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Chapman S, Rentería MA, Dworkin JD, Garriga SM, Barker MS, Avila-Rieger J, Gonzalez C, Joyce JL, Vonk JMJ, Soto E, Manly JJ, Brickman AM, Mayeux RP, Cosentino SA. Association of Subjective Cognitive Decline With Progression to Dementia in a Cognitively Unimpaired Multiracial Community Sample. Neurology 2023; 100:e1020-e1027. [PMID: 36450605 PMCID: PMC9990861 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This prospective study seeks to examine the utility of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) as a marker of future progression to dementia in a community-based cohort of non-Latinx White, non-Latinx Black, and Latinx individuals. Debate surrounds the utility of SCD, the subjective perception of decline in one's cognition before such impairment is evident in traditional neuropsychological assessments, as an early indicator of impending Alzheimer disease. Unfortunately, most studies examining SCD have been conducted in non-Latinx White samples and commonly exclude groups of individuals shown to be most vulnerable to dementia. METHODS Participants were enrolled into this cohort study from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project if they were cognitively unimpaired, had baseline measurement of SCD, and self-identified as non-Latinx White, non-Latinx Black, or Latinx. SCD was measured as a continuous sum of 10 items assessing cognitive complaints. Competing risk models tested the main effects of baseline SCD on progression to dementia. Models were adjusted for age, sex/gender, years of education, medical comorbidity burden, enrollment cohort, and baseline memory test performance with death jointly modelled as a function of race/ethnicity. RESULTS A total of 4,043 (1,063 non-Latinx White, 1,267 non-Latinx Black, and 1,713 Latinx) participants were selected for this study with a mean age of 75 years, 67% women, and with a mean follow-up of 5 years. Higher baseline SCD was associated with increased rates of incident dementia over time in the full sample (hazard ratio [HR] 1.085, CI 1.047-1.125, p < 0.001) and within Latinx (HR 1.084, CI 1.039-1.130, p < 0.001) and non-Latinx Black individuals (HR 1.099, CI 1.012-1.194, p = 0.024). DISCUSSION Overall results of this study support SCD as a prodromal marker of dementia in a multiracial community sample, and in Latinx and non-Latinx Black individuals in particular. Because models examining the risk of dementia were adjusted for baseline memory test performance, the results support the idea that SCD, a subjective reflection of one's own current cognitive functioning, contributes information above and beyond standard memory testing. Current findings highlight the importance of carefully evaluating any memory concerns raised by older adults during routine visits and underscore the potential utility of screening older adults for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Chapman
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Arce Rentería
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Stella M Garriga
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Megan S Barker
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Justina Avila-Rieger
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Gonzalez
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jillian L Joyce
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jet M J Vonk
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Soto
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Adam M Brickman
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Richard P Mayeux
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A Cosentino
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (S.C., M.A.R., S.M.G., M.S.B., J.A.-R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.A.R., J.A.-R., J.L.J., E.S., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Department of Neurology (M.A.R., J.J.M., A.M.B., R.P.M., S.A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; New York State Psychiatric Institute (J.D.D.); Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics (J.D.D.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Department of Psychology (C.G.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Memory and Aging Center (J.M.J.V.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J.M.J.V.), Department of Epidemiology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
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Babulal GM, Quiroz YT, Albensi BC, Arenaza-Urquijo E, Astell AJ, Babiloni C, Bahar-Fuchs A, Bell J, Bowman GL, Brickman AM, Chételat G, Ciro C, Cohen AD, Dilworth-Anderson P, Dodge HH, Dreux S, Edland S, Esbensen A, Evered L, Ewers M, Fargo KN, Fortea J, Gonzalez H, Gustafson DR, Head E, Hendrix JA, Hofer SM, Johnson LA, Jutten R, Kilborn K, Lanctôt KL, Manly JJ, Martins RN, Mielke MM, Morris MC, Murray ME, Oh ES, Parra MA, Rissman RA, Roe CM, Santos OA, Scarmeas N, Schneider LS, Schupf N, Sikkes S, Snyder HM, Sohrabi HR, Stern Y, Strydom A, Tang Y, Terrera GM, Teunissen C, Melo van Lent D, Weinborn M, Wesselman L, Wilcock DM, Zetterberg H, O'Bryant SE. Perspectives on ethnic and racial disparities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: Update and areas of immediate need. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:292-312. [PMID: 30555031 PMCID: PMC6368893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) are a global crisis facing the aging population and society as a whole. With the numbers of people with ADRDs predicted to rise dramatically across the world, the scientific community can no longer neglect the need for research focusing on ADRDs among underrepresented ethnoracial diverse groups. The Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (ISTAART; alz.org/ISTAART) comprises a number of professional interest areas (PIAs), each focusing on a major scientific area associated with ADRDs. We leverage the expertise of the existing international cadre of ISTAART scientists and experts to synthesize a cross-PIA white paper that provides both a concise "state-of-the-science" report of ethnoracial factors across PIA foci and updated recommendations to address immediate needs to advance ADRD science across ethnoracial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh M Babulal
- Department of Neurology and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Arlene J Astell
- Department of Occupational Sciences & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, CA; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Hospital San Raffaele Pisana of Rome and Cassino, Rome and Cassino, Italy
| | - Alex Bahar-Fuchs
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Gene L Bowman
- Nutrition and Brain Health Laboratory, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U1237, Université de Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Carrie Ciro
- Department of Occupational Therapy Education, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ann D Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Hiroko H Dodge
- Department of Neurology, Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Simone Dreux
- Undergraduate Program of History and Science, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven Edland
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Esbensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine & Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisbeth Evered
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Keith N Fargo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah R Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, Section for NeuroEpidemiology, State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James A Hendrix
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott M Hofer
- Adult Development and Aging, University of Victoria, British Columbia, CA, USA
| | - Leigh A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Roos Jutten
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kerry Kilborn
- Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Sunnybrook Research Institute of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Esther S Oh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, UK; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Neuroprogressive and Dementia Network, UK
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Roe
- Department of Neurology and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Octavio A Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Aiginition Hospital, 1st Neurology Clinic, Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sietske Sikkes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather M Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Graciela Muniz Terrera
- Centers for Clinical Brain Sciences and Dementia Prevention, University in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Charlotte Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debora Melo van Lent
- Department of Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Donna M Wilcock
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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