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Frierson RL, Joshi KG. Mental health criminal defenses in persons with neuropsychiatric disorders. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2024; 42:1-10. [PMID: 37966983 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Persons with neuropsychiatric disorders present specific and unique challenges for forensic experts and defense attorneys in the criminal justice system. This article reviews two potential criminal defenses: legal insanity and the various legal standards or tests of criminal responsibility that are used in jurisdictions throughout the United States (i.e., the M'Naghten standard and the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code), and the partial legal defense of diminished capacity (lacking the mental state necessary to be found guilty of a specific intent crime). The process of evaluating criminal responsibility or diminished capacity is also presented with a specific emphasis on common issues that arise in evaluating defendants with Intellectual Developmental Disorder (Intellectual Disability), Parasomnias, Seizure Disorders, and Neurocognitive Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Frierson
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kaustubh G Joshi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Latvala A, Tideman M, Søndenaa E, Larsson H, Butwicka A, Fazel S, Lichtenstein P. Association of intellectual disability with violent and sexual crime and victimization: a population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3817-3825. [PMID: 35238292 PMCID: PMC10317804 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID) is associated with violent and sexual offending and victimization, but the importance of neuropsychiatric comorbidity and severity of disability remains unclear. METHODS In a register-based cohort study of people born in Sweden 1980-1991 (n = 1 232 564), we investigated associations of mild and moderate/severe ID with any, violent and sexual crimes, and with assault victimization, stratified by comorbid autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We defined ID by attendance at a special school or registered diagnosis and obtained data on criminal convictions and injuries or deaths due to assaults from nationwide registers until end of 2013. RESULTS Compared to people without ID, autism or ADHD, men and women with mild or moderate/severe ID and comorbid ADHD had elevated risks of violent crimes [range of hazard ratios (HRs) 4.4-10.4] and assault victimization (HRs 2.0-7.7). Women with mild ID without comorbidities or with comorbid autism also had elevated risks of violent crimes and victimization (HRs 1.8-4.6) compared to women without ID, autism or ADHD. The relative risks of sexual offending and victimization were elevated in men and women with ID without comorbidities (HRs 2.6-12.7). The highest risks for sexual offending in men (HRs 9.4-11.0) and for sexual assault victimization in women (HRs 11.0-17.1) related to ID and comorbid ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The elevated risk of violent offending and assault victimization in people with ID is largely explained by comorbid ADHD, whereas ID is independently associated with sexual crimes and victimization, even though absolute risks are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Latvala
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Tideman
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Erik Søndenaa
- Forensic Department, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Butwicka
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Stockholm, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Interventions for Persons with Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities Involved with the Criminal Justice System: a Scoping Review. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-022-00265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Reflecting on the Value of Community Researchers in Criminal Justice Research Projects. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
While the importance of community researchers has long been acknowledged in disability studies, inclusive research practices such as these are less common in research about another marginalised group: people who are in prison or have spent time in prison. Over the past decade in Australia, the number and rate of people imprisoned has risen rapidly, and recidivism rates remain high, indicating a need for improved services. In this article, we draw on methodological reflections from two case studies on research with marginalised communities, one in disability studies and one in post-prison research. We apply insights from disability research to argue the importance of incorporating community researchers in qualitative research projects seeking to explore the experiences of people involved with the criminal justice system, such as people who have been released from prison.
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Matheson FI, Dastoori P, Whittingham L, Calzavara A, Keown LA, Durbin A, Kouyoumdjian FG, Lin E, Volpe T, Lunsky Y. Intellectual/developmental disabilities among people incarcerated in federal correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada: Examining prevalence, health and correctional characteristics. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:900-909. [PMID: 35338547 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little research with people who experience intellectual/developmental disabilities and imprisonment. METHODS The study linked health and correctional data to examine prevalence of intellectual/developmental disabilities and health and correctional characteristics among adults experiencing their first federal incarceration between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2011 (n = 9278) and two non-incarcerated groups (n = 10,086,802). RESULTS The prevalence of intellectual/developmental disabilities was 2.1% in the incarcerated group and 0.9% in the non-incarcerated group. Before incarceration, those with, versus without, intellectual/developmental disabilities were at greater risk of traumatic brain injury, mental illness, and substance use disorders. While incarcerated, those with intellectual/developmental disabilities were more likely to incur serious institutional disciplinary charges. Post-incarceration, persons with intellectual/developmental disabilities were at greater risk of emergency department visits, and psychiatric and acute hospitalizations, than the non-incarcerated groups. CONCLUSIONS People with intellectual/developmental disabilities are overrepresented in Canadian federal correctional institutions. The authors offer strategies to support people prior to, during, and post-incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora I Matheson
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Centre for Criminology & Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parisa Dastoori
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Whittingham
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Leslie A Keown
- Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Durbin
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona G Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Office of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiziana Volpe
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Anstis S, Thomas SDM. Exploring the victim offender overlap among people with an intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:789-799. [PMID: 35158411 PMCID: PMC9303341 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is growing international evidence pointing to the increased risks of crime perpetration and victimisation for some people with an intellectual disability, the overlap between offending and victimisation (the victim-offender overlap) remains unclear. METHOD This study utilised a data linkage methodology of 2600 people with an intellectual disability, exploring their contacts with public mental health services and the police in Victoria, Australia. RESULTS Victim-offenders accounted for a small proportion of the sample (n = 148, 5.7%). The victim-offender overlap was evident for both violent and nonviolent nonsexual crimes, particularly for theft, burglary, and threat-related crimes. Key differences were also noted between males and females. CONCLUSIONS People with an intellectual disability who are both victim and offenders comprise a small but particularly complex justice-involved population. Future research should explore the victim offender overlap for males and females separately, as well as any additional risks and vulnerabilities associated with specific mental health diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Anstis
- Criminology and Justice Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart D M Thomas
- Criminology and Justice Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tullett AM. The Limitations of Social Science as the Arbiter of Blame: An Argument for Abandoning Retribution. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:995-1007. [PMID: 35050799 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211033284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. criminal-justice system has consequentialist and retributivist goals: It considers what is best for society as well as how to punish people in a manner proportional to their crimes. In deciding on the degree of retribution that is called for, the system attempts to determine the blameworthiness-or culpability-of the people involved, weighing factors such as their ability to think rationality, their freedom from coercion, and whether their actions were out of character. These determinations hinge on social-scientific research that is not strong enough to justify such decisions. In this article, I challenge the social-scientific basis for determining culpability on three grounds: replicability, generalizability, and inferential strength. In light of the limitations of this research, I argue that the criminal-justice system should abandon its retributive goals and pursue a more consequentialist-and more reparative-form of justice.
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Edberg H, Chen Q, Andiné P, Larsson H, Hirvikoski T. Criminal recidivism in offenders with and without intellectual disability sentenced to forensic psychiatric care in Sweden-A 17-year follow-up study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1011984. [PMID: 36213925 PMCID: PMC9533124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1011984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offenders with intellectual disability (ID) constitute a distinct subgroup of offenders with mental disorders. Regarding criminal recidivism, it is unclear whether or not offenders with ID in forensic psychiatric settings differ from offenders without ID. Factors associated with criminal recidivism among offenders with ID have been scarcely investigated. AIM To investigate the association between ID and criminal recidivism among offenders sentenced to forensic psychiatric care and to explore the impact of clinical, sociodemographic and offense variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on Swedish nationwide registers. A total of 3,365 individuals being sentenced to forensic psychiatric care in Sweden in 1997-2013 were followed from the forensic psychiatric assessment until first reconviction, death, emigration, or 31 December 2013, whichever occurred first. Cox regression models compared rates of recidivism in individuals with and without ID. Impact of clinical, sociodemographic, and offense variables on risk of criminal recidivism was presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Out of 3,365 offenders sentenced to forensic psychiatric care, 259 (7.7%) were diagnosed with ID. During follow-up (0-17 years, median 6 years), one third (n = 1,099) of the study population relapsed into criminality, giving a recidivism rate of 50.5 per 1,000 person-years. We observed an association between ID and a decreased risk of recidivism (HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-1.0, p = 0.063), although this reached statistical significance only for the subgroup of male offenders (HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-1.0, p = 0.040) and not females (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.8). ID offenders with concurrent ADHD tended to have a higher rate of recidivism (73.9 per 1,000 person-years, HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.6-2.4) than ID offenders without ADHD (42.5 per 1,000 person-years, HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-1.1). Amongst ID offenders, concurrent autism spectrum disorder, young age or male sex were not associated with recidivism, while previous criminal convictions were strongly associated with recidivism. CONCLUSION A diagnosis of ID was associated with a lower risk of criminal recidivism among male offenders sentenced to forensic psychiatric care. The association between ADHD and recidivism among ID offenders highlights eligible focus areas in the management of offenders with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Edberg
- Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish Prison and Probation Services, Norrköping, Sweden.,Northern Stockholm Psychiatric Clinic, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Andiné
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Habilitation & Health, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Hashmi S, Richards D, Fedoroff JP. A descriptive analysis of sentencing decisions by the Canadian criminal justice system of people with intellectual disabilities convicted with sexual offences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2021; 78:101730. [PMID: 34399138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews sentencing decisions of people diagnosed with intellectual disabilities who have been convicted of sexual offences by judges in Canada. Given the prevalence of people with intellectual disabilities managed within the criminal justice system (CJS), courts have increasingly been faced with issues concerning appropriate sentencing. In addition, many people with intellectual disabilities have complex social and medical backgrounds that require multidisciplinary perspectives to account for each person's legal and moral culpability, which in turn influences sentencing decisions, including placement in prisons versus rehabilitation programs. The legal databases Canlii and LexisNexis Quicklaw were used to search full text judgements from Canadian courts for adults (over the age of 18) diagnosed with an intellectual disability and charged with a sexual offence. In total, 61 cases were included within the full-text review. These cases were analyzed based on the accused's demographics, past social history, past medical history, current diagnoses, past criminal record, current charges, mitigating/aggravating factors, use of a Gladue report, sentence, and other pertinent information that contributed to the final judgement. Recommendations on how to increase the effectiveness of the CJS in trying and sentencing people with intellectual disabilities are made based on the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Hashmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto.
| | - Deborah Richards
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - J Paul Fedoroff
- University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Canada.
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10
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Mngadi S, Tomita A, Khanyile V, Chiliza B. The profile of suspected criminal offenders referred for psychiatric evaluation on an outpatient basis at Ngwelezana Hospital. S Afr J Psychiatr 2021; 27:1722. [PMID: 34394977 PMCID: PMC8335753 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some suspected criminal offenders in South Africa are required to undergo forensic psychiatry assessments before or during the trial, which can be delayed as a result of the shortage of psychiatrists and inpatient forensic psychiatry beds. In KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, only one hospital (Fort Napier Hospital [FNH]) is designated for the 30-day inpatient forensic psychiatry assessments and there is a long waiting list for suspected criminal offenders awaiting assessment. There is a need to find ways of alleviating the backlog in the waiting list, with the use of outpatient forensic assessments being a possible adjunctive method. Aim To determine the demographic, clinical and forensic profile of suspected criminal offenders referred for outpatient preliminary assessment to Ngwelezana Hospital, and identify the profile of those who most likely require referral to FNH for a 30-day inpatient assessment. Setting The study was conducted at Ngwelezana Tertiary Hospital, in KZN, South Africa. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 207 suspected criminal offenders referred for outpatient forensic assessment from January 2009 to June 2015. Results The majority of the participants were males (94.2%), with a diagnosis of substance use disorder (28.2%), intellectual disability (23.4%) or psychotic disorders (21.8%). Forty three per cent were charged with sexual crimes and 10.7% with murder. Fifty seven per cent were recommended for referral to FNH for a 30-day inpatient forensic assessment, whilst 43% were not recommended for referral. Those recommended for inpatient assessment were significantly more likely to have a lower level of education (p = 0.02), to be on a disability grant (p < 0.01), and to have been diagnosed with intellectual disability (p < 0.01), than those not recommended for referral. Conclusion Identifying the characteristics of suspected criminal offenders who are most likely to be recommended for referral to FNH will potentially reduce the number of unnecessary referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithembisile Mngadi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew Tomita
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vusi Khanyile
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry, Madadeni Provincial Hospital, Newcastle, South Africa
| | - Bonginkosi Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Trofimovs J, Dowse L, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN. Using linked administrative data to determine the prevalence of intellectual disability in adult prison in New South Wales, Australia. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:589-600. [PMID: 33821542 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the representation of people with intellectual disability (ID) in custody report widely inconsistent findings that reflect variation in how ID is defined and the methods employed for identification. Using linked administrative data may be of utility in studies of the representation of people with ID in custody. However, this approach requires an understanding of the purpose of and factors influencing identification in disparate administrative datasets. METHODS This study uses linked administrative data encompassing disability, health and corrections data for the year 2014 to estimate the prevalence of ID in adult custody and explore how ID representation within administrative data impacts prevalence estimates and what patterns of identification reveal about support service access for this group. RESULTS This study finds that 4.3% of the New South Wales adult custody population had an identified ID. Prisoners with ID were younger, more likely to have had a previous custodial episode and more likely to be Indigenous than the general prison population. Identification of ID across linked administrative datasets is uneven, which, if used in isolation, would result in variation in prevalence estimates according to source data. CONCLUSIONS The utilisation of linkage data from a broad range of health and support services including custody offers a comprehensive identification methodology. Inconsistency in the identification of ID across datasets indicates a potential disjuncture between prisoners with ID and support services, which may have relevance for efforts to reduce reincarceration of those in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trofimovs
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Dowse
- School of Social Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (CHeBA), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Jones J, Blinkhorn A, McQueen M, Hewett L, Mills-Rogers MJ, Hall L, Althagafi L, Hudson C, Gierc M, Wright K, Goettl H, Keogh-Lim D, Rischke-Peddle A, Ayub M. The adaptation and feasibility of dialectical behaviour therapy for adults with intellectual developmental disabilities and transdiagnoses: A pilot community-based randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021; 34:805-817. [PMID: 33599087 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preliminary evidence suggests dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) may be beneficial for persons with intellectual disabilities. This pilot randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the feasibility of adapted DBT for adults with intellectual disabilities and co-morbid psychiatric disorders in the community. METHODS An adapted DBT programme (aDBT-ID) was delivered to adults with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability (n = 20) and their caregivers (n = 20). A single-blind, mixed-methods design was employed with treatment (n = 10) and control (n = 10). In addition to feasibility, pre-post-measures of emotional regulation, anger and mental health were taken from clients and caregivers. RESULTS Results suggest it was feasible and beneficial to deliver adapted DBT in the community. Qualitative findings found both participants and caregivers were satisfied with the treatment delivery. No differences between conditions were found. CONCLUSION This pilot study highlights the feasibility of adapted DBT for individuals with intellectual disabilities and the practicalities of delivering community-based inclusive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Meg McQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Hewett
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mary-Jane Mills-Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Layla Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lujain Althagafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Chloe Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Madelaine Gierc
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kristyn Wright
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah Goettl
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Keogh-Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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13
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Yu Y, Bradley CC, Boan AD, Charles JM, Carpenter LA. Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Criminal Justice System. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3624-3636. [PMID: 33386554 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes charges, outcomes, and recidivism in both the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems (CJS) for young adults aged 17 to 23 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 606). Results are compared to individuals with ID (n = 1271) and a population control group (n = 2973). About 3% of individuals with ASD were charged with at least one offense by the time they reached young adulthood. Few differences were found in CJS involvement across groups. Young adults with ASD were not over represented in the CJS in general, and were less likely to be involved in the adult justice system than their peers. They received similar charges and outcomes and were as likely to reoffend as their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Catherine C Bradley
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Andrea D Boan
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jane M Charles
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Laura A Carpenter
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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14
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van Esch AYM, de Vries J, Masthoff EDM. Screening for intellectual disability in Dutch psychiatrically disturbed detainees: Assessing the psychometric properties of the Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability (SCIL). JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1418-1427. [PMID: 32578391 PMCID: PMC7687161 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intellectual disability is a key subject in all mental healthcare institutions, including the forensic mental health services. The Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability (SCIL) is designed to screen for intellectual disability in forensic populations. So far, this assessment method is only validated in "detention fit prisoners" with low need of care. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the SCIL in a population of mentally ill detainees with high need of care. MATERIALS AND METHODS Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability scores, mental health reports including intelligence assessment, and criminal records of detainees were obtained. Reliability and validity of the SCIL were calculated, using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and prior studies of the SCIL as a reference. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total SCIL was 0.72. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was 0.84. Different cut-off values than the original were determined when achieving the optimum in true positives and negatives. The mean intelligence quotient (IQ) score of the study population was 82.6, and 60.3% could be classified with an IQ < 85. DISCUSSION The SCIL gives a quick and accurate indication of whether a person is at risk for intellectual disabilities. Although both the reliability and validity of the SCIL are lower in the study population than in regular prison populations, for application of the SCIL in mentally ill detainees all psychometric properties could be classified as acceptable. When assessing the latter populations, it is recommended to use a cut-off value of 20.5 instead of the original 19.5. Additionally, it is advised to revise item 4. Finally, it is important to mention that the estimated prevalence of intellectual disability is the forensic population seems to be larger than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Yvonne Maria van Esch
- Penitentiaire Inrichtingen VughtVughtThe Netherlands
- Section Clinical NeuropsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jolanda de Vries
- Department Medical and Clinical PsychologyTilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical PsychologyETZ Hospital (Elisabeth‐TweeSteden Ziekenhuis)TilburgThe Netherlands
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15
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Whittingham L, Durbin A, Lin E, Matheson FI, Volpe T, Dastoori P, Calzavara A, Lunsky Y, Kouyoumdjian F. The prevalence and health status of people with developmental disabilities in provincial prisons in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1368-1379. [PMID: 32529696 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the prevalence of developmental disabilities in people who experience imprisonment and on their characteristics are lacking. METHODS The present authors identified adults with developmental disabilities who were released from Ontario provincial prisons in 2010 and a general population comparator group using administrative data. The present authors examined demographic characteristics, morbidity and healthcare use. RESULTS The prevalence of developmental disabilities was 2.2% in the prison group (N = 52,302) and 0.7% in the general population (N = 10,466,847). The prevalence of psychotic illness, substance-related disorder and self-harm was higher among people in the prison group with developmental disabilities. People with developmental disabilities were more likely to have emergency department visits and hospitalizations in prison and in the year after release. CONCLUSIONS People with developmental disabilities are overrepresented in provincial prisons and have a high burden of disease. Strategies are indicated to prevent incarceration and to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Whittingham
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, Saint Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Durbin
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Office of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Flora I Matheson
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiziana Volpe
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parisa Dastoori
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Yona Lunsky
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Mosotho NL, Bantobetse ML, Joubert G, le Roux HE. Demographic, clinical and forensic characteristics of alleged offenders referred to West End Specialised Hospital, Kimberley, South Africa. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:925-938. [PMID: 34104064 PMCID: PMC8158243 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1751336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated demographic, clinical and forensic characteristics of alleged offenders referred for forensic assessment. A data collection form was used to gather information from 155 offenders' clinical records. The subjects were mainly young males, aged between 18 and 35 years, with low educational levels and high unemployment rate. The most common diagnoses were substance-related and addictive disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. A sizeable number of offenders were diagnosed with an intellectual disability. The comorbidity of other medical conditions such as epilepsy and HIV/AIDS was also noteworthy. In total, 55.5% of the offenders were found competent to stand trial, and 46.5% were declared criminally responsible. Offenders presenting with schizophrenia and intellectual disabilities were often declared incompetent to stand trial and were generally not responsible for alleged crimes. There was association between adjudicative competence and criminal responsibility. The results highlight effect of substances on mental illness and crime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gina Joubert
- Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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17
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Muñoz García-Largo L, Martí-Agustí G, Martin-Fumadó C, Gómez-Durán EL. Intellectual disability rates among male prison inmates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 70:101566. [PMID: 32482301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While only a small percentage of people with intellectual disabilities are responsible for criminal behaviors, the literature points to their overrepresentation in prisons, although not enough attention has been paid to intellectual disability data for inmates. We retrieved studies - in English, Spanish, Italian or French and indexed in Medline between 2000 and 2018 - that provided intellectual disability data for prisons collected by the administration of validated tests to male inmates. Identified were 13 studies involving more than 15,000 inmates referring to intellectual disability and borderline intellectual disability. The general findings of our review corroborate the overrepresentation of people with ID in prisons, although prevalence rates range widely, from as low as 1% to as high as 69.9% (p<0.000001), reflecting to differences in methodology, in local, social and cultural factors and in judicial procedures. Published studies clearly underline the overrepresentation of people with intellectual disabilities in prisons, differences between countries, the vulnerabilities of persons with intellectual disabilities and the need for proper assessment and management policies in prisons worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Muñoz García-Largo
- Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Hammond S, Beail N. The relationship between cognitive variables and offending behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:779-792. [PMID: 32307817 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions for offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) have used cognitive variables as measures of treatment outcome. However, the relevance of cognitive variables to offending in people with intellectual disabilities is unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between cognitive variables and offending in people with intellectual disabilities. METHOD A systematic search identified studies comparing offenders and non-offenders with intellectual disabilities on an aspect of cognition. Seven cognitive variables were found and compared across 15 studies. These were appraised for their quality using an adapted quality appraisal checklist. The reliability and validity of cognitive measures were also considered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Other than for cognitive distortions, the evidence for a relationship between cognitive variables and offending in people with intellectual disabilities is currently limited due to methodological weaknesses and the small number of studies assessing each variable. Clinicians are advised to focus on cognitive distortions until better evidence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hammond
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nigel Beail
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
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19
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Ross GE, Hocken K, Auty JM. The reliability and validity of the Adaptive Functioning Assessment Tool in UK custodial settings. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2020; 24:35-49. [PMID: 29552940 DOI: 10.1177/1744629518762885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive functioning (AF) has been overlooked in the assessment of intellectual disability within the UK Prison Service, primarily because there are no reliable and valid measures of AF suitable for use with prison populations. This position is incompatible with the obligation of Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service to provide specialist interventions for individuals with intellectual disabilities. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Adaptive Functioning Assessment Tool (AFAT), a new measure of AF developed for use in prisons. The AFAT was completed on 61 participants (mean age 41, standard deviation 11.8). Internal consistency was tested using Cronbach's α. Construct validity was assessed using linear regression and a Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis. The findings provide evidence to support the AFAT being a reliable and valid measure of AF in prison populations.
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20
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Aga N, Vander Laenen F, Vandevelde S, Vanderplasschen W. A qualitative inquiry on recovery needs and resources of individuals with intellectual disabilities labelled not criminally responsible. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:673-685. [PMID: 31529561 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery is a widely accepted paradigm in mental health care, whilst the correctional and forensic-psychiatric field is still searching for foundations for its implementation. Knowledge regarding recovery of persons with intellectual disabilities in secure contexts is limited. This study assesses recovery needs and resources among persons with intellectual disabilities labelled not criminally responsible and investigates the impact of the judicial label on recovery processes. METHODS A sample of 26 individuals was composed purposively, and in-depth interviews were conducted. Recurrent themes were identified using thematic analysis. RESULTS Traditional recovery themes emerged from the narratives, next to aspects of recovery in a forensic or correctional context. However, the operationalization and proportional impact are specific for this sample. CONCLUSIONS The social dimension overarches all other recovery dimensions. The integration of an explicit social rhetoric is imperative, including contextual, relational, interactional and societal dimensions. This offers pathways to reverse the traditional, paternalistic model of exclusion and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Aga
- Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University College Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Freya Vander Laenen
- Department of Criminology, Penal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vandevelde
- Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Baloch NA, Jennings WG. A Preliminary Investigation of the Intersection of Race and Disabilities among Inmates in the U.S. State Prison System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:597-609. [PMID: 30311811 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18805599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The American prison system is overcrowded with minorities in general, and African Americans, in particular. The Department of Justice notes that more than 50% of the prison population have some type of mental disability. In this study, we examine the intersection between race and disabilities in the U.S. State prison system. Using the Rehabilitation Services Administration data set, the study highlights the prevalence and type of disabilities in the prison inmate population. Results demonstrate that African American inmates are overrepresented among inmates with disabilities, are more likely to have mental disabilities relative to physical disabilities, and these results hold for various types of mental disabilities including cognitive, psychosocial, and other mental disabilities. Study limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
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22
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Marinos V, Whittingham L. The role of therapeutic jurisprudence to support persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the courtroom: Reflections from Ontario, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2019; 63:18-25. [PMID: 30144944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at greater risk than the general population when they encounter the criminal justice system due to vulnerabilities such as cognition, memory and language (Jones, 2007). To date, little evidence has been generated regarding best practice to support persons with IDD in the criminal justice system, specifically the courtroom. Various models of problem-solving courts have developed across Canada to divert cases composed of complex human social problems to more appropriate community-based treatment and supports. Past Canadian authors have raised critical questions that require reflection about the broader theory of Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) and its current implementation in problem-solving courts. Given the risk and vulnerabilities of persons with IDD in the criminal justice system, problem-solving courts (specifically mental health courts) hold great promise to address some of the unique needs of these individuals. We reflect on the critical questions raised by previous Canadian authors regarding problem-solving courts and suggest some considerations that need to be addressed to maximize the benefits of these courts for persons with IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voula Marinos
- Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Lisa Whittingham
- Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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23
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Tedeschi F, Junewicz A. Intellectual Disabilities in Juvenile Justice: The Case for Screening. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:909-910. [PMID: 30522734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts to reform and improve the juvenile justice system have overlooked one critically important issue-the widespread failure to routinely screen for intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) in young offenders. Pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, offenders with I/DD must receive appropriate accommodations. Yet across the country, adolescents and adults with I/DD must engage with the juvenile justice system without appropriate supports and often with their disabilities unknown to corrections staff, lawyers, judges, and other personnel.
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24
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van Esch AYM, Denzel AD, Scherder EJA, Masthoff EDM. Intelligence Assessment Instruments in Adult Prison Populations: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:3225-3244. [PMID: 29192526 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17739186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of intellectual disability (ID) in the penitentiary system is important for the following reasons: (a) to provide assistance to people with ID in understanding their legal rights and court proceedings; (b) to facilitate rehabilitation programs tailored to ID patients, which improves the enhancement of their quality of life and reduces their risk of reoffending; and (c) to provide a reliable estimate of the risk of offence recidivism. It requires a short assessment instrument that provides a reliable estimation of a person's intellectual functioning at the earliest possible stage of this process. The aim of this systematic review is (a) to provide an overview of recent short assessment instruments that provide a full-scale IQ score in adult prison populations and (b) to achieve a quality measurement of the validation studies regarding these instruments to determine which tests are most feasible in this target population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement is used to ensure reliability. The Satz-Mögel, an item-reduction short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, shows the highest correlation with the golden standard and is described to be most reliable. Nevertheless, when it comes to applicability in prison populations, the shorter and less verbal Quick Test can be preferred over others. Without affecting these conclusions, major limitations emerge from the present systematic review, which give rise to several important recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y M van Esch
- 1 VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 2 Penitentiaire Inrichtingen Vught, The Netherlands
| | - A D Denzel
- 1 VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Young JT, Davis FJ, Wardale S, Vassos M, van Dooren K, Nankervis K, Lennox NG. Severity of cognitive disability and mental health court determinations about fitness to stand trial. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:126-139. [PMID: 29349929 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the socio-demographic, clinical and legal determinants of mental health court decisions of unsoundness of mind and unfitness to stand trial for people with cognitive disability. We aimed to estimate the association between severity of cognitive disability and mental health court determinations of unsoundness or unfitness and describe the socio-demographic, clinical and legal factors that predict these determinations. METHODS Case file data were extracted on 92 individuals who had a criminal case referred to the Queensland Mental Health Court between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014 due to cognitive disability. We fit a modified multivariable Poisson regression model to estimate the association between severity of cognitive impairment and mental health court determination, controlling for socio-demographic, clinical and legal factors. RESULTS Adjusting for covariate effects, severity of cognitive impairment was positively associated with being found unfit to stand trial (adjusted prevalence risk ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 2.33; P = 0.023), and comorbid psychotic disorder predicted an increased risk of being found unsound of mind at the time of offence (adjusted prevalence risk ratio = 3.63; 95% confidence interval: 1.38, 9.54; P = 0.009) by the Queensland Mental Health Court. CONCLUSIONS Severity of cognitive disability is associated with determinations of unfitness but does not predict determinations of unsoundness in the Queensland Mental Health Court. Psychiatric assessments of cognitive impairment play a pivotal role in mental health court determinations for people with cognitive disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Young
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, West Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, West Australia, Australia
| | - F J Davis
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Lifestyle Solutions, Logan, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Wardale
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Endeavour Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Vassos
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Endeavour Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K van Dooren
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Nankervis
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N G Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Levine KA, Proulx J, Schwartz K. Disconnected lives: Women with intellectual disabilities in conflict with the law. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 31:249-258. [PMID: 28718998 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with intellectual/developmental disabilities in conflict with the law experience childhood trauma, substance abuse and intimate partner violence but continue to have difficulty accessing appropriate therapeutic services, both within correctional settings and upon discharge. The aim of this study is to explore women's service needs and to critically assess whether the available services are meeting their identified needs. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 women with intellectual/developmental disabilities who were in the Special Needs Unit of a women's correctional centre from December 2014 to March 2015. RESULTS Women with intellectual/developmental disabilities struggle to manage the impact of intergenerational trauma, exacerbated by issues of substance abuse and addiction, poor coping skills and minimal education, all of which impact their sense of well-being. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for increasing trauma treatment for women with intellectual/developmental disabilities, and emphasizes the need for accessible intervention to facilitate coping, trauma processing and community integration.
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Henshaw M, Spivak B, Thomas SDM. Striking the Right Balance: Police Experience, Perceptions and Use of Independent Support Persons During Interviews Involving People with Intellectual Disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 31:e201-e211. [PMID: 27878903 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several jurisdictions mandate the presence of an independent support person during police interviews with vulnerable people. The current study investigated police officers' experiences and perceptions of these volunteers during interviews with people with intellectual disability(ies) (ID). METHODS The sample comprised 229 police officers who attended a mandatory firearms training course in Melbourne, Australia, in 2010. RESULTS Participants commonly reported utilizing independent support persons and displayed a fair understanding of their role. Overall, volunteers were engaged more frequently than family/friends; police considered the volunteers to be more impartial during interviews, whereas family/friends provided a greater level of emotional support to interviewees. CONCLUSIONS Independent support persons need to demonstrate two quite different types of support to people with intellectual disability(ies) during police interviews; these require quite different skill sets and suggest the need for more tailored training and support for these volunteers. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Henshaw
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Benjamin Spivak
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Stuart D M Thomas
- Legal Intersections Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Applied Social Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Hellenbach M, Karatzias T, Brown M. Intellectual Disabilities Among Prisoners: Prevalence and Mental and Physical Health Comorbidities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 30:230-241. [PMID: 26775928 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that people with ID (ID) are overrepresented in prisons although prevalence rates of ID among prisoners vary significantly across studies, making it difficult to identify prevalence and assess existing need. METHOD A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, and results were organized and compared in relation to study aims, design, measures used to screen for ID, sample, limitations and key findings. RESULTS Existing international data suggest a prevalence of prisoners with ID between 7 and 10%. Most frequent coexisting health issues among this population are hearing and vision impairments, obesity, diabetes and a range of mental health disorders, notably anxiety and personality and conduct disorders. CONCLUSION More research is required on prevalence rates and associated comorbidities of ID within prison settings, taking into account the heterogeneity of the population with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hellenbach
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thanos Karatzias
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,The Rivers Centre, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Brown
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Learning Disability Service, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Intellectual Disability (ID) can be caused by a variety of factors, which may lead to a variety of signs and symptoms. Individuals with ID are living in societies where during the past decade there is a steady increase in the amount of research focused on civil law, criminal law and mental health. In this chapter, there will be a theoretical presentation of the research on ID regarding criminal law and the different forms of aggressive behavior such as sexual violence, homicide, theft, arson and alcohol-drug abuse. There will be information on research regarding civil law and the most common problems for individuals with ID, such as financial capacity and capacity for medical consent. Finally, there will be a section for the most important issues regarding the trial and conviction for individuals with ID and a presentation of a recent research on attitudes toward ID and legal issues. The above will be examined through the prism of current neuropsychological data, while cross-cultural restrictions will be discussed.
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30
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Blasingame GD. Assessment, Diagnosis, and Risk Management of Sexual Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Moberg T, Stenbacka M, Tengström A, Jönsson EG, Nordström P, Jokinen J. Psychiatric and neurological disorders in late adolescence and risk of convictions for violent crime in men. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:299. [PMID: 26597299 PMCID: PMC4657257 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between mental illness and violent crime is complex because of the involvement of many other confounding risk factors. In the present study, we analysed psychiatric and neurological disorders in relation to the risk of convictions for violent crime, taking into account early behavioural and socio-economic risk factors. METHODS The study population consisted of 49,398 Swedish men, who were thoroughly assessed at conscription for compulsory military service during the years 1969-1970 and followed in national crime registers up to 2006. Five diagnostic groups were analysed: anxiety-depression/neuroses, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, mental retardation and neurological conditions. In addition, eight confounders measured at conscription and based on the literature on violence risk assessment, were added to the analyses. The relative risks of convictions for violent crime during 35 years after conscription were examined in relation to psychiatric diagnoses and other risk factors at conscription, as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS In the bivariate analyses there was a significant association between receiving a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription and a future conviction for violent crime (OR = 3.83, 95 % CI = 3.47-4.22), whereas no significant association between neurological conditions and future violent crime (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI = 0.48-2.21) was found. In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, mental retardation had the strongest association with future violent crime (OR = 3.60, 95 % CI = 2.73-4.75), followed by substance-related disorders (OR = 2.81, 95 % CI = 2.18-3.62), personality disorders (OR = 2.66, 95 % CI = 2.21-3.19) and anxiety-depression (OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.55). Among the other risk factors, early behavioural problem had the strongest association with convictions for violent crime. CONCLUSIONS Mental retardation, substance-related disorders, personality disorders and early behavioural problems are important predictors of convictions for violent crime in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Moberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marlene Stenbacka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Tengström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Hellenbach M, Brown M, Karatzias T, Robinson R. Psychological interventions for women with intellectual disabilities and forensic care needs: a systematic review of the literature. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:319-331. [PMID: 24811918 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research evidence to date concerning offending by people with intellectual disabilities (ID) has concentrated on male perpetrators and little is known about their female counterparts. This systematic literature review examines evidence on psycho-social therapies for the female intellectually disabled population within healthcare forensic facilities. METHODS A search of health, psychology and social science databases was conducted, using a varying combination of search words to detect relevant literature for this review. Four studies published between 2001 and 2012 were identified for inclusion. Articles were organised and compared in relation to study characteristics, sample, kind of treatment, instruments used to measure treatment impact, and study findings. FINDINGS In total, four studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. A range of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)-orientated group interventions for people with learning disabilities were evaluated and in most studies improvements were reported in relation to reducing problem behaviour. Evidence that has been generated by the studies is, however, limited in its explanatory value because of study design and related methodological issues. CONCLUSIONS This review has identified a significant gap in relation to research-based therapies for women with ID and forensic care needs. In particular, more research is needed focusing on women with a dual diagnosis of ID and psychiatric disorder who present challenging or criminal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hellenbach
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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To WT, Vanheule S, Vanderplasschen W, Audenaert K, Vandevelde S. Screening for intellectual disability in persons with a substance abuse problem: Exploring the validity of the Hayes Ability Screening Index in a Dutch-speaking sample. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36C:498-504. [PMID: 25462510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in screening instruments to detect intellectual disability (ID) in a quick and accurate way in mental health services as well as in the criminal justice system in order to provide appropriate support for people with undetected needs caused by ID. An instrument that has been proven to be useful in both settings is the Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI). This study assessed the validity of the Dutch version of the HASI in persons with a substance abuse problem residing in mental health services, whether or not mandated to treatment by court order. The HASI was conducted along with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III as the criterion for validity to 90 participants. Additionally, the influence of psychiatric disorder and medication use on the HASI result was examined. A significant positive relationship was found between the two instruments, demonstrating convergent validity. Using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the discriminative ability of the HASI with a cut-off score of 85 was found to be adequate, yielding in a good balance between sensitivity and specificity. The HASI was not distorted by the presence of the substance abuse problem or other psychiatric illnesses and medication did not influence the HASI scores in this study. These findings indicate that the HASI provides a time-efficient and resource-conscious way to detect ID in persons with a substance problem, thus addressing a critical need in mental health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ting To
- University College Ghent, Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, Voskenslaan 362, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Special Education, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Vanheule
- Ghent University, Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Vanderplasschen
- Ghent University, Department of Special Education, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Ghent University, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vandevelde
- Ghent University, Department of Special Education, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Waugh A, Gudjonsson GH, Rees-Jones A, Young S. A feasibility study of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation Mental Health Programme (R&R2MHP) in male offenders with intellectual disability. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2014; 24:222-224. [PMID: 25042837 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Martinello E. Reviewing Risks Factors of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities as Perpetrators of Sexually Abusive Behaviors. SEXUALITY AND DISABILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11195-014-9365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gausel N, Thørrisen MM. A theoretical model of multiple stigma: ostracized for being an inmate with intellectual disabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14043858.2013.864841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dias S, Ware RS, Kinner SA, Lennox NG. Physical health outcomes in prisoners with intellectual disability: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2013; 57:1191-1196. [PMID: 23106788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) in the general population and people in prison experience unrecognised medical conditions and inadequate disease prevention. Among prisoners, those with an ID may be particularly disadvantaged. The aim of this study was to identify demographic, health and health-related characteristics of adult prisoners who screened positive for ID. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected via face-to-face administration of a structured questionnaire in seven prisons in Queensland, Australia, between 2008 and 2010. Participants were adult prisoners within 6 weeks of release from custody. We identified ID using a pragmatic screening tool. Prisoners who scored <85 on the Hayes Ability Screening Index and either (a) reported having attended a special school or (b) reported having been diagnosed with an ID were considered to have screened positive for ID. We compared the characteristics of participants who screened positive and negative for ID using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Screening positive for ID was associated with younger age, identifying as Indigenous and lower educational achievement. Prisoners who screened positive for ID were more likely to have been diagnosed with medical conditions such as heart disease (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval = 2.1; 1.0-4.2) and hearing problems (2.2; 1.3-3.7), after adjustment for age, sex, education level and Indigenous status. Screen-positive prisoners were less likely to have received preventive care interventions such as testing for hepatitis A infection (0.4; 0.2-0.6), and immunisation for tuberculosis (0.4; 0.2-0.8). Prisoners with possible ID were more likely to be obese (1.7; 1.1-2.7). CONCLUSIONS Adult prisoners who screen positive for ID have worse health outcomes than their non-disabled peers. An improved understanding of physical health characteristics prior to release can direct treatment and support pathways out of the criminal justice system and inform transitional planning of health services for this profoundly disadvantaged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dias
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability (QCIDD), School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Baldry E, Clarence M, Dowse L, Trollor J. Reducing Vulnerability to Harm in Adults With Cognitive Disabilities in the Australian Criminal Justice System. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Dowse
- University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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Raina P, Arenovich T, Jones J, Lunsky Y. Pathways into the Criminal Justice System for Individuals with Intellectual Disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2013; 26:404-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Raina
- University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Tamara Arenovich
- University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Yona Lunsky
- University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto ON Canada
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Lunsky Y, Raina P, Jones J. Relationship between prior legal involvement and current crisis for adults with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY 2012; 37:163-168. [PMID: 22563692 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2012.685149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and legal involvement are a unique population with complex needs. To date, there has been limited research exploring the demographic and clinical profiles of individuals with ID and legal involvement that are in crisis and how they differ to individuals with ID without legal involvement. METHOD 130 adults with ID and a history of legal involvement were compared to 617 without legal involvement who had experienced at least one crisis in terms of crisis presentation and outcome. RESULTS Overall, those with a known history of legal involvement were younger, higher functioning and more likely to be male and living in unsupported settings. Legal history was not a significant predictor of crisis involving aggression but was a significant predictor of police response to crisis, when other variables were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS Adults with ID and legal history may be more likely to have police respond to their crises than other individuals. Understanding the unique profiles of those with legal history can inform the development of services targeted towards offenders with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Lunsky
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
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Uzieblo K, Winter J, Vanderfaeillie J, Rossi G, Magez W. Intelligent diagnosing of intellectual disabilities in offenders: food for thought. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:28-48. [PMID: 22241548 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on offenders with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in the criminal justice arena is on the rise, reflected by a growing number of relevant publications each year. However, there is a long recognized methodological problem that hampers the comparability of empirical studies and that raises doubts about the accuracy of prevalence rates, comorbidities, and various correlates and characteristics. In this paper we will argue that the crux of the problem can, on the one hand, be found in the plurality of assessment methods for intelligence and adaptive functioning, which are not all sufficiently reliable and valid. On the other hand, assessment of IQ in criminal justice and mental health-related areas appears to be informed more by practical aspects and needs rather than grounded in a solid theoretical model. Hence, we suggest that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence has potential value in this regard, and deserves a closer look. Finally, we will discuss its incorporation into, and possible implications for, criminal justice practice and future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uzieblo
- Lessius - University College, Department of Applied Psychology, Antwerp.
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Woessner G. Classifying sexual offenders: an empirical model for generating type-specific approaches to intervention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2010; 54:327-345. [PMID: 19293286 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x08331213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although recidivism is lower among sexual offenders who have received treatment than those who have not, evaluation and treatment studies reach different numbers on recidivism rates and effectiveness. The question still remains as to what exactly works for whom; that is, does one kind of treatment work for all sexual offenders? This empirical study attempts to develop a sex offender typology that refers to treatment-relevant factors and characteristics to generate a framework for developing specific treatment approaches. In a first step the authors conduct a survey of experts to identify treatment-relevant factors for the later typology. In the main part of the study, 199 sexual offenders incarcerated in German prison and forensic facilities are examined according to the identified characteristics. A cluster analysis results in five subtypes of sexual offenders. In this article, the clusters are presented with regard to their criminologically relevant characteristics, and implications for type-related interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Woessner
- Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany.
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Chaplin E, Kelesidi K, Emery H, O'Hara J, Lockett J, McCarthy J. People with learning disabilities placed out of area: the South London experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5042/jldob.2010.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Männynsalo L, Putkonen H, Lindberg N, Kotilainen I. Forensic psychiatric perspective on criminality associated with intellectual disability: a nationwide register-based study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2009; 53:279-288. [PMID: 19250388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrasting views exist over the association of intellectual disability (ID) and criminal offending. This nationwide study attempts to shed further light to expand understanding to substantiate the relation between socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric co-morbidity and criminal behaviour among the Finnish forensic population with ID. METHOD We reviewed all forensic psychiatric examination reports of individuals with ID who underwent a pre-trial forensic psychiatric evaluation in Finland during an 11-year period (1996-2006). RESULTS One-third of the offenders had been regularly and sufficiently treated as outpatients. Half of the offenders had previous criminality, and the single most common crime was arson. Almost half of the offenders were diagnosed with alcohol abuse/dependence and two-thirds with any substance abuse/dependence. Furthermore, almost half were intoxicated during the index crime. Antisocial personality disorder was diagnosed in 25% of the offenders. Almost half of the offenders were placed in involuntary special care for the ID, which lasted ca 2 years. Among the last-mentioned, two-thirds of the nursing care plans lacked recommended structure. CONCLUSIONS The offenders with so-called triple diagnosis - substance abuse, mental illness and ID - form a small subgroup of criminal offenders with complex needs. The results of the present study underline the importance of close, long-term cooperation among specialists in the field of ID, addiction service, mental health services and forensic psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Männynsalo
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Fast DK, Conry J. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the criminal justice system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:250-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Søndenaa E, Rasmussen K, Palmstierna T, Nøttestad J. The prevalence and nature of intellectual disability in Norwegian prisons. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2008; 52:1129-1137. [PMID: 18498332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to calculate the prevalence of inmates with intellectual disabilities (ID), and identify historical, medical and criminological characteristics of a certain impact. METHODS A random sample of 143 inmates from a Norwegian prison cross sectional sample was studied. The Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) was validated with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). RESULTS The prevalence of inmates with ID, IQ < 70, was 10.8%. Some essential characteristics of inmates with ID were more frequent medication for mental disorders, a higher number of imprisonments, less drug abuse and less education than the other inmates. The results indicated that the HASI is a valid tool for screening of ID for the Norwegian inmates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ID in Norwegian inmates is significant, measured by WASI and HASI. Identification, rehabilitation and care, concerning an intellectual handicap, are mostly absent in the Norwegian criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Søndenaa
- St Olavs University Hospital Trondheim, Forensic Department Brøset and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present paper reviews some of the most significant findings in the field of forensic issues related to intellectual disability over the last 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications have explored the prevalence and assessment of intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system, as well as individual characteristics of intellectual disabled offenders. Service by the criminal justice system and treatment of intellectual disabled offenders have also been explored. New insights into violence and sexual offences have been achieved, however identification and evidence-based treatment of intellectual disabled offenders are not widely explored issues. SUMMARY Progress in treatment studies, studies of the function of the criminal justice system and risk assessments have resulted in improvements in these aspects during recent years. The wide range of services involved in successful initiatives has been addressed, but some crucial aspects still receive too little attention. Differences between countries and cultures have not been emphasized, and the progress that has been achieved seems to be confined to countries with a clear policy and organized services for offenders with intellectual disabilities.
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