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Freeston J, Soloff L, Schickendantz M, Genin J, Frangiamore S, Whiteley R. In-Game Workload Demands of Position Players in Major League Baseball. Sports Health 2024; 16:637-643. [PMID: 37326165 PMCID: PMC11195853 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231179970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes who are well prepared for the physical demands of competition are less susceptible to injury. Defining and then preparing athletes for these in-game demands is critical to athlete health and performance. The injury burden within Major League Baseball (MLB) is significant and differs by position. Despite its importance, the workload demands have not been described for position players in MLB. HYPOTHESIS That running demands would be significantly higher for outfielders, followed by infielders, and catchers, respectively, while batting and baserunning metrics would be similar across positions. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Total and high-speed running distance (>75% Vmax), high-speed running count, hard accelerations (>2.78 m/s/s), defensive and baserunning minutes, total and hard throws (>75% max), and bat swing counts were calculated from Statcast data. Players with 100 games or more in the 2018 season (n = 126) were included for analysis. RESULTS All offensive and baserunning metrics were similar across positions; however, significant positional differences were observed for defensive and overall workload metrics. High-speed running was highest among outfielders (F1,7 = 27.1, P < 0.01), followed by infielders, then catchers. Hard accelerations (F1,7 = 12.9, P < 0.01) were highest among first basemen, then outfielders, remaining infielders, and catchers. Total throws (F1,7 = 17.7, P < 0.01) were highest among middle infielders. Hard throws (P < 0.01) were highest among shortstops and third basemen. CONCLUSION In-game workloads differ significantly by defensive position in MLB. These differences in running, throwing, and hitting volumes have significant implications for physical preparation and injury return-to-play progressions to optimize performance and minimize injury and reinjury risk for these athletes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data provide insight into how best to prepare athletes of different positions for the demands of the game both in terms of preseason preparation as well as return-to-play benchmarks following injury. These data should also serve as a platform for future research into the relationship between workload and injury among professional baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Freeston
- Exercise, Health and Performance Research Group, The University of Sydney, Australia
- Cleveland Guardians Baseball, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Jason Genin
- Cleveland Guardians Baseball, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | | | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Belamjahad A, Tourny C, Jebabli N, Clark CCT, Laher I, Hackney AC, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Effects of a Preseason Neuromuscular Training Program vs. an Endurance-Dominated Program on Physical Fitness and Injury Prevention in Female Soccer Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:76. [PMID: 38922502 PMCID: PMC11208342 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pre-season preparatory period is considered key for optimizing the physical fitness levels needed to withstand congested match periods and preventing injuries during the regular soccer season. This study contrasted the effects s of neuromuscular training (NMT) versus an endurance-dominated training (ET) program conducted during the preseason on measures of physical fitness and injury occurrence in female soccer players. METHODS Twenty-four female soccer players aged 17.0 ± 1.3 years from a professional soccer club participated in this study. Players were randomly assigned to NMT (n = 12) or ET (n = 12) groups according to their playing position. The preseason intervention program lasted six weeks, with three weekly sessions with a duration of 45-60 min per session. Exercises in the NMT group included muscle strengthening exercises, plyometrics, agility and dynamic stability exercises, while the ET group practiced a traditional pre-season training program consisting of running and sprinting exercises, fartlek, and high-intensity interval training. The training volumes were similar in the two study groups. Anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests (i.e., linear and change-of-direction speed, muscle strength and power tests) and the overall injury rate per 1000 h of exposure (training, match) were recorded throughout the season. RESULTS No between group differences were found at pre (T1). Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for the 5, 10, and 30-m linear sprint speed tests (p < 0.001, 2.16 < d < 2.58), the T-test (p = 0.024, d = 1.03), the squat (p < 0.001, d = 4.04), and the countermovement jump test (p < 0.001, d = 2.21), the Loughborough soccer passing test (LSPT) (p = 0.019, d = 1.08), and the 1-RM back squat test (p < 0.001, d = 2.53). Post-hoc tests indicated that NMT provided larger improvements for SJ, CMJ, 1-RM back squat, the 5-m sprint, 10-m sprint, 30-m sprint, T-test and LSPT compared to ET (1.07 > d > 2.77). The injury rate across the season was significantly lower in the NMT (5.1/1000 h exposure) compared to ET (11.8/1000 h exposure) (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The findings support that six-weeks of preseason NMT versus ET induced larger performance improvements, and significantly reduced injury occurrence in elite female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Belamjahad
- CETAPS UR 3832 (Research Center of Sport Science), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Claire Tourny
- CETAPS UR 3832 (Research Center of Sport Science), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Nidhal Jebabli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
- College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, B15 3TN, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- CETAPS UR 3832 (Research Center of Sport Science), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Université Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Rennes, Santé, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouer, France.
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Hardin S, Silverman R, Brophy R, Putukian M, Silvers-Granelli H. Epidemiology of Injury and Illness in North American Professional Men's Soccer: Comparing COVID-19 Lockdown With Previous Seasons. Sports Health 2024:19417381241253227. [PMID: 38761004 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241253227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After COVID-19 lockdown, studies across Europe and Asia examined its effect on professional soccer injury rates and severity; however, COVID-19 lockdown influence on injuries in United States men's professional soccer has not been evaluated. HYPOTHESIS Injury and illness rates during the 2020 season were higher than the previous 2 seasons. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Medical staff from participating Major League Soccer (MLS) clubs entered injuries and athletic exposures during the study period into a league-wide electronic medical record system. Injury rate and severity were analyzed to examine differentials between the 2020 COVID season and historical controls. RESULTS The injury incidence rate per 1000 hours in 2020 was 10.8, ie, higher than 2018 (5.4) and 2019 (5.0) (P < 0.05). Training injury incidence rate increased in 2020 (8.9) compared with 2018 (2.5) and 2019 (2.6) (P < 0.05), whereas match injury incidence decreased in 2020 (18.3) compared with 2018 (24.0) and 2019 (22.7) (P < 0.05). Incidence rates of lower extremity muscle injuries (6.04), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries (0.17), and concussions (0.49) were also higher in 2020 compared with 2018 (2.5, 0.07, 0.27) and 2019 (2.36, 0.05, 0.22) (P < 0.05). More injured players in 2020 missed >90 days (17.7%) than in 2018 (10.2%) and 2019 (10.1%) (P < 0.05). Incidence of all non-COVID-19 illness was higher in 2020 (3.93) than 2018 (1.53) and 2019 (1.32) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS During 2020, there were significant increases in incidence rates of overall injuries, training injuries, lower extremity muscular injuries, ACL injuries, concussions, and non-COVID illness, along with a higher percentage of players missing >90 days compared with the 2 previous seasons. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results may help clarify the effects of future MLS inseason work stoppages and periods of restricted training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Hardin
- Major League Soccer, Research, New York, New York
- Bay Football Club, National Women's Soccer League, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Silverman
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, S Orthopaedic Surgery, Chesterfield, Missouri
| | - Robert Brophy
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, S Orthopaedic Surgery, Chesterfield, Missouri
| | | | - Holly Silvers-Granelli
- Major League Soccer, Research, New York, New York
- Velocity Physical Therapy, Santa Monica, California
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Orhant E, Chapellier JF, Carling C. The impact of a mid-season FIFA World Cup™ on injury occurrence and patterns in French professional soccer clubs. Res Sports Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38449320 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2024.2326517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This study retrospectively compared the effect of holding the 2022 FIFA World Cup™ (WC) mid-season (season 2022/23) on injury rates and patterns in French Ligue 1 soccer clubs. Epidemiological data in 17 clubs were prospectively recorded by their physicians. Time-loss injuries (injuries leading to a player being unable to fully participate in play over the following 72-hour period) were compared with those reported during a regular season (2021-22). In the WC season, an increase of approximately 23% (training + match-play) was observed for both the total number of injuries and knee, ankle and muscle injuries combined. Incidences for match-play injury overall and for the knee, ankle and muscle regions combined and the hamstrings and calf regions specifically also rose significantly (range: p < 0.05-p < 0.01). These results suggest that injury occurrence and patterns in French L1 soccer clubs were substantially affected during the 2022/23 season when a mid-season WC was held.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Orhant
- Medical Department, French Football Federation, Paris, France
| | - J F Chapellier
- Medical Department, French Football Federation, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Carling
- French Football Federation Research Centre, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Romero-Morales C, López-López D, Almazán-Polo J, Mogedano-Cruz S, Sosa-Reina MD, García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Martín-Pérez S, González-de-la-Flor Á. Prevalence, diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders in elite athletes: A mini-review. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101629. [PMID: 37716840 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports are ones of the most impact issue because their remarkable impact on performance caused by drastic absence of training and competition and a progressive deterioration in physical health, emotional and social athletes' dimensions. Also, the prevalence of epidemiologic research found an incidence of musculoskeletal disorders vary within sports and in elite athletes which is even higher as a consequence of higher demand physical performance. This way, the loss of physical performance due to an sport injury impacts not only the individual economic sphere of the professional but also that ofsports entities, reaching, according to some studies, a loss estimated in the range of 74.7 million pounds. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review and to provide an overview of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports precipitating factors, clinical presentation, evidence-based diagnostic evaluation, and treatment recommendations with a view to preventing medical conditions or musculoskeletal injuries that may alter performance and general health in the elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol , Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain.
| | - Jaime Almazán-Polo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Mogedano-Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sosa-Reina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Martín-Pérez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38300, Spain
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Castagna C, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Póvoas S. Enhancing match official performance: a forward-thinking approach for football evolution. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38126873 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2293843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The future of football demands more from players and referees due to heightened match intensity and frequency. To optimize performance and health, collaboration among sport scientists, coaches, and medical staff is crucial. However, match officials often lack the same support as elite players, hindering their development. Granting professional status to referees, implementing evidence-based training, and adopting gender-inclusive methods are vital. Coping with future challenges requires better career support and economic conditions for officials, along with research to enhance their performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Coverciano (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Carlo Bo Urbino University, Urbino, Italy
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Susana Póvoas
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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7
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Adams SR, Toohey LA, Drew MK, Smith C, Borges N, Wollin M, Livingston GC, Schultz A. Epidemiology of time-loss injuries within an Australian male professional football club: A 5-year prospective observational study of 21,343 player hours. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2161-2168. [PMID: 38390955 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2313834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish injury incidence rates (IIRs) and burden within an Australian male professional football club (n = 73) and to investigate longitudinal trends across five consecutive seasons (2016/17-2020/21). There was an overall IIR of 9.18 injuries per 1000 hours (h) (95% CI [7.89, 10.47]). The IIR was approximately seven times greater (rate ratio (RR): 6.85; 95% CI [5.13, 9.19]; p < 0.01) in matches (31.29 injuries per 1000 h; 95% CI [25.25, 37.33]) compared to training (4.49 injuries per 1000 h; 95% CI [3.51, 5.47]). The overall injury burden was 254.1 days lost per 1000 h (95% CI [220.9, 292.3]). Compared with the reference 2016/17 season, there were significant increases in minimal (RR: 6.94; 95% CI [1.27, 128.73]) and mild injuries (RR: 3.76; 95% CI [1.21, 16.39]) in season 2017/18 and decreases in moderate (RR: 0.40; 95% CI [0.19, 0.80]) and contact injuries (RR: 0.35; 95% CI [0.12, 0.90]) in season 2019/2020. Time-loss injury is common and represents a major burden in Australian male professional football, with injuries more frequently sustained during matches. Injury prevention practices should specifically be directed towards muscle/tendon and ligament injuries of the lower limb, particularly anterior cruciate ligament, ankle sprain and hamstring strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Adams
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Newcastle Jets Football Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Liam A Toohey
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
- Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris Smith
- Newcastle Jets Football Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nattai Borges
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Wollin
- Performance Health Management, Canberra, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - G C Livingston
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adrian Schultz
- Australian College of Physical Education (ACPE), Sydney Olympic Park, Australia
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8
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Ekstrand J, Van Zoest W, Gauffin H. Changes in head staff members in male elite-level football teams are associated with increased hamstring injury burden for that season: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001640. [PMID: 38022762 PMCID: PMC10660205 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate whether a change of head coach or other head staff before or during a season is correlated to hamstring injury (HI) burden in male elite-level football (soccer) in Europe. Methods The survey was conducted using a questionnaire reporting any staff change within the team. Data about the head staff changes and hamstring injury burdens were collected from 14 teams participating in the Elite Club Injury Study (ECIS) during the 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Results On average, replacing the head coach before or during a season happens in every second season. All changes, except for the change of the head coach during a season, indicate an association with an increase in HI burden (ranging from 10% to 81%). However, only changes in the fitness coach and team doctor roles reached statistical significance. The HI burden seems to be influenced by adding new staff members, such as the head of fitness/performance coach in 36% of the teams and the team doctor in 17%. New head coaches starting the season with their own, for the team new, fitness/performance coach was highly associated with increased HI burden (p<0.001). Conclusions Bringing their own fitness/performance coaches is common for managers entering a new elite male football club. However, this paper has highlighted that this trend seems to lead to a three times increase in HI burden. Similarly, replacing the team doctor was also associated with increased HI burden. Instability among head staff members in male elite-level football teams seems associated with increased HI burden during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wart Van Zoest
- Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands
- PSV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopaedics Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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9
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Veith S, Whalan M, Gibson N, Williams S, Sampson JA. Injury incidence and burden differ between season phases in male academy football (soccer) players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1753-1761. [PMID: 38179709 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2296719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent elite-level footballers are exposed to unique physical and psychological stressors which may increase injury risk, with fluctuating injury prevalence and burden. This study investigates the patterns of injury incidence and burden from 2017 to 2020 within combined pre-, start-of-, mid- and end-of-season and school-holiday phases in U13-U18 Australian male academy players. Injury incidence rate and burden were calculated for medical attention (MA), full and partial time-loss (TL) and non-time-loss (non-TL) injuries. Injury rate ratios (IRR) for injury incidences were assessed using Generalised Linear Mixed Models, and 99% confidence intervals for injury burden differences between phases. MA and non-TL injury incidence rates were higher during pre-season (IRR 1.65, p = 0.01; IRR 2.08, p = 0.02, respectively), and mid-season showed a higher non-TL incidence rate (IRR 2.15, p = 0.02) and burden (69 days with injury/1000 hrs, CI 47-103) compared to end-of-season (25 days with injury/1000 hrs, CI 15-45). MA injury rates and partial TL injury burden were higher during school compared to holiday periods (IRR 0.6, p = 0.04; 61 partial days lost/1000 hrs, CI 35-104; 13 partial days lost/1000 hrs, CI 8-23). Season phase and return-to-school may increase injury risks for elite academy footballers, and considering these phases may assist in developing injury prevention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Veith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Matthew Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Medical Department, Football Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil Gibson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, England, UK
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Weishorn J, Jaber A, Zietzschmann S, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Bangert Y. Injury Patterns and Incidence in an Elite Youth Football Academy-A Prospective Cohort Study of 138 Male Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6138. [PMID: 37834782 PMCID: PMC10573676 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of evidence regarding injury incidence in German elite youth football academies, and the risk of re-injury is unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine injury patterns and incidence in an elite youth football academy in Germany, (2) to monitor overuse-/trauma-related injuries over the course of the season, and (3) determine the risk of re-injury. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season among 138 male players from an elite youth football academy in Germany. Injuries were recorded according to the consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection in studies of football injuries. Injury incidence was reported as the number of injuries per 1000 h of exposure and the number of injuries per squad season. RESULTS A total of 109 injuries were reported, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 2536 days. A squad of 25 players sustained 19.7 injuries per season, with an average of 23.3 days (15.7-30.9; 95% CI lower-upper) of absence per injury. Ligament sprains (28%), muscle strains (19%) and physeal injuries (12%) were the most common causes of time-loss. Physeal injuries were the most common severe type of injury (29%), with a mean time-loss of 29.7 days (18.2-41.2; 95% CI lower-upper). Re-injuries accounted for 3% of all injuries and resulted in significantly more time-loss than non-re-injuries (60 vs. 23 days; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION In the youth academies studied, a team of 25 players sustained an average of 19.7 injuries per season, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 459 days. Physeal injuries are a major contributor to severe injuries and therefore require special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weishorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Ayham Jaber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Yannic Bangert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
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11
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Lopes M, Martins F, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Tomás R, Ribeiro F, Travassos B. Epidemiology of Injuries in Elite Male Futsal Players. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:527-532. [PMID: 37185914 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe and characterize injuries sustained by elite male futsal players in Portugal. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Top-tier Portuguese league in the 2019 to 2020 season. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-seven players from 9 elite/international-level (tier 4) futsal teams. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES The location, type, body side, body part, mechanism of injury, severity, occurrence, days lost, training, and match exposure were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury incidence, prevalence, and burden. RESULTS The study was conducted during an 8-month season. A total of 133 injuries were recorded, and 92 (67.6%) players sustained injuries. The overall time-loss injury incidence was 4.5 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure. Injury incidence during matches was higher than during training sessions (25.9 vs 3.0 per 1000 hours of exposure, respectively). Average time loss was 9 days, and moderate injuries were the most frequent (44%), followed by mild injuries (24%). Injury burden was 73.8 days lost per 1000 hours of total player exposure. Sprains/ligament (29%) and muscle rupture/tear/strains (32%) were the most common injuries. The groin (19%), thigh (17%), knee (19%), and ankle (15%) were the most affected body areas. Noncontact injuries were the most reported mechanism (65%), and 24% were overuse injuries. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that elite/international-level (tier 4) male futsal players are more prone to noncontact injuries, primarily affecting the lower limbs. The incidence during match play increased by 9-fold compared with training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Lopes
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal; and
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal; and
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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12
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Hu X, Baba NT, Philippe K, Jiang D, Boisbluche S, Maurelli O, Prioux J. Effects of preseason training on body composition, running performance, biochemical markers and workload variation in professional rugby union players. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16250. [PMID: 37265613 PMCID: PMC10230214 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the impact of a preseason training intervention through systematic measures in Pro D2 rugby union (RU). Therefore, this study aimed to describe the effects of 12 weeks of preseason training (three blocks) on body composition, running performance, biochemical markers, and workload (WL) variation in professional RU players. Physiological (physical and biochemical) responses to preseason WL were analyzed by examining changes in anthropometric characteristics, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test, blood samples (BS), Hooper index (1-7), the 10-Hz global positioning system (GPS), and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) in nineteen elite male players. Changes throughout the preseason were analyzed using the one-way and mixed-model analysis of variance. Significant (p < 0.01) improvements occurred in anthropometry and Yo-Yo IR1 running performance in forwards and backs. Total distance (p < 0.01) and impact (p < 0.05) during the second block were meaningfully higher than the other two blocks, with backs showing higher values than forwards. As expected, WL decreased significantly (p < 0.01) during the last training block. The WL variations were correlated with changes in biochemical markers over the preseason period. The collected data can be used for i) profiling French Pro D2 rugby championships players, ii) establishing effective training strategies, and iii) setting preseason WL expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Hu
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, Health Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, 35170 Bruz, France
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Noe Thierry Baba
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, V94 XD21 Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kilian Philippe
- Movement, Sport, Health Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, 35170 Bruz, France
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
- Laboratory of Movement, Balance, Performance and Health, University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, 65000 Tarbes, France
| | - Danyang Jiang
- Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, 510105 Guangdong, China
| | - Simon Boisbluche
- Rugby Club Vannes, French Rugby Federation, 56000 Vannes, France
| | - Olivier Maurelli
- Muscle Dynamics and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
- Movement, Sport, Health Laboratory, Rennes 2 University, 35170 Bruz, France
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
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13
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Drole K, Paravlic A, Coakley J, Doupona M. Sport and academic engagement of 1,387 Slovenian dual-career athletes before and during COVID-19 lockdown-what did we learn? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1173261. [PMID: 37251061 PMCID: PMC10213219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1173261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the coronavirus disease outbreak in 2019, there have been several preventive measures and restrictions applied to minimize the transmission of the virus. While lockdown has affected our everyday lives, it has negatively impacted sport and athletes as well. Methods 1,387 Slovenian dual-career (DC) athletes (47.4% females, 52.6% males) participated in the 22-item questionnaire to gather information on their sports and academic engagement before and during COVID-19 lockdown period. Half of the athletes were enrolled in education at the secondary level (n = 819, aged 15-18 years), while the others were enrolled in primary (n = 301, 8-14 years) and tertiary (n = 267, 19-36 years) education. All participants in the current study have a valid athlete categorization by the Slovenian Olympic Committee and are competing at either junior (31.7%), national (26.9%), prospective (29.5%), international (8.5%), world (2.3%) or Olympic (1.2%) level. Results DC athletes spent less time on training (-4.7 h; p < 0.001), learning (-1.0 h; p < 0.001), exams (-0.9 h; p < 0.001), laboratory work (-0.6 h; p < 0.001), and other educational activities (-0.3 h; p < 0.001) during COVID-19 lockdown compared to period before the lockdown. Their training environment was changed so they trained either at home or outdoors. Results showed that indoor (-3.7 h; p < 0.001) and team sport athletes (-1.3 h; p < 0.001) trained less than outdoor and individual sports. Male athletes spent more time on training both before (1.3 h; p < 0.001) and during lockdown (1.3 h; p < 0.001) and other sport-related activities (1.3 h; p < 0.001). On the other hand, female athletes spent more time on studying both before (1.5 h; p < 0.001) and during lockdown (2.6 h; p < 0.001). Both sport and educational activities were influenced by athletes' age (p ≤ 0.017). Conclusion Indoor and team sport athletes were more affected by the governmental measures than outdoor and individual sport athletes. Male athletes experienced a greater decline in learning time compared to female athletes. DC is shown to be beneficial for athletes even in times of COVID-19 lockdown, as DC athletes report smaller decline in motivation, shifting attention from sport to study and having fewer mental problems due to uncertain sports future. The feedback of the preventive measures could serve to assist policy makers and athlete's support staff to form and apply preventive measures that are more effective for DC athletes' training and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Drole
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jay Coakley
- Sociology Department, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Mojca Doupona
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Katsikas C, Geladas ND, Bogdanis GC. Effects of Concurrent High-Intensity and Strength Training on Muscle Power and Aerobic Performance in Young Soccer Players during the Pre-Season. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030059. [PMID: 36976945 PMCID: PMC10099725 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate two different intervention programs applied during a 4-week pre-season period. Twenty-nine players participated in this study and were divided into two groups. One group (BallTrain, n = 12, age: 17.8 ± 0.4 years, body mass: 73.9 ± 7.6 kg, height: 178 ± 0.1 cm, body fat: 9.6 ± 5.3%) performed a higher percentage of aerobic training with ball and strength training using plyometrics and exercises with body weight. The other group (HIITTrain, n = 17, age: 17.8 ± 0.7 years, body mass: 73.3 ± 5.0 kg, height: 179 ± 0.1 cm, body fat: 8.0 ± 2.3%) trained with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) without the ball and performed resistance training with weights in the same session. Both groups trained for strength (two times/week) and performed aerobic–anaerobic fitness without the ball, passing games, and tactical and small-sided games. Lower limb power (CMJ) and aerobic fitness (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1-IR1) were evaluated before and after the four-week training program. Yo-Yo IR1 performance was improved in both groups, but the improvement was greater for the HIITTrain than BallTrain group (468 ± 180 vs. 183 ± 177 m, p = 0.07). CMJ showed a non-significant improvement in the BallTrain group (5.8 ± 8.8%, p = 0.16), but it decreased by 8.1 ± 9% (p = 0.001), in the HIITTrain group. In conclusion, we have shown that a short pre-season period of training results in improvements in aerobic fitness in both groups, with high-intensity interval training showing superior adaptations than training with the ball. However, CMJ performance was reduced in this group, possibly suggesting higher fatigue levels and overload, and/or showing the effects of concurrent HIITTrain and strength training in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierros Thomakos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Catόlica de Murcia, 30005 Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30005 Murcia, Spain
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D. Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
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15
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Matsunaga R, Nagao M, Akagi R, Fukai A, Sando T, Ikeda H, Taketomi S. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Injury Incidence in Japanese Male Professional Soccer Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671221149373. [PMID: 36860773 PMCID: PMC9969458 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221149373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to an enforced quarantine period and limited training and match activities for athletes. Purpose To report the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of injury in Japanese male professional soccer players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods In total, 21 clubs in the 2019 season and 28 clubs in the 2020 season from the Japan Professional Football League were prospectively followed, and 16 clubs in 2019 and 24 clubs in 2020 were analyzed in this study. Individual training, match exposure, and time-loss injuries were recorded using an electronic data capture system. The influence of COVID-19-related suspension during the 2020 season was retrospectively investigated via comparisons with the 2019 season. Results Total activity time included 114,001 hours in training and 16,339 hours in matches in 2019 and 170,798 hours in training and 25,411 hours in matches in 2020. The mean training interruption period caused by COVID-19 in 2020 was 39.9 days (range, 3-65 days), and the mean game-interruption period was 70.1 days (range, 58-79 days). The total number of injuries was 1495 in 2019 and 1701 in 2020. The overall injury incidence per 1000 hours of exposure was 5.7 in 2019 and 5.8 in 2020. The overall injury burden per 1000 hours of exposure was 155.5 days in 2019 and 130.2 days in 2020. The muscle injury incidence was highest in May 2020, immediately after the suspension period. Conclusion The overall injury incidence did not differ between 2019 and 2020. However, muscle injury incidence notably increased in the 2 months after the COVID-19 pandemic suspension period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masashi Nagao
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Masashi Nagao, MD, PhD, Japan Football Association, 3-10-15
Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113 8311, Japan (
)
| | - Ryuichiro Akagi
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukai
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo,
Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Medical Committee, Japan Football Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Committee, Japan Football Association, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Ekstrand J, Ueblacker P, Van Zoest W, Verheijen R, Vanhecke B, van Wijk M, Bengtsson H. Risk factors for hamstring muscle injury in male elite football: medical expert experience and conclusions from 15 European Champions League clubs. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001461. [PMID: 36726776 PMCID: PMC9884908 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe the perceived importance of suggested hamstring injury risk factors according to chief medical officers (CMOs) of European male professional football clubs. A secondary objective was to compare if these perceptions differed between teams with a lower-than-average hamstring injury burden and teams with a higher than average hamstring injury burden. Methods First, CMOs of 15 European professional male football clubs were asked to suggest risk factors for hamstring injury in their club. The perceived importance of the suggested risk factors was then rated by all participants on a 5-graded Likert scale. Participating teams were divided in two groups depending on their hamstring injury burden during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The LOW group consisted of seven teams that had a lower than average hamstring injury burden. The HIGH group consisted of eight teams that had a higher-than-average hamstring injury burden. Results Twenty-one risk factors were suggested. The majority were extrinsic in nature, associated with coaching staff, team or club rather than players themselves. 'Lack of communication between medical staff and coaching staff' had the highest average importance (weighted average=3.7) followed by 'Lack of regular exposure to high-speed football during training sessions' (weighted average=3.6). The HIGH group perceived the player factors fatigue and wellness as more important than the LOW group. Conclusion According to CMOs recruited in this study, most risk factors for hamstring injuries are extrinsic and associated with the club and coaching staff, and not the players themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Wart Van Zoest
- PSV Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands,Department of Sports and Orthopaedic Surgery, Anna Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bruno Vanhecke
- Football Club Brugge, Brugge, Belgium,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, AZ Delta Hospitals, Brugge, Belgium
| | | | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden,Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
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17
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Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Waldén M, Davison M, Khan KM, Hägglund M. Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men's professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2021-105407. [PMID: 36588400 PMCID: PMC9985757 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To: (1) describe hamstring injury incidence and burden in male professional football players over 21 seasons (2001/02 to 2021/22); (2) analyse the time-trends of hamstring muscle injuries over the most recent eight seasons (2014/15 to 2021/22); and (3) describe hamstring injury location, mechanism and recurrence rate. METHODS 3909 players from 54 teams (in 20 European countries) from 2001/02 to 2021/22 (21 consecutive seasons) were included. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Time-trend analyses were performed with Poisson regression using generalised linear models. RESULTS 2636 hamstring injuries represented 19% of all reported injuries, with the proportion of all injuries increasing from 12% during the first season to 24% in the most recent season. During that same period, the percentage of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries increased from 10% to 20%. Between 2014/15 and 2021/22, training hamstring injury incidence increased (6.7% annually, 95% CI 1.7% to 12.5%) as did burden (9.0% annually, 95% CI 1.2% to 18.3%). During those years, the match hamstring injury incidence also increased (3.9% annually, 95% CI 0.1% to 7.9%) and with the same trend (not statistically significant) for match hamstring injury burden (6.2% annually, 95% CI -0.5% to 15.0%). CONCLUSIONS Hamstring injury proportions-in number of injuries and total absence days-doubled during the 21-year period of study. During the last eight seasons, hamstring injury rates have increased both in training and match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Davison
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, Isokinetic Medical Group, London, UK
| | - Karim M Khan
- Family Practice & Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Thron M, Düking P, Härtel S, Woll A, Altmann S. Differences in Physical Match Performance and Injury Occurrence Before and After the COVID-19 Break in Professional European Soccer Leagues: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:121. [PMID: 36178557 PMCID: PMC9523642 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, matches and soccer-specific training were suspended for several weeks, matches after resumption were congested, and substitutions per team and game increased from three to five. Objective The aim of this review was to examine possible differences in physical match performance and injuries between before and after the COVID-19 induced break of matches and training in professional male European soccer leagues during the 2019/2020 season. Methods A systematic search identified all scientifically peer-reviewed publications involving elite male soccer players competing in the European leagues which reported physical match performance variables such as total running distance and running distance at different speed zones and/or injury parameters pre- and post-COVID-19 induced break. Results In total, 11 articles were included, which were coming from German Bundesliga, Polish Ekstraklasa, Croatian HNL, Spanish La Liga, and Italian Serie A. In all studies investigating the German Bundesliga, most parameters of physical match performance remained unaffected (0.08 ≤ p ≤ 0.82; − 0.15 ≤ ES 0.15), while studies investigating the Polish Ekstraklasa (p ≤ 0.03; − 0.27 ≤ ES − 0.18), Croatian HNL (p ≤ 0.04; − 1.42 ≤ ES ≤ 1.44), Spanish La Liga (p ≤ 0.017; − 0.32 ≤ ES ≤ 5.5), and Italian Serie A (p ≤ 0.014; − 1.01 ≤ ES 0.24) showed a decrease in most parameters of physical match performance after the COVID-19 break. Injury rates were only investigated by studies targeting the German Bundesliga and Italian Serie A. In the majority of studies (3 out of 4 studies), there occurred no difference in injuries between pre- and post-COVID-19 break (p > 0.05; ES = N/A). Conclusion Results indicate that Bundesliga teams maintained physical match performance during the 9-weeks break in matches and 3-weeks break in group training, whereas a longer match and group training interruption up to 15 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively, in the other leagues appeared to lead to a decreased physical match performance. Regarding injuries, we speculate that the increase in substitutions from 3 to 5 substitutions per game might prevent an increase in injury occurrence during matches. The underlying studies’ results provide hints for possible upcoming unexpected interruptions with respect to optimal physical preparations for the resumption of matches and a congested schedule to maintain physical match performance, or for possible rule changes such as 5 instead of 3 substitutions to avoid physical overload during congested match schedules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00505-z.
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19
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Dalen-Lorentsen T, Andersen TE, Thorbjørnsen C, Brown M, Tovi D, Braastad A, Lindinger TG, Williams C, Moen E, Clarsen B, Bjørneboe J. Injury characteristics in Norwegian male professional football: A comparison between a regular season and a season in the pandemic. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:915581. [PMID: 36339642 PMCID: PMC9635315 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.915581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic forced the Norwegian male premier league football season to reschedule, reducing the fixture calendar substantially. Previous research has shown that a congested match schedule can affect injury rates in professional football. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether the Norwegian premier league teams suffered more injuries in the more match congested 2020 season than in the regular 2019-season. We invited all teams having participated in both seasons to export their injury data. Only teams that used the same medical staff to register injuries in both seasons were included, and to maximize data comparability between seasons, we applied a time-loss injury definition only. Seven of 13 teams agreed to participate and exported their injury data. Both seasons had 30 game weeks, but the 2020 season was 57 days shorter than the 2019 season. The match injury incidence did not differ significantly [incidence rate ratio 0.76 (0.48-1.20; p = 0.24) in the 2020 season compared to the 2019 season. Furthermore, we found no differences in the number of injuries, days lost to injury, matches missed to injury, or injury severity. We could not detect any differences between the two seasons, suggesting the congested match calendar combined with the safety measures in the 2020 season can be a safe alternative in future seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway,*Correspondence: Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom Gerald Lindinger
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - John Bjørneboe
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Jiang Z, Hao Y, Jin N, Li Y. A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Workload and Injury Risk of Professional Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013237. [PMID: 36293817 PMCID: PMC9602492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies on the relationship between training and competition load and injury has increased exponentially in recent years, and it is also widely studied by researchers in the field of professional soccer. In order to provide practical guidance for workload management and injury prevention in professional athletes, this study provides a review of the literature on the effect of load on injury risk, injury prediction, and interpretation mechanisms. The results of the research show that: (1) It appears that short-term fixture congestion may increase the match injury incidence, while long-term fixture congestion may have no effect on both the overall injury incidence and the match injury incidence. (2) It is impossible to determine conclusively whether any global positioning system (GPS)-derived metrics (total distance, high-speed running distance, and acceleration) are associated with an increased risk of injury. (3) The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) of the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) may be significantly associated with the risk of non-contact injuries, but an ACWR threshold with a minimum risk of injury could not be obtained. (4) Based on the workload and fatigue recovery factors, artificial intelligence technology may possess good predictive power regarding injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuerong Hao
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Naijing Jin
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Li
- Physical Department, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Correspondence:
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21
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Li W. Effect of Rehabilitation Physical Training on PE Teaching Sports Injury under Ultrasonic Examination. SCANNING 2022; 2022:1470303. [PMID: 36189143 PMCID: PMC9509252 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1470303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to solve the problem of the effect of rehabilitation physical training on physical education teaching injury, a method based on ultrasonic examination of rehabilitation physical training on physical education teaching injury effect observation method is proposed. In this method, the ISOMED isokinetic muscle strength test, the body shape test, the balance ability test, the lower limb explosive power test, and other methods are used to evaluate the knee joint of patients systematically, and the specific rehabilitation physical training plan is formulated to achieve the treatment purpose. The experimental results show that after the targeted training, a series of indicators on the affected side increase significantly: the power increases by 45.6%, the force increases by 8.3%, and the speed increases by 38.7%. It is concluded that the muscle strength, shape, balance ability, and lower limb explosive power of patients are significantly improved, which lays a solid foundation for athletes to recover smoothly and achieve good competition results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangda Li
- School of Physical Education, Ankang University, Ankang, Shaanxi 725099, China
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22
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West SW, Shill IJ, Sutter B, George J, Ainsworth N, Wiley JP, Patricios J, Emery CA. Caught on camera: a video assessment of suspected concussion and other injury events in women's rugby union. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:805-809. [PMID: 35909055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify and report the incidence and mechanisms of suspected injury and concussion in women's rugby union. DESIGN A cross-sectional video analysis study. METHODS Using video analysis of non-professional, single-angle footage, cases of suspected injury and concussion were identified and reported, based on content validation and consensus by eight rugby-specific researchers, therapists, and sport medicine physicians. RESULTS There were 225 suspected injuries recorded in 48 games [Suspected injury rate (IR) = 117.5/1000 h (95 % CI;102.6-133.9) or 4.7 suspected injuries per match]. The on-field medical attention IR was 95.0/1000 h (95 % CI;81.7-109.9: 3.8 per game). Suspected concussions accounted for 26 % of injuries (30.8/1000 h: 95 % CI;23.5-39.7: 1.2 per game). The attacking team sustained 64 % of suspected injuries. Permanent removal from play was observed for 29 % of suspected injuries. The most common suspected injury locations were head/neck (28.4 %) and lower extremity (27.6 %). The tackle accounted for 67.1 % of all suspected injuries, with a propensity of 11.2/1000 tackle events (95 % CI;9.5-13.2) or 3.1 tackle-related injuries/game. Of tackle-related injuries, 63.6 % were to the ball carrier while 52.2 % of tackle-related concussions were to the ball carrier. CONCLUSION This study adds to the growing body of literature examining women's rugby. The rate of suspected injury is high compared with other studies. It is acknowledged that these are suspected injuries not supported by prospective injury surveillance. The high proportion of suspected injuries that are tackle-related warrants specific attention to identify tackle characteristics associated with injury and concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Bonnie Sutter
- University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, Canada; Dino's Athletics, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Nicola Ainsworth
- Rugby Alberta, Canada; Calgary Rugby Union, Canada; Calgary Canadian Irish Athletic Association, Canada
| | - J Preston Wiley
- University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, Canada; Dino's Athletics, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Jon Patricios
- Wits Sport and Health (WiSH), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
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23
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Waldén M, Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, McCall A, Davison M, Hallén A, Bengtsson H. Influence of the COVID-19 Lockdown and Restart on the Injury Incidence and Injury Burden in Men's Professional Football Leagues in 2020: The UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:67. [PMID: 35552918 PMCID: PMC9100303 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Studies on football and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have mainly focused on the lockdown consequences for player fitness, the resumption of football training, and how to safely restart the league play, but injury data are scarce. Objective To describe the injury incidence and injury burden in men’s professional football teams during the pandemic year of 2020. Methods Nineteen teams in 12 countries prospectively registered data on player-exposure and time-loss injuries throughout 2020. All major football leagues were paused as a direct response to the pandemic in March 2020 and were thereafter completely cancelled or restarted after a lockdown interval of at least two months. Historical data from 43 teams in the same cohort during the five preceding years (2015–2019) were used as reference. Between-season and within-season comparisons were made for injury incidence (number of injuries per 1000 h) and injury burden (number of absence days per 1000 h) with 95% confidence intervals and interquartile ranges. Results There was no increased match injury incidence or injury burden following the restart in 2020 compared with other time periods of 2020 and the corresponding periods 2015–2019. There was an increased training injury incidence and injury burden immediately during the lockdown in 2020, and they remained elevated also following the restart, being higher in 2020 compared with 2015–2019, respectively. The injury characteristics during the first months of the new 2020/21 season (August/September–December) were similar between the five teams that cancelled their 2019/20 season in March 2020 and the 14 teams that restarted their season in May/June 2020. Conclusions There was no increased match injury incidence or injury burden following the COVID-19 lockdown and restart of the football season in 2020, but training injury incidence and injury burden were elevated and higher than in 2015–2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden. .,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jan Ekstrand
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alan McCall
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,School of Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Michael Davison
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Anna Hallén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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24
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De la Fuente C, Silvestre R, Yañez R, Roby M, Soldán M, Ferrada W, Carpes FP. Preseason multiple biomechanics testing and dimension reduction for injury risk surveillance in elite female soccer athletes: short-communication. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 7:183-188. [PMID: 35522903 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2075558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Injury risk is regularly assessed during the preseason in susceptible populations like female soccer players. However, multiple outcomes (high-dimensional dataset) derived from multiple testing may make pattern recognition difficult. Thus, dimension reduction and clustering may be useful for improving injury surveillance when results of multiple assessments tools are available. Thus, we determined the influence of dimension reduction for pattern recognition followed by clustering on multiple biomechanical injury markers in elite female soccer players during preseason. We introduce the use of dimension reduction through linear principal component analysis (PCA), non-linear kernel principal component analysis (k-PCA), t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-sne), and uniform manifold approximation and projection (umap) for injury markers via grid search. Muscle strength, muscle function, jump technique and power, balance, muscle stiffness, exercise tolerance, and running performance were assessed in an elite female soccer team (n=21) prior to the competitive season. As a result, umap facilitated the injury pattern recognition compared to PCA, k-PCA, and t-sne. One of three patterns was related to a team subgroup with acceptable muscle conditions. In contrast, the other two patterns showed higher injury risk profiles. For our dataset, umap improved injury surveillance through multiple testing characteristics. Dimension reduction and clustering techniques present as useful strategies to analyze subgroups of female soccer players who have different risk profiles for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos De la Fuente
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rony Silvestre
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Yañez
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Traumatología, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matias Roby
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile.,Traumatología, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Soldán
- Unidad de Biomecánica, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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25
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Sampson JA, Gibson N, Whalan M, Veith S. The COVID-19 lockdown in Australia: a case study of exercise programming in male academy football players to prepare for return to play. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:38-43. [PMID: 35077323 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1983203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced global lockdowns. Herein, we examine the effect of a lockdown exercise programme in a case-study of youth Australian A-league academy football players. METHODS Fifty-five u13-u15 age-grade players were provided with a 110 minute exercise programme including technical, tactical, cardiovascular and muscle strengthening exercises to perform 4 per week at home during the 10-week COVID-19 lockdown. RESULTS Pre/Post lockdown, maximum aerobic speed was determined via the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Exercise compliance was high (78.5% CI72.2-83.8) with an average of 3.15 sessions completed each week. All time-loss (TL) and medical attention (MA) injuries were recorded. Pre/Post lockdown, no difference in the mean incidence or burden of total time-loss (TL), match TL, training TL or medical attention (MA) injuries or injury rate ratio (1.21 CI:0.85-2.74) was observed. Similarly, no difference was observed in any injury incidence or burden data or the injury rate ratio (1.53 CI:0.85-2.74) when comparing the 9-week period prior to lockdown with the first 9 weeks post lockdown (9v9 only). A 9.6% (p = <0.01) increase was also observed in Pre/Post 30-15 IFT composite scores (18.7 CI: 18.3-19.1 to 20.5 CI:20-21). CONCLUSION In this case study, compliance to the home-based exercise programme was high and no increase in injury was apparent. These findings must however be considered alongside the limitations associated within this case-study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,NSW Football Medicine Association, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Gibson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,NSW Football Medicine Association, Sydney, Australia.,Football Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Figtree Physiotherapy, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Veith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Figtree Physiotherapy, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Sydney Football Club, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Thron M, Härtel S, Woll A, Ruf L, Gross T, Altmann S. Physical match performance and injuries in professional soccer before and after the COVID-19 break. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:31-34. [PMID: 35077311 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1955955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine possible differences in physical match performance and the injury occurrence before and after the COVID-19 induced interruption of the 2019/2020 season of the German Bundesliga. Due to the interruption, matches and soccer-specific training were suspended for nine weeks, matches after the resumption of play occurred congested, and the playing situation changed, regarding, e.g., an increase to five substitutions. METHODS For this purpose, the 25 match-days before (pre) and the 9 match-days after (post) the COVID-19 induced interruption were examined regarding total distance, sprinting distance, average peak velocity, high-intensity distance, and injury occurrence. RESULTS Average peak velocity increased slightly for the comparison of pre and post with a small effect size (MD = 0.28 km/h, 95% CI: 0.11-0.45, p < 0.01, ES = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12-0.48). There were no relevant differences in total distance, sprinting distance, high-intensity distance, and injury occurrence (0.11 ≤ p ≤ 0.82; 0.02≤ ES≤0.15). DISCUSSION In terms of physical match performance and injury occurence results suggest the opportunity to recover and work on individual physical weaknesses during the interruption alongside with an increased number of substitutions was sufficient to compensate for the short soccer-specific preparation phase before the commencement of matches and the congested match schedule after the COVID-19 break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliane Thron
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Woll
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department for Social and Health Sciences in Sport, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany.,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Timo Gross
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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27
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Martens G, Delvaux F, Forthomme B, Kaux JF, Urhausen A, Bieuzen F, Leclerc S, Winkler L, Brocherie F, Nedelec M, Morales-Artacho AJ, Ruffault A, Macquet AC, Guilhem G, Hannouche D, Tscholl PM, Seil R, Edouard P, Croisier JL. Exercise-Based Injury Prevention in High-Level and Professional Athletes: Narrative Review and Proposed Standard Operating Procedure for Future Lockdown-Like Contexts After COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:745765. [PMID: 34977567 PMCID: PMC8718545 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.745765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In regular times, implementing exercise-based injury prevention programs into the training routine of high-level and professional athletes represents a key and challenging aspect to decrease injury risk. Barriers to implementing such prevention programs have previously been identified such as lack of resources, logistic issues or motivation. The COVID-19 pandemic associated with restrictions on daily life dramatically impacted sports participation from training to competition. It is therefore reasonable to assume that such lockdown-like context has exacerbated the challenge to implement exercise-based injury prevention programs, potentially leading to a greater musculoskeletal injury risk. In this narrative review, recommendations are proposed for building an expertise- and evidence-based Standard Operating Procedure for injury prevention in lockdown-like contexts for high-level and professional athletes. The following recommendations can be provided: (1) assess the global and sport-specific risks in the light of the ongoing cause of isolation; (2) adapt remote training materials and programs; (3) ensure regular quality communication within the staff, between athletes and the staff as well as between athletes; (4) follow the athlete's mental well-being; and (5) plan for a safe return-to-sports as well as for an ongoing monitoring of the load-recovery balance. These key domains should further be addressed to comply with local policies, which are subject to change over time in each individual country. The use of these recommendations may improve the readiness of athletes, coaches, physicians and all sports stakeholders for future lockdown-like contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Delvaux
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Clinique du Sport, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - François Bieuzen
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Medico-Scientific Department, Institut National du Sport du Québec (INS), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Leclerc
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Medico-Scientific Department, Institut National du Sport du Québec (INS), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Winkler
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio J. Morales-Artacho
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Alexis Ruffault
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Interfacultaire Santé et Société (URiSS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Claire Macquet
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannouche
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe M. Tscholl
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Seil
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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28
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Patetta M, Mayo B, Martini OZ, Sullivan B, Onsen L, Hutchinson M. Preseason elimination impact on anterior cruciate ligament injury in the National Football League. World J Orthop 2021; 12:833-841. [PMID: 34888143 PMCID: PMC8613689 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i11.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries represent detrimental injuries in the National Football League (NFL). A significant portion of these injuries often occur in preseason exhibitions. The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic presented a unique disruption to preseason NFL football with the cancelation of all preseason games.
AIM To compare the incidence of ACL tears through the first eight weeks of the NFL season in 2020 to the mean incidence over the previous 5 seasons (2015-2019) and determine if there was any change in incidence with the elimination of the preseason.
METHODS NFL players who suffered ACL tears during the preseason and first eight weeks of the NFL season from 2015-2020 were identified. The number of ACL injuries for the 2015-2019 seasons was compared to the 2020 season for four different timeframes. For each analysis, the cumulative number of ACL injuries to that time point was used to calculate the percent difference for descriptive analysis. Additionally, the number of teams with at least one player suffering an ACL tear were identified and compared using Chi-Squared testing. Finally, a cumulative relative risk was calculated for each week played.
RESULTS There were 14 ACL tears through the first four games of the 2020 season, a 118.8% (14 vs 6.4) increase in comparison to the 5-year average over the first 4 regular season weeks of 2015-2019. However, when accounting for injuries occurring during the preseason from 2015-2019, there were 18.6% (14 vs 17.2) fewer total ACL injuries through regular season week 4 with no significant difference in percentage of teams impacted when these preseason injuries were accounted for P = 0.394. Results were similar (19 vs 17.2) over 8 total games played (whether regular season or preseason), and over 8 regular season games (P = 0.196, P = 0.600).
CONCLUSION The elimination of the NFL preseason resulted in a higher rate of injuries during the first 4 games of the regular season. However, these increases are offset by the injuries typically sustained during the preseason. This suggests there may be front-loading of injuries over the course of an NFL season, such that players may be more prone to injury when the intensity of play suddenly increases, whether in the preseason or regular season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patetta
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Benjamin Mayo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Omar Zaki Martini
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Breanna Sullivan
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Leonard Onsen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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29
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Orhant E, Chapellier JF, Carling C. Injury rates and patterns in French male professional soccer clubs: a comparison between a regular season and a season in the Covid-19 pandemic. Res Sports Med 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34706601 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1989434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated time-loss injury occurrence and patterns between the first season (2020/21, S2) completed during the Covid-19 pandemic (longer pre-season following cancellation of the 2019/20 season but shorter duration) and a regular season (2018/19, S1) in French Ligue 1 and 2 professional soccer clubs. Epidemiological data were prospectively recorded in a national injury database by each club's physician. In all clubs combined, the mean number of injuries per club was 31.5 and 36.6 in S2 and S1, respectively (-13.9%). Overall match injury incidence (per 1000 hours) in all clubs combined was lower in S2 versus S1 (22.23 vs 25.96, p < 0.01). In Ligue 1 clubs alone, match-play incidences for injury overall (24.92 vs 29.42), muscle strains (10.59 vs 13.24) and strains specifically in the hamstring region (4.52 vs 6.22) were lower in S2 versus S1 (all p < 0.05). No differences in the incidence of match injuries affecting the ankle and knee regions were observed. Changes in the 2020/21 season structure and duration owing to the Covid-19 pandemic seem not to have had a negative effect on injury occurrence and patterns in French professional soccer clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Orhant
- Medical Department, Fédération Française De Football, Paris, France
| | | | - Christopher Carling
- High Performance Department, Fédération Française De Football, Paris, France
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Bonner KH, Haberl JK, Kirshblum SC, Ashraf H. The PITCH study: pitcher injuries during the first 30 days of the coronavirus disease 2019 halted Major League Baseball season. JSES REVIEWS, REPORTS, AND TECHNIQUES 2021; 1:246-251. [PMID: 37588966 PMCID: PMC10426694 DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Major League Baseball (MLB) was among the first professional team sports leagues to resume play in the United States after public health measures related to the appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 caused interruptions to preseason training and major alterations to regular season play. There was a high level of concern that these athletes were ill-prepared for competition and would experience an increased risk of injury under the restricted play rules. Methods The data in our study were compiled using publicly accessible records of players placed on injured lists from 2015 to 2020. These records came from 4 open access websites: rotoworld.com, fangraphs.com, foxsports.com, and spotrac.com. All injuries were confirmed using the transaction database found on the official MLB website (mlb.com). Results A greater proportion of pitchers were injured during the first 30 days of the 2020 season compared to the first 30 days of any of the 5 prior seasons (29.74% vs. 11.72%, n=2190, P<.001). There was a demonstrated increase in injury risk in 2020 for the following anatomic locations: back and trunk, shoulder, upper arm and elbow, forearm and wrist, and hand and finger (P=.02; confidence interval [0.497-5.783]). When dividing the first month of play in 2020 into equal halves (15 days each), the number of relief pitcher injuries increased with time (60% vs. 78%, P=.04). Lastly, there was no proportional difference in placement on the short-term vs. long-term injured list. Conclusion A significantly large increase in soft tissue injuries in 2020 compared to the prior 5 seasons predominantly affected the trunk and the upper extremity of pitchers in the first 30 days of play. Alterations to preseason training and regular season play in the 2020 MLB season due to coronavirus disease 2019 may have been particularly disadvantageous to professional pitchers who are positioned at baseline, the most injury prone position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk H. Bonner
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jack K. Haberl
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Steven C. Kirshblum
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Humaira Ashraf
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Newark, NJ, USA
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Chandran A, Morris SN, Boltz AJ, Robison HJ, Collins CL. Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Soccer: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 2021; 56:659-665. [PMID: 34280266 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-370-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The National Collegiate Athletic Association has sponsored men's soccer programs since 1959, and the popularity of the sport has grown over time. BACKGROUND Routine examinations of athlete injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. METHODS Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS The overall injury rate was 8.51 per 1000 athlete exposures. Lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains) (9.2%), hamstring tears (7.0%), and concussions (5.2%) were the most commonly reported injuries. Rates of lateral ligament complex tears remained stable from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019, whereas hamstring tear rates decreased and concussion rates increased. SUMMARY The findings of this study were in line with the existing epidemiological evidence, although notable temporal patterns were observed. Incidence trajectories of commonly observed injuries warrant particular attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chandran
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah N Morris
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Adrian J Boltz
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hannah J Robison
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Christy L Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
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Izzicupo P, Di Baldassarre A, Abelkalns I, Bisenieks U, Sánchez-Pato A, Cánovas-Alvarez FJ, Doupona M, Figueiredo AJ, García-Roca JA, Ghinassi B, Leiva-Arcas A, Meroño L, Paegle A, Radu LE, Rus CM, Rusu OM, Sarmento H, Stonis J, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Vaz V, Capranica L. Dual Careers of Athletes During COVID-19 Lockdown. Front Psychol 2021; 12:657671. [PMID: 33868131 PMCID: PMC8047065 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the student-athletes' capability to face the academic, sport, and social challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and to disclose novel aspects of dual careers. A 32-item online survey encompassing demographic characteristics, sport and university engagement, support and dual-career benefits, physical activity, sitting time, and the time deemed necessary to recover the previous level of performance was developed. Four hundred sixty-seven student-athletes (males: 57%, females: 43%) from 11 countries, competing in 49 different sports (individual: 63.4%, team: 36.6%) at regional (17.5%), national (43.3%), and international (39.2%) levels, and enrolled at high school (21.9%) and university (78.1%) levels completed the survey. During the lockdown, the respondents decreased the time dedicated to sport and academics, although they maintained an active lifestyle. Student-athletes from countries under severe contagion were more likely to train at home, dedicate to academics, and receive support from the coach but less likely receive support from their teachers. With respect to their team sport counterparts, athletes competing in individual sports trained more and were more likely to receive support from their coaches. International athletes showed the highest training time and support from their coaches and as student-athletes. High school students received more support from their coaches and teachers, whereas university students were more likely considering dual careers useful to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study substantiates the relevant role of competitive sports participation in the maintenance of active lifestyles, with student-athletes considering home training and e-learning valuable resources during the lockdown. Furthermore, their sport and academic commitments helped student-athletes cope with the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Sánchez-Pato
- Areté Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Mojca Doupona
- Department of Sport Sociology and History, Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- European Athlete as Student Network, Ghaxaq, Malta
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juan Alfonso García-Roca
- Areté Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alejandro Leiva-Arcas
- Areté Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Meroño
- Areté Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Liliana-Elisabeta Radu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Cristian-Mihail Rus
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Oana-Mihaela Rusu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vasco Vaz
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Capranica
- European Athlete as Student Network, Ghaxaq, Malta
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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Comparative Analysis of Soccer Performance Intensity of the Pre-Post-Lockdown COVID-19 in LaLiga™. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073685. [PMID: 33916143 PMCID: PMC8036275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) forced a stoppage in the 2019/2020 season of LaLiga™, possibly influencing performance indicators in the return to competition. Therefore, here, we evaluated whether the stoppage due to the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) lockdown influenced physical performance compared to the start of LaLigaTM in terms of high-intensity efforts. Using a semi-automatic, multiple-camera system, running activities during 22 matches were analyzed. We compared the first 11 matches of the season (pre-lockdown) with the 11 matches just after the restart of LaLiga™ (post-lockdown). The results showed higher (p < 0.05) performance in the pre-lockdown period compared with the post-lockdown period, including in medium-speed running (14.1–21 km/h), high-speed running (21.1–24 km/h), and sprinting speed running distances (>24 km/h). However, the number of accelerations/min and decelerations/min were significantly higher during the post-lockdown period. Therefore, we conclude that the stoppage due to the COVID-19 lockdown generated lower physical performance in the post-lockdown period compared with the pre-lockdown period, most likely due to the accumulation of matches (congested schedules).
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Abstract
Causal pathways between training loads and the mechanisms of tissue damage and athletic injury are poorly understood. Here, the relation between specific training load measures and metrics, and causal pathways of gradual onset and traumatic injury are examined. Currently, a wide variety of internal and external training load measures and metrics exist, with many of these being commonly utilized to evaluate injury risk. These measures and metrics can conceptually be related to athletic injury through the mechanical load-response pathway, the psycho-physiological load-response pathway, or both. However, the contributions of these pathways to injury vary. Importantly, tissue fatigue damage and trauma through the mechanical load-response pathway is poorly understood. Furthermore, considerable challenges in quantifying this pathway exist within applied settings, evidenced by a notable absence of validation between current training load measures and tissue-level mechanical loads. Within this context, the accurate quantification of mechanical loads holds considerable importance for the estimation of tissue damage and the development of more thorough understandings of injury risk. Despite internal load measures of psycho-physiological load speculatively being conceptually linked to athletic injury through training intensity and the effects of psycho-physiological fatigue, these measures are likely too far removed from injury causation to provide meaningful, reliable relationships with injury. Finally, we used a common training load metric as a case study to show how the absence of a sound conceptual rationale and spurious links to causal mechanisms can disclose the weaknesses of candidate measures as tools for altering the likelihood of injuries, aiding the future development of more refined injury risk assessment methods.
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Fagundes LHS, Costa ITD, Reis CP, Pinheiro GDS, Costa VT. Monitoring of overtraining and motivation in elite soccer players. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021022221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, research on the training-load-injury relationship has grown exponentially. With the benefit of more data, our understanding of the training-performance puzzle has improved. What were we thinking 20 years ago, and how has our thinking changed over time? Although early investigators attributed overuse injuries to excessive training loads, it has become clear that rapid spikes in training load, above what an athlete is accustomed, explain (at least in part) a large proportion of injuries. In this respect, it appears that overuse injuries may arise from athletes being underprepared for the load they are about to perform. However, a question of interest to both athletic trainers (ATs) and researchers is why some athletes sustain injury at low training loads, while others can tolerate much greater training loads? A higher chronic training load and well-developed aerobic fitness and lower body strength appear to moderate the training-injury relationship and provide a protective effect against spikes in load. The training-performance puzzle is complex and dynamic-at any given time, multiple inputs to injury and performance exist. The challenge facing researchers is obtaining large enough longitudinal data sets to capture the time-varying nature of physiological and musculoskeletal capacities and training-load data to adequately inform injury-prevention efforts. The training-performance puzzle can be solved, but it will take collaboration between researchers and clinicians as well as an understanding that efficacy (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in an idealized or controlled setting) does not equate to effectiveness (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in the real-world setting, where many variables cannot be controlled).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, and Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
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Herrero-Gonzalez H, Martín-Acero R, Del Coso J, Lalín-Novoa C, Pol R, Martín-Escudero P, De la Torre AI, Hughes C, Mohr M, Biosca F, Ramos R. Position statement of the Royal Spanish Football Federation for the resumption of football activities after the COVID-19 pandemic (June 2020). Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1133-1134. [PMID: 32546560 PMCID: PMC7513256 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Martín-Acero
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | - Rafel Pol
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Magni Mohr
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Rafael Ramos
- Board of Directors, Spanish Association of Football Teams Physicians, Madrid, Spain
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Yanguas X, Dominguez D, Ferrer E, Florit D, Mourtabib Y, Rodas G. Returning to Sport during the Covid-19 pandemic: The sports physicians’ role. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7291998 DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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