1
|
Feinstein BA, Mereish EH, Mamey MR, Chang CJ, Goldbach JT. Age Differences in the Associations Between Outness and Suicidality Among LGBTQ+ Youth. Arch Suicide Res 2023; 27:734-748. [PMID: 35506502 PMCID: PMC9719400 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2066493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) youth are at increased risk for suicidality compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers, and outness (the extent to which an individual is open about their LGBTQ+ identity to others) is an important correlate of suicidality. However, previous research has led to mixed findings regarding whether outness functions as a risk or protective factor for suicidality, and the available evidence suggests that age may play an important role. As such, the goal of the current study was to examine whether the associations between outness and suicidality differed between LGBTQ+ adolescents (ages 12-17) and emerging adults (ages 18-24). METHOD The analytic sample included 475 LGBTQ+ youth who completed an online survey after contacting a national, LGBTQ+ crisis service provider. RESULTS Results indicated that age significantly moderated the association between outness and suicidal ideation, such that greater outness was significantly associated with greater suicidal ideation for adolescents, but not for emerging adults. In contrast, age did not significantly moderate the associations between outness and likelihood of a past suicide attempt or perceived likelihood of a future suicide attempt. However, the main effect of outness was significant in both models, such that greater outness was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of a past suicide attempt and a greater perceived likelihood of a future suicide attempt. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the associations between outness and suicidality among LGBTQ+ youth may depend on age as well as the dimension of suicidality (ideation versus attempt). HighlightsBeing more open about one's LGBTQ+ identity may confer risk for suicidality.The influence of outness on suicidal ideation may be strongest during adolescence.There is a need for LGBTQ+ affirming policies and laws to reduce suicidality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Feinstein
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
| | | | - Mary Rose Mamey
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Cindy J. Chang
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University
| | - Jeremy T. Goldbach
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kiperman S, Saint J. There's no place like home: Exploring sexual and gender diverse youth's outcomes related to urban/nonurban settings, opted consent procedure, and social support. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kiperman
- Theoretical and Behavioral Foundations Department Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Jo Saint
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Przeworski A, Peterson E, Piedra A. A systematic review of the efficacy, harmful effects, and ethical issues related to sexual orientation change efforts. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
Williams AJ, Jones C, Arcelus J, Townsend E, Lazaridou A, Michail M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm and suicide. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245268. [PMID: 33481862 PMCID: PMC7822285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LGBTQ+ youth have higher rates of self-harm and suicide than cisgender, heterosexual peers. Less is known about prevalence of risks within these populations. OBJECTIVES The first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence of risks among young people throughout the LGBTQ+ umbrella with experiences across the dimension of self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide behaviour; and how they may differ between LGBTQ+ umbrella groups. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science searches were run to identify quantitative research papers (database inception to 31st January, 2020). STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Articles included were empirical quantitative studies, which examined risks associated with self-harm, suicidal ideation or suicidal behaviour in LGBTQ+ young people (12-25 years). SYNTHESIS METHODS 2457 articles were identified for screening which was completed by two independent reviewers. 104 studies met inclusion criteria of which 40 had data which could be meta-analysed in a meaningful way. This analysis represents victimisation and mental health difficulties as risks among LGBTQ+ youth with self-harm and suicide experiences. Random-effects modelling was used for the main analyses with planned subgroup analyses. RESULTS Victimisation and mental health were key risk factors across the dimension self-harm and suicide identified through all analyses. A pooled prevalence of 0.36 was indicated for victimisation and 0.39 for mental health difficulties within LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm or suicide. Odds ratios were calculated which demonstrated particularly high levels of victimisation (3.74) and mental health difficulties (2.67) when compared to cisgender, heterosexual counterparts who also had these experiences. CONCLUSIONS Victimisation and mental health difficulties are highly prevalent among LGBTQ+ youth with experiences of self-harm and suicide. Due to inconsistency of reporting, further risk synthesis is limited. Given the global inclusion of studies, these results can be considered across countries and inform policy and suicide prevention initiatives. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019130037.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jess Williams
- School of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Self-Harm Research Group, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Jones
- School of Psychology, Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Arcelus
- School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Townsend
- School of Psychology, Self-Harm Research Group, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Lazaridou
- School of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Michail
- School of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petruzzella A, Feinstein BA, Davila J, Lavner JA. Gay-Specific and General Stressors Predict Gay Men's Psychological Functioning Over Time. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1755-1767. [PMID: 32146605 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gay men experience various stressors, including gay-specific stressors such as discrimination and internalized homonegativity as well as general stressors such as occupational and financial strain. While a robust literature has examined how gay-specific stressors are associated with negative mental health outcomes among gay men, less attention has been paid to the association between general stress and gay men's psychological functioning or to how different types of stressors may interact to affect functioning. The current study sought to address this gap by examining the unique and combined associations between gay-specific external stress (discrimination), gay-specific internal stress (rejection sensitivity, internalized homonegativity, sexual identity concealment), and general stressors (e.g., academic difficulties) and negative affect and alcohol use over time. A total of 147 self-identified gay men living in the greater New York City area participated in a baseline assessment and a 7-week diary study. Univariate and multivariate results revealed that gay-specific external stress, gay-specific internal stress, and general stress were each positively and uniquely associated with higher mean levels of and greater fluctuations in negative affect over time, and general stress was positively associated with greater fluctuations in alcohol use over time. Multiplicative analyses indicated that individuals reporting high levels of stress in multiple domains experienced particularly high mean levels of negative affect. These findings highlight the unique contribution of general stress to gay men's functioning over time and underscore the importance of considering multiple forms of stress (i.e., gay-specific and general stress) and their interactions to better understand gay men's psychological functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Petruzzella
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Psychology Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Brian A Feinstein
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Davila
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Justin A Lavner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin Street, Psychology Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jordan KM. Substance Abuse Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Adolescents. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2000.12086008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Ojeda-Leitner D, Lewis RK. Assessing health-related stereotype threats and mental healthcare experiences among a LGBT sample. J Prev Interv Community 2019; 49:251-265. [DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2019.1654262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhonda K. Lewis
- Department of Psycology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hammack PL, Frost DM, Meyer IH, Pletta DR. Gay Men's Health and Identity: Social Change and the Life Course. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:59-74. [PMID: 28585157 PMCID: PMC5903851 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to significant historical change in the late 20th and early 21st century related to both health and cultural attitudes toward homosexuality, gay men of distinct birth cohorts may diverge considerably in their health and identity development. We argue that research on gay men's health has not adequately considered the significance of membership in distinct generation-cohorts, and we present a life course paradigm to address this problem. Focusing on the U.S. as an exemplar that can be adapted to other cultural contexts, we identify five generations of gay men alive today and review unique issues related to health and identity development for each. Implications for research, practice, and advocacy on gay men's health and development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Hammack
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - David M Frost
- Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ilan H Meyer
- William Institute, School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David R Pletta
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramasamy V, Rillotta F, Alexander J. Experiences of adults with intellectual disability who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex or asexual: a systematic review protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:2234-2241. [PMID: 28902689 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
REVIEW OBJECTIVE/QUESTION The purpose of this systematic review is to identify, appraise and synthesize the best available qualitative evidence on the lived experiences of adults with intellectual disability who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex or asexual in mainstream society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vemel Ramasamy
- Disability and Community Inclusion Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakash O, Nagar M, Zisman M, Bloom R, Shenkman G. The association between the hostile-world scenario, perceived control, and emotional distress among gay men and lesbians. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2016.1236054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ora Nakash
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Maayan Nagar
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Matan Zisman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Reut Bloom
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Geva Shenkman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
- Psychiatric Division, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quigley J, Rasmussen S, McAlaney J. The Associations Between Children's and Adolescents' Suicidal and Self-Harming Behaviors, and Related Behaviors Within Their Social Networks: A Systematic Review. Arch Suicide Res 2017; 21:185-236. [PMID: 27267251 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2016.1193075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Social influences-including the suicidal and self-harming behaviors of others-have been highlighted as a risk factor for suicidal and self-harming behavior in young people, but synthesis of the evidence is lacking. A systematic review of 86 relevant papers was conducted. Considerable published evidence was obtained for positive associations between young people's suicidal and self-harming behavior and that of people they know, with those reporting knowing people who had engaged in suicidal or self-harming behaviors more likely to report engaging in similar behaviors themselves. Findings are discussed in relation to a number of methodological and measurement issues-including the role of normative perceptions-and implications for the prevention of suicidal and self-harming behavior are considered.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hershberger SL, PiLkington NW, D'Augelli AR. Predictors of Suicide Attempts Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0743554897124004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research identified predictors of past suicide attempts in 194 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, 15 through 21 years of age, who attended social and recreational groups in urban community settings. In comparison to youth who made no suicide attempts, attempters reported that they had disclosed more completely their sexual orientation to others, had lost more friends because of their disclosures, and had experienced more victimization due to their sexual orientation. Suicide attempters had lower self-esteem and acknowledged more mental health problems. The loss offriends due to youth 's sexual orientation, and current suicidal ideation were among the strongest predictors of suicide attempts. Youth who reported early awareness of their sexual orientation, disclosure to family and friends, peer rejection, and victimization based on their sexual orientation may be at risk for mental health problems.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Suicide is a major mental health problem in the United States and an issue that significantly impacts the mental health treatment community. Although the suicide rate remains relatively stable, the discipline of counseling psychology has broadened in scope and work settings have diversified. Thus, counseling psychology trainees are increasingly exposed to suicidal clients. Despite this reality, research suggests that comprehensive, systematic training in suicidology in counseling psychology programs rarely occurs. One reason for this state of affairs may be that the suicide literature is spread across a variety of disciplines, making it difficult for educators and practitioners to stay informed about the knowledge base in suicidology. The purpose of this contribution, therefore, is to provide counseling psychology educators and practitioners with an overview of the field of suicidology as it applies to the training and practice of counseling psychology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Juster RP, Ouellet É, Lefebvre-Louis JP, Sindi S, Johnson PJ, Smith NG, Lupien SJ. Retrospective coping strategies during sexual identity formation and current biopsychosocial stress. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2015; 29:119-38. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1004324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Irwin JA, Coleman JD, Fisher CM, Marasco VM. Correlates of suicide ideation among LGBT Nebraskans. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2014; 61:1172-1191. [PMID: 24344775 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2014.872521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation is to outline correlates of suicide ideation among LGBT individuals living in Nebraska. A community-based participatory research approach was utilized to develop a 30-minute, online anonymous survey. Almost half of the sample had seriously considered suicide at some point in their lives. Significant correlates of increased likelihood of suicide ideation are age, gender, transgender identity, income, depression, and discrimination. Suicide ideation is a serious concern for the health of LGBT Nebraskans. Steps should be taken to incorporate individuals who fall into these high-risk categories in suicide outreach programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Irwin
- a Department of Sociology and Anthropology , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nguyen DT, Dedding C, Pham TT, Bunders J. Perspectives of pupils, parents, and teachers on mental health problems among Vietnamese secondary school pupils. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1046. [PMID: 24192066 PMCID: PMC3870964 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary school can be a stressful period for adolescents, having to cope with many life changes. Very little research has been conducted on the mental health status of secondary school pupils in South East Asian countries, such as Vietnam. The study aimed to explore perceptions of mental health status, risk factors for mental health problems and strategies to improve mental health among Vietnamese secondary school students. Methods A qualitative design was used to address the main study question including: six in-depth interviews conducted with professionals (with two researchers, two psychiatrists, and two secondary school teachers) to learn about their experience of mental health problems among secondary school pupils; 13 focus group discussions (four with teachers, four with parents, and five with pupils); and 10 individual in-depth interviews with pupils who did not take part in the FGDs, to reflect on the collected data and to deepen the authors’ understanding. All interviews and FGDs were audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed for the identification of emerging issues using qualitative techniques of progressive coding, analytic memoing and ongoing comparison. Results Our study confirms the need to pay attention to mental health of pupils in Vietnam. Depression, anxiety, stress, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were seen as major problems by all stakeholders. Mental health problems were mainly associated with academic pressure, resulting from an overloaded curriculum and pressure from teachers and parents to succeed. The study found that pupils’ mental health demands interventions at many levels, including at the level of government (Ministry of Education and Training), schools, communities, families and pupils themselves. Conclusions Vietnamese secondary school pupils feel that their mental health status is poor, because of many risk factors in their learning and living environment. The need now is to investigate further to identify and apply strategies to improve students’ mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dat Tan Nguyen
- Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hammack PL, Mayers L, Windell EP. Narrative, psychology and the politics of sexual identity in the United States: from ‘sickness’ to ‘species’ to ‘subject’. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2011.621131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
18
|
Shenkman G, Shmotkin D. The hostile-world scenario among Israeli homosexual adolescents and young adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geva Shenkman
- School of Psychological Sciences; Tel Aviv University
| | - Dov Shmotkin
- School of Psychological Sciences; Tel Aviv University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mustanski B, Liu RT. A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:437-48. [PMID: 23054258 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-012-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This short-term prospective study examined general and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)-specific risk and protective factors for suicide attempts in an ethnically diverse sample of LGBT youth (N = 237, 47.7 % male). A structured psychiatric interview assessed clinical depression and conduct disorder symptoms, as well as past and prospective suicide attempts over a 1-year follow-up period (91 % retention). Participants completed questionnaires measuring general risk factors for suicide attempts, including hopelessness, impulsiveness, and perceived social support. They also completed measures of LGBT-specific suicide risk factors, including gender nonconformity, age of first same-sex attraction, and LGBT victimization. Correlation and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine the relations between predictors and suicide attempt, and to identify mediators. Of nine variables examined, seven were related to lifetime history of attempted suicide: hopelessness, depression symptoms, conduct disorder symptoms, impulsivity, victimization, age of first same-sex attraction, and low family support. Depressive symptoms and hopelessness mediated the relation between multiple risk and resilience factors and suicide attempts. Suicide attempt history was the strongest predictor of prospective suicide attempts. Participants who previously attempted suicide (31.6 % of the sample) had more than 10 times greater odds of making another attempt in the 1-year follow-up period than were those who had made no previous attempt. These results highlight the need for suicide prevention programs for LGBT youth and suggest the importance of addressing depression and hopelessness as proximal determinants and family support and victimization, which have more distal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yule MA, Brotto LA, Gorzalka BB. Mental health and interpersonal functioning in self-identified asexual men and women. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2013.774162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Irwin JA, Austin EL. Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among White Southern Lesbians. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2012.711552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Wilder H, Wilder J. In the Wake of Don't Ask Don't Tell: Suicide Prevention and Outreach for LGB Service Members. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2012.737725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilder
- a Licensed Clinical Psychologist in the State of Rhode Island , Dartmouth , Massachusetts
| | - Jami Wilder
- b Postdoctoral Fellow , Roger Williams University , Bristol , Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hill RM, Pettit JW. Suicidal ideation and sexual orientation in college students: the roles of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and perceived rejection due to sexual orientation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012; 42:567-79. [PMID: 22882479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.2012.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical model in which perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were hypothesized to account for the association between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation among college students was tested. Among 198 college students (mean age 21.28 years), gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (n = 50) reported significantly higher levels of perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation than heterosexual students. The relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation was partially accounted for by perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness. This indirect effect was stronger at higher levels of perceived or anticipated rejection due to one's sexual orientation. Implications for intervention and prevention science are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hill
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bauermeister JA, Ventuneac A, Pingel E, Parsons JT. Spectrums of love: examining the relationship between romantic motivations and sexual risk among young gay and bisexual men. AIDS Behav 2012; 16:1549-59. [PMID: 22223300 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-011-0123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between HIV/AIDS risk behaviors and romantic feelings among single, young gay and bisexual men (YGBM). Romantic feelings may have positive (romantic ideation) and negative (romantic obsession) connotations. Consequently, we hypothesized that YGBM would report greater risks if they reported having obsessive thoughts about their relationship desires; conversely, we hypothesized that YGBM who envision a romantic relationship would report fewer unprotected partners. Using cross-sectional data from a study examining YGBM's online dating experiences (N = 376; ages 18-24), we found a positive association between romantic obsession and number of partners for unprotected receptive (URAI) and insertive (UIAI) anal intercourse. Conversely, we found a negative association between romantic ideation and number of partners for URAI and UIAI. Is love risky or protective? Our results indicate support for both perspectives. We discuss the implications of our findings, highlighting the importance of addressing romantic pursuits into existing HIV prevention interventions for YGBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Bauermeister
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-2029, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fetner T, Elafros A, Bortolin S, Drechsler C. Safe spaces: gay-straight alliances in high schools. CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE 2012; 49:188-207. [PMID: 23035339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-618x.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In activists' circles as in sociology, the concept "safe space" has been applied to all sorts of programs, organizations, and practices. Few studies have specified clearly what safe spaces are and how they support the people who occupy them. We examine one social location typically understood to be a safe space: gay-straight alliance groups in high schools. Using qualitative interviews with young adults in the United States and Canada who have participated in gay-straight alliances, we unpack this complex concept to consider some of the dimensions along which safe spaces might vary. Based on interviews with participants, we derive three interrelated dimensions of safe space: social context, membership, and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Fetner
- Department of Sociology McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L85 4M4.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Madsen PWB, Green RJ. Gay Adolescent Males’ Effective Coping with Discrimination: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF LGBT ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2012.678188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
27
|
Lewis RJ, Kholodkov T, Derlega VJ. Still stressful after all these years: a review of lesbians' and bisexual women's minority stress. JOURNAL OF LESBIAN STUDIES 2012; 16:30-44. [PMID: 22239450 DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2011.557641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the conceptualization of, and empirical literature on, lesbians' and bisexual women's sexual minority stress. In much of the early research, the experiences of sexual minority women and men were considered together (or women's experiences were inferred from men's), obscuring important differences. There is empirical and theoretical justification to consider the experiences of women and men separately and to develop and evaluate comprehensive models of sexual minority stress for women. Existing conceptualizations of sexual minority stress that include assessment of discrimination, victimization, harassment, concealment, internalized homonegativity may be applied, and perhaps adapted, to facilitate understanding of the unique stressors associated with women's sexual minority status. Future research must include mediators of the relationship between stressors and outcomes such as individual (e.g., coping and resilience) and group (e.g., social support, identification with a sexual minority community) resources. It is also essential to understand what factors may buffer the deleterious effects of these stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Lewis
- Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23520-0267, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Blosnich J, Bossarte R. Drivers of disparity: differences in socially based risk factors of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors among sexual minority college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:141-9. [PMID: 22316411 PMCID: PMC3340564 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2011.623332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (ie, sexual minority) populations have increased prevalence of both self-injurious and suicidal behaviors, but reasons for these disparities are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To test the association between socially based stressors (eg, victimization, discrimination) and self-injurious behavior, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt. PARTICIPANTS A national sample of college-attending 18- to 24-year-olds. METHODS Random or census samples from postsecondary educational institutions that administered the National College Health Assessment during the Fall 2008 and Spring 2009 semesters. RESULTS Sexual minorities reported more socially based stressors than heterosexuals. Bisexuals exhibited greatest prevalence of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors. In adjusted models, intimate partner violence was most consistently associated with self-injurious behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Sexual minorities' elevated risks of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors may stem from higher exposure to socially based stressors. Within-group differences among sexual minorities offer insight to specific risk factors that may contribute to elevated self-injurious and suicidal behaviors in sexual minority populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Blosnich
- Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. john
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
O'Donnell S, Meyer IH, Schwartz S. Increased risk of suicide attempts among Black and Latino lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Am J Public Health 2011; 101:1055-9. [PMID: 21493928 PMCID: PMC3093285 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2010.300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Members of racial/ethnic minority groups have a lower lifetime prevalence than have Whites of mental disorders, a risk factor for suicide attempts; paradoxically, however, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) ethnic minority youths may be at increased risk for suicide attempts relative to White LGB youths. We found that the increased risk of suicide attempts among racial/ethnic minority LGB respondents in our sample relative to White respondents was not explained by excess youth onset of depression and substance abuse or by a higher susceptibility to suicide in the racial/ethnic minority LGB group.
Collapse
|
31
|
A systematic review of parental influences on the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: time for a new public health research and practice agenda. J Prim Prev 2011; 31:273-309. [PMID: 21161599 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-010-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how parents influence the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents and young adults. This gap has led to a paucity of parent-based interventions for LGB young people. A systematic literature review on parental influences on the health of LGB youth was conducted to better understand how to develop a focused program of applied public health research. Five specific areas of health among LGB young people aged 10-24 years old were examined: (a) sexual behavior; (b) substance use; (c) violence and victimization; (d) mental health; and (e) suicide. A total of 31 quantitative articles were reviewed, the majority of which were cross-sectional and relied on convenience samples. Results indicated a trend to focus on negative, and not positive, parental influences. Other gaps included a dearth of research on sexual behavior, substance use, and violence/victimization; limited research on ethnic minority youth and on parental influences identified as important in the broader prevention science literature; and no studies reporting parent perspectives. The review highlights the need for future research on how parents can be supported to promote the health of LGB youth. Recommendations for strengthening the research base are provided.
Collapse
|
32
|
Shenkman G, Shmotkin D. Mental health among Israeli homosexual adolescents and young adults. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2011; 58:97-116. [PMID: 21213177 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2011.533630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the mental health status of Israeli homosexuals in adolescence and early adulthood in comparison to heterosexual controls. We compared 219 homosexuals (136 gay men and 83 lesbian women) with 219 individually matched heterosexuals on indices of depression and subjective well being. In line with the study hypothesis, the results indicated that the homosexual participants reported more depressive symptoms and more negative affect than matched heterosexuals. However, the homosexuals were also found to report a higher level of positive affect. This study suggests that co-activated systems of negative and positive emotions facilitate adaptation among young homosexuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geva Shenkman
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Haas AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, Mathy RM, Cochran SD, D'Augelli AR, Silverman MM, Fisher PW, Hughes T, Rosario M, Russell ST, Malley E, Reed J, Litts DA, Haller E, Sell RL, Remafedi G, Bradford J, Beautrais AL, Brown GK, Diamond GM, Friedman MS, Garofalo R, Turner MS, Hollibaugh A, Clayton PJ. Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2011; 58:10-51. [PMID: 21213174 PMCID: PMC3662085 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2011.534038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong indications of elevated risk of suicidal behavior in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, limited attention has been given to research, interventions or suicide prevention programs targeting these populations. This article is a culmination of a three-year effort by an expert panel to address the need for better understanding of suicidal behavior and suicide risk in sexual minority populations, and stimulate the development of needed prevention strategies, interventions and policy changes. This article summarizes existing research findings, and makes recommendations for addressing knowledge gaps and applying current knowledge to relevant areas of suicide prevention practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann P Haas
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, New York, New York 10005, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wong CF, Kipke MD, Weiss G, McDavitt B. The impact of recent stressful experiences on HIV-risk related behaviors. J Adolesc 2010; 33:463-75. [PMID: 19608264 PMCID: PMC2862810 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Limited research has captured the wide varieties of distinct, but interrelated, life stressors that young men who have sex with men (YMSM) experience as emerging adults. We examined the way recent experiences of a diverse set of stressors predict illicit drug use, alcohol misuse, and inconsistent condom use (i.e., unprotected anal intercourse) among an ethnically diverse cohort of YMSM (N=526). Results indicated that stress related to financial and health concerns were associated with increased risk for substance use, while health concerns and partner-related stress were associated with sexual risk-taking. Additional analyses indicated drug use and alcohol misuse did not significantly mediate the impact that stressors have on sexual risk. Findings show that stressors from different life domains can have impact on different HIV-risk behavior. Results challenge the way diverse stressful life experiences are conceptualized for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn F Wong
- Community, Health Outcomes, and Intervention Research Program, The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Goodrich KM, Gilbride DD. The Refinement and Validation of a Model of Family Functioning After Child's Disclosure as Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual. JOURNAL OF LGBT ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2010.483575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Exploring the mental health of black men who have sex with men. Community Ment Health J 2009; 45:272-84. [PMID: 19291399 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-009-9186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current research indicates that black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately burdened by depressive distress and anxiety disorders as compared to their white gay and heterosexual counterparts. This study utilizes focus groups to qualitatively explore issues surrounding the mental health status of this population in an attempt to shed light on potential influencing and determinant factors. Twenty-two self-identified black, or multi-racial including black, MSM residing in Atlanta, Georgia participated in two focus groups--11 subjects each, respectively. Categories that emerged from data analysis include: knowledge/experiences, attitudes/beliefs, societal action/behavior, identity development, relationship functionality, and mental health status. Overarching themes for each category were delineated.
Collapse
|
38
|
Goodrich KM, Luke M. LGBTQ Responsive School Counseling. JOURNAL OF LGBTQ ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15538600903005284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
39
|
Maher MJ, Landini K, Emano DM, Knight AM, Lantz GD, Parrie M, Pichler S, Sever LM. Hirschfeld to hooker to herek to high schools: a study of the history and development of GLBT empirical research, institutional policies, and the relationship between the two. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2009; 56:921-958. [PMID: 19802763 DOI: 10.1080/00918360903187861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Empirical gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) research has passed through three stages. Transitions between stages have been caused by an interaction of empirical research and institutional policies. The first period is from the late 1800s up to 1972, when research focused on categorizing homosexuality as a disease, treatments for homosexuality, and then research refuting the disease model. The second period ran from 1972 to approximately 1990, when researchers began to apply the disease model not to GLBT persons, but rather to those having negative attitudes toward homosexuality (homophobia), and researchers began to look at what it was like to be a GLBT person from GLBT persons' perspectives. The third period began in the early 1990s and continues today, when researchers focus on institutions, particularly action research aimed at changing institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Maher
- School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
DiStefano AS. Suicidality and self-harm among sexual minorities in Japan. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2008; 18:1429-1441. [PMID: 18689528 DOI: 10.1177/1049732308322605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, I used ethnographic methods to examine suicidality and nonsuicidal self-harm among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons in Japan. Participants (N = 84) indicated that suicidality and self-harm are serious problems among sexual minorities and tend to be driven by (a) a homophobic/transphobic environment and the negative consequences of sexual minorities either disclosing their true selves or remaining hidden and silent within such an environment; (b) various antecedents to poor mental health; and (c) factors not directly related to being a sexual minority, particularly unemployment and debt in the context of a protracted national economic decline in Japan prior to the study period of 2003--2004. Participants also perceived a potentially higher risk for suicidality and self-harm among sexual minority adolescents and persons in their early 20s; those who work in the entertainment, bar, or sex industries; and survivors of violence perpetrated by intimate partners or family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S DiStefano
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
King CA, Merchant CR. Social and interpersonal factors relating to adolescent suicidality: a review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res 2008; 12:181-96. [PMID: 18576200 PMCID: PMC2989173 DOI: 10.1080/13811110802101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the empirical literature concerning social and interpersonal variables as risk factors for adolescent suicidality (suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, death by suicide). It also describes major social constructs in theories of suicide and the extent to which studies support their importance to adolescent suicidality. PsychINFO and PubMed searches were conducted for empirical studies focused on family and friend support, social isolation, peer victimization, physical/sexual abuse, or emotional neglect as these relate to adolescent suicidality. Empirical findings converge in documenting the importance of multiple social and interpersonal factors to adolescent suicidality. Research support for the social constructs in several major theories of suicide is summarized and research challenges are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A King
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Narrative Therapy Pathways for Re-authoring with Parents of Adolescents Coming-out as Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-007-9035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
43
|
Joe S. Implications of National Suicide Trends for Social Work Practice with Black Youth. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2006; 23:458-471. [PMID: 19562101 PMCID: PMC2701709 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-006-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although homicide is the leading cause of death for African-Americans aged 15-24, suicide is silently claiming the lives of many African-American youth, males in particular. Given the disproportionate number of African-American adolescents in many of the primary human service institutions, it is important to increase social workers' understanding of the nature and trends in self-destructive behaviors of this population. This paper presents the descriptive epidemiological trend data on African-American adolescent suicide completion and parasuicidal behavior, reviews current explanatory hypotheses, highlights important risk and protective factors, and outlines several culturally-congruent practice guidelines for working with suicidal African-Americans adolescents.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wright ER, Perry BL. Sexual identity distress, social support, and the health of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2006; 51:81-110. [PMID: 16893827 DOI: 10.1300/j082v51n01_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sex researchers and mental health clinicians have long recognized that the stigma surrounding homosexuality plays an important role in shaping the social psychological adjustment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (g/l/b) people. In recent years, researchers have suggested that sexual identity- related distress may influence the physical health status of g/l/b people, primarily because of the ways these self-related feelings and beliefs impact patterns of health-related behavior. This study examines the influence of sexual identity distress and social support on g/l/b youth's drug and alcohol use, psychological distress, and risky sexual behavior. The data come from a services research demonstration program conducted at the Indiana Youth Group, Inc., a g/l/b youth development agency based in Indianapolis, Indiana. Results indicate that sexual identity distress is strongly associated with psychological distress, less frequent use of alcohol, and using fewer types of illegal drugs. Being out to more people in one's support network, however, attenuates the severity of youth's sexual identity-related distress. Youth who report more support ties to g/l/b people indicate engaging in more frequent risky sexual behavior. The implications of these findings for theories of g/l/b youth's sexual identity development are discussed.
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Clatts MC, Goldsamt L, Yi H, Gwadz MV. Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York city: a preliminary epidemiological trajectory. J Adolesc 2005; 28:201-14. [PMID: 15878043 PMCID: PMC2755549 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to profile the role of homelessness in drug and sexual risk in a population of young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Data are from a cross-sectional survey collected between 2000 and 2001 in New York City (N = 569). With the goal of examining the import of homelessness in increased risk for the onset of drug and sexual risk, we compare and contrast three subgroups: (1) YMSM with no history of homelessness, (2) YMSM with a past history of homelessness but who were not homeless at the time of the interview, and (3) YMSM who were currently homeless. For each group, we describe the prevalence of a broad range of stressful life events (including foster care and runaway episodes, involvement in the criminal justice system, etc.), as well as selected mental health problems (including past suicide attempts, current depression, and selected help-seeking variables). Additionally, we examine the prevalence of selected drug and sexual risk, including exposure to a broad range of illegal substances, current use of illegal drugs, and prevalence of lifetime exposure to sex work. Finally, we use an event history analysis approach (time-event displays and paired t-test analysis) to examine the timing of negative life experiences and homelessness relative to the onset of drug and sexual risk. High levels of background negative life experiences and manifest mental health distress are seen in all three groups. Both a prior experience of homelessness and currently being homeless are both strongly associated with both higher levels of lifetime exposure to drug and sexual risk as well as higher levels of current drug and sexual risk. Onset of these risks occur earlier in both groups that have had an experience of housing instability (e.g., runaway, foster care, etc.) but are delayed or not present among YMSM with no history of housing instability. Few YMSM had used drug prior to becoming homeless. While causal inferences are subject to the limitations of a cross-sectional design, the findings pose an empirical challenge to the prevailing assumption that prior drug use is a dominant causal factor in YMSM becoming homeless. More broadly, the data illustrate the complexity of factors that must be accounted for, both in advancing our epidemiological understanding of the complexity of homelessness and its relationship to the onset of drug and sexual risk among high risk youth populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Clatts
- Institute for International Research on Youth at Risk, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., 71 West 23rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rosario M, Schrimshaw EW, Hunter J. Psychological Distress Following Suicidality Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths: Role of Social Relationships. J Youth Adolesc 2005; 34:149-161. [PMID: 22162620 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-005-3213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal relations between past suicidality and subsequent changes in psychological distress at follow-up were examined among gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youths, as were psychosocial factors (e.g., self-esteem, social support, negative social relationships) that might mediate or moderate this relation. Past suicide attempters were found to have higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and conduct problems at a later time than youths who neither attempted nor ideated. Psychosocial factors failed to mediate this relation. The interaction among past suicidality, social support, and negative relationships was associated with subsequent changes in all three psychological distress indicators six months later. Specifically, high levels of support (either from family or friends) or negative relationships were found to predict increased psychological distress among those with a history of suicide attempts, but not among youths without a history of suicidality. The findings suggest that GLB youths who attempt suicide continue to have elevated levels of psychological distress long after their attempt and they highlight the importance of social relationships in the youths' psychological distress at follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Rosario
- Associate Professor of Psychology, The City University of New York - The City College and Graduate Center. Received Ph.D. in psychology from New York University. Research interests include the relation of identity to health, the intersection of multiple identities, and the relation of violence to health
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Burn SM, Kadlec K, Rexer R. Effects of subtle heterosexism on gays, lesbians, bisexuals. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2005; 49:23-38. [PMID: 16048892 DOI: 10.1300/j082v49n02_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined heterosexism that is not specifically targeted at LGB individuals, but may be experienced as antigay harassment, and may contribute to the stigma and stress they experience. LGB participants (N = 175, primarily Euro-American college students), read scenarios of heterosexuals saying or assuming things potentially offensive to gay men or lesbian women. For each scenario, they indicated extent to which they would be offended and less open about their sexuality, and their perceptions of the behaviors as evidence of antigay prejudice. Not only did respondents find the scenarios to be offensive and indicative of prejudice, but perceived offensiveness was associated with a decreased likelihood of coming out. In comparison to gay men, lesbian women and bisexuals found the scenarios more offensive and more indicative of prejudice. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Burn
- California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 94307, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Whitbeck LB, Chen X, Hoyt DR, Tyler KA, Johnson KD. Mental disorder, subsistence strategies, and victimization among gay, lesbian, and bisexual homeless and runaway adolescents. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2004; 41:329-342. [PMID: 15765273 DOI: 10.1080/00224490409552240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study compares participation in deviant subsistence strategies, street victimization, and lifetime prevalence of five mental disorders (conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse) among heterosexual males and females (n = 366) and gay, lesbian, and bisexual (n = 63) homeless and runaway adolescents from the first wave of a longitudinal study of homeless youth in four Midwestern states. The results indicate that gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents were more likely to have been physically and sexually abused by caretakers, we more likely to engage in risky survival strategies when on their own (including survival sex), were more likely to be physically and sexually victimized when on the streets, and were more likely to meet criteria for mental disorder than were their heterosexual counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Les B Whitbeck
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Sociology, 730 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0324, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Savin-Williams RC, Ream GL. Suicide attempts among sexual-minority male youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2004; 32:509-22. [PMID: 14710459 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3204_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide data addressing Diamond's (this issue) 4 problem areas in sexual orientation research by comparing gay, bisexual, and questioning male youth who report attempting suicide with those who do not. Secondary analyses were conducted with 2 datasets, 1 with a gay support group (n = 51) and the other with online youth (n = 681). Reported suicide attempts ranged from 39% among support-group youth, to 25% among Internet gay support group youth, to 9% among Internet non-support group youth. Sexual orientation, behavior, and identity did not predict suicidal attempt status, but suicide attempters experienced higher levels of both generic life stressors (low self-esteem, substance use, victimization) and gay-related stressors, particularly those directly related to visible (femininity) and behavioral (gay sex) aspects of their sexual identity. Support-group attendance was related to higher levels of suicidality and life stressors, as well as certain resiliency factors. Results suggest that there exists a minority of sexual-minority youth who are at risk but that it would be inappropriate to characterize the entire population as such.
Collapse
|