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Meacham AM, Sosnowski MJ, Kleider-Offutt HM, Brosnan SF. Capuchin monkeys' (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) categorization of photos of unknown male conspecifics suggests attention to fWHR and a dominance bias. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23623. [PMID: 38528366 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The ability to quickly perceive others' rank minimizes costs by helping individuals behave appropriately when interacting with strangers. Indeed, humans and at least some other species can quickly determine strangers' rank or dominance based only on physical features without observing others' interactions or behavior. Nonhuman primates can determine strangers' ranks by observing their interactions, and some evidence suggests that at least some cues to dominance, such as facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), are also present in other primates. However, it is unknown whether they can determine strangers' rank simply by looking at their faces, rather than observing their interactions. If so, this would suggest selective pressure across the primates on both cues to dominance and the ability to detect those cues accurately. To address this, we examined the ability of male and female tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) to categorize images of the faces of unknown conspecifics (Sapajus from different colonies) and humans (computer-generated and real) as dominant or nondominant based only on still images. Capuchins' categorization of unknown conspecific faces was consistent with fWHR, a cue to dominance, although there was a strong tendency to categorize strangers as dominant, particularly for males. This was true despite the continued correct categorization of known individuals. In addition, capuchins did not categorize human strangers in accordance with external pre-ratings of dominance by independent human raters, despite the availability of the same cue, fWHR. We consider these results in the context of capuchin socio-ecology and what they mean for the evolution of rapid decision-making in social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Meacham
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghan J Sosnowski
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather M Kleider-Offutt
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah F Brosnan
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Paredes V, Pino FJ, Díaz D. Does facial structure explain differences in student evaluations of teaching? The role of fWHR as a proxy for perceived dominance. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 54:101381. [PMID: 38642450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Dominance is usually viewed as a positive male attribute, but this is not typically the case for women. Using a novel dataset of student evaluations of teaching in a school of Business and Economics of a selective university, we construct the face width-to-height ratio (fWHR) as a proxy for perceived dominance to assess whether individuals with a higher ratio obtain better evaluations. Our results show that a higher fWHR is associated with a better evaluation for male faculty, while the opposite is the case for female faculty. These results are not due to differences in teachers' quality or beauty. In terms of magnitude, the effect of the fWHR is much larger for female professors. To the extent that fWHR is a good proxy of perceived dominance, it appears that conformity to traditional gender norms pays off for both men and women. However, the cost of challenging these norms is much larger for women than for men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J Pino
- Department of Economics, University of Chile, Chile; IZA, Germany
| | - David Díaz
- Department of Management, University of Chile, Chile
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3
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Jiang Z, Li D, Li Z, Yang Y, Liu Y, Yue X, Wu Q, Yang H, Cui X, Xue P. Comparison of face-based and voice-based first impressions in a Chinese sample. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:20-39. [PMID: 37401616 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
People often form first impressions of others based on face and/or voice cues. This study aimed to compare the first impressions formed under these two cues. First, we compared free descriptions based on face and voice cues and found differences in the content and frequency of the personality words. We then compiled three wordlists used for face-based and voice-based first impression evaluations separately or simultaneously. Second, using these wordlists, we compared face-based and voice-based first impression ratings and found that both had significant intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. However, using the mean of the actors' self-rating and their acquaintance rating as the validity criterion, only the ratings of 'ingenuous' and 'mature' traits in the face-based first impression evaluation were significantly correlated with the validity criterion. Factor analysis revealed that face-based first impression had the dimensions of capability and approachability, while voice-based first impression had capability, approachability and reliability. The findings indicate that stable first impressions can be formed by either face or voice cues. However, the specific composition of impressions will vary between the cues. These results also provide a foundation for studying first impressions formed by an integrated perception of voice and face cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Jiang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhao Li
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yangtao Liu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Yue
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Yang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Xue
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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4
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Cook A, Thompson M, Ross P. Virtual first impressions: Zoom backgrounds affect judgements of trust and competence. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291444. [PMID: 37756284 PMCID: PMC10529556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait inferences from first impressions are drawn rapidly and spontaneously. However, the Covid-19 pandemic forced interactions online introducing differential influential factors on first impressions. As such, there is an absence of research investigating video background on videoconferencing impression formation. This study explored the influence of video background, facial expression, and gender on first impressions of trustworthiness and competence. Video background affected trustworthy and competence perceptions with Plants and Book backgrounds scoring highly on both dimensions while the Home and Novelty backgrounds consistently received the lowest ratings. Happy faces were perceived as more trustworthy and more competent while female faces were also rated as more trustworthy and more competent, regardless of the background they were using. The explanations for these findings are discussed, along with future directions for research and the implications for videoconferencing use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Cook
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Meg Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Paddy Ross
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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5
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Mosca LL, Continisio GI, De Lucia N, Gigante E, Guerriera C, Maldonato NM, Moretto E, Ragozzino O, Rosa V, Scognamiglio C, Stanzione R, Cantone D. A scoping review on innovative methods for personality observation. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1112287. [PMID: 36968705 PMCID: PMC10031124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPersonality’s investigation has always been characterized as a central area of research for psychology, such that it was established in the 1920s as an autonomous scientific-disciplinary field. Identifying and observing the people’s typical ways of “being in the world” has made possible to define the predictability of a pattern of behavioral responses related both to the possession of distinct characteristics of the agent subject and to specific environmental situations. In the actual scientific landscape, there is a strand of research that makes a description of personality through methodologies and indicators not usually used by psychology, but scientifically validated through standardized procedures. Such studies seem to be significantly increasing and reflect the emerging need to have to consider the human being in his or her complexity, whose existential and personal dimensions can no longer be traced to classification systems that are divorced from the epochal reference.ObjectiveIn this review, attention is focused on highlighting publications in the literature that have included the use of unconventional methods in the study of nonpathological personality, based on the Big Five theoretical reference model. To better understand human nature, an alternative based on evolutionary and interpersonal theory is presented.DesignOnline databases were used to identify papers published 2011–2022, from which we selected 18 publications from different resources, selected according to criteria established in advance and described in the text. A flow chart and a summary table of the articles consulted have been created.ResultsThe selected studies were grouped according to the particular method of investigation or description of personality used. Four broad thematic categories were identified: bodily and behavioral element; semantic analysis of the self-descriptions provided; integrated-type theoretical background; and use of machine learning methods. All articles refer to trait theory as the prevailing epistemological background.ConclusionThis review is presented as an initial attempt to survey the production in the literature with respect to the topic and its main purpose was to highlight how the use of observational models based on aspects previously considered as scientifically uninformative (body, linguistic expression, environment) with respect to personality analysis proves to be a valuable resource for drawing up more complete personality profiles that are able to capture more of the complexity of the person. What has emerged is a rapidly expanding field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Luciana Mosca
- SiPGI - Postgraduate School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lucia Luciana Mosca,
| | | | - Natascia De Lucia
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Gigante
- SiPGI - Postgraduate School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata, Italy
| | - Carmela Guerriera
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Nelson Mauro Maldonato
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Moretto
- SiPGI - Postgraduate School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata, Italy
| | - Ottavio Ragozzino
- SiPGI - Postgraduate School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata, Italy
| | - Veronica Rosa
- ASPICARSA (Association of Applied Scientific Research ASPIC), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Scognamiglio
- SiPGI - Postgraduate School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata, Italy
| | - Roberta Stanzione
- SiPGI - Postgraduate School of Integrated Gestalt Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata, Italy
| | - Daniela Cantone
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
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Association between Facial Metrics and Mate Rejection for Long-Term Relationship by Heterosexual Men. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations on mate choice in humans frequently report preferences, but there is little knowledge about what is important for rejection by a potential mate. The present study aims to verify if facial asymmetry and facial disharmony have an influence on mate rejection by men. We hypothesized that more asymmetric and disharmonious faces would be more rejected. For this purpose, photographs of women’s faces were presented in pairs by self-declared heterosexual men. It was requested they reject one of the faces as a potential mate for a long-term relationship. Women’s faces were also analyzed to measure facial asymmetry and facial disharmony. We used a linear mixed model to evaluate the effect of the cited metrics on each face’s number of rejections. We found that the female metrics influenced mate rejection only if associated with male age and income. The older participants rejected female partners with asymmetric faces. We suggest that aging makes men more demanding in mate choices, at least considering facial asymmetry. We concluded that rejection could be a key variable in mate choice studies, but further research is needed to clarify its effects.
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Analysis of personality traits' correlation to facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) and mandibular line angle based on 16 personality factor in Chinese college students. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278201. [PMID: 36477722 PMCID: PMC9728930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial appearance reveals clues about personality. Studies have found that facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) correlates with some personality traits, and mandibular morphology as a potential facial feature that might have correlation with personality traits. Therefore, a face recognition study was carried out to explore the personality traits' correlation to both fWHR and bilateral mandibular line angles. Specifically, face images of 904 college students in China were collected and measured, with the personality traits evaluated using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. Analyses revealed that the average bilateral mandibular line angle of the male were significantly more extensive than that of the female, while the fWHR of the female was significantly more extensive than that of the male. We found facial features (fWHR and average bilateral mandibular line angle) were correlated with 16PF in the canonical correlation analysis and the loadings of bilateral mandibular line angles were greater than that of fWHR. The fWHR was significantly negatively correlated with the scores of sensitivity and self-reliance in male but none of the factors related to fWHR in female. The bilateral mandibular line angles were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of social boldness in male, and were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of vigilance and apprehension in female. Over all, the correlations between fWHR, average bilateral mandibular line angle and certain 16PF factors in male and female tend to be different, suggesting that such correlations might vary with gender. In the future, mandibular morphology could be selected as a potential indicator in facial perception. The limitations of this study were the participants were limited to 18-30 years of age and the mandibular morphology was not measured with anthropometry, which could be further improved in future studies.
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8
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Wu K, Chen C, Yu Z. Handsome or Rugged? : A Speed-Dating Study of Ovulatory Shifts in Women's Preferences for Masculinity in Men. HUMAN NATURE (HAWTHORNE, N.Y.) 2022; 33:380-399. [PMID: 36495427 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-022-09434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We tested the good genes ovulatory shift hypothesis through speed-dating, an ecologically valid paradigm with real life consequences. Fifteen speed-dating sessions of 262 single Asian Americans were held. We analyzed 850 speed-dates involving 132 men and 100 normally ovulating women, finding ovulatory shifts in the desirability of men with more masculine facial measurements (smaller eye-mouth-eye angle, larger lower face to full face height ratio, and smaller facial width to lower face height ratio) in the predicted direction. However, there was no support for ovulatory shifts in preferences for men's self-reported height. In addition, the expected shifts were not found for women's second date offers to men. Therefore, with natural stimuli and in a competitive dating scenario, we partially replicated previously documented ovulatory shifts in women's preferences for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wu
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5151 State University Drive, 90032, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, USA
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9
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Batres C, Robinson H. Makeup increases attractiveness in male faces. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275662. [PMID: 36327222 PMCID: PMC9632771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Makeup is commonly attributed with increasing attractiveness in female faces, but this effect has not been investigated in male faces. We therefore sought to examine whether the positive effect of makeup on attractiveness can be extended to male faces. Twenty men were photographed facing forward, under constant camera and lighting conditions, with neutral expressions, and closed mouths. Each man was photographed twice: once without any cosmetics applied and another time with subtle cosmetics applied by a professional makeup artist. Two hundred participants then rated those 40 images on attractiveness. The male faces were rated as higher in attractiveness when presented wearing makeup, compared to when presented not wearing makeup. This was true for both male and female raters, and whether analyzing the data using a by-participant or a by-face analysis. These results provide the first empirical evidence that makeup increases attractiveness in male faces. Following work on female faces, future research should examine the effect of makeup on several other traits in male faces. The market for male cosmetics products is growing and evolving and this study serves as an initial step in understanding the effect of makeup on the perceptions of male faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Batres
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, United States of America,* E-mail:
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, United States of America
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10
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Banai B, Bačić M, Banai IP. Preference for leaders with high and low facial width-to-height ratios: moderating roles of political ideology and voting context. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 11:29-38. [PMID: 38013826 PMCID: PMC10654341 DOI: 10.5114/cipp/151672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been argued that human ancestors evolved greater sensitivity to certain traits that signal dominance in potential leaders. From this perspective, modern voters still favor certain physical characteristics during political elections. Indeed, previous studies have shown that voters prefer dominant candidates, especially when primed with wartime scenarios, and with conservative voters being more likely to choose a dominant leader. Because facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) was found to be positively associated with perceived dominance, we sought to investigate the effect of fWHR on leader preference by taking into an account voting context and voters' political ideology. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE A total of 148 participants took part in two online experiments in which we manipulated standardized facial images to represent faces with low and high fWHR. Furthermore, we assessed participants' political ideology and asked them to rate the extent to which faces with low and high fWHR looked like leaders during wartime and peacetime scenarios. RESULTS Preference for leaders with high fWHR was positively related to participants' political ideology, but only in a wartime scenario, suggesting that the more conservative participants were, the higher was their preference for leaders with high fWHR. This is consistent with the notion that preferences for dominant-looking leaders vary as a function of the contextual (voting context) and individual differences (political ideology). CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide new evidence for the contribution of fWHR in leader preference and significantly adds to the results of previous research demonstrating the roles of voters' political ideology and politicians' physical characteristics in perceiving leadership abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marinela Bačić
- Department of Psychology, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Irena Pavela Banai
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Summersby S, Harris B, Denson TF, White D. Tracking sexual dimorphism of facial width-to-height ratio across the lifespan: implications for perceived aggressiveness. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35592758 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5953414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) influences social judgements like perceived aggression. This may be because FWHR is a sexually dimorphic feature, with males having higher FWHR than females. However, evidence for sexual dimorphism is mixed, little is known about how it varies with age, and the relationship between sexual dimorphism and perceived aggressiveness is unclear. We addressed these gaps by measuring FWHR of 17 607 passport images of male and female faces across the lifespan. We found larger FWHR in males only in young adulthood, aligning with the stage most commonly associated with mate selection and intrasexual competition. However, the direction of dimorphism was reversed after 48 years of age, with females recording larger FWHRs than males. We then examined how natural variation in FWHR affected perceived aggressiveness. The relationship between FWHR and perceived aggressiveness was strongest for males at 27-33 and females at 34-61. Raters were most sensitive to differences in FWHR for young adult male faces, pointing to enhanced sensitivity to FWHR as a cue to aggressiveness. This may reflect a common mechanism for evaluating male aggressiveness from variability in structural (FWHR) and malleable (emotional expression) aspects of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Summersby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bonnie Harris
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas F Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David White
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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12
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Summersby S, Harris B, Denson TF, White D. Tracking sexual dimorphism of facial width-to-height ratio across the lifespan: implications for perceived aggressiveness. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211500. [PMID: 35592758 PMCID: PMC9066300 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) influences social judgements like perceived aggression. This may be because FWHR is a sexually dimorphic feature, with males having higher FWHR than females. However, evidence for sexual dimorphism is mixed, little is known about how it varies with age, and the relationship between sexual dimorphism and perceived aggressiveness is unclear. We addressed these gaps by measuring FWHR of 17 607 passport images of male and female faces across the lifespan. We found larger FWHR in males only in young adulthood, aligning with the stage most commonly associated with mate selection and intrasexual competition. However, the direction of dimorphism was reversed after 48 years of age, with females recording larger FWHRs than males. We then examined how natural variation in FWHR affected perceived aggressiveness. The relationship between FWHR and perceived aggressiveness was strongest for males at 27-33 and females at 34-61. Raters were most sensitive to differences in FWHR for young adult male faces, pointing to enhanced sensitivity to FWHR as a cue to aggressiveness. This may reflect a common mechanism for evaluating male aggressiveness from variability in structural (FWHR) and malleable (emotional expression) aspects of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Summersby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bonnie Harris
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas F. Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David White
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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13
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Caton NR, Pearson SG, Dixson BJ. Is facial structure an honest cue to real-world dominance and fighting ability in men? A pre-registered direct replication of. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Zhu N, Chen BB, Lu HJ, Chang L. Life-history calibration of social hierarchies: Childhood adversity predicts leadership preference through relational social investment. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Caton NR, Hannan J, Dixson BJW. Facial width-to-height ratio predicts fighting success: A direct replication and extension of Zilioli et al. (2014). Aggress Behav 2022; 48:449-465. [PMID: 35262921 PMCID: PMC9544882 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zilioli et al. (2014) were the first to show an association between male facial width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR) and physical aggression and fighting ability in professional mixed‐martial‐arts fighters. Here, we re‐examined this relationship by replicating (using all original measures) and extending (using 23 new variables related to fighting performance) Zilioli et al. (2014) in a statistically well‐powered sample of 520 fighters using automatic and manual measures of the fWHR involving both eyelid and eyebrow landmarks, used interchangeably in previous reports (Studies 1–2). Most importantly, we successfully replicated Zilioli et al.'s (2014) central finding that fighters' fWHR, when manually calculated using the eyebrow landmark, predicted their fighting success (p = .004, controlling for body mass index and total fights). Consistent with past criticisms of using fight rather than fighter data to examine fighting success, which have argued that individual fights can be suddenly and unexpectedly determined and do not capture an individual's overall ability to succeed, Study 3 (N = 1367 fights) found no association between fWHR and singular victories. Studies 1–3 showed continual evidence that larger fWHRs were associated with grappling abilities, even after controlling for demographic and allometric factors. Strikingly, Study 3 discovered associations between all fWHR measures and grappling skill that remained robust before and after controlling for 17 different control variables. We discuss that grappling, or the act of taking down an opponent, involves a more aggressive, close‐combat approach than does striking. Combined, these results offer additional support for the argument that fWHR may have been shaped by sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R. Caton
- School of Psychology University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - John Hannan
- School of Psychology University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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16
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Chen Zeng T, Cheng JT, Henrich J. Dominance in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200451. [PMID: 35000450 PMCID: PMC8743883 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominance captures behavioural patterns found in social hierarchies that arise from agonistic interactions in which some individuals coercively exploit their control over costs and benefits to extract deference from others, often through aggression, threats and/or intimidation. Accumulating evidence points to its importance in humans and its separation from prestige-an alternate avenue to high status in which status arises from information (e.g. knowledge, skill, etc.) or other non-rival goods. In this review, we provide an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of dominance as a concept within evolutionary biology, discuss the challenges of applying it to humans and consider alternative theoretical accounts which assert that dominance is relevant to understanding status in humans. We then review empirical evidence for its continued importance in human groups, including the effects of dominance-independently of prestige-on measurable outcomes such as social influence and reproductive fitness, evidence for specialized dominance psychology, and evidence for gender-specific effects. Finally, because human-specific factors such as norms and coalitions may place bounds on purely coercive status-attainment strategies, we end by considering key situations and contexts that increase the likelihood for dominance status to coexist alongside prestige status within the same individual, including how: (i) institutional power and authority tend to elicit dominance; (ii) dominance-enhancing traits can at times generate benefits for others (prestige); and (iii) certain dominance cues and ethology may lead to mis-attributions of prestige. This article is part of the theme issue 'The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen Zeng
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joey T Cheng
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph Henrich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Fajardo G, Polo P, Muñoz-Reyes JA, Rodríguez-Sickert C. Long-Term Mating Orientation in Men: The Role of Socioeconomic Status, Protection Skills, and Parenthood Disposition. Front Psychol 2022; 13:815819. [PMID: 35282237 PMCID: PMC8913582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, phenotypic, social, and environmental factors help to shape the different costs and benefits of pursuing different reproductive strategies (or a mixture of them) from one individual to another. Since men's reproductive success is mainly constrained to women's availability, their mating orientations should be partially calibrated by features that women prefer in a potential partner. For long-term relationships, women prefer traits that signal access to resources, protection skills, and the willingness to share them. Using generalized linear models with laboratory data taken from a Chilean population (N = 197), this study aimed to test whether real and potential resources (measured as self-reported socioeconomic status), protection skills (measured as handgrip strength), and the willingness to provide resources and protection (measured as their disposition toward parenthood) are related to mating orientation in men. Our predictions were: (1) socioeconomic status would be positively associated with long-term and short-term mating orientation but for long-term-oriented individuals, this would be enhanced by having a more favorable parenthood disposition and (2) strength would be positively related to long-term mating orientation in men with higher socioeconomic status and a favorable disposition toward parenthood and it would have a positive and direct association with short-term mating orientation. Our results partially supported the first hypothesis, since men with higher socioeconomic status were more long-term oriented, but parenting disposition did not moderate this effect. Contrary to our expectations, socioeconomic status was not related to short-term mating orientation. Strength appeared not to be significant for long-term mating orientation, even interacting with other traits. However, strength by itself was powerfully linked with a short-term mating orientation. Our results suggest that only some individuals that are attractive for long-term relationships are indeed long-term oriented and may reflect the overall conflict of interests between mating strategies among sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Polo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - José Antonio Muñoz-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Sickert
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Yuan D, Zhang R, Liu J, Feng D, Hu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Zhou X. Interpersonal neural synchronization could predict the outcome of mate choice. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108112. [PMID: 34890691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although mate choice is crucial for adults, its neural basis remains elusive. In the current study, we combined the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning and speed-dating to investigate the inter-brain mechanism of mate choice. Each participant was paired with two opposite-sex partners (participants) in separate speed-dating sessions and was asked to decide whether to engage in a further relationship with the paired partner after each session. The physical attraction of the daters was rated by their partners at the beginning of the dating whereas the social attraction was rated after the dating. Interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during speed-dating rather than reading task predicts the outcome of mate choice. Moreover, social attraction rather than physical attraction affects INS during speed-dating. These findings demonstrate for the first time that INS predicts the outcome of mate choice of interacting daters in ecologically valid settings during their initial romantic encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ruqian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jieqiong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Danyang Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Arnocky S, Desrochers J, Rotella A, Albert G, Hodges-Simeon C, Locke A, Belanger J, Lynch D, Kelly B. Men's Mate Value Correlates with a Less Restricted Sociosexual Orientation: A Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3663-3673. [PMID: 34327590 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Men, relative to women, can benefit their total reproductive success by engaging in short-term pluralistic mating. Yet not all men enact such a mating strategy. It has previously been hypothesized that high mate value men should be most likely to adopt a short-term mating strategy, with this prediction being firmly grounded in some important mid-level evolutionary psychological theories. Yet evidence to support such a link has been mixed. This paper presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of 33 published and unpublished studies (N = 5928) in which we find that that self-reported mate value accounts for roughly 6% of variance in men's sociosexual orientation. The meta-analysis provides evidence that men's self-perceived mate value positively predicts their tendency to engage in short-term mating, but that the total effect size is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada.
| | - Jessica Desrochers
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Amanda Rotella
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ashley Locke
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Jacob Belanger
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Danielle Lynch
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
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21
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Li Y, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Leng H, Pei F, Wu Q. The Effect of the Intensity of Happy Expression on Social Perception of Chinese Faces. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638398. [PMID: 34194357 PMCID: PMC8236610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that facial expressions influence trait impressions in the Western context. There are cultural differences in the perception and recognition rules of different intensities of happy expressions, and researchers have only explored the influence of the intensity of happy expressions on a few facial traits (warmth, trustworthiness, and competence). Therefore, we examined the effect of different intensities of Chinese happy expressions on the social perception of faces from 11 traits, namely trustworthiness, responsibility, attractiveness, sociability, confidence, intelligence, aggressiveness, dominance, competence, warmth, and tenacity. In this study, participants were asked to view a series of photographs of faces with high-intensity or low-intensity happy expressions and rate the 11 traits on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = "not very ××," 7 = "very ××"). The results indicated that high-intensity happy expression had higher-rated scores for sociability and warmth but lower scores for dominance, aggressiveness, intelligence, and competence than the low-intensity happy expression; there was no significant difference in the rated scores for trustworthiness, attractiveness, responsibility, confidence, and tenacity between the high-intensity and low-intensity happy expressions. These results suggested that, compared to the low-intensity happy expression, the high-intensity happy expression will enhance the perceptual outcome of the traits related to approachability, reduce the perceptual outcome of traits related to capability, and have no significant effect on trustworthiness, attractiveness, responsibility, confidence, and tenacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongqing Jiang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yisheng Yang
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haizhou Leng
- Department of Elementary Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fuhua Pei
- School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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van Zeeland E, Henseler J. E-perceptions and Business 'Mating': The Communication Effects of the Relative Width of Males' Faces in Business Portraits. Front Psychol 2021; 12:605926. [PMID: 33935861 PMCID: PMC8087338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.605926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relative impacts of the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) on the first impressions business professionals form of business consultants when seeing their photographs on a corporate website or LinkedIn page. By applying conjoint analysis on field experiment data (n = 381), we find that in a zero-acquaintance situation business professionals prefer low-fWHR business consultants. This implies that they prefer a face that communicates trustworthiness to one that communicates success. Further, we have investigated the words that business professionals use to describe their preferred consultant. These approach motivations help practitioners to improve the picture-text alignment. The results underline the necessity to critically assess the pictures and text used on websites and media platforms such as LinkedIn for business purposes, and to see them as a key element of business and self-communication that can be altered in order to improve business 'mating.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline van Zeeland
- Department of Design, Production & Management, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Faculty of Business and Communication, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jörg Henseler
- Department of Design, Production & Management, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,NOVA Information Management School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Business Administration and Marketing, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Arantes J, Pinho M, Wearden J, Albuquerque PB. "Time Slows Down Whenever You Are Around" for Women but Not for Men. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641729. [PMID: 33889113 PMCID: PMC8056007 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
What happens when we unexpectedly see an attractive potential partner? Previous studies in laboratory settings suggest that the visualization of attractive and unattractive photographs influences the perception of time. The major aim of this research is to study time perception and attraction in a realistic social scenario, by investigating if changes in subjective time measured during a speed dating are associated with attraction. The duration of the dates was variable and participants had to estimate the time that passed. Among other measures, participants also rated the potential partners in terms of their physical attractiveness before and after the dates and reported if they would like to exchange contact with them. Results showed that, in a real speed dating situation, when there is a perception of the partner as being physically more attractive, women tend to overestimate the duration of that meeting, whereas men tend to underestimate its duration. Such changes may reflect evolutionary adaptations which make the human cognitive system more responsive in situations related to reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Arantes
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - John Wearden
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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Merlhiot G, Mondillon L, Méot A, Dutheil F, Mermillod M. Facial width-to-height ratio underlies perceived dominance on facial emotional expressions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hodges-Simeon CR, Albert G, Richardson GB, McHale TS, Weinberg SM, Gurven M, Gaulin SJC. Was facial width-to-height ratio subject to sexual selection pressures? A life course approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240284. [PMID: 33711068 PMCID: PMC7954343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection researchers have traditionally focused on adult sex differences; however, the schedule and pattern of sex-specific ontogeny can provide insights unobtainable from an exclusive focus on adults. Recently, it has been debated whether facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR; bi-zygomatic breadth divided by midface height) is a human secondary sexual characteristic (SSC). Here, we review current evidence, then address this debate using ontogenetic evidence, which has been under-explored in fWHR research. Facial measurements were collected from 3D surface images of males and females aged 3 to 40 (Study 1; US European-descent, n = 2449), and from 2D photographs of males and females aged 7 to 21 (Study 2; Bolivian Tsimane, n = 179), which were used to calculate three fWHR variants (which we call fWHRnasion, fWHRstomion, and fWHRbrow) and two other common facial masculinity ratios (facial width-to-lower-face-height ratio, fWHRlower, and cheekbone prominence). We test whether the observed pattern of facial development exhibits patterns indicative of SSCs, i.e., differential adolescent growth in either male or female facial morphology leading to an adult sex difference. Results showed that only fWHRlower exhibited both adult sex differences as well as the classic pattern of ontogeny for SSCs-greater lower-face growth in male adolescents relative to females. fWHRbrow was significantly wider among both pre- and post-pubertal males in the Bolivian Tsimane sample; post-hoc analyses revealed that the effect was driven by large sex differences in brow height, with females having higher placed brows than males across ages. In both samples, all fWHR measures were inversely associated with age; that is, human facial growth is characterized by greater relative elongation in the mid-face and lower face relative to facial width. This trend continues even into middle adulthood. BMI was also a positive predictor of most of the ratios across ages, with greater BMI associated with wider faces. Researchers collecting data on fWHR should target fWHRlower and fWHRbrow and should control for both age and BMI. Researchers should also compare ratio approaches with multivariate techniques, such as geometric morphometrics, to examine whether the latter have greater utility for understanding the evolution of facial sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Hodges-Simeon
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George B Richardson
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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Satchell LP, Mayes HS, Lee AJ, O’Reilly LC, Akehurst L, Morris P. Is threat in the way they move? Influences of static and gait information on threat judgments of unknown people. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-020-00249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brown M, Westrich B, Bates F, Twibell A, McGrath RE. Preliminary evidence for virtue as a cue to long-term mate value. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Owens R, Driscoll H, Farrelly D. Variation in Women’s Mate Preferences over the Development of a Monogamous Relationship Corresponds with Changes in Men’s Life History Strategy. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-020-00246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Assessing the Big Five personality traits using real-life static facial images. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8487. [PMID: 32444847 PMCID: PMC7244587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that morphological and social cues in a human face provide signals of human personality and behaviour. Previous studies have discovered associations between the features of artificial composite facial images and attributions of personality traits by human experts. We present new findings demonstrating the statistically significant prediction of a wider set of personality features (all the Big Five personality traits) for both men and women using real-life static facial images. Volunteer participants (N = 12,447) provided their face photographs (31,367 images) and completed a self-report measure of the Big Five traits. We trained a cascade of artificial neural networks (ANNs) on a large labelled dataset to predict self-reported Big Five scores. The highest correlations between observed and predicted personality scores were found for conscientiousness (0.360 for men and 0.335 for women) and the mean effect size was 0.243, exceeding the results obtained in prior studies using ‘selfies’. The findings strongly support the possibility of predicting multidimensional personality profiles from static facial images using ANNs trained on large labelled datasets. Future research could investigate the relative contribution of morphological features of the face and other characteristics of facial images to predicting personality.
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Sidari MJ, Lee AJ, Murphy SC, Sherlock JM, Dixson BJW, Zietsch BP. Preferences for Sexually Dimorphic Body Characteristics Revealed in a Large Sample of Speed Daters. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619882925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While hundreds of studies have investigated the indices that make up attractive body shapes, these studies were based on preferences measured in the laboratory using pictorial stimuli. Whether these preferences translate into real-time, face-to-face evaluations of potential partners is unclear. Here, 539 (275 female) participants in 75 laboratory-based sessions had their body dimensions measured before engaging in round-robin speed dates. After each date, they rated each other’s body, face, personality, and overall attractiveness and noted whether they would go on a date with the partner. Women with smaller waists and lower waist-to-hip ratios were found most attractive, and men with broader shoulders and higher shoulder-to-waist (or hips) ratios were found most attractive. Taller individuals were preferred by both sexes. Our results show that body dimensions associated with greater health, reproductive value (in women), and formidability (in men) influence face-to-face evaluations of attractiveness, consistent with a role of intersexual selection in shaping human bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Sidari
- Centre for Psychology and Evolution, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Lee
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - James M. Sherlock
- Centre for Psychology and Evolution, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barnaby J. W. Dixson
- Centre for Psychology and Evolution, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan P. Zietsch
- Centre for Psychology and Evolution, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Alaei R, Lévêque G, MacDonald G, Rule NO. Accuracy and bias in first impressions of attachment style from faces. J Pers 2020; 88:940-949. [PMID: 31955418 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People gather important social information from subtle nonverbal cues. Given that one's attachment style can meaningfully affect the quality of one's relationships, we investigated whether people could perceive men's and women's attachment styles from photos of their neutral faces. METHOD In two studies, we measured targets' attachment styles then asked participants (total N = 893) to judge the male and female targets' attachment anxiety and avoidance from photos of their neutral faces (total N = 331) and to report their own attachment anxiety and avoidance. RESULTS Participants detected men's attachment style from face photos significantly better than chance in an initial exploratory study and in a preregistered replication but did not consistently detect women's attachment style from their face photos. Moreover, participants' own attachment style biased these first impressions: Individuals with greater attachment anxiety viewed others as more anxiously attached. CONCLUSIONS People can detect some hints of unacquainted others' attachment styles from their faces but their own anxious attachment can bias these judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravin Alaei
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Geoff MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Shen X, Mann TC, Ferguson MJ. Beware a dishonest face?: Updating face-based implicit impressions using diagnostic behavioral information. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van der Meij L, Demetriou A, Tulin M, Méndez I, Dekker P, Pronk T. Hormones in speed-dating: The role of testosterone and cortisol in attraction. Horm Behav 2019; 116:104555. [PMID: 31348926 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that testosterone and cortisol levels are related to the attraction of a romantic partner; testosterone levels relate to a wide range of sexual behaviors and cortisol is a crucial component in the response to stress. To investigate this, we conducted a speed-dating study among heterosexual singles. We measured salivary testosterone and cortisol changes in men and women (n = 79) when they participated in a romantic condition (meeting opposite-sex others, i.e., potential romantic partners), as well as a control condition (meeting same-sex others, i.e., potential friends). Over the course of the romantic speed-dating event, results showed that women's but not men's testosterone levels increased and cortisol levels decreased for both men and women. These findings indicate that men's testosterone and cortisol levels were elevated in anticipation of the event, whereas for women, this appears to only be the case for cortisol. Concerning the relationship between attraction and hormonal change, four important findings can be distinguished. First, men were more popular when they arrived at the romantic speed-dating event with elevated cortisol levels. Second, in both men and women, a larger change in cortisol levels during romantic speed-dating was related to more selectivity. Third, testosterone alone was unrelated to any romantic speed-dating outcome (selectivity or popularity). However, fourth, women who arrived at the romantic speed-dating event with higher testosterone levels were more selective when their anticipatory cortisol response was low. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in the hormone cortisol may be stronger associated with the attraction of a romantic partner than testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander van der Meij
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Marina Tulin
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ileana Méndez
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Dekker
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tila Pronk
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Ma Y, Xue W, Tu S. Automatic Inattention to Attractive Alternative Partners Helps Male Heterosexual Chinese College Students Maintain Romantic Relationships. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1687. [PMID: 31379694 PMCID: PMC6657529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosexual individuals may possess evolved psychological mechanisms that help protect their ongoing romantic relationships against external threats from other attractive individuals. The current study used love priming and a dot-probe task to examine the attentional bias associated with long-term relationship maintenance by comparing between 52 single heterosexual men and 57 heterosexual men in exclusive romantic relationships, in the Chinese context. The results showed that single men responded to love priming with greatly increased attention to and difficulty disengaging from attractive women, whereas committed men were largely inattentive to attractive alternatives irrespective of the situation. The present findings provide evidence on the domain of relationship maintenance from a Chinese cultural context, and suggest that Chinese men protect an ongoing relationship by being automatically inattentive in early-stage attentional processing to attractive women who could serve as attractive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Ma
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Education Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China
| | - Weifeng Xue
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Education Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China
| | - Shen Tu
- Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China
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38
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Polo P, Muñoz‐Reyes JA, Pita M, Shackelford TK, Fink B. Testosterone‐dependent facial and body traits predict men's sociosexual attitudes and behaviors. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23235. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Polo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación Viña del Mar Chile
| | - Jose Antonio Muñoz‐Reyes
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educación Viña del Mar Chile
| | - Miguel Pita
- Departamento de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Todd K. Shackelford
- Department of Psychology Oakland University Rochester Michigan United States
| | - Bernhard Fink
- Department of Behavioral Ecology University of Goettingen Goettingen Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study Hanse‐Wissenschaftskolleg Delmenhorst Germany
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Abstract
Evolved mate preferences comprise a central causal process in Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Their powerful influences have been documented in all sexually reproducing species, including in sexual strategies in humans. This article reviews the science of human mate preferences and their myriad behavioral manifestations. We discuss sex differences and sex similarities in human sexual psychology, which vary according to short-term and long-term mating contexts. We review context-specific shifts in mating strategy depending on individual, social, and ecological qualities such as mate value, life history strategy, sex ratio, gender economic inequality, and cultural norms. We review the empirical evidence for the impact of mate preferences on actual mating decisions. Mate preferences also dramatically influence tactics of mate attraction, tactics of mate retention, patterns of deception, causes of sexual regret, attraction to cues to sexual exploitability, attraction to cues to fertility, attraction to cues to resources and protection, derogation of competitors, causes of breakups, and patterns of remarriage. We conclude by articulating unresolved issues and offer a future agenda for the science of human mating, including how humans invent novel cultural technologies to better implement ancient sexual strategies and how cultural evolution may be dramatically influencing our evolved mating psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
| | - David P Schmitt
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom;
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40
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Lin C, Adolphs R, Alvarez RM. Inferring Whether Officials Are Corruptible From Looking at Their Faces. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1807-1823. [PMID: 30207833 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618788882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While inferences of traits from unfamiliar faces prominently reveal stereotypes, some facial inferences also correlate with real-world outcomes. We investigated whether facial inferences are associated with an important real-world outcome closely linked to the face bearer's behavior: political corruption. In four preregistered studies ( N = 325), participants made trait judgments of unfamiliar government officials on the basis of their photos. Relative to peers with clean records, federal and state officials convicted of political corruption (Study 1) and local officials who violated campaign finance laws (Study 2) were perceived as more corruptible, dishonest, selfish, and aggressive but similarly competent, ambitious, and masculine (Study 3). Mediation analyses and experiments in which the photos were digitally manipulated showed that participants' judgments of how corruptible an official looked were causally influenced by the face width of the stimuli (Study 4). The findings shed new light on the complex causal mechanisms linking facial appearances with social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Lin
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - R Michael Alvarez
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology
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Wang X, Guinote A, Krumhuber EG. Dominance biases in the perception and memory for the faces of powerholders, with consequences for social inferences. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kramer RSS, Mileva M, Ritchie KL. Inter-rater agreement in trait judgements from faces. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202655. [PMID: 30118520 PMCID: PMC6097668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have long been interested in how social evaluations are made based upon first impressions of faces. It is also important to consider the level of agreement we see in such evaluations across raters and what this may tell us. Typically, high levels of inter-rater agreement for facial judgements are reported, but the measures used may be misleading. At present, studies commonly report Cronbach's α as a way to quantify agreement, although problematically, there are various issues with the use of this measure. Most importantly, because researchers treat raters as items, Cronbach's α is inflated by larger sample sizes even when agreement between raters is fixed. Here, we considered several alternative measures and investigated whether these better discriminate between traits that were predicted to show low (parental resemblance), intermediate (attractiveness, dominance, trustworthiness), and high (age, gender) levels of agreement. Importantly, the level of inter-rater agreement has not previously been studied for many of these traits. In addition, we investigated whether familiar faces resulted in differing levels of agreement in comparison with unfamiliar faces. Our results suggest that alternative measures may prove more informative than Cronbach's α when determining how well raters agree in their judgements. Further, we found no apparent influence of familiarity on levels of agreement. Finally, we show that, like attractiveness, both trustworthiness and dominance show significant levels of private taste (personal or idiosyncratic rater perceptions), although shared taste (perceptions shared with other raters) explains similar levels of variance in people's perceptions. In conclusion, we recommend that researchers investigating social judgements of faces consider alternatives to Cronbach's α but should also be prepared to examine both the potential value and origin of private taste as these might prove informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. S. Kramer
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mila Mileva
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kay L. Ritchie
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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Arnocky S, Carré JM, Bird BM, Moreau BJP, Vaillancourt T, Ortiz T, Marley N. The Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Predicts Sex Drive, Sociosexuality, and Intended Infidelity. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1375-1385. [PMID: 28929303 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has linked the facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) to a host of psychological and behavioral characteristics, primarily in men. In two studies, we examined novel links between FWHR and sex drive. In Study 1, a sample of 145 undergraduate students revealed that FWHR positively predicted sex drive. There were no significant FWHR × sex interactions, suggesting that FWHR is linked to sexuality among both men and women. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings in a sample of 314 students collected from a different Canadian city, which again demonstrated links between the FWHR and sex drive (also in both men and women), as well as sociosexuality and intended infidelity (men only). Internal meta-analytic results confirm the link between FWHR and sex drive among both men and women. These results suggest that FWHR may be an important morphological index of human sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada.
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Benjamin J P Moreau
- Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Triana Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Nicole Marley
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
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45
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Zurriaga R, González-Navarro P, Buunk AP, Dijkstra P. Jealousy at work: The role of rivals' characteristics. Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:443-450. [PMID: 29582443 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined rival characteristics that may evoke jealousy in the workplace, differences between men and women in this regard, and the relationship between jealousy responses and intrasexual competitiveness and social comparison orientation. Participants were 426 male and female employees. By means of a questionnaire, participants were presented with a jealousy-evoking scenario after which jealousy responses to 24 rival characteristics were assessed. Findings showed that a rival's social communal attributes evoked highest levels of jealousy, and that, compared to men, women reported more jealousy in response to a rival's physical attractiveness. Overall, as individuals had higher scores on intrasexual competitiveness and social comparison orientation, they also experienced more jealousy in response to their rival, regardless of his or her characteristics. These findings suggest that those characteristics that are highly valued in employees may backfire when employees perceive co-workers as rivals.
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46
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Xie Z, Page L, Hardy B. Investigating Gender Differences under Time Pressure in Financial Risk Taking. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 11:246. [PMID: 29326566 PMCID: PMC5736567 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant gender imbalance on financial trading floors. This motivated us to investigate gender differences in financial risk taking under pressure. We used a well-established approach from behavior economics to analyze a series of risky monetary choices by male and female participants with and without time pressure. We also used second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and face width-to-height ratio (fWHR) as correlates of pre-natal exposure to testosterone. We constructed a structural model and estimated the participants' risk attitudes and probability perceptions via maximum likelihood estimation under both expected utility (EU) and rank-dependent utility (RDU) models. In line with existing research, we found that male participants are less risk averse and that the gender gap in risk attitudes increases under moderate time pressure. We found that female participants with lower 2D:4D ratios and higher fWHR are less risk averse in RDU estimates. Males with lower 2D:4D ratios were less risk averse in EU estimations, but more risk averse using RDU estimates. We also observe that men whose ratios indicate a greater prenatal exposure to testosterone exhibit a greater optimism and overestimation of small probabilities of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xie
- Queensland Behavioral Economics Group, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lionel Page
- Queensland Behavioral Economics Group, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Hardy
- School of Finance and Management, SOAS University of London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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d'Ettorre P, Bueno S, Rödel HG, Megherbi H, Seigneuric A, Schaal B, Roberts SC. Exposure to Androstenes Influences Processing of Emotional Words. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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48
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Over H, Cook R. Where do spontaneous first impressions of faces come from? Cognition 2018; 170:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Hahn T, Winter NR, Anderl C, Notebaert K, Wuttke AM, Clément CC, Windmann S. Facial width-to-height ratio differs by social rank across organizations, countries, and value systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187957. [PMID: 29121113 PMCID: PMC5679545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial Width-to-Height Ratio (fWHR) has been linked with dominant and aggressive behavior in human males. We show here that on portrait photographs published online, chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed in the Dow Jones stock market index and the Deutscher Aktienindex have a higher-than-normal fWHR, which also correlates positively with their company’s donations to charitable causes and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we show that leaders of the world’s most influential non-governmental organizations and even the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church, the popes, have higher fWHR compared to controls on public portraits, suggesting that the relationship between displayed fWHR and leadership is not limited to profit-seeking organizations. The data speak against the simplistic view that wider-faced men achieve higher social status through antisocial tendencies and overt aggression, or the mere signaling of such dispositions. Instead they suggest that high fWHR is linked with high social rank in a more subtle fashion in both competitive as well as prosocially oriented settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils R. Winter
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Anderl
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karolien Notebaert
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Research Center of Marketing and Consumer Science, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alina Marie Wuttke
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Celina Chantal Clément
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Windmann
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology II, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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50
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Zilioli S, Bird BM. Functional significance of men's testosterone reactivity to social stimuli. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:1-18. [PMID: 28676436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid testosterone fluctuations in response to social stimuli are observed across a wide range of species, and the highly conserved nature of these fluctuations suggests an adaptive function. This paper reviews the current literature on testosterone reactivity, primarily in human males, and illustrates how life-history theory provides an adequate theoretical framework to interpret findings. The review is structured around supporting evidence suggesting that situations implicated in mating effort either directly (e.g., interactions with a mate) or indirectly (e.g., intrasexual competition) are generally associated with a brief elevation of testosterone, while situations implicated in parenting effort (e.g., nurturant interactions with offspring) are generally associated with a decline in testosterone. Further, we discuss how these fluctuations in testosterone have been linked to future behaviors, and how situational, motivational, and physiological variables moderate the interplay between social stimuli, testosterone reactivity, and behavior. Supporting the notion that testosterone can play a causal role in modulating behavior in response to social stimuli, we also summarize recent single administration studies examining the effects of testosterone on physiology, neurobiology, and behavior. A conceptual model provides links between supported findings, and hypothesized pathways requiring future testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Brian M Bird
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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