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Vreijling SR, Neuhaus L, Brouwer A, Penninx BWJH, Beekman ATF, Lamers F, Jansen R, Bremmer M. The role of immuno-metabolic depression features in the effects of light therapy in patients with depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. J Psychosom Res 2024; 181:111671. [PMID: 38657564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immuno-metabolic depression (IMD) is proposed to be a form of depression encompassing atypical, energy-related symptoms (AES), low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulations. Light therapy may alleviate AES by modulating inflammatory and metabolic pathways. We investigated whether light therapy improves clinical and biological IMD features and whether effects of light therapy on AES or depressive symptom severity are moderated by baseline IMD features. Associations between changes in symptoms and biomarkers were explored. METHODS In secondary analyses, clinical trial data was used from 77 individuals with depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) randomized to four weeks of light therapy or placebo. AES severity and depressive symptom severity were based on the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Biomarkers included 73 metabolites (Nightingale) summarized in three principal components and CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ. Linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Light therapy had no effect on AES severity, inflammatory markers and metabolite principle components versus placebo. None of these baseline features moderated the effects of light therapy on AES severity. Only a principle component reflecting metabolites implicated in glucose homeostasis moderated the effects of light therapy on depressive symptom severity (βinteraction = 0.65, P = 0.001, FDR = 0.003). Changes in AES were not associated with changes in biomarkers. CONCLUSION Findings do not support the efficacy of light therapy in reducing IMD features in patients with depression and T2DM. We find limited evidence that light therapy is a more beneficial depression treatment among those with more IMD features. Changes in clinical and biological IMD features did not align over four-weeks' time. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Netherlands Trial Register (NTR) NTR4942.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Vreijling
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Layla Neuhaus
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Jansen
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Bremmer
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Aging & Later Life Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Speksnijder EM, Bisschop PH, Siegelaar SE, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A. Circadian desynchrony and glucose metabolism. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12956. [PMID: 38695262 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The circadian timing system controls glucose metabolism in a time-of-day dependent manner. In mammals, the circadian timing system consists of the main central clock in the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues. The oscillations produced by these different clocks with a period of approximately 24-h are generated by the transcriptional-translational feedback loops of a set of core clock genes. Glucose homeostasis is one of the daily rhythms controlled by this circadian timing system. The central pacemaker in the SCN controls glucose homeostasis through its neural projections to hypothalamic hubs that are in control of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Using hormones such as adrenal glucocorticoids and melatonin and the autonomic nervous system, the SCN modulates critical processes such as glucose production and insulin sensitivity. Peripheral clocks in tissues, such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue serve to enhance and sustain these SCN signals. In the optimal situation all these clocks are synchronized and aligned with behavior and the environmental light/dark cycle. A negative impact on glucose metabolism becomes apparent when the internal timing system becomes disturbed, also known as circadian desynchrony or circadian misalignment. Circadian desynchrony may occur at several levels, as the mistiming of light exposure or sleep will especially affect the central clock, whereas mistiming of food intake or physical activity will especially involve the peripheral clocks. In this review, we will summarize the literature investigating the impact of circadian desynchrony on glucose metabolism and how it may result in the development of insulin resistance. In addition, we will discuss potential strategies aimed at reinstating circadian synchrony to improve insulin sensitivity and contribute to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Speksnijder
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Csoma B, Bikov A. The Role of the Circadian Rhythm in Dyslipidaemia and Vascular Inflammation Leading to Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14145. [PMID: 37762448 PMCID: PMC10532147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Many lines of evidence suggest that the disturbances in circadian rhythm are responsible for the development of CVDs; however, circadian misalignment is not yet a treatable trait in clinical practice. The circadian rhythm is controlled by the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and clock genes (molecular clock) located in all cells. Dyslipidaemia and vascular inflammation are two hallmarks of atherosclerosis and numerous experimental studies conclude that they are under direct influence by both central and molecular clocks. This review will summarise the results of experimental studies on lipid metabolism, vascular inflammation and circadian rhythm, and translate them into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We discuss the effect of time-respected administration of medications in cardiovascular medicine. We review the evidence on the effect of bright light and melatonin on cardiovascular health, lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation. Finally, we suggest an agenda for future research and recommend on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Csoma
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK;
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Bikov
- Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK;
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Ishihara A, Courville AB, Chen KY. The Complex Effects of Light on Metabolism in Humans. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061391. [PMID: 36986120 PMCID: PMC10056135 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an essential part of many life forms. The natural light–dark cycle has been the dominant stimulus for circadian rhythms throughout human evolution. Artificial light has restructured human activity and provided opportunities to extend the day without reliance on natural day–night cycles. The increase in light exposure at unwanted times or a reduced dynamic range of light between the daytime and nighttime has introduced negative consequences for human health. Light exposure is closely linked to sleep–wake regulation, activity and eating patterns, body temperature, and energy metabolism. Disruptions to these areas due to light are linked to metabolic abnormalities such as an increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Research has revealed that various properties of light influence metabolism. This review will highlight the complex role of light in human physiology, with a specific emphasis on metabolic regulation from the perspective of four main properties of light (intensity, duration, timing of exposure, and wavelength). We also discuss the potential influence of the key circadian hormone melatonin on sleep and metabolic physiology. We explore the relationship between light and metabolism through circadian physiology in various populations to understand the optimal use of light to mitigate short and long-term health consequences.
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Guan Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. The role of light pollution in mammalian metabolic homeostasis and its potential interventions: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120045. [PMID: 36030956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Irregular or unnatural artificial light causes severe environmental stress on the survival and health of organisms, which is rapidly becoming a widespread new type of environmental pollution. A series of disruptive behaviors to body homeostasis brought about by light pollution, including metabolic abnormalities, are likely to be the result of circadian rhythm disturbances. Recently, the proposed role of light pollution in metabolic dysregulation has accelerated it into an emerging field. Hence, the regulatory role of light pollution in mammalian metabolic homeostasis is reviewed in this contribution. Light at night is the most widely affected type of light pollution, which disrupts metabolic homeostasis largely due to its disruption of daily food intake patterns, alterations of hormone levels such as melatonin and glucocorticoids, and changes in the rhythm of inflammatory factor production. Besides, light pollution impairs mammalian metabolic processes in an intensity-, photoperiod-, and wavelength-dependent manner, and is also affected by species, gender, and diets. Nevertheless, metabolic disorders triggered by light pollution are not irreversible to some extent. Potential interventions such as melatonin supplementation, recovery to the LD cycle, time-restricted feeding, voluntary exercise, wearing blue light-shied goggles, and bright morning light therapy open a bright avenue to prevent light pollution. This work will help strengthen the relationship between light information and metabolic homeostasis and provide new insights for the better prevention of metabolic disorders and light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.
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6
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Chan K, Wong FS, Pearson JA. Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920261. [PMID: 36034454 PMCID: PMC9399605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Chan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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7
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Harmsen JF, Wefers J, Doligkeit D, Schlangen L, Dautzenberg B, Rense P, van Moorsel D, Hoeks J, Moonen-Kornips E, Gordijn MCM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. The influence of bright and dim light on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure and thermoregulation in insulin-resistant individuals depends on time of day. Diabetologia 2022; 65:721-732. [PMID: 35106618 PMCID: PMC8894310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In our modern society, artificial light is available around the clock and most people expose themselves to electrical light and light-emissive screens during the dark period of the natural light/dark cycle. Such suboptimal lighting conditions have been associated with adverse metabolic effects, and redesigning indoor lighting conditions to mimic the natural light/dark cycle more closely holds promise to improve metabolic health. Our objective was to compare metabolic responses to lighting conditions that resemble the natural light/dark cycle in contrast to suboptimal lighting in individuals at risk of developing metabolic diseases. METHODS Therefore, we here performed a non-blinded, randomised, controlled, crossover trial in which overweight insulin-resistant volunteers (n = 14) were exposed to two 40 h laboratory sessions with different 24 h lighting protocols while staying in a metabolic chamber under real-life conditions. In the Bright day-Dim evening condition, volunteers were exposed to electric bright light (~1250 lx) during the daytime (08:00-18:00 h) and to dim light (~5 lx) during the evening (18:00-23:00 h). Vice versa, in the Dim day-Bright evening condition, volunteers were exposed to dim light during the daytime and bright light during the evening. Randomisation and allocation to light conditions were carried out by sequential numbering. During both lighting protocols, we performed 24 h indirect calorimetry, and continuous core body and skin temperature measurements, and took frequent blood samples. The primary outcome was plasma glucose focusing on the pre- and postprandial periods of the intervention. RESULTS Spending the day in bright light resulted in a greater increase in postprandial triacylglycerol levels following breakfast, but lower glucose levels preceding the dinner meal at 18:00 h, compared with dim light (5.0 ± 0.2 vs 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l, n = 13, p=0.02). Dim day-Bright evening reduced the increase in postprandial glucose after dinner compared with Bright day-Dim evening (incremental AUC: 307 ± 55 vs 394 ± 66 mmol/l × min, n = 13, p=0.009). After the Bright day-Dim evening condition the sleeping metabolic rate was identical compared with the baseline night, whereas it dropped after Dim day-Bright evening. Melatonin secretion in the evening was strongly suppressed for Dim day-Bright evening but not for Bright day-Dim evening. Distal skin temperature for Bright day-Dim evening was lower at 18:00 h (28.8 ± 0.3°C vs 29.9 ± 0.4°C, n = 13, p=0.039) and higher at 23:00 h compared with Dim day-Bright evening (30.1 ± 0.3°C vs 28.8 ± 0.3°C, n = 13, p=0.006). Fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels and the respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the two lighting protocols at any time. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these findings suggest that the indoor light environment modulates postprandial substrate handling, energy expenditure and thermoregulation of insulin-resistant volunteers in a time-of-day-dependent manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03829982. FUNDING We acknowledge the financial support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative with support from the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON2014-02 ENERGISE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Schlangen
- Human-Technology Interaction Group and Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Dautzenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Rense
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Chrono@Work, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Luo X, Ru T, Chen Q, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhou G. Influence of daytime blue-enriched bright light on heart rate variability in healthy subjects. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:826-835. [PMID: 35209793 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV), the indicator of the autonomic nervous system-induced modulation of heart rate, is a focal topic in psychophysiological research. The effect of indoor light on HRV may be related to various psychophysiological functions. The current study (N = 20) examined the response of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to bright vs. dim blue-enriched light (1200 lx or 200 lx at eye level, 6500 K) exposure for five hours in the afternoon among healthy young adults. The results revealed a significant main effect of light condition on the time-domain indicators, with the significantly higher HRV (SDNN and RMSSD) under 200 lx versus 1200 lx condition, and the same case was revealed for the standard deviations of the Poincaré plot in non-linear effects. Conversely, no significant effects were revealed for the frequency- domain indicators of HRV measured with the subjects' eyes open. These findings suggested that the autonomic nervous system modulation of HRV was stronger under bright light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Constantino DB, Xavier NB, Levandovski R, Roenneberg T, Hidalgo MP, Pilz LK. Relationship Between Circadian Strain, Light Exposure, and Body Mass Index in Rural and Urban Quilombola Communities. Front Physiol 2022; 12:773969. [PMID: 35153809 PMCID: PMC8826472 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrialization has greatly changed human lifestyle; work and leisure activities have been moved indoors, and artificial light has been used to illuminate the night. As cyclic environmental cues such as light and feeding become weak and/or irregular, endogenous circadian systems are increasingly being disrupted. These disruptions are associated with metabolic dysfunction, possibly contributing to increased rates of overweight and obesity worldwide. Here, we aimed to investigate how activity-rest rhythms, patterns of light exposure, and levels of urbanization may be associated with body mass index (BMI) in a sample of rural and urban Quilombola communities in southern Brazil. These are characterized as remaining social groups who resisted the slavery regime that prevailed in Brazil. Quilombola communities were classified into five groups according to their stage of urbanization: from rural areas with no access to electricity to highly urbanized communities. We collected anthropometric data to calculate BMI, which was categorized as follows: from ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 to < 25 kg/m2 = normal weight; from ≥ 25 kg/m2 to < 30 kg/m2 = overweight; and ≥ 30 kg/m2 = obese. Subjects were asked about their sleep routines and light exposure on workdays and work-free days using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (N = 244 included). In addition, we analyzed actimetry data from 121 participants with seven consecutive days of recordings. Living in more urbanized areas and higher intradaily variability (IV) of activity-rest rhythms were associated with an increased risk of belonging to the overweight or obese group, when controlling for age and sex. These findings are consistent with preclinical data and point to potential strategies in obesity prevention and promotion of healthy metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Barroggi Constantino
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Program (PPG) em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicoli Bertuol Xavier
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Program (PPG) em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rosa Levandovski
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Program (PPG) Avaliação e Produção de Tecnologias para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (GHC), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Program (PPG) Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institute of Medical Psychology - Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Paz Hidalgo
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Program (PPG) em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luísa K Pilz
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Program (PPG) em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Fan X, Chen D, Wang Y, Tan Y, Zhao H, Zeng J, Li Y, Guo X, Qiu H, Gu Y. Light intensity alters the effects of light-induced circadian disruption on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E1-E9. [PMID: 34719945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00025.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian disruption induced by rotating light cycles has been linked to metabolic disorders. However, how the interaction of light intensity and light cycle affects metabolism under different diets remains to be explored. Eighty mice were first randomly stratified into the low-fat diet (LFD, n = 40) or high-fat diet (HFD, n = 40) groups. Each group was further randomly subdivided into four groups (n = 8-12 per group) in terms of different light intensities [lower (LI, 78 lx) or higher intensity (HI, 169 lx)] and light cycles [12-h light:12-h dark cycle or circadian-disrupting (CD) light cycle consisting of repeated 6-h light phase advancement]. Body weight was measured weekly. At the end of the 16-wk experiment, mice were euthanized for serum and pathological analysis. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed during the last 2 wk. The CD cycle increased body weight gain, adipocyte area, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance of LFD as well as HFD mice under HI but not LI condition. Moreover, the serum and hepatic triglyceride levels increased with LFD-HI treatment, regardless of light cycle. In addition, the CD cycle improved lipid and glucose metabolism under HFD-LI condition. In summary, the detrimental effects of the CD cycle on metabolism were alleviated under LI condition, especially in HFD mice. These results indicate that modulating light intensity is a potential strategy to prevent the negative metabolic consequences associated with jet lag or shift work.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucose and lipid homeostasis is altered by the CD cycles in a light-intensity-dependent manner. Lower-intensity light reverses the negative metabolic effects of the CD cycles, especially under HFD feeding. The interaction of light intensity and light cycle on metabolism is independent of energy intake and eating pattern. Glucose metabolic disorders caused by rotating light cycles occur along with compensatory β-cell mass expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Fan
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Defu Chen
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghuan Guo
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Precision Laser Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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11
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Albreiki MS, Middleton B, Hampton SM. The effect of melatonin on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles after a late evening meal in healthy young males. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12770. [PMID: 34582575 PMCID: PMC9285903 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of melatonin by light at night (LAN) has been associated with a disruption of SCN function and biological processes. This study aimed to explore the impact of melatonin on glucose and lipid metabolism before and after a late evening meal. Nine healthy male participants (26 ± 1.3 years, BMI 24.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) were randomly categorised into a three-way cross-over design protocol: light (>500 lux) (LS), dark (<5 lux) + exogenous melatonin (DSC) and light (>500 lux) + exogenous melatonin (LSC). All participants were awake in a semi-recumbent position during each clinical session, which started at 18 00 h and ended at 06:00 h the following day. The meal times were individualised according to melatonin onset estimated from the participants' 48-h sequential urine collection. The administration of exogenous melatonin was conducted 90 min before the evening meal. Saliva and plasma samples were collected at specific time points to analyse the glucose, insulin, NEFAs, TAGs, cortisol and melatonin levels. Participants demonstrated a significant reduction in postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and TAGs levels in the presence of melatonin (LSC and DSC) compared to LS (p = .002, p = .02 and p = .007, respectively). Pre-prandial plasma NEFAs were significantly lower in LS than DSC and LSC as melatonin rose (p < .001). Exogenous melatonin administrated before an evening test meal improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and reduced postprandial TAGs. This study could have implications for shift workers who may have lower melatonin levels at night due to light suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Albreiki
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- Center for BiotechnologyKhalifa UniversityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Benita Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Shelagh M. Hampton
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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12
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Chamorro R, Wilms B, Holst A, Röhl C, Mölle M, Knaak A, Meyhöfer S, Lehnert H, Schmid SM. Acute mild dim light at night slightly modifies sleep but does not affect glucose homeostasis in healthy men. Sleep Med 2021; 84:158-164. [PMID: 34153798 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of acute mild light exposure at night on sleep architecture and glucose homeostasis. PATIENTS/METHODS Twenty healthy normal-weight men took part in two conditions of a randomized, controlled, balanced cross-over experimental study: i) two-consecutive nights with 8-h of sleep under dLAN (<5 lux) or ii) total darkness (CON). Sleep was evaluated by polysomnography. In the morning following 'night2', glucose homeostasis was assessed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) with consecutive measures of glucose, insulin, and c-peptide. Plasma cortisol was measured at night before sleep, after morning awakening, and during mid-afternoon hours. RESULTS There was no significant difference in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency between conditions (all p > 0.66). However, NREM sleep stage N3 latency was prolonged after dLAN (p = 0.02) and NREM sleep stage 2 was decreased after two nights with dLAN (p = 0.04). During the first sleep hour, power in slow-oscillations, slow-waves, and delta bands diminished after dLAN (all p < 0.04). Glucose, insulin, and c-peptide were not altered by dLAN (all p > 0.14). Cortisol was reduced in the afternoon after 'night1' and in the morning after 'night2' (both p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS dLAN slightly disturbed sleep architecture and quality without impairment of glucose homeostasis. Longer exposure to chronic dLAN might be needed to unmask its hypothesized metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Chamorro
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Nutrition, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Britta Wilms
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annika Holst
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clara Röhl
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Armin Knaak
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Svenja Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
The endogenous timekeeping system evolved to anticipate the time of the day through the 24 hours cycle of the Earth's rotation. In mammals, the circadian clock governs rhythmic physiological and behavioral processes, including the daily oscillation in glucose metabolism, food intake, energy expenditure, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. The results from a series of studies have demonstrated that environmental or genetic alterations of the circadian cycle in humans and rodents are strongly associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that astrocyte clocks have a crucial role in regulating molecular, physiological, and behavioral circadian rhythms such as glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Given the concurrent high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and circadian disruption, understanding the mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis regulation by the circadian clock and its dysregulation may improve glycemic control. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the tight interconnection between the timekeeping system, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. We focus specifically on the involvement of astrocyte clocks, at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels, in the regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barca-Mayo
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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Beneficial effects of daytime high-intensity light exposure on daily rhythms, metabolic state and affect. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19782. [PMID: 33188227 PMCID: PMC7666121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the importance of the circadian system to health and well-being is extensively studied, the role of daylight exposure in these interactions is relatively poorly understood. Here we show, using a diurnal animal model naturally exposed to daylight, that daily morning exposure to 3000 lux, full spectrum electric light has beneficial health effects. Compared with controls, sand rats (Psammomys obesus) subjected to morning light treatment demonstrate daily rhythms with high peak to trough difference in activity, blood glucose levels and per2 gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, pre-frontal cortex, kidney and liver. The treated animals were also healthier, being normoglycemic, having higher glucose tolerance, lower body and heart weight and lower anxiety- and depression-like behavior. Our results suggest that exposure to high intensity light is important for the proper function of the circadian system and well-being, and are important in face of human's low exposure to daylight and extensive use of artificial light at night.
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15
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Masís-Vargas A, Hicks D, Kalsbeek A, Mendoza J. Blue light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance and increases sugar intake in the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ansorgei in a sex-dependent manner. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14257. [PMID: 31646762 PMCID: PMC6811685 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In our modern society, the exposure to light at night (LAN) has increased considerably, which may impact human health negatively. Especially exposure to light at night containing short wavelength emissions (~450–500 nm) can disrupt the normal function of the biological clock, altering sleep‐wake cycles and inducing metabolic changes. Recently, we reported that light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance in nocturnal rats. However, light at night in nocturnal rodents coincides with their activity period, in contrast to artificial light at night exposure in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of blue (λ = 490 ± 20 nm) artificial light at night (bALAN) on glucose metabolism and food intake in both male and female diurnal Sudanian grass rats (Arvicanthis ansorgei) fed either regular chow or a free choice high‐fat high sucrose diet (HFHS). In both chow and HFHS fed male Arvicanthis, 1‐hour of bALAN exposure induced a higher glucose response in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) accompanied by a significant decrease in plasma insulin. Furthermore, in HFHS fed animals, bALAN induced an increase in sucrose intake during the dark phase in males but not in females. Additionally, 1‐h of bALAN increased the nonfasted glucose levels together with plasma corticosterone in female grass rats. These results provide new and further evidence for the deleterious effects of exposure to short wavelength emission‐containing artificial light at night on glucose metabolism in a diurnal rodent in a sex‐dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayanci Masís-Vargas
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), UPR-3212 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Hicks
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), UPR-3212 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), UPR-3212 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Masís‐Vargas A, Ritsema WI, Mendoza J, Kalsbeek A. Metabolic Effects of Light at Night are Time- and Wavelength-Dependent in Rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S114-S125. [PMID: 32700824 PMCID: PMC7497257 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are most sensitive to short wavelengths and reach brain regions that modulate biological rhythms and energy metabolism. The increased exposure nowadays to artificial light at night (ALAN), especially short wavelengths, perturbs our synchronization with the 24-hour solar cycle. Here, the time- and wavelength dependence of the metabolic effects of ALAN are investigated. METHODS Male Wistar rats were exposed to white, blue, or green light at different time points during the dark phase. Locomotor activity, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and food intake were recorded. Brains, livers, and blood were collected. RESULTS All wavelengths decreased locomotor activity regardless of time of exposure, but changes in energy expenditure were dependent on the time of exposure. Blue and green light reduced RER at Zeitgeber time 16-18 without changing food intake. Blue light increased period 1 (Per1) gene expression in the liver, while green and white light increased Per2. Blue light decreased plasma glucose and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck) expression in the liver. All wavelengths increased c-Fos activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but blue and green light decreased c-Fos activity in the paraventricular nucleus. CONCLUSIONS ALAN affects locomotor activity, energy expenditure, RER, hypothalamic c-Fos expression, and expression of clock and metabolic genes in the liver depending on the time of day and wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayanci Masís‐Vargas
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)UPR‐3212 CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Wayne I.G.R. Ritsema
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)UPR‐3212 CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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17
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Fleury G, Masís‐Vargas A, Kalsbeek A. Metabolic Implications of Exposure to Light at Night: Lessons from Animal and Human Studies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S18-S28. [PMID: 32700826 PMCID: PMC7497102 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the incidence of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes has shown a staggering increase. To prevent and treat these conditions, one must look at their etiology. As life on earth has evolved under the conditions of nature's 24-hour light/dark cycle, it seems likely that exposure to artificial light at night (LAN) would affect physiology. Indeed, ample evidence has shown that LAN impacts many metabolic parameters, at least partly via the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This review focuses on the impact of chronic and acute effects of LAN of different wavelengths on locomotor activity, food intake, the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, melatonin, glucocorticoids, and glucose and lipid metabolism. While chronic LAN disturbs daily rhythms in these parameters, experiments using short-term LAN exposure also have shown acute negative effects in metabolically active peripheral tissues. Experiments using LAN of different wavelengths not only have indicated an important role for melanopsin, the photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, but also provided evidence that each wavelength may have a specific impact on energy metabolism. Importantly, exposure to LAN has been shown to impact glucose homeostasis also in humans and to be associated with an increased incidence of overweight, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fleury
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Anayanci Masís‐Vargas
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)Amsterdamthe Netherlands
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)UPR‐3212 CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)Amsterdamthe Netherlands
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18
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Opperhuizen AL, Foppen E, Jonker M, Wackers P, van Faassen M, van Weeghel M, van Kerkhof L, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Effects of Light-at-Night on the Rat Liver - A Role for the Autonomic Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:647. [PMID: 31281239 PMCID: PMC6596368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to light at night (LAN) has been associated with serious pathologies, including obesity, diabetes and cancer. Recently we showed that 2 h of LAN impaired glucose tolerance in rats. Several studies have suggested that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in communicating these acute effects of LAN to the periphery. Here, we investigated the acute effects of LAN on the liver transcriptome of male Wistar rats. Expression levels of individual genes were not markedly affected by LAN, nevertheless pathway analysis revealed clustered changes in a number of endocrine pathways. Subsequently, we used selective hepatic denervations [sympathetic (Sx), parasympathetic (Px), total (Tx, i.e., Sx plus Px), sham] to investigate the involvement of the ANS in the effects observed. Surgical removal of the sympathetic or parasympathetic hepatic branches of the ANS resulted in many, but small changes in the liver transcriptome, including a pathway involved with circadian clock regulation, but it clearly separated the four denervation groups. On the other hand, analysis of the liver metabolome was not able to separate the denervation groups, and only 6 out of 78 metabolites were significantly up- or downregulated after denervations. Finally, removal of the sympathetic and parasympathetic hepatic nerves combined with LAN exposure clearly modulated the effects of LAN on the liver transcriptome, but left most endocrine pathways unaffected. Conclusion: One-hour light-at-night acutely affects the liver transcriptome. Part of this effect is mediated via the nervous innervation, as a hepatectomy modulated and reduced the effect of LAN on liver transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Loes Opperhuizen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijs Jonker
- MAD - Dutch Genomics Service and Support Provider, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Wackers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Afroz-Hossain A, Dawkins M, Myers AK. Sleep and Environmental Factors Affecting Glycemic Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:40. [PMID: 31144051 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sleep and environmental factors both impact glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This narrative article aims to review research within the past 5 years, focusing on chronotype, light, noise, and neighborhood disparities in relation to sleep in people with T2DM. RECENT FINDINGS Sleep quality and duration have been shown to impact glycemic control in patients with T2DM. Later chronotype can lead to poorer glycemic control due to disruption of circadian rhythms. Light exposure also has similar effects, likely due to its inherent influence on sleep quality. Environmental determinants, were associated with lower T2DM incidence, and noise and air pollution were associated with increased risks for T2DM. Findings were mixed; while most studies found that later chronotype, light/noise exposure, and neighborhood disadvantages were associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with T2DM, other environmental factors, such as green space, were not significantly associated with diabetes outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Afroz-Hossain
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Makeda Dawkins
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alyson K Myers
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hoftsra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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20
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Aras E, Ramadori G, Kinouchi K, Liu Y, Ioris RM, Brenachot X, Ljubicic S, Veyrat-Durebex C, Mannucci S, Galié M, Baldi P, Sassone-Corsi P, Coppari R. Light Entrains Diurnal Changes in Insulin Sensitivity of Skeletal Muscle via Ventromedial Hypothalamic Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2385-2398.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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21
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Brouwer A, van Raalte DH, Nguyen HT, Rutters F, van de Ven PM, Elders PJM, Moll AC, Van Someren EJW, Snoek FJ, Beekman ATF, Bremmer MA. Effects of Light Therapy on Mood and Insulin Sensitivity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Depression: Results From a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:529-538. [PMID: 30796110 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is common in patients with type 2 diabetes and adversely affects quality of life and diabetes outcomes. We assessed whether light therapy, an antidepressant, improves mood and insulin sensitivity in patients with depression and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 83 patients with depression and type 2 diabetes. The intervention comprised 4 weeks of light therapy (10,000 lux) or placebo light therapy daily at home. Primary outcomes included depressive symptoms (Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology [IDS]) and insulin sensitivity (M-value derived from the results of a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp). Secondary outcomes were related psychological and glucometabolic measures. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed that light therapy was not superior to placebo in reducing depressive symptoms (-3.9 IDS points [95% CI -9.0 to 1.2]; P = 0.248) and had no effect on insulin sensitivity (0.15 mg/kg*min [95% CI -0.41 to 0.70]; P = 0.608). Analyses incorporating only those participants who accurately adhered to the light therapy protocol (n = 51) provided similar results, but did suggest positive effects of light therapy on depression response rates (≥50% reduction in IDS points) (26% more response; P = 0.031). Prespecified analysis showed effect moderation by baseline insulin sensitivity (P = 0.009) and use of glucose-lowering medication (P = 0.023). Light therapy did not affect depressive symptoms in participants with higher insulin sensitivity or those who use only oral glucose-lowering medication or none at all, but it did produce a relevant effect in participants with lower insulin sensitivity (-12.9 IDS points [95% CI -21.6 to -4.2]; P = 0.017) and a trend toward effectiveness in those using insulin (-12.2 IDS points [95% CI -21.3 to -3.1]; P = 0.094). Light therapy was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Although this trial is essentially inconclusive, secondary analyses indicate that light therapy might be a promising treatment for depression among a subgroup of highly insulin-resistant individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hoang-Ton Nguyen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Rutters
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van de Ven
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra J M Elders
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J Snoek
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit and University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke A Bremmer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, and GGZ inGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Nutrient composition and caloric intake have traditionally been used to devise optimized diets for various phases of life. Adjustment of meal size and frequency have emerged as powerful tools to ameliorate and postpone the onset of disease and delay aging, whereas periods of fasting, with or without reduced energy intake, can have profound health benefits. The underlying physiological processes involve periodic shifts of metabolic fuel sources, promotion of repair mechanisms, and the optimization of energy utilization for cellular and organismal health. Future research endeavors should be directed to the integration of a balanced nutritious diet with controlled meal size and patterns and periods of fasting to develop better strategies to prevent, postpone, and treat the socioeconomical burden of chronic diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Francesco
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is a main determinant in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The circadian timing system consists of a central brain clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and various peripheral tissue clocks. The circadian timing system is responsible for the coordination of many daily processes, including the daily rhythm in human glucose metabolism. The central clock regulates food intake, energy expenditure and whole-body insulin sensitivity, and these actions are further fine-tuned by local peripheral clocks. For instance, the peripheral clock in the gut regulates glucose absorption, peripheral clocks in muscle, adipose tissue and liver regulate local insulin sensitivity, and the peripheral clock in the pancreas regulates insulin secretion. Misalignment between different components of the circadian timing system and daily rhythms of sleep-wake behaviour or food intake as a result of genetic, environmental or behavioural factors might be an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance. Specifically, clock gene mutations, exposure to artificial light-dark cycles, disturbed sleep, shift work and social jet lag are factors that might contribute to circadian disruption. Here, we review the physiological links between circadian clocks, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and present current evidence for a relationship between circadian disruption and insulin resistance. We conclude by proposing several strategies that aim to use chronobiological knowledge to improve human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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24
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Nimitphong H, Mahattanapreut A, Chailurkit LO, Saetung S, Siwasaranond N, Sumritsopak R, Anothaisintawee T, Thakkinstian A, Dugas LR, Layden BT, Reutrakul S. More evening preference is positively associated with systemic inflammation in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15882. [PMID: 30367094 PMCID: PMC6203737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently it is not known whether morningness-eveningness preference in non-night shift working population is associated with systemic inflammation. This study investigated the relationship between morningness-eveningness and systemic inflammation, as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in 163 non-night shift working patients with abnormal glucose tolerance (86 type 2 diabetes and 77 prediabetes). Morningness-eveningness was assessed by Composite Scale of Morningness, and participants were screened for Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Sleep duration, efficiency, and variability were obtained using actigraphy, and depressive symptoms and dietary patterns were also captured. Participants' mean age was 54.7 ± 10.4 years and median hs-CRP was 1.39 (interquartile range 0.82, 3.33) mg/L. More evening preference was significantly associated with higher natural log transformed (ln) hs-CRP (B = -0.051, p = 0.001). Diabetes status, glycemic control, OSA severity, sleep duration, caloric consumption and timing were not related to hs-CRP. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, depressive symptoms, sleep efficiency, sleep variability, percentage of daily caloric intake from protein, and statin use, more evening preference was independently associated with higher ln hs-CRP (B = -0.032, p = 0.014). In summary, in non-night shift working patients with abnormal glucose tolerance, more evening preference was independently associated with higher systemic inflammation. This finding underscore the importance of circadian regulation on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hataikarn Nimitphong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Apichana Mahattanapreut
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - La-Or Chailurkit
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sunee Saetung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Siwasaranond
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Sumritsopak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thunyarat Anothaisintawee
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affair Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sirimon Reutrakul
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism 2018; 84:11-27. [PMID: 29195759 PMCID: PMC5995632 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system orchestrates metabolism in daily 24-hour cycles. Such rhythms organize metabolism by temporally separating opposing metabolic processes and by anticipating recurring feeding-fasting cycles to increase metabolic efficiency. Although animal studies demonstrate that the circadian system plays a pervasive role in regulating metabolism, it is unclear how, and to what degree, circadian research in rodents translates into humans. Here, we review evidence that the circadian system regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Using a range of experimental protocols, studies in humans report circadian rhythms in glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, lipid levels, energy expenditure, and appetite. Several of these rhythms peak in the biological morning or around noon, implicating earlier in the daytime is optimal for food intake. Importantly, disruptions in these rhythms impair metabolism and influence the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. We therefore also review evidence that circadian misalignment induced by mistimed light exposure, sleep, or food intake adversely affects metabolic health in humans. These interconnections among the circadian system, metabolism, and behavior underscore the importance of chronobiology for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Poggiogalle
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Humaira Jamshed
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Courtney M Peterson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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26
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Melanson EL, Ritchie HK, Dear TB, Catenacci V, Shea K, Connick E, Moehlman TM, Stothard ER, Higgins J, McHill AW, Wright KP. Daytime bright light exposure, metabolism, and individual differences in wake and sleep energy expenditure during circadian entrainment and misalignment. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 4:49-56. [PMID: 29876528 PMCID: PMC5986103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Daytime light exposure has been reported to impact or have no influence on energy metabolism in humans. Further, whether inter-individual differences in wake, sleep, 24 h energy expenditure, and RQ during circadian entrainment and circadian misalignment are stable across repeated 24 h assessments is largely unknown. We present data from two studies: Study 1 of 15 participants (7 females) exposed to three light exposure conditions: continuous typical room ~100 lx warm white light, continuous ~750 lx warm white light, and alternating hourly ~750 lx warm white and blue-enriched white light on three separate days in a randomized order; and Study 2 of 14 participants (8 females) during circadian misalignment induced by a simulated night shift protocol. Participants were healthy, free of medical disorders, medications, and illicit drugs. Participants maintained a consistent 8 h per night sleep schedule for one week as an outpatient prior to the study verified by wrist actigraphy, sleep diaries, and call-ins to a time stamped recorder. Participants consumed an outpatient energy balance research diet for three days prior to the study. The inpatient protocol for both studies consisted of an initial sleep disorder screening night. For study 1, this was followed by three standard days with 16 h scheduled wakefulness and 8 h scheduled nighttime sleep. For Study 2, it was followed by 16 h scheduled wake and 8 h scheduled sleep at habitual bedtime followed by three night shifts with 8 h scheduled daytime sleep. Energy expenditure was measured using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Constant posture bedrest conditions were maintained to control for energy expenditure associated with activity and the baseline energy balance diet was continued with the same exact meals across days to control for thermic effects of food. No significant impact of light exposure was observed on metabolic outcomes in response to daytime light exposure. Inter-individual variability in energy expenditure was systematic and ranged from substantial to almost perfect consistency during both nighttime sleep and circadian misalignment. Findings show robust and stable trait-like individual differences in whole body 24 h, waking, and sleep energy expenditure, 24 h respiratory quotient—an index of a fat and carbohydrate oxidation—during repeated assessments under entrained conditions, and also in 24 h and sleep energy expenditure during repeated days of circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South RM 7103, MS 8106, 80045 Aurora, CO, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Hannah K Ritchie
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Tristan B Dear
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Victoria Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Karen Shea
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South RM 7103, MS 8106, 80045 Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Thomas M Moehlman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Ellen R Stothard
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Janine Higgins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Andrew W McHill
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
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28
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Opperhuizen AL, Stenvers DJ, Jansen RD, Foppen E, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance in a time-, intensity- and wavelength-dependent manner in rats. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1333-1343. [PMID: 28374068 PMCID: PMC5487588 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exposure to light at night (LAN) has increased dramatically in recent decades. Animal studies have shown that chronic dim LAN induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, several studies in humans have demonstrated that chronic exposure to artificial LAN may have adverse health effects with an increased risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes. It is well-known that acute exposure to LAN affects biological clock function, hormone secretion and the activity of the autonomic nervous system, but data on the effects of LAN on glucose homeostasis are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of LAN on glucose metabolism. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to i.v. glucose or insulin tolerance tests while exposed to 2 h of LAN in the early or late dark phase. In subsequent experiments, different light intensities and wavelengths were used. RESULTS LAN exposure early in the dark phase at ZT15 caused increased glucose responses during the first 20 min after glucose infusion (p < 0.001), whereas LAN exposure at the end of the dark phase, at ZT21, caused increased insulin responses during the first 10 min (p < 0.01), indicating that LAN immediately induces glucose intolerance in rats. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the effect of LAN was both intensity- and wavelength-dependent. White light of 50 and 150 lx induced greater glucose responses than 5 and 20 lx, whereas all intensities other than 5 lx reduced locomotor activity. Green light induced glucose intolerance, but red and blue light did not, suggesting the involvement of a specific retina-brain pathway. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these data show that exposure to LAN has acute adverse effects on glucose metabolism in a time-, intensity- and wavelength-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Loes Opperhuizen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dirk J Stenvers
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remi D Jansen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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