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Chakrabarti S, Christopher A, Scott S, Kishore A, Nguyen PH. Effects of a large-scale alcohol ban on population-level alcohol intake, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, and domestic violence in India: a quasi-experimental population-based study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 26:100427. [PMID: 38827143 PMCID: PMC11140782 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Globally, alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for deaths and disability and a causal factor in over 200 diseases, injuries, and health conditions. In April 2016, the manufacture, transport, sale, and consumption of alcohol was banned in Bihar, a populous Indian state. We sought to estimate the impacts of this ban on health outcomes and domestic violence. Methods Data from the Indian National Family Health Surveys (2005-06, 2015-16, 2019-21), Annual Health Survey (2013), and District Level Household Survey (2012), were used to conduct difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, comparing Bihar (n = 10,733 men, n = 88,188 women) and neighbouring states (n = 38,674 men, n = 284,820 women) before and after the ban. Outcomes included frequent (daily or weekly) alcohol consumption, underweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and intimate partner violence. A triple difference model adding male-female interaction to the DID model was also estimated. Attributable averted cases were calculated to estimate the impact of the ban. Findings Across all models, the ban led to reduced frequent alcohol consumption (DID: -7.1 percentage points (pp) (95% CI -9.6pp, -4.6pp), lower overweight/obesity (-5.6pp (-8.9, -2.2) among males, and reduced experiences of emotional (-4.8pp (-8.2pp, -1.4pp) and sexual (-5.5pp (-8.7pp, -2.3pp) violence among females. The ban prevented approximately 2.4 million cases of daily/weekly alcohol consumption and 1.8 million cases of overweight/obesity among males, and 2.1 million cases of intimate partner violence among females. Interpretation Strict alcohol regulation policies may yield significant population level health benefits for frequent drinkers and many victims of intimate partner violence. Funding No funding was received for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chakrabarti
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anita Christopher
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Development Support and Governance Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel Scott
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Avinash Kishore
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Development Support and Governance Division, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Phuong Hong Nguyen
- The International Food Policy Research Institute, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC, USA
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Thakkar S, Smiley KT. Overlooked Realities: Reimagining "Home" and "House" Among Women Domestic Workers in India. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2053-2072. [PMID: 38470495 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241238245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Domestic workers (DWs) are integral to the daily lives of a significant portion of India's urban population, with an estimated 3.9 million individuals employed in domestic roles in urban areas, mostly women. This article explores the perceptions of home, house, and safe spaces among migrant women DWs in Delhi. Through in-depth interviews, it delves into their lived experiences as both breadwinners and survivors of domestic violence, revealing that (a) house and home are differently conceptualized by these workers; (b) their homes are perceived as warzones, reinforcing patriarchy through incidents of domestic violence and gendered subordination; and (c) women DWs navigate the complexities of conflicting identities as breadwinners and survivors within unequal gendered relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Thakkar
- Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kevin T Smiley
- Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Patel A, Dixon KE, Rojas S, Gopalakrishnan L, Carmio N. Explaining Suicide Among Indian Women: Applying the Cultural Theory of Suicide to Indian Survivors of Gender-Based Violence Reporting Suicidal Ideation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241254145. [PMID: 38819007 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241254145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Indian women account for 36.6% of suicide-related deaths worldwide and gender-based violence (GBV) is a key social determinant. The cultural theory of suicide (CTS), which synthesizes risk factors and explanations of suicide among racial/ethnic minorities, posits four tenets: idioms of distress, cultural sanctions, and social discord. Our study applied the CTS to Indian women from slums reporting GBV to explore (1) culturally relevant risk pathways towards suicidal ideation using qualitative analyses, and test (2) the association between idioms of distress and suicidal ideation. 112 women from urban slums were recruited and 99 completed surveys. A subset were administered qualitative interviews. Aim 1 explored the CTS framework among participants describing suicidal ideation in qualitative interviews [n = 18]; Aim 2 explored if idioms of distress severity was associated with suicidal ideation through an ANCOVA [N = 99]. Idioms of distress such as 'tension' indicated suicidal ideation. Communities did not sanction suicidal ideation, leading to secrecy regarding disclosure. Women in 'love marriages' (versus arranged marriages) reported minority stress. Social discord heightened suicidal thoughts. Results of the ANCOVA confirmed that women reporting suicidal ideation had higher idioms of distress severity (M = 28.56, SD = 6.37), compared to women who did not (M = 21.77, SD = 6.07), F(1, 96) = 28.58, p < .001 (ηp2 = .23). Our study empirically validates the CTS among Indian GBV survivors. Culturally responsive suicide prevention can include assessing idioms of distress, improving family support, and educating to reduce stigma and enhance help-seeking.
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Gunarathne L, Bhowmik J, Apputhurai P, Nedeljkovic M. Factors and consequences associated with intimate partner violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293295. [PMID: 37939106 PMCID: PMC10631698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global public health issue, with notably high prevalence rates observed within Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This systematic review aimed to examine the risk factors and consequences associated with IPV against women in LMICs. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using three databases: Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and Scopus, covering the period from January 2010 to January 2022. The study included only peer-reviewed journal articles in English that investigated IPV against women in LMICs. Out of 167 articles screened, 30 met the inclusion criteria, comprising both quantitative and mixed-method studies. Risk factors of IPV were categorised as: demographic risk factors (23 studies), family risk factors (9 studies), community-level factors (1 studies), and behavioural risk factors (14 studies), while consequences of IPV were categorised as mental health impacts (13 studies), physical impacts (5 studies), and societal impacts (4 studies). In this study, several risk factors were identified including lower levels of education, marriage at a young age, poor wealth indices, rural residential areas, and acceptance of gender norms that contribute to the prevalence of IPV in LMICs. It is essential to address these factors through effective preventive policies and programs. Moreover, this review highlights the necessity of large-scale, high-quality policy-driven research to further examine risk factors and consequences, ultimately guiding the development of interventions aimed at preventing IPV against women in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakma Gunarathne
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jahar Bhowmik
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pragalathan Apputhurai
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maja Nedeljkovic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Md Said MHB, Emmanuel Kaka G. Domestic Violence in Cross-Border Marriages: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1483-1502. [PMID: 35232287 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221074321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cross-border marriages have been found to be associated with domestic violence due to the migration experiences of the couples concerned and the stress experienced before, during, and after migration, despite local and international legislation on domestic violence. A systematic review using the PRISMA Statement was conducted to examine the relationship between domestic violence and cross-border marriages among cross-border wives from Asian countries. Six databases-Taylor & Francis Online, Wiley Online, Scopus, Web of Science, Sage Journals, and Springer Online library, were used in the research which found 179 articles for eligibility and 58 articles were finally used in the review. To be included, studies must have addressed domestic violence and cross-border marriage among Asians, report qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods, addressed the RQs, been published in polished English between 2010 and 2020 and published in a reputable journal with high impact factor. The systematic review found that immigration status, citizenship, culture, language barrier, diversity/intersectionality, age, and economic dependence are the risk factors for domestic violence, which leads effects such as divorce or separation, racism, loneliness, loss of identity & inheritance, stigma, abandonment, and discrimination. Yet these cross-border wives resorted to NGOs, social & religious groups, and traditional beliefs as coping strategies. The review suggests that legislations on domestic violence should be amended to include a definition of the rights of immigrant women, and the plight of cross-border wives, which should be protected. It is also imperative to propose favorable laws and policies regarding immigration status and citizenship for these cross-border couples.
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Bourey C, Heise L, Tol WA, Greene MC. Partner Alcohol Use and Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: Independent and Synergistic Effects on Intimate Partner Violence Across 19 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6500-6522. [PMID: 36342211 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although partner alcohol use and acceptance of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are critical determinants of IPVAW, little is known about their interaction. We explored how partner alcohol use and attitudes toward IPVAW act independently and jointly at the individual and community levels to influence women's reports of experiencing IPVAW across low- and middle-income countries. We conducted secondary analyses using a pooled sample of reproductive-aged women (n = 166,621) from 19 Demographic and Health Survey datasets. We fit a series of a priori-defined mixed-effects logistic regression models of the total effects, within- and between-community effects, and contextual effects of past-year IPVAW on partner alcohol use, acceptance of IPVAW, and their multiplicative interaction. We then fit a series of models stratified by community alcohol use and acceptance of IPVAW. Partner alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 3.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [3.07, 3.33]) and women's acceptance of IPVAW (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: [1.76, 1.89]) were consistently associated with increased odds of experiencing IPVAW. Sub-multiplicative interactions were present for within-community effects (ratio of OR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.79, 0.94]), whereas supra-multiplicative interactions were present for between-community effects (ratio of OR = 1.002; 95% CI: [1.0002, 1.005]) and contextual effects (ratio of OR = 1.003; 95% CI: [1.0007, 1.005]). The odds of IPVAW associated with partner alcohol use was greatet in communities with lower partner alcohol prevalence and lower acceptance of IPVAW. It is important to consider norms and attitudes toward IPVAW alongside alcohol use when understanding epidemiological patterns of IPVAW and potential opportunities for preventive programs and policymaking. Future studies should focus on the complex interactions, at multiple social levels, between interacting risk factors for IPVAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourey
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lori Heise
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wietse A Tol
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Arq International, Diemen, the Netherlands
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Laksono AD, Wulandari RD. Violence against Pregnant Women in Indonesia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 51:1265-1273. [PMID: 36447981 PMCID: PMC9659517 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i6.9670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, violence against women, especially during pregnancy, can increase the risk of pregnancy and childbirth complications. Besides, multiple trauma may occur because it affects not only the woman but also the fetus. The present study analyzed the factors associated with violence against pregnant women in Indonesia. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved participants consisted of 2,553 pregnant women (aged 15-49) from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey data. The dependent variable was violence, while the independent variables included the characteristics of the households, respondents, and husbands/partners. In the final stage, the author calculated determinants using binary logistic regression. RESULTS The higher the wealth status of pregnant women, the lower the likelihood of domestic violence. The pregnant women who jointly owned a house with their husbands/partners were more likely to be violated than those who did not. Pregnant women in the high parity category were at greater risk of experiencing violence than those in the primiparous category. A husband/partner at a younger age increased the likelihood of violence among pregnant women. Finally, the pregnant women whose husbands/partners had primary/secondary education were more likely to experience violence than those whose husbands/partners had no education. CONCLUSION The study concluded five variables were statistically and significantly associated with violence against women in Indonesia: wealth status, homeownership, parity, husband/partner' age, and the education level of the husbands/partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyosari, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on intimate partner violence and mental health: advancing mental health services, research, and policy. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:487-524. [PMID: 35569504 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Dirirsa DE, Desta AA, Geleta TA, Gemmechu MM, Melese GT, Abebe ST. Intimate partner violence in the postpartum period and its associated factors among women attending a postnatal clinic in Central Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221100136. [PMID: 35646358 PMCID: PMC9130815 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Intimate partner violence may affect women at any stage of their lives,
including during pregnancy and after childbirth, and can have major health
consequences for both the mother and the child. Therefore, the study was
aimed to assess Intimate partner violence against postpartum women and its
associated factors among women attending the postpartum clinic in Central
Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: The hospital based cross-sectional study design was implemented among
postpartum women attending Sendafa Beke Hospital from September to October
2021. Systematic random sampling procedure was used to select 414 eligible
postpartum women. Data were collected using a structured interviewer
administered questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi Info and exported
to SPSS version 24 for analysis. All variables with p-value < 0.05 under
adjusted odds ratio were taken as statistical significant associated factors
with postpartum intimate partner violence. Results: A total of 414 postpartum women participated in the study with a 97% of
response rate. The prevalence of postpartum intimate partner violence was
31.4%. The study identified that monthly income 1000–5000 birr (adjusted
odds ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.08, 10.5), partners’ alcohol
consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 0.17, 95% confidence interval = 0.06,
0.45), decision-maker of household affairs (adjusted odds ratio = 4.8; 95%
confidence interval = 1.5, 15.1), and infant’s sex (adjusted odds
ratio = 0.03; 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.063) were significantly
associated with postpartum intimate partner violence. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, nearly one-third of postpartum women
were violated by their intimate partner after childbirth. Postpartum
intimate partner violence was found to be associated with monthly income,
partners’ alcohol intake, decision-maker of household affairs, and infant’s
sex. To reduce the magnitude of the problem, different efforts should
require from health professional, community, and government. The policy
makers, planners and other concerned bodies establish appropriate strategy
to prevent and control violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejene Edosa Dirirsa
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Alemu Desta
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
| | - Tinsae Abeya Geleta
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
| | | | - Girma Tufa Melese
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Shimellis Tadese Abebe
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia
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Riley A, Daruwalla N, Kanougiya S, Gupta A, Wickenden M, Osrin D. Intimate partner violence against women with disability and associated mental health concerns: a cross-sectional survey in Mumbai, India. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056475. [PMID: 35477887 PMCID: PMC9047698 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women with disability is believed to be high. We aimed to compare the prevalence of past-year IPV against women with and without functional difficulties in urban informal settlements, to review its social determinants and to explore its association with mental health. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Fifty clusters within four informal settlements. PARTICIPANTS 5122 women aged 18-49 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We used the Washington Group Short Set of Questions to assess functional difficulties. IPV in the past year was described by binary composites of questions about physical, sexual and emotional violence. We screened for symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and of anxiety using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations between functional difficulties, IPV and mental health. RESULTS 10% of participants who screened positive for functional disability had greater odds of experiencing physical or sexual IPV (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.68, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.29) and emotional IPV (1.52, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.00) than women who screened negative. Women who screened positive for functional disability had greater odds than women who screened negative of symptoms suggesting moderate or severe anxiety (AOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.78 to 3.49), depression (2.91, 95% CI 2.13 to 3.99) and suicidal thinking (AOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.50). CONCLUSIONS The burden of IPV fell disproportionately on women with functional difficulties, who were also more likely to screen positive for common mental disorder. Public health initiatives need to respond at local and national levels to address the overlapping and mutually reinforcing determinants of violence, while existing policy needs to be better utilised to ensure protection for the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Riley
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nayreen Daruwalla
- Program on Prevention of Violence Against Women and Children, SNEHA, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suman Kanougiya
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Apoorwa Gupta
- Program on Prevention of Violence Against Women and Children, SNEHA, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mary Wickenden
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - David Osrin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Vaz JDS, Souza MEMDCD, Valério ID, Silva MTD, Freitas-Vilela AA, Bierhals IO, Hasselmann MH, Kac G. Physical intimate partner violence and dietary patterns in pregnancy: a Brazilian cohort. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:1317-1326. [PMID: 35475814 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022274.05882021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the repercussions of intimate partner violence (IPV) on nutritional outcomes in pregnancy, especially regarding diet. The aim was to investigate whether the occurrence of physical IPV at any time during pregnancy is associated with gestational dietary patterns. 161 adult pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Overall and severe physical IPV were measured to evaluate IPV at any time during pregnancy. Three gestational dietary patterns ("Healthy", "Common-Brazilian", and "Processed") were established by principal component analysis. The effect of physical IPV was tested in relation to the score of adherence to each of the dietary patterns. The occurrence of overall and severe physical IPV at any time during pregnancy was 20.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Women living in intimate relationships in which overall and severe physical IPV occurred had an average increase of 0.604 units (95%CI 0.149-1.058) and 1.347 units (95%CI 0.670-2.024), respectively, in the Processed dietary pattern adherence score. No association with "Healthy" and "Common-Brazilian" dietary patterns was observed. Physical IPV was associated with greater adherence to a dietary pattern of lower nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos Vaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). R. Gomes Carneiro 1, Centro. 96010-610 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Maria Eduarda Monteiro da Cunha de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). R. Gomes Carneiro 1, Centro. 96010-610 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Inae Dutra Valério
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Departamento de Medicina Social, UFPel. Pelotas RS Brasil
| | - Manoela Teixeira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). R. Gomes Carneiro 1, Centro. 96010-610 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Ana Amélia Freitas-Vilela
- Unidade Acadêmica Especial em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Jataí. Jataí GO Brasil
| | - Isabel Oliveira Bierhals
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Departamento de Medicina Social, UFPel. Pelotas RS Brasil
| | - Maria Helena Hasselmann
- Departamento de Nutrição Social, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Observatório de Epidemiologia Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Departamento de Nutrição Social e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
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Tusa BS, Kebede SA, Weldesenbet AB. Spatial distribution and determinant factors of intimate partner violence among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia: Using generalized structural equation modeling. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263811. [PMID: 35226676 PMCID: PMC8884698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is the most serious and pervasive yet under-recognized human rights violation in the world, particularly in Ethiopia. Hence, the objective of this study was to find the spatial distribution of IPV and its determinant factors in Ethiopia. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted among 2,687 reproductive age group women (15–49 years). The distribution of IPV across the country was observed by ArcGIS software. In SaTScan software, the Bernoulli model was fitted by Kulldorff methods to identify the purely spatial clusters of IPV. Besides, Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM) was used to determine factors associated with each domain of IPV (physical, emotional & sexual violence). Result The spatial distribution of IPV was found to be clustered in Ethiopia with Global Moran’s I 0.09 (p < 0.001), and the highest IPV cluster was observed in Oromia (p < 0.001), Somali (p < 0.001) and SNNP (p<0.001) regions. Watching television and not having attitudes toward wife beating were negatively associated with physical violence. Being rich and nonsmoker were inversely associated with emotional violence. The odds of experiencing sexual violence were high among pregnant women and wives of uneducated husbands/partners. In addition, women’s decision-making autonomy and husband/partner drinking alcohol have positive and negative associations with all domains of IPV respectively. Conclusion There was a significant clustering of IPV in Ethiopia and the highest IPV cluster was observed in Oromia, Somali and SNNP regions. Being rich, watching television, not having attitudes toward wife beating, women’s decision-making autonomy, and husband’s/partner’s high education and non-alcohol drinker status were negatively associated with IPV. The likelihood of experiencing IPV was also high among smokers and pregnant women. Thus, we recommend that improving the economic status of the household through social protection and empowerment of women in decision-making autonomy by education and employment and increasing community awareness about the consequences of IPV with particular emphasis on Oromia, Somali and SNNP regions is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Shalmeno Tusa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collage of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sewnet Adem Kebede
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Collage of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
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Jungari S, Chinchore S. Perception, Prevalence, and Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy in Urban Slums of Pune, Maharashtra, India. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP239-NP263. [PMID: 32345120 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520914548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is limited evidence on the prevalence and determinants of violence against pregnant women in India. Previous studies were entirely restricted to the violence against women in the reproductive age group. There is lack of evidence about the factors affecting violence against women during pregnancy. Understanding such factors, women's perception regarding violence during pregnancy and their justification of such violence could manifest an important aspect of violence. Women living in slum communities particularly are victims of violence. In this context, this study intended to examine women's perception, prevalence of, and factors affecting the violence against women during pregnancy in the slum communities of Pune. A community-based cross-sectional study of 1-year duration was undertaken in urban slums of Pune city, Maharashtra, India. The study participants were women who have delivered 2 years preceding the survey. Using simple random sampling, 500 women were selected from 10 purposively selected slums. House-to-house visits were made and face-to-face interviews conducted using a pretested structured questionnaire. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were applied. The study results show that 15.3% of women have experienced violence during their recent pregnancy. Furthermore, 9.2% of women experienced physical violence, 1.8% sexual violence, and 11.2% psychological violence. Education level of women, husband's education and alcohol consumption, history of violence in the family, and provision of spurious justification for violence have emerged as some of the leading factors associated with the violence inflicted during pregnancy. Effective interventions at both community and health care settings are needed urgently to reduce the violence inflicted during pregnancy.
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Giusto A, Johnson SL, Lovero KL, Wainberg ML, Rono W, Ayuku D, Puffer ES. Building community-based helping practices by training peer-father counselors: A novel intervention to reduce drinking and depressive symptoms among fathers through an expanded masculinity lens. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 95:103291. [PMID: 34107387 PMCID: PMC8530851 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problem drinking and co-occurring depression symptoms affect men at high rates and are associated with increased risk of family violence. In low- and middle-income countries, there is a large treatment gap for services due to a lack of human resources. Moreover, masculine norms are a barrier to men seeking treatment for drinking and depression in healthcare settings. We examined an approach for engaging peer-fathers to deliver an intervention to reduce alcohol use, improve depressive symptoms, and increase family involvement among fathers in Kenya with problem drinking. The intervention-LEAD (Learn, Engage, Act, Dedicate)-combines motivational interviewing, behavioral activation, and masculinity discussion strategies. METHODS Community and religious leaders nominated fathers with no mental health training to serve as counselors (N=12); clients were recruited through community referrals. Nominated fathers completed a 10-day training beginning with treatment principles followed by manualized content. Three counselors were selected after training based on quantitative and qualitative assessments of communication skills, intervention knowledge, willingness to learn, ability to use feedback, and empathy. Supervision was tiered with local supervisors and clinical psychologist consultation. During LEAD delivery, counselor fidelity, delivery quality, and general and intervention-specific competencies were assessed. To evaluate acceptability, qualitative interviews were conducted with lay-counselors and clients (N=11). Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative outcomes; interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Peer-father lay counselors treated nine clients, with eight completing treatment. Counselors reached high rates of fidelity (93.8%) and high to optimal ratings on quality of delivery, clinical competency, and intervention-specific competencies. Qualitative results suggested high acceptability, with counselors expressing satisfaction and empowerment in their roles. Clients likewise described positive experiences with counselors. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide initial support for the acceptability and feasibility of recruitment, selection, and training processes for peer-father lay counselors to deliver LEAD through a lens of masculinity that aligned with clients help-acceptance practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Giusto
- Columbia University Medical Center, USA.
| | - Savannah L Johnson
- Duke University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lovero
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia, University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Milton L Wainberg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia, University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wilter Rono
- Moi Teaching & Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Rift Valley, Kenya
| | - David Ayuku
- Moi Teaching & Referral Hospital, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Eldoret, Rift Valley, Kenya
| | - Eve S Puffer
- Duke University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience; Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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Jungari S. Violent Motherhood: Prevalence and Factors Affecting Violence Against Pregnant Women in India. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP6323-NP6342. [PMID: 30484355 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518815134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women is widely recognized as a serious public health problem in the world. Especially violence against pregnant women has more severe health consequences for both women and child. The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence and factors affecting violence during pregnancy in India. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 are used to analyze this study. NFHS is a series of demographic health surveys conducted in India. Information on violence against pregnant women was collected for the first time in NFHS-4. Univariate and multivariate analyses are used to show the factors affecting violence during pregnancy. Study results reveal that the prevalence of violence varied among states from 0.5% to 9%, and women in South India were at a greater risk of abuse during pregnancy than that of women in other parts of India. Women with no education, women in poor household, women having three and more children, and women from rural area are at greater risk of being victims of violence during motherhood. Effective strategies such as responsive health care system, effective implementation of legal measures, and educating and engaging men in preventing violence are urgently needed.
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Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Vietnam: role of husbands. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:271-279. [PMID: 32728774 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-020-01056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators are often husbands. Understanding factors pertaining to women's male partners is essential for programming interventions against IPV. The objective of the study was to describe husband-related social and behavioural risk factors and assess how they are associated with IPV during pregnancy. Cross-sectional data were collected among 1309 pregnant women with husbands in Dong Anh district, Vietnam. Information on sociodemographic characteristics of husbands, the husband's behaviour and the husband's involvement in pregnancy care was indirectly collected via women's report at first antenatal care visit. Data on exposure to intimate partner violence during pregnancy were collected when the women returned for antenatal care in 30-34 gestational weeks. Logistic regression analyses were used to measure the relationships between IPV during pregnancy and risk factors from the husband. Pregnant women who had husbands who were younger or blue-collar worker/farmer/unemployed had more likelihood to be exposed to IPV. Women with husbands who drank alcohol before sexual intercourse and gambled were more likely to be exposed to IPV repeated times. Those with husbands who had intentions of having a child had over three times increased OR to be exposed to IPV once (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.7). If the husband had a preference for sons, the woman had 1.5 times increased OR (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-1.9) to be exposed to IPV repeated times during pregnancy. This study highlights significant associations between IPV and maternal perceptions of husbands' behaviours and involvement in pregnancy. Findings may help to identify at-risk pregnant women to IPV and guide the development of targeted interventions to prevent IPV from husbands.
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Rahme C, Haddad C, Akel M, Khoury C, Obeid H, Obeid S, Hallit S. Factors associated with violence against women in a representative sample of the Lebanese population: results of a cross-sectional study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:63-72. [PMID: 32008070 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-020-01022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the prevalence of violence against women (VAW) and assess factors associated with VAW among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. This cross-sectional study was carried out between September and December 2018. Participants from all Lebanese governorates were enrolled in this study using a proportionate random sample. The percentages of women who were exposed to physical and non-physical abuse were 37.1% and 49.4% respectively. Factors associated with physical abuse were being divorced, having a partner addicted to substances and alcohol, or with a history of threats, violence, assaults, and crimes, higher stressful life experiences, and abuse reported from childhood (physical, sexual, or psychological). Non-physical abuse was associated with abuse reported from childhood (physical, sexual, or psychological), higher stressful life experiences, and the fact that the partner is addicted to substances and alcohol, or has a history of threats. Our results suggest that being divorced, illiterate, and unemployed, having an addicted partner, and having experienced child abuse are all factors that are associated with more violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rahme
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, University Limoges, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chloe Khoury
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Hala Obeid
- Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon. .,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
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Prevalence and predictors of spousal violence against women in Afghanistan: evidence from Demographic and Health Survey data. J Biosoc Sci 2021; 54:225-242. [PMID: 33494851 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932020000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spousal violence against women is a serious public health problem that is prevalent in all societies, with one in three women around the world experiencing violence in their lifetime. This study examined the prevalence of spousal violence, and its determinants, in Afghanistan using data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey. Univariate, bivariate and logistic regression statistical techniques were used to assess the association of socioeconomic variables with spousal violence. The study sample comprised 20,827 currently married women aged 15-49. Fifty-two per cent of women reported experiencing some form of violence by their husband. A significant association was found between women's justification of violence, women's participation in decision-making in their household (COR=0.476; CI=0.446-0.509) and lower risk of experiencing spousal violence. After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors, women's participation in all of four household decisions, either alone or jointly, was found to be associated with a lower risk of experiencing spousal violence (AOR=0.472; CI=0.431-0.516). In both the crude and adjusted models, the risk of experiencing spousal violence was high if the husband's desire for children was different from that of his wife. In the case of inequality in property ownership, the risk of spousal violence was significantly higher (COR=1.263; CI=1.178-1.353; AOR=1.159; CI=1.051-1.278) when women were joint owners of property compared with when they did not own any property. The findings point to an immediate need for legal and social interventions to prevent spousal violence against women, or at least reduce its prevalence, in Afghanistan.
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Bhatta N, Assanangkornchai S, Rajbhandari I. Does husband's alcohol consumption increase the risk of domestic violence during the pregnancy and postpartum periods in Nepalese women? BMC Public Health 2021; 21:5. [PMID: 33390166 PMCID: PMC7780634 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic violence against women during pregnancy and the postpartum period not only violates the human rights of women but also harms on the health of both mother and child. Domestic violence is entrenching in social norms, customs and structural factors against women in Nepal. The use of alcohol also exacerbates domestic violence. The objective of this study was to determine the association between domestic violence against women and husband’s drinking behavior across the periods of pregnancy and postpartum. Methods This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in the antenatal care and postnatal care clinics of a government hospital in Kathmandu district. Among 660 women (aged 15–49), 165 women were consecutively recruited from each trimester of pregnancy and the postpartum period. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were computed from a multivariate logistic regression model to determine the association between domestic violence against women and the husband’s drinking behavior. Results Women whose husbands drank alcohol were twice as likely to suffer from domestic violence, compared to those women whose husbands did not drink (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.4–3.2), independently of their socio-demographic status. Women suffered from domestic violence in each period of pregnancy and postpartum due to their husband’s drinking habits, but the most affected period was the second trimester of pregnancy. Among women who suffered from physical, psychological and sexual violence during the pregnancy and postpartum periods, 70.2, 67.9, and 64.2% respectively experienced violence due to their husband’s drinking habit. Other associated factors for domestic violence included the ethnic culture of Janjati ethnicity, illiteracy of the women, duration of marriage 2–5 years (compared to one year or less) and a husband who behaved in a controlling manner. Conclusions Having a husband who has alcohol drinking behavior is an important risk factor for domestic violence against women in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. Screening of alcohol use in husbands will not prevent domestic violence but could lead to a referral to integrated treatment for alcohol and domestic violence treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-020-10021-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Bhatta
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand.
| | | | - Ishwari Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurological Referral Center, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
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Mondal D, Paul P. Associations of Power Relations, Wife-Beating Attitudes, and Controlling Behavior of Husband With Domestic Violence Against Women in India: Insights From the National Family Health Survey-4. Violence Against Women 2021; 27:2530-2551. [PMID: 33393878 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220978794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the relationship of power relations, attitudes toward wife-beating, and controlling behavior of husband with violence against women in India using the recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). In India, about 31% of ever-married women experienced domestic violence committed by their partner during 2015-16. Women's decision-making power was associated with a decreased likelihood of spousal violence. However, the justification of wife-beating and controlling behavior of husband increased the risk of intimate partner violence. This study emphasizes the need for prioritizing girls' education, enhancing women's autonomy, prevention of child marriage, and promoting gender equality in society to address the problem of spousal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pintu Paul
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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“I’d Probably Be Dead Now”: Evaluating the Impact of Theatre Practitioners Working on a Recovery-Based Community Drama Project. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAside from the often-fatal consequences of substance abuse, people recovering from addiction suffer greater adverse childhood experiences, trauma in adulthood, and inequalities than non-addicts. As a result, psychological, emotional, and developmental barriers can prevent effective recovery, leaving people traumatised, vulnerable, and doubly stigmatised. The challenge, therefore, is for recovery practitioners to deliver responses that not only treat biological problems resulting from addiction but also address psychological, social, and cultural needs. One group of professionals providing holistic approaches to people in recovery are arts-based practitioners. This paper derives from a 3-year longitudinal study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, to examine the psychosocial impact of one community-based drama project called Staging Recovery. The study found the work of theatre practitioners not only provided recovery participants safe spaces to explore sensitive and difficult recovery themes but the use of theatre techniques and ethically driven practice exposed participants to high-quality, social, cultural, and human capital.
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Jungari S, Chauhan BG, Bomble P, Pardhi A. Violence against women in urban slums of India: A review of two decades of research. Glob Public Health 2020; 17:115-133. [PMID: 33253046 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1850835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that about one-third of women ever experienced violence in their lifetime. India has experienced steady urban growth accompanying increase of urban populations living in slums. Several studies have reported prevalence of various forms of violence in urban slums. To our knowledge, no systematic review has been conducted exclusively reporting violence against women in India's urban slums. The review aims to synthesise the studies of violence against women conducted in the last two decades (2000-2020). We searched PubMed, Scopus and other relevant search engines to identify articles published between years 2000 and 2020, which focused on Indian women slum dwellers' experiences of violence. We included 14 studies, which satisfied the inclusion criteria in this review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was used to assess the studies. The prevalence of any form of violence against women, as reported in the studies, ranged from 15% to 59.3%. The major risk factors identified were husband's alcohol abuse, women justifying the violence inflicted on then, low educational levels of both women and men, dowry issues, age difference between the spouses and termination of a previous pregnancy. It is evident from the review that urban slum women experience persistent violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Jungari
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bal Govind Chauhan
- Population Research Centre, Gokhle Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Bomble
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Pardhi
- School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Abstract
The public health ramifications of marital violence are well documented and include injury, mental health concerns and physical health consequences for women and their offspring. Unfortunately, there remains social tolerance and even acceptance of these abuses against women, and health systems in India have done little to support victims despite their greater health risks. However, there are promising efforts and important advancements in India that could be built on for more effective prevention and support for women. Men and boys should be engaged in gender transformative interventions with male role models to alter men's attitudes of acceptability of and justification for marital violence and consequently their actual abusive behaviours. Given the strong demonstrated connection between men's risky and problem alcohol use and marital violence, alcohol interventions may also be beneficial. We must support women and girls vulnerable to marital violence, a group disproportionately affected by violence in their natal families as well, so they know that violence need not be part of their marriage relationship, and have skills on how to engage and communicate with or even leave their male partners to reduce their risk for violence. Formal services should be expanded for those in immediate danger and particularly for rural areas, where prevalence of marital violence is highest and supports are weakest. Finally, given the pervasiveness of attitudes accepting husbands' marital violence against women, and the fact that these have remained largely unchanged in India for a decade, large scale community and social change efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity & Health, School of Medicine; Department of Education Studies, Division of Social Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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Willie TC, Bastida C, Olavarrieta CD, Scolese A, Campos PA, Falb KL, Gupta J. Socioecological determinants of community resource utilisation among low-income women in Mexico City who experienced male-to-female intimate partner violence. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:1627-1638. [PMID: 32496865 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1775868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) face multiple barriers to seeking help from community resources, but little research has examined the impact of ecological influences on community resource utilisation among women living in low- and middle-income countries. The current study investigated individual-, relationship-, family-, and community-level influences on community resource utilisation among Mexican women experiencing IPV. Using baseline data from 950 women in Mexico City enrolled in a clinic-based randomised controlled trial, multilevel regressions were performed to assess associations between socioecological factors and women's community resource utilisation. 41.3% women used at least one resource. At the individual-level, every additional resource that women were aware of, was associated with a 20% increase in the total number of resources used (p < .001). Every additional lethal risk factor was associated with a 5% increase in the total number of resources used (p = .004). At the family-level, women who reported having an in-law encourage IPV used 46% more resources (p < .001). At the community-level, stronger supportive norms around community resource utilisation was associated with a 6% increase in the total number of resources (p = .01). These findings suggest the importance of addressing family and community factors in the broader ecological context of Mexican women's help-seeking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Claudia Diaz Olavarrieta
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna Scolese
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Greene MC, Heise L, Musci RJ, Wirtz AL, Johnson R, Leoutsakos JM, Wainberg ML, Tol WA. Improving estimation of the association between alcohol use and intimate partner violence in low-income and middle-income countries. Inj Prev 2020; 27:injuryprev-2019-043433. [PMID: 32371469 PMCID: PMC9121334 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a consistent correlate of intimate partner violence (IPV) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the magnitude of this association differs across studies, which may be due to contextual and methodological factors. This study aims to estimate and explore sources of heterogeneity in the association between alcohol use and IPV in 28 LMICs (n=109 700 couples). METHODS In nationally representative surveys, partnered women reported on IPV victimisation and male partner's alcohol use. We estimated the relationship between alcohol use and IPV using logistic regression and full propensity score matching to account for confounding. Country-specific ORs were combined using a random-effects model. Country-level indicators of health and development were regressed on ORs to examine sources of variability in these estimates. RESULTS Partner alcohol use was associated with a 2.55-fold increase in the odds of past-year IPV victimisation (95% CI 2.27 to 2.86) with substantial variability between regions (I2=70.0%). Countries with a low (<50%) prevalence of past-year alcohol use among men displayed larger associations between alcohol use and IPV. Exploratory analyses revealed that colonisation history, religion, female literacy levels and substance use treatment availability may explain some of the remaining heterogeneity observed in the strength of the association between alcohol use and IPV across countries. CONCLUSION Partner alcohol use is associated with increased odds of IPV victimisation in LMICs, but to varying degrees across countries. Prevalences of male alcohol use and cultural factors were related to heterogeneity in these estimates between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Claire Greene
- Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori Heise
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rashelle J Musci
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee Johnson
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeannie-Marie Leoutsakos
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Wietse A Tol
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Peter C. Alderman Program for Global Mental Health, HealthRight International, New York, New York, USA
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Sijtsema JJ, Stolz EA, Bogaerts S. Unique Risk Factors of the Co-Occurrence Between Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Recent studies found that there is considerable overlap between perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (CM), suggesting that both types of domestic violence can co-occur. However, there is a lack of consistency about the prevalence of co-occurrence, what unique risk factors and outcomes of co-occurrence are, and whether co-occurrence differs between Europe and other world regions. The aim is thus to review existing evidence and provide a framework for the study of IPV and CM co-occurrence by identifying unique risk factors and outcomes. In total, 12 European studies were identified that examined risk factors of co-occurrence between IPV and CM. Risk factors were distinguished at the individual, dyadic, and broader contextual levels, and compared between Europe and other regions of the world. Despite significant variation between studies, several general patterns were discerned, both globally and region-specific. These insights were used to develop a framework for the explanation of IPV and CM co-occurrence, which has implications for prevention and treatment. Importantly, more awareness and early signaling of risk for co-occurrence may counteract the spill-over from one type of domestic violence into the other to the benefit of children’s safety and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle J. Sijtsema
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Elena A. Stolz
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
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Sapkota D, Baird K, Saito A, Anderson D. Interventions for reducing and/or controlling domestic violence among pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2019; 8:79. [PMID: 30940204 PMCID: PMC6889323 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-0998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence (DV) during pregnancy is recognized as a global health problem associated with serious health consequences for both the mother and her baby. Several interventions aimed at addressing DV around the time of pregnancy have been developed in the last decade, but they are primarily from developed countries. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are facing both a mounting burden of DV as well as severe resource constraints that keep them from emulating some of the effective interventions implemented in developed settings. A systematic review was conducted to examine the approaches and effects of interventions designed for reducing or controlling DV among pregnant women in LMICs. METHODS Electronic databases were systematically searched, and the search was augmented by bibliographic reviews and expert consultations. Two reviewers assessed eligibility and quality of the studies and extracted data independently. The third reviewer was involved to resolve any discrepancies between the reviewers. Due to the limited number of studies and varied outcomes, a meta-analysis was not possible. Primary outcomes of this review included frequency and/or severity of DV and secondary outcomes included mental health, safety behaviours, and use of community resources. In addition, findings from the critical appraisal of studies were utilised to inform the initial draft of Theory of Change (ToC). RESULTS Only five studies (two randomized trials and three non-randomized trials) met the eligibility criteria. The interventions consisting of supportive counselling demonstrated a reduction in DV and an improvement in use of safety behaviours. One study has embedded the DV intervention into an existing program on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Limited evidence could be drawn for outcomes such as quality of life and the use of community resources. DISCUSSION This review attempted to address the knowledge gap by collating evidence on interventions aimed at addressing DV among pregnant women in LMICs. The development of a ToC was critical in understanding how certain activities led to the desired outcomes. This ToC can guide the design of future research and development of practice guidelines. The participatory involvement of the stakeholders is recommended to refine the current ToC to support its further development for practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42017073938.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sapkota
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. .,Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal. .,Gold Coast University Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kathleen Baird
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,Women's Wellness Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amornrat Saito
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Debra Anderson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,Gold Coast University Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Halim N, Steven E, Reich N, Badi L, Messersmith L. Variability and validity of intimate partner violence reporting by couples in Tanzania. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193253. [PMID: 29518162 PMCID: PMC5843259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, major global institutions have amplified their efforts to address intimate partner violence (IPV) against women-a global health and human rights violation affecting 15-71% of reproductive aged women over their lifetimes. Still, some scholars remain concerned about the validity of instruments used for IPV assessment in population-based studies. In this paper, we conducted two validation analyses using novel data from 450 women-men dyads across nine villages in Northern Tanzania. First, we examined the level of inter-partner agreement in reporting of men's physical, sexual, emotional and economic IPV against women in the last three and twelve months prior to the survey, ever in the relationship, and during pregnancy. Second, we conducted a convergent validity analysis to compare the relative efficacy of men's self-reports of perpetration and women's of victimization as a valid indicator of IPV against Tanzanian women using logistic regression models with village-level clustered errors. We found that, for every violence type across the recall periods of the last three months, the last twelve months and ever in the relationship, at least one in three couples disagreed about IPV occurrences in the relationship. Couples' agreement about physical, sexual and economic IPV during pregnancy was high with 86-93% of couples reporting concordantly. Also, men's self-reported perpetration had statistically significant associations with at least as many validated risk factors as had women's self-reported victimization. This finding suggests that men's self-reports are at least as valid as women's as an indicator of IPV against women in Northern Tanzania. We recommend more validation studies are conducted in low-income countries, and that data on relationship factors affecting IPV reports and reporting are made available along with data on IPV occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafisa Halim
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ester Steven
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Naomi Reich
- World Education Inc./Bantwana Initiative, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lilian Badi
- World Education, Inc./Bantwana Initiative–Tanzania, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Lisa Messersmith
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Moraes CLD, Oliveira AGESD, Reichenheim ME, Gama SGND, Leal MDC. Prevalence of physical intimate partner violence in the first six months after childbirth in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00141116. [PMID: 28832785 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00141116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of physical intimate partner violence in the first six months after childbirth among women attending primary care clinics (UBS) for the infant's follow-up in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This is the first study on the theme using a representative sample of primary care clinics in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The study used a cross-sectional design from June to September 2007 and included 927 mothers/infants seen at 27 UBS, selected by complex sampling, geographically representative of the city. The information was collected in face-to-face interviews by a previously trained team, using a structured questionnaire. History of physical intimate partner violence from the child's birth to the date of the interview was obtained with the Brazilian version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Thirty percent (95%CI: 26.2-33.8) of mothers reported having experienced some form of physical intimate partner violence in the postpartum and 14% (95%CI: 11.0-17.0) reported severe physical violence. The physical abuse occurred especially among black teenage mothres, in unfavorable socioeconomic situation, that did not live with the partner and that had received inadequate or no prenatal care and reported difficulties in breastfeeding and use of healthcare services. The widespread occurrence of physical intimate partner violence emphasizes the urgent need to deal with the problem. Primary healthcare services must be linked to other support networks and health professionals need to be prepared to deal with the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Leite de Moraes
- Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo Leal
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Alcohol use and intimate partner violence among women and their partners in sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2017; 4:e13. [PMID: 29230309 PMCID: PMC5719482 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a well-documented risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV); however, the majority of research comes from high-income countries. METHODS Using nationally representative data from 86 024 women that participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys, we evaluated the relationship between male partner alcohol use and experiencing IPV in 14 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using multilevel mixed-effects models, we calculated the within-country, between-country, and contextual effects of alcohol use on IPV. RESULTS Prevalence of partner alcohol use and IPV ranged substantially across countries (3-62 and 11-60%, respectively). Partner alcohol use was associated with a significant increase in the odds of reporting IPV for all 14 countries included in this analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between alcohol use and IPV, although largely explained by partner alcohol use, was also attributable to overall prevalence of alcohol use in a given country. The partner alcohol use-IPV relationship was moderated by socioeconomic status (SES): among women with a partner who used alcohol those with lower SES had higher odds of experiencing IPV than women with higher SES. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that partner alcohol use is a robust correlate of IPV in SSA; however, drinking norms may independently relate to IPV and confound the relationship between partner alcohol use and IPV. These findings motivate future research employing experimental and longitudinal designs to examine alcohol use as a modifiable risk factor of IPV and as a novel target for treatment and prevention research to reduce IPV in SSA.
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Pun KD, Infanti JJ, Koju R, Schei B, Darj E. Community perceptions on domestic violence against pregnant women in Nepal: a qualitative study. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31964. [PMID: 27882865 PMCID: PMC5122230 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, knowledge of health sector options to respond to domestic violence during pregnancy is increasing, but this topic is under-investigated in Nepal. This gap affects the provision of adequate antenatal care services and understanding of factors that influence women’s willingness and ability to use available services. It is critical to know more about the social norms in a community that promote and prevent women experiencing domestic violence from seeking antenatal care. Objective To explore community perceptions of domestic violence against pregnant women. Methods A qualitative study was conducted in Dhulikhel municipality, involving 41 men and 76 women in 12 focus group discussions in different gender and family role separated groups. The interviews were recorded, transcribed in verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis. A socio-ecological model was used as a theoretical framework to illustrate linkages between individual, relationship, community, and societal influences on perceptions of domestic violence during pregnancy. Results The community recognized different forms of violence during pregnancy threatening women’s physical and psychological health and presenting obstacles to seeking antenatal care. Some types of culturally specific violence were considered particularly harmful, such as pressure to give birth to sons, denial of food, and forcing pregnant women to do hard physical work during pregnancy, which may leave daughters-in-law vulnerable to domestic violence in extended families. A culture where violence is normalized and endurance and family reconciliation are promoted above individual health was perceived to cause women to tolerate and accept the situation. Participants suggested actions and strategies to address continuing violence, which indicated a societal transition toward increased awareness and changing attitudes and practices. Conclusions Domestic violence during pregnancy needs to be addressed at different levels in Nepal, where women are often dependent on others for access to health care. Social norms were perceived to be shifting toward reduced acceptance of violence against women, but restrictions on women’s life options, movement, and decision-making authority were still considered impediments to pregnant women’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunta Devi Pun
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal.,Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; ;
| | - Jennifer J Infanti
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rajendra Koju
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Berit Schei
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Darj
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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