public reactions and attitudes could be influenced by policymakers' confidence due to the level of public trust, which eventually affects the degree to which an epidemic spreads. To uncover the impacts of policymakers' confidence and public trust on the medical capacity investment, we establish epidemic diffusion models to characterize how transmission evolves with (and without) vaccination and frame the capacity investment problem as a newsvendor problem. Our results show that if the public fully trusts the public health experts, the policymaker's behavioral bias is always harmful, but its effect on cost increment is marginal. If a policymaker's behavior induces public reactions due to public trust, both the spread of the epidemic and the overall performance will be significantly affected, but such impacts are not always harmful. Decision bias may be beneficial when policymakers are pessimistic or highly overconfident. Having an opportunity to amend initially biased decisions can debias a particular topic but has a limited cost-saving effect.

[Research advances on the mechanism of oral mucosal stem cells in promoting wound healing]

Wound healing is a complex process that requires the participation of multiple cells and cytokines. During the process of wound healing, abnormality in any stage of the process may lead to the development of a chronic refractory wound. Research has confirmed that various stem cells can promote wound healing, but some stem cells are limited in clinical application due to difficulties in isolation, susceptibility to apoptosis, ethical and legal issues. Oral mucosal stem cells (OMSCs) can avoid the above problems. This type of stem cells has the characteristics of embryonic stem cells, immune regulatory ability, and strong homogeneity. It plays an important role in the process of scarless oral wound healing, and has become a research hotspot in promoting wound healing and reducing scar formation. This article reviews the research on the mechanism, clinical application prospects, and current problems of OMSCs in promoting wound healing.

[Development and application syndromic surveillance and early warning system in border area in Yunnan Province]

Objective: To establish a dynamic syndromic surveillance system in the border areas of Yunnan Province based on information technology, evaluate its effectiveness and timeliness in the response to common communicable disease epidemics and improve the communicable disease prevention and control in border areas. Methods: Three border counties were selected for full coverage as study areas, and dynamic surveillance for 14 symptoms and 6 syndromes were conducted in medical institutions, the daily collection of information about students' school absence in primary schools and febrile illness in inbound people at border ports were conducted in these counties from January 2016 to February 2018 to establish an early warning system based on mobile phone and computer platform for a field experimental study. Results: With syndromes of rash, influenza-like illness and the numbers of primary school absence, the most common communicable disease events, such as hand foot and mouth disease, influenza and chickenpox, can be identified 1-5 days in advance by using EARS-3C and Kulldorff time-space scanning models with high sensitivity and specificity. The system is easy to use with strong security and feasibility. All the information and the warning alerts are released in the form of interactive charts and visual maps, which can facilitate the timely response. Conclusions: This system is highly effective and easy to operate in the detection of possible outbreaks of common communicable diseases in border areas in real time, so the timely and effective intervention can be conducted to reduce the risk of local and cross-border communicable disease outbreaks. It has practical application value.

[Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and preterm birth subtypes]

Objective: To investigate the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preterm birth subtypes. Methods: Based on the cohort of pregnant women in Anqing Prefectural Hospital, the pregnant women who received prenatal screening in the first or second trimesters were recruited into baseline cohorts; and followed up for them was conducted until delivery, and the information about their pregnancy status and outcomes were obtained through electronic medical record system and questionnaire surveys. The log-binomial regression model was used to explore the association between GDM and preterm birth [iatrogenic preterm birth, spontaneous preterm birth (preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor)]. For multiple confounding factors, the propensity score correction model was used to compute the adjusted association. Results: Among the 2 031 pregnant women with a singleton delivery, the incidence of GDM and preterm birth were 10.0% (204 cases) and 4.4% (90 cases) respectively. The proportions of iatrogenic preterm birth and spontaneous preterm birth in the GDM group (n=204) were 1.5% and 5.9% respectively, while the proportions in non-GDM group (n=1 827) were 0.9% and 3.2% respectively, and the difference in the proportion of spontaneous preterm birth between the two groups was significant (P=0.048). Subtypes of spontaneous preterm were further analyzed, and the results showed that the proportions of preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor in the GDM group were 4.9% and 1.0% respectively, while the proportions in the non-GDM group were 2.1% and 1.1% respectively. It showed that the risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes in GDM pregnant women was 2.34 times (aRR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.16-4.69) higher than that in non-GDM pregnant women. Conclusions: Our results showed that GDM might increase the risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes. No significant increase in the proportion of preterm labor in pregnant women with GDM was found.

Electromagnetic levitation containerless processing of metallic materials in microgravity: thermophysical properties

Transitions from the liquid to the solid state of matter are omnipresent. They form a crucial step in the industrial solidification of metallic alloy melts and are greatly influenced by the thermophysical properties of the melt. Knowledge of the thermophysical properties of liquid metallic alloys is necessary in order to gain a tight control over the solidification pathway, and over the obtained material structure of the solid. Measurements of thermophysical properties on ground are often difficult, or even impossible, since liquids are strongly influenced by earth's gravity. Another problem is the reactivity of melts with container materials, especially at high temperature. Finally, deep undercooling, necessary to understand nucleus formation and equilibrium as well as non-equilibrium solidification, can only be achieved in a containerless environment. Containerless experiments in microgravity allow precise benchmark measurements of thermophysical properties. The electromagnetic levitator ISS-EML on the International Space Station (ISS) offers perfect conditions for such experiments. This way, data for process simulations is obtained, and a deeper understanding of nucleation, crystal growth, microstructural evolution, and other details of the transformation from liquid to solid can be gained. Here, we address the scientific questions in detail, show highlights of recent achievements, and give an outlook on future work.

[Dexmedetomidine can not reduce the incidence of acute and chronic kidney disease after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: a propensity score matching-based analysis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on renal function after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.

METHODS

We reviewed the clinical data of 282 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), who underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) in the Department of Urology, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from November, 2020 and June, 2022.According to whether DEX was used during the operation, the patients were divided into DEX group and control group, and after propensity score matching, 99 patients were finally enrolled in each group.The incidence of acute kidney injuries were compared between the two groups.Serum creatinine (sCr) data within 3 months to 1 year after the operation were available in 51 patients, including 26 in DEX group and 25 in the control group, and the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

After propensity score matching and adjustment for significant covariates, there were no significant differences in postoperative levels of sCr, cystatin C (CysC), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), hemoglobin (Hb), or C-reactive protein (CRP), extubation time, incidence of AKI, or length of hospital stay between the two groups (P>0.05).The intraoperative urine volume was significantly higher in DEX group than in the control group (P < 0.05).A significant correlation between AKI and CKD was noted in the patients (P < 0.05).The incidence of CKD did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

DEX can not reduce the incidence of AKI or CKD after LRN.

[Clinical value of fluorescence in situ hybridization with MDM2 and DDIT3 probe in diagnosis of liposarcoma]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the value of using MDM2 amplification probe and DDIT3 dual-color, break-apart rearrangement probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique in the diagnosis of liposarcoma.

METHODS

In the study, 62 cases of liposarcoma diagnosed in Peking University First Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019 were analysed for clinicopathological information. Of these 62 cases of liposarcoma, all were analysed for MDM2 amplification and 48 cases were analysed for DDIT3 rearrangement using a FISH technique. Our study aimed to evaluate the status of MDM2 and DDIT3 by FISH in liposarcoma and correlate it with diagnosis of different subtypes of liposarcoma. The subtypes of liposarcoma were classified according to the FISH results, combined with the relevant clinicopathological features.

RESULTS

The patients aged 31-89 years (mean: 59 years) with a 1.75:1 male to female ratio. Histologically, there were 20 cases of atypical lipomatous tumour/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDLPS), 26 cases of dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS), 13 myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) and 3 pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLPS). Tumors with DDLPS (23/26) and WDLPS (8/20) were localized retroperitoneally, while both tumours of MLPS and PLPS were localized extra-retroperitoneally, and the difference of sites among the four subtypes of liposarcoma was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Histologically, varied mucoid matrix could be observed in the four subtypes of liposarcoma, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). MDM2 gene amplification was demonstrated in all cases of ALT/WDLPS and DDLPS (100%, 20/20 and 26/26 respectively); DDIT3 gene rearrangement was noted only in MLPS (100%, 13/13); most cases of DDLPS (96.2%, 25/26) and ALT/WDLPS (83.3%, 5/6, 6 cases selected for detection) demonstrated the picture of amplification of the DDIT3 telomeric tag. According to the instructions of DDIT3 break-apart rearrangement probe, the 5' telomere probe and 3' centromere probe spanned but did not cover the DDIT3 gene itself, on the contrary, the 5' telomere probe covered the CDK4 gene, while the DDIT3 and CDK4 gene were located adjacent to each other on chromosome, therefore, when the amplification signal appeared on the telomeric tag of the DDIT3 rearrangement probe, it indeed indicated the CDK4 gene amplification rather than the DDIT3 gene rearrangement. Then the 10 cases with DDIT3 telomeric tag amplification were selected for CDK4 and DDIT3 gene amplification probe FISH tests, and all the cases showed CDK4 gene amplification (100%, 10/10) and two of the 10 cases demonstrated co-amplification of CDK4 and DDIT3 (20%, 2/10); DDIT3 polysomy detected by DDIT3 gene rearrangement probe was found in 1 case of DDLPS and 2 cases of PLPS (66.7%, 2/3) with morphology of high-grade malignant tumour and poor prognosis.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that a diagnosis of different subtype liposarcoma could be confirmed based on the application of MDM2 and DDIT3 FISH, combined with clinicopathological findings. It is also noteworthy that atypical signals should be correctly interpreted to guide correct treatment of liposarcomas.

[Analysis of microsatellite instability in endometrial cancer: The significance of minimal microsatellite shift]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the differences and characteristics of microsatellite instability (MSI) in endometrial cancer (EMC), by using colorectal cancer (CRC) as control.

METHODS

In the study, 228 cases of EMC were collected. For comparative analysis, 770 cases of CRC were collected. Mismatch repair (MMR) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and microsatellite instability (MSI) was analyzed by PCR and capillary electrophoresis fragment analysis (MSI-PCR). MSI-PCR was detected using five mononucleotide repeat markers: BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, and MONO-27.

RESULTS

In EMC, we found 27.19% (62/228) of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) using IHC, significantly higher than CRC (7.79%, 60/770). Meanwhile, subclonal expression of MMR protein was found in 4 cases of dMMR-EMC and 2 cases of dMMR-CRC. According to the criteria of major micro-satellite shift, we found 16.23% (37/228) of MSI-high (MSI-H), 2.63% (6/228) of MSI-low (MSI-L), and 81.14% (185/228) of microsatellite stability (MSS) in EMC using MSI-PCR. The discor-dance rate between MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in EMC was 11.84% (27/228). In CRC, we found 8.05% (62/770) of MSI-H, 0.13% (1/770) of MSI-L, and 91.82% (707/770) of MSS. The discordance rate between MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in CRC was only 0.52% (4/770). However, according to the criteria of minimal microsatellite shift, 12 cases of EMC showed minimal microsatellite shift including 8 cases of dMMR/MSS and 4 cases of dMMR/MSI-L and these cases were ultimately evaluated as dMMR/MSI-H. Then, 21.49% (49/228) of EMC showed MSI-H and the discordance rate MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in EMC decreased to 6.58% (15/228). No minimal microsatellite shift was found in CRC. Compared with EMC group with major microsatellite shift, cases with minimal microsatellite shift showed younger age, better tumor differentiation, and earlier International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. There were significant differences in histological variant and FIGO stage between the two groups (P < 0.001, P=0.006).

CONCLUSION

EMC was more prone to minimal microsatellite shift, which should not be ignored in the interpretation of MSI-PCR results. The combined detection of MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR is the most sensitive and specific method to capture MSI tumors.

[Endometrioid adenocarcinoma with proliferated stromal cells, hyalinization and cord-like formations: A case report]

Corded and hyalinized endometrioid carcinoma (CHEC) is a morphologic variant of endo-metrioid adenocarcinoma. The tumor exhibits a biphasic appearance with areas of traditional low-grade adenocarcinoma merging directly with areas of diffuse growth composed of epithelioid or spindled tumor cells forming cords, small clusters, or dispersed single cells. It is crucial to distinguish CHEC from its morphological mimics, such as malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT), because CHECs are usually low stage, and are associated with a good post-hysterectomy prognosis in most cases while the latter portends a poor prognosis. The patient reported in this article was a 54-year-old woman who presented with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding for 2 months. The ultrasound image showed a thickened uneven echo endometrium of approximately 12.2 mm and a detectable blood flow signal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormal endometrial signal, considered endometrial carcinoma (Stage Ⅰ B). On hysterectomy specimen, there was an exophytic mass in the uterine cavity with myometrium infiltrating. Microscopically, most component of the tumor was well to moderately differentiated endometrioid carcinoma. Some oval and spindle stromal cells proliferated on the superficial surface of the tumor with a bundle or sheet like growth pattern. In the endometrial curettage specimen, the proliferation of these stromal cells was more obvious, and some of the surrounding stroma was hyalinized and chondromyxoid, which made the stromal cells form a cord-like arrangement. Immunostains were done and both the endometrioid carcinoma and the proliferating stroma cells showed loss of expression of DNA mismatch repair protein MLH1/PMS2 and wild-type p53 protein. Molecular testing demonstrated that this patient had a microsatellite unstable (MSI) endometrial carcinoma. The patient was followed up for 6 months, and there was no recurrence. We diagnosed this case as CHEC, a variant of endometrioid carcinoma, although this case did not show specific β-catenin nuclear expression that was reported in previous researches. The striking low-grade biphasic appearance without TP53 mutation confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular testing supported the diagnosis of CHEC. This special morphology, which is usually distributed in the superficial part of the tumor, may result in differences between curettage and surgical specimens. Recent studies have documented an aggressive clinical course in a significant proportion of cases. More cases are needed to establish the clinical behaviors, pathologic features, and molecular profiles of CHECs. Recognition of the relevant characteristics is the prerequisite for pathologists to make correct diagnoses and acquire comprehensive interpretation.

Kirkendall effect Strengthened-Superhydrophilic/superaerophobic Co-Ni3N/NF heterostructure as electrode catalyst for High-current hydrogen production

The development of efficient electrocatalysts for large-scale water electrolysis is crucial and challenging. Research efforts towards interface engineering and electronic structure modulation can be leveraged to enhance the electrochemical performance of the developed catalysts. In this work, a surface-engineered Co-Ni₃N/NF heterostructure electrode was prepared based on Kirkendall effect for high-current water electrolysis. In the experiments, the textural feature and intrinsic activity of the Co-Ni₃N/NF heterostructure were tuned through cobalt-doping and the creation of structural defects. As a result, the increased surface energy endowed Co-Ni₃N/NF heterostructure with superhydrophilic and superaerophobic properties. Meanwhile, the contact area of the gas-liquid-solid three phases was optimized. With a large underwater bubble contact angle (CA) of 169°, the electrolyte solution can infiltrate the Co-Ni₃N/NF electrode within 150 ms. Sequentially, the generated gas bubbles were able to detach at high frequency, which ensured the rapid mass exchange. The performance tests showed that the optimal Co-Ni₃N/NF electrode sample reached current densities of 100 mA cm^-2 and 500 mA cm^-2 at the overpotentials of 98 mV and 123 mV, respectively. Benefiting from the reduction of hydrogen embrittlement, the HER performance of the prepared Co-Ni₃N/NF electrode sample decreased slightly after 100 h durability test, but the overall structure remained well. Those results allowed us to conclude that the prepared Co-Ni₃N/NF electrocatalyst holds the promises for large-scale water electrolysis in industries. More specifically, this work provided a new perspective that the efficiency of electrocatalysts for large-scale water electrolysis can be enhanced by constructing a heterostructure with good wettability and gas repellency.

SELF-SUPERVISED LEARNING WITH RADIOLOGY REPORTS, A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES FOR LARGE VESSEL OCCLUSION AND BRAIN CTA IMAGES

Scarcity of labels for medical images is a significant barrier for training representation learning approaches based on deep neural networks. This limitation is also present when using imaging data collected during routine clinical care stored in picture archiving communication systems (PACS), as these data rarely have attached the high-quality labels required for medical image computing tasks. However, medical images extracted from PACS are commonly coupled with descriptive radiology reports that contain significant information and could be leveraged to pre-train imaging models, which could serve as starting points for further task-specific fine-tuning. In this work, we perform a head-to-head comparison of three different self-supervised strategies to pre-train the same imaging model on 3D brain computed tomography angiogram (CTA) images, with large vessel occlusion (LVO) detection as the downstream task. These strategies evaluate two natural language processing (NLP) approaches, one to extract 100 explicit radiology concepts (Rad-SpatialNet) and the other to create general-purpose radiology reports embeddings (DistilBERT). In addition, we experiment with learning radiology concepts directly or by using a recent self-supervised learning approach (CLIP) that learns by ranking the distance between language and image vector embeddings. The LVO detection task was selected because it requires 3D imaging data, is clinically important, and requires the algorithm to learn outputs not explicitly stated in the radiology report. Pre-training was performed on an unlabeled dataset containing 1,542 3D CTA - reports pairs. The downstream task was tested on a labeled dataset of 402 subjects for LVO. We find that the pre-training performed with CLIP-based strategies improve the performance of the imaging model to detect LVO compared to a model trained only on the labeled data. The best performance was achieved by pre-training using the explicit radiology concepts and CLIP strategy.

[Early results of left ventricular assist device implantation for the treatment of heart failure]

Twenty-four male patients who underwent left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation due to advanced heart failure in Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University from June 2019 to June 2022 were retrospectively included. The age of patients was 32-61 (48.4±8.4) years. Everheat-Ⅰ, HeartCon and Corheart 6 left ventricular assist systems were used in 10, 6 and 8 cases, respectively. All patients were discharged successfully without mechanical failure, thrombosis or secondary thoracotomy for hemostasis. Early postoperative hemodynamics were significantly improved, left ventricular systolic diameter was reduced, left ventricular ejection fraction was gradually improved, and no hemolysis occurred. The patients were followed up for 3 to 39 (17.9±8.6) months, the cardiac function was restored to grade Ⅰ to Ⅱ, and the 6-minute walking test distance increased significantly. Therefore, satisfactory early results can be achieved with left ventricular assist device implantation for the treatment of heart failure.

High-Density NiCu Bimetallic Phosphide Nanosheet Clusters Constructed by Cu-Induced Effect Boost Total Urea Hydrolysis for Hydrogen Production

The development of urea electrolysis technologies toward energy-saving hydrogen production can alleviate the environmental issues caused by urea-rich wastewater. In the current practices, the development of high-performance electrocatalysts in urea electrolysis remains critical. In this work, the NiCu-P/NF catalyst is prepared by anchoring Ni/Cu bimetallic phosphide nanosheets onto Ni foam (NF). In the experiments, the micron-sized elemental Cu polyhedron is first anchored on the surface of the NF substrate to provide more space for the growth of bimetallic nanosheets. Meanwhile, the Cu element adjusted the electron distribution within the composite and formed Ni/P orbital vacancies, which in turn accelerated the kinetic process. As a result, the optimal NiCu-P/NF sample exhibits excellent catalytic activity and cycling stability in a hybrid electrolysis system for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Further, the alkaline urea-containing electrolyzer is assembled with NiCu-P/NF as two electrodes reached a current density of 50 mA cm^-2 with a low driving potential of 1.422 V, which outperforms the typical commercial noble metal electrolyzer (RuO₂||Pt/C). Those findings suggest the feasibility of the substrate regulation strategy to increase the growth density of active species in preparation of an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for cracking the urea-containing wastewater.

Biological functionality and characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tuber extracts

Jerusalem artichoke tuber extracts (JAE) bioactivity including anticancer, antimicrobial, and digestion-inhibiting properties were investigated. The findings showed that the extracts were able to inhibit cancer growth in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line (HT-29 cc cell line) in a dose-dependent form. The suppression of cell proliferation rose to about 78.05 ± 3.9 percent at a dose of 250 μg mL−1. The Annexin V assay showed dose-dependent DNA fragmentation and detected late apoptotic induction in the HT-29 cc cell line. Depending on the concentration, the extract was able to stop the cell cycle in the HT-29 cc cell line at the G1 phase. Also, JAE prevented the HT-29 cc cell line growth, which resulted in programmed cell death. Additionally, the extracts are potential antibacterial agents and may inhibit lipase and α-amylase.

A sentiment analysis driven method based on public and personal preferences with correlated attributes to select online doctors

This paper proposes a method to assist patients in finding the most appropriate doctor for online medical consultation. To do that, it constructs an online doctor selection decision-making method that considers the correlation attributes, in which the measure of attribute correlation is derived from the history real decision data. To combine public and personal preference with correlated attributes, it proposes a Choquet integral based comprehensive online doctor ranking method. In detail, a two stage classification model based on BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is used to extract service features from unstructured text reviews. Then, 2-additive fuzzy measure is adopted to represent the patient public group aggregated attribute preference. Next, a novel optimization model is proposed to combine the public preference and personal preference. Finally, a case study of dxy.com is carried out to illustrate the procedure of the method. The comparison result between proposed method and other traditional MADM (multi-attribute decision-making) methods prove its rationality.

GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon interactions for radiotherapy applications

Objective. The Monte Carlo simulation software is a valuable tool in radiation therapy, in particular to achieve the needed accuracy in the dose evaluation for the treatment plans optimisation. The current challenge in this field is the time reduction to open the way to many clinical applications for which the computational time is an issue. In this manuscript we present an innovative GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo software for dose valuation in electron and photon based radiotherapy, developed as an update of the FRED (Fast paRticle thErapy Dose evaluator) software.Approach. The code transports particles through a 3D voxel grid, while scoring their energy deposition along their trajectory. The models of electromagnetic interactions in the energy region between 1 MeV-1 GeV available in literature have been implemented to efficiently run on GPUs, allowing to combine a fast tracking while keeping high accuracy in dose assessment. The FRED software has been bench-marked against state-of-art full MC (FLUKA, GEANT4) in the realm of two different radiotherapy applications: Intra-Operative Radio Therapy and Very High Electron Energy radiotherapy applications.Results. The single pencil beam dose-depth profiles in water as well as the dose map computed on non-homogeneous phantom agree with full-MCs at 2% level, observing a gain in processing time from 200 to 5000.Significance. Such performance allows for computing a plan with electron beams in few minutes with an accuracy of ∼%, demonstrating the FRED potential to be adopted for fast plan re-calculation in photon or electron radiotherapy applications.

Biomimicry-inspired fish scale-like Ni3N/FeNi3N/NF superhydrophilic/superaerophobic nanoarrays displaying high electrocatalytic performance

The mass transfer efficiency and structural stability of the electrode are critical for industrialized water electrolysis operations. Herein, the biomimicry-inspired design of Ni₃N/FeNi₃N/NF nanoarrays with a fish scale-like structure, which endowed the Ni₃N/FeNi₃N/NF nanoarrays with rapid infiltration of aqueous solution within 60 ms and 169° bubble contact angle, is demonstrated. The optimal Ni₃N/FeNi₃N/NF sample displayed catalytic activity with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) overpotentials of only 48 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 and 102 mV at 100 mA cm^-2. Similarly, the overpotential of the anodic-coupled urea oxidation reaction (UOR) was only 1.3 V at 10 mA cm^-2 and 1.35 V at 100 mA cm^-2. Besides, the small impact resulting from the rapid bubble extraction within the Ni₃N/FeNi₃N/NF nanoarrays ensured excellent HER cycling stability over 100 h at a current density of 50 mA cm^-2. The further scale-up experiment suggests the industrialization prospects of the prepared Ni₃N/FeNi₃N/NF electrocatalysts.

Three-dimensional nickel nanowires modified by amorphous Fe nanosheets as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

The development of electrode materials with abundant active surface sites is important for large-scale hydrogen production by water electrolysis. In this study, Fe/Ni NWs/NF catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal and...

A Multicentre Clinical Study of Sarcoma Personalised Treatment Using Patient-Derived Tumour Xenografts

AIMS

Medication for advanced sarcomas has not improved for three decades. Patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDTX) are a promising solution for developing new therapies and real-time personalised medicine because of their highly effective prediction of drug efficacy. However, there is a dearth of PDTX models for sarcomas due to the scarcity and heterogeneity of the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A multicentre clinical collaborative study (ChiCTR-OOC-17013617) was carried out. Fresh patient tumour tissues via resection or biopsy were used for the PDTX set-up. The standard medical care chosen by the physician was given to the patient, in parallel with testing on multiple regimens. The outcomes of patients' responses and PDTX tests were compared. Comprehensive analyses were carried out to assess the clinical value of PDTX for the treatment of sarcomas. Living tissues from successfully engrafted cases were deposited into a repository.

RESULTS

Forty-two cases, including 36 bone sarcomas and six soft-tissue sarcomas, were enrolled; the overall engraftment rate was 73.8%. Histopathological examination showed a 100% consistency between primary tumours and tumour grafts. The engraftment rate was independent of age, gender and sampling methods, but was associated with subtypes of tumour. The outgrowth time of tumour grafts could be associated with prognosis. Major somatic mutations in tumour grafts occurred primarily in common tumour driver genes. Poor prognosis was associated with the KMT2C mutation. A drug efficacy test showed complete concordance between the PDTX model and patients' responses in 17 regimens.

CONCLUSION

PDTX is an ideal preclinical model for sarcomas because of its faithful preservation of the heterogeneity of the disease, a satisfactory engraftment rate and high accuracy in its prediction of drug efficacy.

Exosomal circ-PTPN22 and circ-ADAMTS6 mark T cell exhaustion and neutrophil extracellular traps in Asian intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a liver tumor featured by challenges of non-invasive early diagnosis and a higher prevalence rate in Asian countries. These characteristics necessitate the development of liquid biopsy and immunotherapy methods to improve the prognosis of patients with ICC. Herein, we conducted a pilot study on the transcriptome of tumor tissues, adjacent normal tissues, and plasma exosomes of Asian patients with ICC from northern and southern China. We identified a subgroup of immunogenic Asian ICC, which is different from Caucasian ICC and is characterized by T cell exhaustion and neutrophil extracellular traps. The levels of circ-PTPN22 (hsa_circ_0110529) and circ-ADAMTS6 (hsa_circ_0072688), potential circRNA biomarkers, were elevated in the ICC tumor tissues and plasma exosomes of this subgroup than in the other subgroups and normal controls. These circRNAs were derived from post-transcriptional backsplicing of PTPN22 and ADAMTS6 that were expressed in T cells and endothelial cells, respectively, in the ICC microenvironment. Our results revealed a subgroup of Asian ICC characterized by T cell exhaustion and neutrophil extracellular traps and marked by elevated levels of circ-PTPN22 and circ-ADAMTS6 in tumor tissues and plasma exosomes. This subgroup is potentially detectable by plasma exosomal circRNAs and treatable with immune checkpoint blockade.

[Hepatic cystic echinococcosis complicated with tuberculous empyema misdiagnosed as hepatic and pulmonary cystic echinococcosis: one case report]

Hepatic cystic echinococcosis is a chronic parasitic disease caused by the infection with the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus in human or animal liver tissues. As a chronic active infectious disease, tuberculous empyema mainly invades the pleural space and then causes visceral and parietal pleura thickening. It is rare to present comorbidity for hepatic cystic echinococcosis and tuberculous empyema. This case report presents a case of hepatic cystic echinococcosis complicated with tuberculous empyema misdiagnosed as hepatic and pulmonary cystic echinococcosis, aiming to improve clinicians' ability to distinguish this disorder.

Consistency Improvement With a Feedback Recommendation in Personalized Linguistic Group Decision Making

Consistency is an important issue in linguistic decision making with various consistency measures and consistency improving methods available in the literature. However, existing linguistic consistency studies omit the fact that words mean different things for different people, that is, decision makers' personalized individual semantics (PISs) over their expressed linguistic preferences are ignored. Therefore, the aim of this article is to propose a novel consistency improving approach based on PISs in linguistic group decision making. The proposed approach combines the characteristics of personalized representation and integrates the PIS-based model in measuring and improving the consistency of linguistic preference relations. A detailed numerical and comparative analysis to support the feasibility of the proposed approach is provided.

The gene LpBCP increased NaHCO3 resistance by enhancing lignin or ROS scavenging in the Nicotiana benthamiana

Lilium pumilum is an excellent wildflower germplasm resource with high resistance to salinity stress. The gene LpBCP plays an important role in salinity tolerance of L. pumilum. Studying the molecular mechanism of salinity resistance in L. pumilum will provide insights into multiple aspects, including breeding better varieties, environmental protection, improving soil conditions, etc. Conventional methods were used to determine different physiological indicators of Nicotiana benthamiana after NaHCO₃ treatment, i.e. chlorophyll content, soluble phenol content and lignin content. RT-qPCR was carried out to find expression of LpBCP in different organs and under abiotic stresses. DAB was used to detect H₂ O₂ in leaves in situ. A yeast two-hybrid system was used to screen for LpBCP interacting proteins. LpBCP was cloned from bulbs of L. pumilum. The highest expression of LpBCP was in roots and bulbs of transgenic plants. LpBCP-overexpressed plants showed less wilting, compared to WT plants. LpBCP transgenic plants have higher chlorophyll, soluble phenol and lignin content, and lower relative conductivity under 500 mM NaHCO₃ stress. In addition, H₂ O₂ scavenging in transgenic plants was much improved, indicating increased resistance to NaHCO₃ stress. Thirteen LpBCP-interacting proteins were screened using the yeast two-hybrid method and five were associated with salt stress. Based on our findings, LPBCP could be a key gene that can be used to improve L. pumilum salt tolerance.

Prevalence, resistance phenotypes, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes of Salmonella isolates from raw milk of healthy dairy cows in Henan province, China

OBJECTIVE

Salmonella isolates have been discovered in many regions of the world. We investigated the prevalence and resistance of Salmonella isolates in raw milk of healthy dairy cows on farms in different regions of Henan Province, China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From July 2020 to November 2021, 422 raw milk samples were collected. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 antimicrobial agents against 89 Salmonella strains detected from the raw milk samples were determined using the broth microdilution method, and the resistance genes for fluoroquinolones were identified using polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Eighty-nine (21.09%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 422 raw milk samples. The Salmonella strains exhibited high resistance to amoxicillin (100.00%), tylosin (95.50%), and lincomycin (95.50%). Additionally, tigecycline showed good activity against Salmonella, with an MIC50 of 0.25 μg/mL. All Salmonella isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR), and >50% of the strains showed resistance to more than six antimicrobials. The strains from Jiaozuo exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin, terramycin, tylosin, and lincomycin. Two efflux pump genes, oqxA and oqxB, had the highest carrying rates of 66.29% and 64.04%, respectively. Additionally, the carrying rates of oqxA and oqxB were high in Shangqiu, Zhengzhou, and Jiaozuo. The carrying rates of aac(6')-Ib-cr in Shangqiu and Zhengzhou were 33.33% and 38.46%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates obtained from raw milk of healthy dairy cows in different regions of Henan Province, China. The Salmonella strains exhibited various degrees of MDR. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans via consumption of contaminated raw milk; thus, the presence of resistance genes poses a potential threat to public health, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring of Salmonella isolates.