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Kristensen AB, Wragg KM, Vanderven HA, Lee WS, Silvers J, Kent HE, Grant MD, Kelleher AD, Juno JA, Kent SJ, Parsons MS. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of highly differentiated CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells in HIV-1-infected individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:163-174. [PMID: 36053502 PMCID: PMC9750827 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important anti-viral effector cells. The function and phenotype of the NK cells that constitute an individual's NK cell repertoire can be influenced by ongoing or previous viral infections. Indeed, infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) drives the expansion of a highly differentiated NK cell population characterized by expression of CD57 and the activating NKG2C receptor. This NK cell population has also been noted to occur in HIV-1-infected individuals. We evaluated the NK cells of HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals to determine the relative frequency of highly differentiated CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells and characterize these cells for their receptor expression and responsiveness to diverse stimuli. Highly differentiated CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells occurred at higher frequencies in HCMV-infected donors relative to HCMV-uninfected donors and were dramatically expanded in HIV-1/HCMV co-infected donors. The expanded CD57+NKG2C+ NK cell population in HIV-1-infected donors remained stable following antiretroviral therapy. CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells derived from HIV-1-infected individuals were robustly activated by antibody-dependent stimuli that contained anti-HIV-1 antibodies or therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody, and these NK cells mediated cytolysis through NKG2C. Lastly, CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells from HIV-1-infected donors were characterized by reduced expression of the inhibitory NKG2A receptor. The abundance of highly functional CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells in HIV-1-infected individuals raises the possibility that these NK cells could play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis or serve as effector cells for therapeutic/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Kristensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Silvers
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Kent
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Romero-Martín L, Duran-Castells C, Olivella M, Rosás-Umbert M, Ruiz-Riol M, Sanchez J, Hartigan-O Connor D, Mothe B, Olvera À, Brander C. Disruption of the HLA-E/NKG2X axis is associated with uncontrolled HIV infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027855. [PMID: 36466823 PMCID: PMC9716355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the HLA-E/NKG2X axis in NK-mediated control of HIV infection remains unclear. We have studied the relationship between HLA-E expression and phenotypical as well as functional characteristics of NK cells, in the context of chronic HIV infection and in an in vitro model of acute infection. High viremia in HIV+ individuals was related to increased HLA-E expression, and changes in NK subpopulations, especially a reduction of the CD56bright as well as an increase in adaptive NK subpopulation. Uncontrolled HIV infection was also characterized by a reversion of the NKG2A/NKG2C expression ratio and a loss of positive and negative regulation of NK mediated by HLA-E. This was reflected in a lower cytotoxic, degranulation and cytokine production capacity, especially in CD56bright and adaptive NK. In line with these results, HLA-E expression showed a positive correlation with viral growth inhibition in an in vitro model of acute infection at day 7, which was lost after 14 days of culture. Using HLA-E expressing K562 cells, we determined that only one out of 11 described HIV-derived HLA-E epitopes increased HLA-E surface stability. In spite of that, eight of the 11 epitopes were capable of increasing degranulation and three drove differences in NK-cell mediated cell lysis or cytokine secretion. In conclusion, our results indicate that HLA-E molecules presenting HIV-derived epitopes may sensitize target cells for NK lysis in early HIV infection. However, prolonged exposure to elevated HLA-E expression levels in vivo may lead to NK cell dysfunction and reduced viral control In chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Romero-Martín
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Duran-Castells
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Olivella
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Míriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dennis Hartigan-O Connor
- California National Primate Research Center and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Àlex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Grau-Expósito J, Burgos J, Navarro J, Curran A, Planas B, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Buzon M. Identification of HIV-reservoir cells with reduced susceptibility to antibody-dependent immune response. eLife 2022; 11:78294. [PMID: 35616530 PMCID: PMC9177146 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV establishes a persistent infection in heterogeneous cell reservoirs, which can be maintained by different mechanisms including cellular proliferation, and represent the main obstacle to curing the infection. The expression of the Fcγ receptor CD32 has been identified as a marker of the active cell reservoirs in people on antiretroviral therapy, but if its expression has any role in conferring advantage for viral persistence is unknown. Here, we report that HIV-infected cells expressing CD32 have reduced susceptibility to natural killer (NK) antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by a mechanism compatible with the suboptimal binding of HIV-specific antibodies. Infected CD32 cells have increased proliferative capacity in the presence of immune complexes, and are more resistant to strategies directed to potentiate NK function. Remarkably, reactivation of the latent reservoir from antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV increases the pool of infected CD32 cells, which are largely resistant to the ADCC immune mechanism. Thus, we report the existence of reservoir cells that evade part of the NK immune response through the expression of CD32.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joaquín Burgos
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Adrià Curran
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Maria Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
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4
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Zhuang X, Long EO. NK Cells Equipped With a Chimeric Antigen Receptor That Overcomes Inhibition by HLA Class I for Adoptive Transfer of CAR-NK Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840844. [PMID: 35585985 PMCID: PMC9108249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant inhibitory receptors for HLA class I (HLA-I) endow NK cells with high intrinsic responsiveness, a process termed licensing or education, but hinder their ability to kill HLA-I+ tumor cells. Cancer immunotherapy with adoptive transfer of NK cells must overcome inhibitory signals by such receptors to promote elimination of HLA-I+ tumor cells. As proof of concept, we show here that a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can be engineered to overcome inhibition by receptors for HLA-I and to promote lysis of HLA-I+ tumor cells by CAR-NK cells. The design of this NK-tailored CAR (NK-CAR) relied on the potent NK cell activation induced by the synergistic combination of NK receptors CD28H (CD28 homolog, TMIGD2) and 2B4 (CD244, SLAMF4). An NK-CAR consisting of the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) of a CD19 antibody, the CD28H transmembrane domain, and the fusion of CD28H, 2B4, and TCRζ signaling domains was compared to a third-generation T-cell CAR with a CD28-41BB-TCRζ signaling domain. The NK-CAR delivered stronger activation signals to NK cells and induced more robust tumor cell lysis. Furthermore, such CAR-NK cells could overcome inhibition by HLA-E or HLA-C expressed on tumor cells. Therefore, engineering of CAR-NK cells that could override inhibition by HLA-I in patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy is feasible. This approach offers an attractive alternative to more complex strategies, such as genetic editing of inhibitory receptors in CAR-NK cells or treatment of patients with a combination of CAR-NK cells and checkpoint blockade with antibodies to inhibitory receptors. A significant benefit of inhibition-resistant NK-CARs is that NK cell inhibition would be overcome only during contact with targeted tumor cells and that HLA-I on healthy cells would continue to maintain NK cell responsiveness through licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O. Long
- *Correspondence: Eric O. Long, ; Xiaoxuan Zhuang,
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5
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Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Sharma AA, Styles TM, Govindaraj S, Shanmugasundaram U, Babu H, Riberio SP, Ali SA, Tharp GK, Ibegbu C, Waggoner SN, Johnson RP, Sekaly RP, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Velu V. Lymph node CXCR5+ NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155601. [PMID: 35271506 PMCID: PMC9089783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5+ follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5+ NK cells exhibited high expression of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5+ NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5- subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5+ granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Riberio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Schmiedel D, Mandelboim O, Seliger B. Role of HLA-G in Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826074. [PMID: 35237271 PMCID: PMC8882596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule, which has distinct features to classical HLA-A, -B, -C antigens, such as a low polymorphism, different splice variants, highly restricted, tightly regulated expression and immune modulatory properties. HLA-G expression in tumor cells and virus-infected cells, as well as the release of soluble HLA-G leads to escape from host immune surveillance. Increased knowledge of the link between HLA-G expression, viral infection and disease progression is urgently required, which highlights the possible use of HLA-G as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for viral infections, but also as therapeutic target. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the expression, regulation, function and impact of HLA-G in the context of different viral infections including virus-associated cancers. The characterization of HLA-G-driven immune escape mechanisms involved in the interactions between host cells and viruses might result in the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies targeting HLA-G and/or its interaction with its receptors on immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Barbara Seliger,
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7
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Askoura M, Abbas HA, Al Sadoun H, Abdulaal WH, Abu Lila AS, Almansour K, Alshammari F, Khafagy ES, Ibrahim TS, Hegazy WAH. Elevated Levels of IL-33, IL-17 and IL-25 Indicate the Progression from Chronicity to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus Patients. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010057. [PMID: 35056005 PMCID: PMC8781674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most epidemic viral infections in the world. Three-quarters of individuals infected with HCV become chronic. As a consequence of persistent inflammation, a considerable percentage of chronic patients progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokines, which are particularly produced from T-helper cells, play a crucial role in immune protection against HCV and the progression of the disease as well. In this study, the role of interleukins IL-33, IL-17, and IL-25 in HCV patients and progression of disease from chronicity to hepatocellular carcinoma will be characterized in order to use them as biomarkers of disease progression. The serum levels of the tested interleukins were measured in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and healthy controls (C), and their levels were correlated to the degree of liver fibrosis, liver fibrosis markers and viral load. In contrast to the IL-25 serum level, which increased in patients suffering from HCC only, the serum levels of both IL-33 and IL-17 increased significantly in those patients suffering from CHC and HCC. In addition, IL-33 serum level was found to increase by liver fibrosis progression and viral load, in contrast to both IL-17 and IL-25. Current results indicate a significant role of IL-33 in liver inflammation and fibrosis progress in CHC, whereas IL-17 and IL-25 may be used as biomarkers for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (W.A.H.H.); Tel.: +20-1125226642 (M.A.); +20-1101188800 (W.A.H.H.)
| | - Hisham A. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hadeel Al Sadoun
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (W.A.H.H.); Tel.: +20-1125226642 (M.A.); +20-1101188800 (W.A.H.H.)
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8
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Mbiribindi B, Pena JK, Arvedson MP, Moreno Romero C, McCarthy SR, Hatton OL, Esquivel CO, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Epstein-Barr virus peptides derived from latent cycle proteins alter NKG2A + NK cell effector function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19973. [PMID: 33203899 PMCID: PMC7673117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control viral infection through the interaction between inhibitory receptors and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands and bound peptide. NK cells expressing the inhibitory receptor NKG2A/CD94 recognize and respond to autologous B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The mechanism is not yet understood, thus we investigated peptides derived from seven latent proteins of EBV in the interaction of NKG2A and its ligand HLA-E. Functional analysis demonstrated that EBV peptides can bind to HLA-E and block inhibition of NK cell effector function. Moreover, analysis of DNA from 79 subjects showed sequence variations in the latent protein, LMP1, which alters NK responses to EBV. We provide evidence that peptides derived from EBV latent cycle proteins can impair the recognition of NKG2A despite being presented by HLA-E, resulting in NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Mbiribindi
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josselyn K Pena
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Arvedson
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Moreno Romero
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R McCarthy
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia L Hatton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Carlos O Esquivel
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia M Martinez
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Flórez-Álvarez L, Blanquiceth Y, Ramírez K, Ossa-Giraldo AC, Velilla PA, Hernandez JC, Zapata W. NK Cell Activity and CD57 +/NKG2C high Phenotype Are Increased in Men Who Have Sex With Men at High Risk for HIV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:537044. [PMID: 33042136 PMCID: PMC7517039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.537044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) status is for individuals who remain seronegative despite repeated exposure to HIV. One of the main cohorts within this group is men who have sex with men (MSM). Studies of this cohort have revealed different immunological and genetic mechanisms that can explain the phenomenon of natural HIV resistance. NK cells' higher effector capacity is related to natural resistance to HIV. Besides, a new population of NK cells with adaptive features was described recently. These cells are increased in some HESN cohorts and appear to be involved in better control of viral replication in primarily HIV-infected subjects. The present study evaluated the role of NK cells in the natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in MSM. Methodology Phenotypic and functional features were evaluated in NK cells from two groups of MSM, at different risks of HIV infection, according to the number of sexual partners. The production of IFN-γ and β-chemokines was included in the analysis, as well as the cytotoxic capacity and adaptive NK cell frequency. Genetic features, such as HLA and KIR allele frequencies, were also explored. Results High-risk MSM exhibit an increased frequency of fully mature and CD57+/NKG2Chigh NK cells. These individuals also show higher cytotoxic capacity and IFN-γ production in response to K562 stimuli. NK cells with a CD107a+/IFN-γ+ functional profile were found more frequently and displayed higher IFN-γ production capacity among high-risk MSM than among low-risk MSM. The protective allele HLA-B∗18 was only present in the high-risk MSM group as well as HLA-B∗ 39. The protective phenotype KIR3DL1/S1-HLA-B∗Bw4, in a homozygous state, was particularly abundant in the high-risk population. Notably, some of these functional features were related to higher frequencies of mature and CD57+/NKG2Chigh NK cells, which, in turn, were associated with a higher number of sexual partners. Conclusion The changes observed in the NK cell compartment can be driven by the magnitude of sexual exposure and immunological challenges of high-risk individuals, which could influence their resistance/susceptibility to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yurany Blanquiceth
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Katherin Ramírez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Paula A. Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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van Stigt Thans T, Akko JI, Niehrs A, Garcia-Beltran WF, Richert L, Stürzel CM, Ford CT, Li H, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F, Martrus G, Sauter D, Altfeld M, Hölzemer A. Primary HIV-1 Strains Use Nef To Downmodulate HLA-E Surface Expression. J Virol 2019; 93:e00719-19. [PMID: 31375574 PMCID: PMC6798123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00719-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved elaborate ways to evade immune cell recognition, including downregulation of classical HLA class I (HLA-I) from the surfaces of infected cells. Recent evidence identified HLA-E, a nonclassical HLA-I, as an important part of the antiviral immune response to HIV-1. Changes in HLA-E surface levels and peptide presentation can prompt both CD8+ T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell responses to viral infections. Previous studies reported unchanged or increased HLA-E levels on HIV-1-infected cells. Here, we examined HLA-E surface levels following infection of CD4+ T cells with primary HIV-1 strains and observed that a subset downregulated HLA-E. Two primary strains of HIV-1 that induced the strongest reduction in surface HLA-E expression were chosen for further testing. Expression of single Nef or Vpu proteins in a T-cell line, as well as tail swap experiments exchanging the cytoplasmic tail of HLA-A2 with that of HLA-E, demonstrated that Nef modulated HLA-E surface levels and targeted the cytoplasmic tail of HLA-E. Furthermore, infection of primary CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 mutants showed that a lack of functional Nef (and Vpu to some extent) impaired HLA-E downmodulation. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate for the first time that HIV-1 can downregulate HLA-E surface levels on infected primary CD4+ T cells, potentially rendering them less vulnerable to CD8+ T-cell recognition but at increased risk of NKG2A+ NK cell killing.IMPORTANCE For almost two decades, it was thought that HIV-1 selectively downregulated the highly expressed HLA-I molecules HLA-A and HLA-B from the cell surface in order to evade cytotoxic-T-cell recognition, while leaving HLA-C and HLA-E molecules unaltered. It was stipulated that HIV-1 infection thereby maintained inhibition of NK cells via inhibitory receptors that bind HLA-C and HLA-E. This concept was recently revised when a study showed that primary HIV-1 strains reduce HLA-C surface levels, whereas the cell line-adapted HIV-1 strain NL4-3 lacks this ability. Here, we demonstrate that infection with distinct primary HIV-1 strains results in significant downregulation of surface HLA-E levels. Given the increasing evidence for HLA-E as an important modulator of CD8+ T-cell and NKG2A+ NK cell functions, this finding has substantial implications for future immunomodulatory approaches aimed at harnessing cytotoxic cellular immunity against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet I Akko
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Annika Niehrs
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | | | - Laura Richert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher T Ford
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and CFAR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and CFAR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Glòria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelique Hölzemer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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The HLA-B -21 dimorphism impacts on NK cell education and clinical outcome of immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2019; 133:1479-1488. [PMID: 30647027 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-874990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell function is regulated by inhibitory receptors, such as the family of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and the NKG2A/CD94 heterodimer. These receptors recognize cognate HLA class I molecules on potential target cells, and recent studies imply that an HLA-B dimorphism at position -21 in the gene segment encoding the leader peptide dictates whether NK cell regulation primarily relies on the KIRs or the NKG2A/CD94 receptor. The impact of this HLA-B dimorphism on NK cell-mediated destruction of leukemic cells or on the course of leukemia is largely unknown. In a first part of this study, we compared functions of NK cells in subjects carrying HLA-B -21M or 21T using interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK cells and leukemic cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Subjects carrying HLA-B -21M harbored better-educated NKG2A+ NK cells and displayed superior capacity to degranulate lytic granules against KIR ligand-matched primary leukemic blasts. Second, we aimed to define the potential impact of HLA-B -21 variation on the course of AML in a phase 4 trial in which patients received IL-2-based immunotherapy. In keeping with the hypothesis that 21M may be associated with improved NK cell functionality, we observed superior leukemia-free survival and overall survival in -21M patients than in -21T patients during IL-2-based immunotherapy. We propose that genetic variation at HLA-B -21 may determine the antileukemic efficacy of activated NK cells and the clinical benefit of NK cell-activating immunotherapy.
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12
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13
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Hölzemer A, Garcia-Beltran WF, Altfeld M. Natural Killer Cell Interactions with Classical and Non-Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I in HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1496. [PMID: 29184550 PMCID: PMC5694438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are able to mount a multifaceted antiviral response within hours following infection. This is achieved through an array of cell surface receptors surveilling host cells for alterations in human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) expression and other ligands as signs of viral infection, malignant transformation, and cellular stress. This interaction between HLA-I ligands and NK-cell receptor is not only important for recognition of diseased cells but also mediates tuning of NK-cell-effector functions. HIV-1 alters the expression of HLA-I ligands on infected cells, rendering them susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing. However, over the past years, various HIV-1 evasion strategies have been discovered to target NK-cell-receptor ligands and allow the virus to escape from NK cell-mediated immunity. While studies have been mainly focusing on the role of polymorphic HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules, less is known about how HIV-1 affects the more conserved, non-classical HLA-I molecules HLA-E, -G, and -F. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in understanding the role of non-classical HLA-I ligands in NK cell-mediated recognition of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Hölzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Altfeld
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Castellani ML, Salini V, Frydas S, Donelan J, Tagen M, Madhappan B, Petrarca C, Falasca K, Neri G, Tete S, Vecchiet J. The Proinflammatory Interleukin-21 Elicits Anti-Tumor Response and Mediates Autoimmunity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 19:247-51. [PMID: 16831291 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L Castellani
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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15
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Huan SL, Zhao JG, Wang ZL, Gao S, Wang K. Relevance of serum interleukin-33 and ST2 levels and the natural course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:200. [PMID: 27180842 PMCID: PMC4868038 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and ST2 have been demonstrated to be associated with liver damage. However, their potential value in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the change of serum IL-33 and ST2 levels in the natural course of chronic HBV infection. Methods A total of 120 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 20 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in immunotolerant phase and 28 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All patients with CHB were divided into four groups according to their serum ALT levels. The serum levels of IL-33 and ST2 of all participants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and compared between each two out of those six groups. Results No significant differences were found in serum levels of IL-33 and ST2 between the group of CHB with ALT 1–2 upper limit of normal and the healthy controls (P = 0.354 for IL-33 and P = 0.815 for ST2). Other than that, there were significant differences when serum levels of IL-33 and ST2 were compared between any other two out of those six groups (P < 0.05, respectively). The overall correlation analysis indicated that changes of serum IL-33 and ST2 levels were positively associated with ALT levels in patients with chronic HBV infection (rs = 0.879, P < 0.001 for IL-33 and rs = 0.923, P < 0.001 for ST2). No significant differences were found when the serum levels of ALT, IL-33 and ST2 were compared between patients with HBeAg-positive CHB and HBeAg-negative CHB. Conclusions Our study revealed that the serum levels of IL-33 and ST2 varied in different courses of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The serum levels of IL-33 and ST2 elevated as serum ALT levels increased in patients with CHB. They might indicate liver damage for patients with CHB, just like ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Huan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ji-Guang Zhao
- Department of clinical laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Infectious Disease Hospital, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107#, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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16
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Hens J, Jennes W, Kestens L. The role of NK cells in HIV-1 protection: autologous, allogeneic or both? AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 26997965 PMCID: PMC4799629 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells specialize in killing virally infected- or tumor cells and are part of the innate immune system. The activational state of NK cells is determined by the balance of incoming activating and inhibitory signals mediated by receptor-ligand binding with the target cell. These receptor-ligand bonds mainly consist of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which are expressed at the cell surface of NK cells, and their ligands: the highly variable human leukocyte antigen -class I molecules (HLA). Absence of an inhibitory receptor-ligand bond lowers the NK cell activation threshold, whereas an activating receptor-ligand bond stimulates the cell, potentially overcoming this threshold and triggering NK cell activation. NK cells influence the course of infection as well as the acquisition of HIV-1. Several lines of evidence relate the activating NK cell receptor KIR3DS1, in the presence or absence of its putative ligand HLA-Bw4, with slower disease progression as well as resistance to HIV-1 infection. Overall, resistance to HIV-1 infection predominantly correlates with activating KIR/HLA profiles, consisting of e.g. activating KIRs, group B haplotypes, or inhibitory KIRs in absence of their ligands. Such a conclusion is less evident for studies of HIV-1 disease progression, with studies reporting beneficial as well as detrimental effects of activating KIR/HLA genotypes. It is likely that KIR/HLA association studies are complicated by the complexity of the KIR and HLA loci and their mutual interactions, as well as by additional factors like route of HIV exposure, immune activation, presence of co-infections, and the effect of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. One newly discovered NK cell activation pathway associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection involves the presence of an iKIR/HLA mismatch between partners. The absence of such an iKIR/HLA bond renders donor-derived allogeneic HIV-1 infected cells vulnerable to NK cell responses during HIV-1 transmission. Therefore, theoretically, HIV-1 would be eliminated before it has the chance to infect the autologous cells in the recipient. While this “alloreactive” NK cell mechanism is especially relevant to HIV transmission in monogamous couples, it would be interesting to investigate how it could influence resistance to HIV in other settings. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge about these autologous and alloreactive NK cell responses with regard to HIV-1 outcome.
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are a diverse group of innate lymphocytes that are specialized to rapidly respond to cancerous or virus-infected cells. NK cell function is controlled by the integration of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors expressed at the cell surface. Variegated expression patterns of these activating and inhibitory receptors at the single cell level leads to a highly diverse NK cell repertoire. Here I review the factors that influence NK cell repertoire diversity and its functional consequences for our ability to fight viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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18
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Cheent KS, Jamil KM, Cassidy S, Liu M, Mbiribindi B, Mulder A, Claas FHJ, Purbhoo MA, Khakoo SI. Synergistic inhibition of natural killer cells by the nonsignaling molecule CD94. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16981-6. [PMID: 24082146 PMCID: PMC3801078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304366110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide selectivity is a feature of inhibitory receptors for MHC class I expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. CD94-NKG2A operates in tandem with the polymorphic killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) and Ly49 systems to inhibit NK cells. However, the benefits of having two distinct inhibitory receptor-ligand systems are not clear. We show that noninhibitory peptides presented by HLA-E can augment the inhibition of NKG2A(+) NK cells mediated by MHC class I signal peptides through the engagement of CD94 without a signaling partner. Thus, CD94 is a peptide-selective NK cell receptor, and NK cells can be regulated by nonsignaling interactions. We also show that KIR(+) and NKG2A(+) NK cells respond with differing stoichiometries to MHC class I down-regulation. MHC-I-bound peptide functions as a molecular rheostat controlling NK cell function. Selected peptides which in isolation do not inhibit NK cells can have different effects on KIR and NKG2A receptors. Thus, these two inhibitory systems may complement each other by having distinct responses to bound peptide and surface levels of MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S. Cheent
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Khaleel M. Jamil
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sorcha Cassidy
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Mengya Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Berenice Mbiribindi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Arend Mulder
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H. J. Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. Purbhoo
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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Jost S, Altfeld M. Evasion from NK cell-mediated immune responses by HIV-1. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:904-15. [PMID: 22626930 PMCID: PMC3432664 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mostly owes its success to its ability to evade host immune responses. Understanding viral immune escape mechanisms is a prerequisite to improve future HIV-1 vaccine design. This review focuses on the strategies that HIV-1 has evolved to evade recognition by natural killer (NK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jost
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Bldg. 149, 13th Street, 6th Floor, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Wang J, Cai Y, Ji H, Feng J, Ayana DA, Niu J, Jiang Y. Serum IL-33 levels are associated with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:248-53. [PMID: 22304300 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This aim of this study was to assess the potential role of IL-33 in the pathogenic process of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The levels of serum IL-33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) in CHB patients and healthy controls (HC) were determined using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay, and the Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) cytokines by cytometric bead array. It was found that the levels of serum IL-33 in CHB patients were significantly higher than that of HC at the base line, but decreased after treatment with adefovir dipivoxil for 12 weeks. The levels of serum sST2, as a decoy receptor of IL-33, were significantly higher in CHB patients than the HC. There was no correlation between the levels of serum sST2 and IL-33. The concentrations of serum Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-6, IL-10) cytokines in CHB patients significantly increased after treatment compared to the baseline. These results suggest that IL-33 is involved in the pathogenesis of CHB and that adefovir dipivoxil therapy can attenuate the production of IL-33 in patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang J, Zhao P, Guo H, Sun X, Jiang Z, Xu L, Feng J, Niu J, Jiang Y. Serum IL-33 levels are associated with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:819636. [PMID: 22315510 PMCID: PMC3270460 DOI: 10.1155/2012/819636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is associated with the development of Th2 responses. This study examined the potential role of IL-33 in the pathogenic process of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in Chinese patients. The levels of serum IL-33 and sST2 in 154 patients with CHC, 24 with spontaneously resolved HCV (SR-HCV) infection and 20 healthy controls (HC), were analyzed by ELISA. The concentrations of serum IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, HCV loads, ALT, AST, and HCV-Ab were measured. We found that the levels of serum IL-33 in CHC patients were significantly higher than those of SR-HCV and HC but decreased after treatment with interferon for 12 weeks. More importantly, the levels of serum IL-33 were correlated with the concentrations of ALT and AST in CHC patients. The levels of serum sST2, as a decoy receptor of IL-33, were significantly higher in CHC and SR-CHC patients than those in HC, and there was no correlation between the levels of serum sST2 and IL-33. The concentrations of serum IFN-γ and IL-6 in CHC patients were significantly lower than those of SR-HCV. These data suggest that IL-33 may be a pathogenic factor contributing to CHC-related liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Xiguang Sun
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Junyan Feng
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
- *Junqi Niu: and
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130032, China
- *Yanfang Jiang:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Events occurring in acute HIV-1 infection are now recognized to be critical determinants of the subsequent disease course. Innate responses constitute the first line of defence against pathogens, and also play a key role in triggering the early adaptive response; as such, the innate responses activated in acute HIV-1 infection and their contribution to control of viral replication or disease pathogenesis are the focus of much current research. We review recent advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Dendritic cell subsets can play pleiotropic roles in acute HIV-1 infection, with in-vitro studies illustrating that HIV-dendritic cell interactions may have outcomes as diverse as virion destruction, virus dissemination, T-cell triggering or subversion of dendritic cell functions. Natural killer cells can be activated in acute HIV-1 infection, and mounting evidence suggests that they contribute to determining the ensuing course of disease; however, much remains to be learned about how they mediate their effects. SUMMARY The importance of innate responses as determinants of the outcome of HIV infection is increasingly evident, but more work is needed to understand how innate immunity can be harnessed to combat this infection.
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Iannello A, Debbeche O, Samarani S, Ahmad A. Antiviral NK cell responses in HIV infection: II. viral strategies for evasion and lessons for immunotherapy and vaccination. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:27-49. [PMID: 18388299 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case in other viral infections, humans respond to HIV infection by activating their NK cells. However, the virus uses several strategies to neutralize and evade the host's NK cell responses. Consequently, it is not surprising that NK cell functions become compromised in HIV-infected individuals in early stages of the infection. The compromised NK cell functions also adversely affect several aspects of the host's antiviral adaptive immune responses. Researchers have made significant progress in understanding how HIV counters NK cell responses of the host. This knowledge has opened new avenues for immunotherapy and vaccination against this infection. In the first part of this review article, we gave an overview of our current knowledge of NK cell biology and discussed how the genes encoding NK cell receptors and their ligands determine innate genetic resistance/susceptibilty of humans against HIV infections and AIDS. In this second part, we discuss NK cell responses, viral strategies to counter these responses, and finally, their implications for anti-HIV immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center of Research Ste Justine Hospital, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Qc, H3T 1C5, Canada
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Fesenkova VI, Kurchenko AI, Castellani ML, Conti P, Anogeianaki A, Caraffa A, Kalogeromitros D. Expression of Co-stimulatory molecules on langerhans cells in lesional epidermis of human atopic dermatitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:487-98. [PMID: 18075860 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701675101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are immature dendritic cells (DC) present in the skin epithelium. To understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the inflammatory reaction in atopic dermatitis (AD), the expression of the LC specific marker CD1a, a member of major histocompatibility (MHC)-like glycoproteins, and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, expressed on functionally mature dendritic cells, were counted in lesional biopsies and normal epidermis by an immunohistochemical method. CD1a specific staining was observed in both normal and AD lesion specimens. CD80 and CD86 positive cells with morphological characteristics of the LC were found in lesional AD epidermis, suggesting a high level of functional maturity of these cells and their involvement in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna I Fesenkova
- The Bogomolets National Medical University, The Immunological Laboratory of the Institute of Urology, AMS of Ukraine
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Fausther-Bovendo H, Wauquier N, Cherfils-Vicini J, Cremer I, Debré P, Vieillard V. NKG2C is a major triggering receptor involved in the V[delta]1 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV-infected CD4 T cells. AIDS 2008; 22:217-26. [PMID: 18097224 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f46e7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gammadelta T cells share with natural killer (NK) cells many effector capabilities and cell-surface proteins, including the NKG2 receptor family. A subset of gammadelta T cells that express the variable Vdelta1 region plays a critical role in immune regulation, tumour surveillance and viral infection. Dramatic expansion of Vdelta1 T cells has been observed in HIV disease. OBJECTIVE To determine if NKG2C expression on Vdelta1 T cells during HIV-1 infection is correlated with CD4 cell count and involved in lysis of CD4 T cells. METHODS gammadelta T cells from viraemic HIV-infected patients were examined. Expression of NK cell markers was analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytolytic activity of Vdelta1 T cells was determined by either Cr-release assays or degranulation assays against HLA-E-transfected 721.221 cells or HIV-infected CD4 primary T cells. RESULTS The expression of C-type lectin NKG2 receptors was sharply modulated on gammadelta T cells in patients with HIV infection. A profound decrease of Vdelta1 T cells bearing inhibitory NKG2A receptors corresponded to a drastic expansion of a distinct population of Vdelta1 T cells expressing a functional activating NKG2C receptor. Engagement of HLA-E, the ligand of both NKG2A and NKG2C, which is specifically induced on HIV-infected CD4 T cells, substantially enhanced the Vdelta1 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS These results raise the possibility that induction of NKG2C expression on Vdelta1 T cells plays a key role in the destruction of HIV-infected CD4 T cells during HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Fausther-Bovendo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Scientifique U543, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris-6, France
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Increased NKG2A found in cytotoxic natural killer subset in HIV-1 patients with advanced clinical status. AIDS 2007; 21 Suppl 8:S9-17. [PMID: 18172398 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000304691.32014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of NKG2A on cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells in HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the NKG2A expression on NK cell subsets among HIV-infected individuals at different clinical stages and HIV negative controls. METHODS 113 HIV-1 infected and 43 uninfected individuals were enrolled in this study. The HIV-1 infected patients were further categorized into three groups, CD4 cell count > 500 cells/microl (n = 44), CD4 cell count of 200-500 cells/microl (n = 49) and CD4 cell count < 200 cells/microl (n = 20). Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of NKG2A on NK cell subsets. A flow-based assay was employed to quantify the NK cytotoxicity. RESULTS Fewer cytotoxic NK cells and more dysfunctional NK cells were observed in patients with advanced clinical conditions. Higher NKG2A expression level in cytotoxic NK subset were found in later stages HIV infection, 25.6% in groups with CD4 cell count > 500 cells/microl, 40.9% in groups with CD4 cell count 200-500 cells/microl and 48.3% in groups with CD4 cell count < 200 cells/microl. Lower NK mediated cytotoxicity, which was associated with the decrease in cytotoxic NK cell number and higher NKG2A expression on cytotoxic NK subsets, was found in AIDS patients compared with patients at early stage of infection. A reverse association between the percentage of NKG2A positive cells in cytotoxic NK subset and CD4 cell count was observed in all HIV-1 infected groups. CONCLUSION Fewer cytotoxic NK cells and higher NKG2A expression in cytotoxic NK subset was found in patients in late stage HIV infection. Such a phenomenon may relate to the escape of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells from being attacked by NK cells.
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Tomescu C, Chehimi J, Maino VC, Montaner LJ. NK cell lysis of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4 primary T cells: requirement for IFN-mediated NK activation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2097-104. [PMID: 17675468 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, several mechanisms have been postulated to protect HIV-1-infected cells from NK surveillance. In vitro, previous research indicates HIV-1-infected autologous CD4(+) primary T cells are resistant to NK lysis. We hypothesized that NK lysis of HIV-1-infected target cells would be augmented by the presence of accessory cells and/or accessory cell factors. In this study, we show that stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) with the TLR9 agonist, CpG ODN 2216, triggered NK lysis of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4(+) primary T cells. PDC-stimulated NK lysis was dependent upon MHC class I (MHC-I) down-regulation on infected cells, and primary HIV-1 isolates that exhibited enhanced MHC-I down-regulation were more susceptible to NK-mediated lysis. PDC-stimulated NK lysis of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4(+) primary T cells was blocked by neutralizing Abs to type 1 IFN and was perforin/granzyme dependent. Overall, our data suggest that HIV-infected cells are not innately resistant to NK lysis, and that exogenous NK stimulation derived from PDC can trigger NK cytotoxicity against HIV-1-infected autologous CD4(+) primary T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costin Tomescu
- HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Modulation of autoimmunity by the latest interleukins (with special emphasis on IL-32). Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Castellani ML, Shanmugham LN, Petrarca C, Simeonidou I, Frydas S, De Colli M, Vecchiet J, Falasca K, Tetè S, Salini V, Conti P. Expression and secretion of RANTES (CCL5) in granulomatous calcified tissue before and after lipopolysaccharide treatment in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 80:60-7. [PMID: 17164972 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-006-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell-expressed and secreted) is a CC chemokine appearing to be involved in the recruitment of leukocytes at inflammation sites. RANTES is produced by CD8(+) T cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and platelets. It acts in vitro in leukocyte activation and human immunodeficiency virus suppression, but its role in vivo is still uncertain. In our study, we established the involvement of RANTES in an in vivo model of chronic inflammation induced by potassium permanganate, leading to calcified granulomas. In our rat model, RANTES expression (mRNA and protein) was significantly upregulated in granulomatous tissue; RANTES expression was further increased upon i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while it was kept at basal levels by dexamethasone (Dex) given 18 hours before sacrifice. LPS and Dex increased and decreased, respectively, the recruitment of mononuclear cells in granulomatous tissue compared with control granulomas from phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated animals. In granuloma tissue, levels of RANTES were higher in LPS-treated rats and lower in the Dex group compared to controls. RANTES was also found in the conditioned medium of granuloma tissue from treated (LPS or Dex) and untreated (PBS) rats. When LPS was added in vitro for 18 hours, RANTES was further increased, except in the Dex group (P > 0.05). On serum analysis, RANTES levels were higher in the LPS group and lower in the Dex group compared to controls. This study shows for the first time that RANTES is produced in vivo in chronic, experimental inflammatory states, an effect increased by LPS and inhibited by Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Castellani
- Department of Medicine and Aging, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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30
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LaBonte ML, McKay PF, Letvin NL. Evidence of NK cell dysfunction in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys: impairment of cytokine secretion and NKG2C/C2 expression. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2424-33. [PMID: 16906533 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the adaptive immune response have been extensively characterized in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals; however, much less is known about the function of natural killer (NK) cells during the course of HIV-1 infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that the NK cells from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys are significantly impaired in their ability to secrete IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2, while NK cell function in SIV-infected long-term non-progressor monkeys is similar to that of normal monkeys. These findings suggest that abnormal NK cell activity may contribute to the global immune dysfunction observed in HIV-1-infected individuals. NK cell function is modulated by several families of cell surface receptors, including the CD94/NKG2 family. We evaluated the messenger RNA levels of these inhibitory and activating NKG2 molecules in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. These experiments demonstrate that the activating molecules NKG2C and NKG2C2 are significantly down-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys, suggesting that the dysregulation of these molecules may contribute to the abnormal NK cell function observed in the setting of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L LaBonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State College, Bridgewater, USA
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31
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Trakatelli C, Frydas S, Hatzistilianou M, Papadopoulos E, Simeonidou I, Founta A, Paludi D, Petrarca C, Castellani ML, Papaioannou N, Salini V, Conti P, Kempuraj D, Vecchiet J. Chemokines as markers for parasite-induced inflammation and tumors. Int J Biol Markers 2006; 20:197-203. [PMID: 16398400 DOI: 10.1177/172460080502000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of small secreted proteins (8-10 kDa) produced and released by a wide variety of cell types. They were originally described as mediators of leukocyte recruitment, which is essential in acute and chronic inflammation. They also play a critical role in many pathophysiological processes such as allergic responses, infections and autoimmune diseases, tumor growth and hematopoietic development. This review introduces the three supergene families of chemokines (CXC, CC and C) with emphasis on their important role in different states in humans and in animal models with parasitic diseases. The concentration of transcription and translation of the cytokines and chemokines in the parasitic diseases may be an important marker for evaluation of the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trakatelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Georgios Gennimatas Hospital, Thessaloniki
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