1
|
Lynch J, Benson AJ. Putting Oneself Ahead of the Group: The Liability of Narcissistic Leadership. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1211-1226. [PMID: 37013863 PMCID: PMC11193326 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231163645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrating insights from interdependence theory with the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept, we propose that a pivotal obstacle for narcissistic leaders is their inability to sustain benevolent perceptions over time. As people strive to interpret social behavior in terms of self- or other-interest, the narcissistic tendency of prioritizing self-interests over the collective may become apparent and eventually taint their reputation as a leader. We examined how interpersonal motive perceptions-based on attributions of self- and other-interest-would clarify the leadership paradox of narcissism. We tracked 472 participants in 119 teams across four time-points. Narcissistic rivalry (but not admiration) corresponded to increasingly negative leader effectiveness ratings. The extent to which individuals were perceived as self-maximizing and lacking concern for other interests was tightly connected to declines in leader effectiveness across time. Altogether, these results offer insight into how perceived interpersonal motives may explain the downfall of narcissistic leadership.
Collapse
|
2
|
Żemojtel-Piotrowska M, Sawicki A, Piotrowski J, Lifshin U, Kretchner M, Skowronski JJ, Sedikides C, Jonason PK, Adamovic M, Ahmed O, Atitsogbe KA, Al-Shawaf L, Appiah SCY, Ardi R, Azam U, Babakr ZH, Baldursson EB, Bălțătescu S, Bochaver K, Bolatov A, Bonato M, Bundhoo HY, Chaleeraktrakoon T, Chobthamkit P, Cowden RG, Counted V, de Clunie G, Dragova-Koleva S, Esteves CS, Gouveia VV, Gundolf K, Hamouda S, Haretche C, Jeong EHK, Iliško D, Malik NI, Aruta JJB, Jia F, Jovanović V, Jukić T, Jukić DP, Kamble SV, Khachatryan N, Klicperova-Baker M, Kogler C, Knezović E, Koralov M, Kovacs M, Eldesoki WLM, Fernandez AL, Liik K, Malik S, Maltby J, Malysheva K, Mamuti A, Mangafic J, Moon C, Milfont TL, Muehlbacher S, Najafi R, Özsoy E, Park J, de León PP, Solcova IP, Ramos-Diaz J, Ridic G, Riđić O, Samekin A, Spoto A, Starc A, Stefenel D, Trà KTT, Tiliouine H, Tomšik R, Torres-Marín J, Umeh CS, Wills-Herrera E, Wlodarczyk A, Vally Z, Vauclair CM, Yahiiaiev I, Zand S. Grandiose narcissism, unfounded beliefs, and behavioral reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17503. [PMID: 39080302 PMCID: PMC11289121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A theoretical perspective on grandiose narcissism suggests four forms of it (sanctity, admiration, heroism, rivalry) and states that these forms conduce to different ways of thinking and acting. Guided by this perspective, we examined in a multinational and multicultural study (61 countries; N = 15,039) how narcissism forms are linked to cognitions and behaviors prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, differences in cognitions and behaviors across narcissism forms emerged. For example, higher narcissistic rivalry predicted lower likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors, but higher narcissistic sanctity predicted higher likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Further, whereas the heroism, admiration, and rivalry narcissism forms acted in a typically antisocial manner, with high narcissism predicting greater endorsement of unfounded health beliefs, the sanctity form acted in a prosocial manner, with higher narcissism being linked to lower endorsement of unfounded COVID-19 health beliefs. Thus, the findings (a) support the idea of four narcissism forms acting differently, and (b) show that these differences reflect a double-edged sword, sometimes linking to an anti-social orientation, and sometimes linking to a pro-social orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jarosław Piotrowski
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter K Jonason
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
- Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Oli Ahmed
- University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Uzma Azam
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Haretche
- Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | - Fanli Jia
- Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emil Knezović
- International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | | | - Walaa Labib M Eldesoki
- Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Science and Arts in Qurayyat, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Kadi Liik
- Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chanki Moon
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Stephan Muehlbacher
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Division of Work, Organizational, and Economic Psychology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Jano Ramos-Diaz
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ognjen Riđić
- International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adil Samekin
- M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | | | - Habib Tiliouine
- University of Oran2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Belgaid, Oran, Algeria
| | - Robert Tomšik
- Research Institute for Child Psychology and Pathopsychology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jorge Torres-Marín
- Department of Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Charles S Umeh
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Zahir Vally
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leota J, Faulkner P, Mazidi S, Simpson D, Nash K. Neural rhythms of narcissism: Facets of narcissism are associated with different neural sources in resting-state EEG. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39073208 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Trait narcissism is characterized by significant heterogeneity across individuals. Despite advances in the conceptualization of narcissism, including the increasing recognition that narcissism is a multidimensional construct, the sources of this heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here, we used a neural trait approach to help better understand "how," and shed light on "why," individuals vary in facets of trait narcissism. Participants (N = 58) first completed personality measures, including the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), and then in a second session sat passively while resting-state electroencephalography (rs-EEG) was recorded. We then regressed source-localized rs-EEG activity on the distinct facets of narcissism: Grandiose Exhibitionism (GE), Entitlement/Exploitativeness (EE), and Leadership/Authority (LA). Results revealed that each facet was associated with different (though sometimes overlapping) neural sources. Specifically, GE was associated with reduced activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). EE was associated with reduced activation in the DMPFC and right lateral PFC. LA was associated with increased activation in the left anterior temporal cortex. These findings support the idea that trait narcissism is a multidimensional construct undergirded by individual differences in neural regions related to social cognition (the DMPFC), self-regulation (right lateral PFC), and self-referential processing (left anterior temporal cortex).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Leota
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paige Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shafa Mazidi
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Freund VL, Peeters F, Lobbestael J. Showing True Colours: EMA Case Descriptions of Narcissistic States. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:532-545. [PMID: 37639504 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2244074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, narcissistic characteristics are considered relatively stable, although clinical accounts and recent research show that additional narcissistic states are variable and fluctuate in actuality. Narcissism research tends to focus on cross-sectional, group-based, trait approaches. Momentary ecological assessments allow one to discover individuals' true colors by observing narcissistic experiences while they unfold in real-time and real-world settings. Within momentary ecological assessments, inspecting single cases enables insight into individual dynamics and presentations. Consequently, this research collected grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic trait and state data 10 times a day for 6 days. Based on the highest trait scores, two individual cases are presented per category: predominantly grandiose narcissistic, predominantly vulnerable narcissistic, and combined narcissistic. Overall, the descriptions provide evidence for the dynamics within and between grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states. Further, broad patterns for each narcissistic dimension were uncovered, in which the grandiose subdimension experienced mainly grandiosity, and the vulnerable and combined subdimensions experienced both grandiosity and vulnerability. Out of the three, the combined subdimension experienced the highest instability and levels of daily vulnerability. However, each individual case showed unique fluctuation patterns that highlight the importance of personalized, real-life assessments in research and clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lea Freund
- Clinical Psychology Section, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk Peeters
- Clinical Psychology Section, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Lobbestael
- Clinical Psychology Section, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliver E, Coates A, Bennett JM, Willis ML. Narcissism and Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1871-1884. [PMID: 37702183 PMCID: PMC11155208 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231196115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to examine the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and trait narcissism, and whether the strength of this relationship differs depending on narcissism type (grandiose or vulnerable), the type of violence perpetrated, or the perpetrator's gender. Scopus, Medline, PsycInfo, and Academic Search Complete databases were searched on August 11, 2022. Studies were included if they were in English, measured IPV perpetration and trait narcissism, and examined the relationship between trait narcissism and IPV perpetration. Studies were excluded if they were review papers, conference extracts, book chapters, or if the data was not specific to trait narcissism. The AXIS tool was used to assess the quality and risk of bias of the studies. Twenty-two studies (N = 11,520 participants) were included in the random effects meta-analysis revealing a significant, weak, positive relationship between trait narcissism and IPV perpetration, r = .15. Subgroup analyses revealed physical IPV perpetration was not significantly related to trait narcissism while cyber and psychological IPV perpetration were significantly, positively, weakly related to trait narcissism. No significant difference in the strength of the relationship with IPV perpetration was found between males and females. The relationship between trait narcissism and IPV perpetration was significantly greater for vulnerable narcissism than grandiose narcissism. Overall, the quality of the included studies was high, and risk of bias was low. All measures were self-report and underreporting could be present given both narcissistic traits and IPV perpetration are considered socially undesirable. Future research examining these relationships should specify IPV and narcissism types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Oliver
- Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dåderman AM, Kajonius PJ. Linking grandiose and vulnerable narcissism to managerial work performance, through the lens of core personality traits and social desirability. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12213. [PMID: 38806513 PMCID: PMC11133368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
While grandiose narcissism is well-studied, vulnerable narcissism remains largely unexplored in the workplace context. Our study aimed to compare grandiose and vulnerable narcissism among managers and people from the general population. Within the managerial sample, our objective was to examine how these traits diverge concerning core personality traits and socially desirable responses. Furthermore, we endeavored to explore their associations with individual managerial performance, encompassing task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Involving a pool of managerial participants (N = 344), we found that compared to the general population, managers exhibited higher levels of grandiose narcissism and lower levels of vulnerable narcissism. While both narcissistic variants had a minimal correlation (r = .02) with each other, they differentially predicted work performance. Notably, grandiose narcissism did not significantly predict any work performance dimension, whereas vulnerable narcissism, along with neuroticism, predicted higher CWB and lower task performance. Conscientiousness emerged as the strongest predictor of task performance. This study suggests that organizations might not benefit from managers with vulnerable narcissism. Understanding these distinct narcissistic variants offers insights into their impacts on managerial performance in work settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Dåderman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Petri J Kajonius
- Department of Social and Behavioral Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden.
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Box 213, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zlatkovic A, Gojkovic V, Dostanic J, Djuric V. Structure of resilience: A Machiavellian contribution or 'paddle your own canoe'. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302257. [PMID: 38683821 PMCID: PMC11057725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
According to biobehavioral synchronicity model, empathy-a fundamental requirement for reciprocal and prosocial behavior-is at the core of rebound from stress, an essential feature of resilience. However, there are also reports on antagonistic traits-characterized by empathic deficit-bolstering immunity to stress. In the literature there is also inconclusive evidence regarding gender-related differences in resilience. In separate female and male subsamples we analyzed the network constellation entailing resilience (assessed as rebound from stress), empathic (cognitive empathy, affective resonance, and affective dissonance) and antagonistic personality traits (Machiavellianism, grandiose- and vulnerable narcissism). For both genders, Machiavellian agency instigated by narcissistic admiration occupied the central position in the network indicating that personality's resources for proactivity and control are essential for successful rebound. Empathy, and in particular its affective component, occupied only a peripheral position in the network. Machiavellian antagonism in men and grandiose narcissism in females bridged prosocial mechanism of resilience with antagonistic nodes of the network. In the female subsample both types of malign narcissism (rivalry and vulnerable narcissism) directly thwarted rebound. This process was not detected in the male subsample network dominated by antagonism. That is, gender-related differences were associated with the avoidance strategies rather than with the proactive strategies. Thus, resilience assessed as rebounding from stress primarily involves personality resources which modulate proactive- and prosocial- but not necessarily reciprocal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zlatkovic
- Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Department of Psychology, Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Gojkovic
- Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Department of Psychology, Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dostanic
- Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Department of Psychology, Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Veljko Djuric
- Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Department of Psychology, Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holtzman NS, Klibert JJ, Dixon AB, Dorough HL, Donnellan MB. Notes from the Underground: Seeking the top personality correlates of self-referencing. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38650573 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-focused language use has been frequently assumed to reflect narcissism; however, research indicates that the association between first-person singular pronouns (i.e., "I-talk") and grandiose narcissism is negligible. METHOD To extend this literature, we progressively identify vulnerable narcissism and rumination as positive correlates of I-talk in five studies (valid Ns = 211, 475, 1253, 289, 1113). RESULTS The first study revealed positive correlates of I-talk suggestive of vulnerable narcissism. The second study showed more directly that vulnerable narcissism was a positive correlate but that this association was attributable to shared variance with neuroticism. The third study, a preregistered effort, replicated and extended the results of the second study. The fourth and fifth studies focused on rumination in a preregistered manner. CONCLUSIONS All the studies point to a clear distinction: While grandiose narcissism is negligibly related to I-talk, vulnerable narcissism is positively related to I-talk; moreover, rumination is a robust predictor of I-talk. A research synthesis revealed the following constructs significantly capture I-talk: depression (r = 0.10), neuroticism (r = 0.15), rumination (r = 0.14), and vulnerable narcissism (r = 0.12). The association between I-talk and neuroticism was partially mediated by rumination, providing a testable candidate mechanism for neuroticism interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Holtzman
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Klibert
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - A Brianna Dixon
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah L Dorough
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - M Brent Donnellan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Coninck D, Duque M, Schwartz SJ. Dark Triad personality traits and realistic and symbolic COVID-19 threat: The role of conspiracy mentality. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:331-338. [PMID: 37905377 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered global social dynamics through extensive containment measures. Understanding how individuals perceive the virus, distinguishing between realistic and symbolic threats, and considering the influence of personality traits is essential for effective public health messaging and interventions. This study explores the linkage between personality traits and perceived COVID-19 threats, mediated by conspiracy mentality, across diverse international contexts. Online survey data were collected in June 2021 from 13,645 participants across seven European countries, the US, and Colombia. The study explores how individuals with different Dark Triad traits perceive the threat of COVID-19, and whether conspiracy mentality mediates these perceptions. The findings reveal distinct associations. Machiavellianism and narcissism were linked to lower perceived COVID-19 threat, while psychopathy was associated with greater perceived threat. Additionally, individuals with higher conspiracy mentality endorsed greater perceived threat related to COVID-19. This study highlights the influence of Dark Triad personality traits on how individuals perceive the threats posed by COVID-19, with conspiracy mentality mediating this relationship. Understanding these associations provides valuable insights into psychological factors affecting COVID-19 perception, informing future research and public health strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David De Coninck
- Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Duque
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blasco-Belled A, Tejada-Gallardo C, Alsinet C, Rogoza R. The links of subjective and psychological well-being with the Dark Triad traits: A meta-analysis. J Pers 2024; 92:584-600. [PMID: 37249010 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the specific links that the Dark Triad traits have with subjective and psychological well-being through a meta-analysis of the existing literature. BACKGROUND Over the past few years, associations between the Dark Triad traits and well-being have been a stimulating but understudied topic in personality research. METHOD Cross-sectional, correlational studies examining these relationships were searched in the PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Meta-analyses were performed at the dimension- and facet-level to account for the multidimensional structure of the Dark Triad traits. RESULTS A total of 55 studies were included (n = 26,252). In general, grandiose narcissism and boldness/dominance related to higher well-being, while vulnerable narcissism, antagonism, disinhibition, and Machiavellianism related to lower levels of well-being. Age and gender moderated few of these associations. CONCLUSIONS We recommend including multidimensional measures of the Dark Triad traits as an essential step to move the field forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Blasco-Belled
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Social Work, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Carles Alsinet
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Social Work, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Radosław Rogoza
- Social Innovation Chair, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stanton K, Balzen KM, DeFluri C, Brock P, Levin-Aspenson HF, Zimmerman M. Negative Mood Dysregulation Loads Strongly Onto Common Factors With Many Forms of Psychopathology: Considerations for Assessing Nonspecific Symptoms. Assessment 2024; 31:637-650. [PMID: 37232256 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231174471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There have been proposals to expand definitions for categorical disorders and dimensionally conceptualized syndromes (e.g., psychopathy) to include negative mood lability and dysregulation (NMD). Factor analytic results are often presented in support of these proposals, and we provide factor analytic demonstrations across clinically oriented samples showing that NMD indicators load strongly onto factors with a range of psychopathology. This is unsurprising from a transdiagnostic perspective but shows that factor analysis could potentially be used to justify expanding definitions for specific constructs even though NMD indicators show strong, nonspecific loadings on psychopathology factors ranging widely in nature. Expanding construct definitions and assessment approaches to emphasize NMD also may negatively impact discriminant validity. We agree that targeting NMD is essential for comprehensive assessment, but our demonstrative analyses highlight a need for using factor analysis and other statistical methods in a careful, theoretically driven manner when evaluating psychopathology structure and developing measures.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lan X, Ma C. Narcissism Moderates the Association Between Autonomy-Supportive Parenting and Adolescents' Prosocial Behavior. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:632-655. [PMID: 38147189 PMCID: PMC10838263 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has separately investigated the associations of autonomy-supportive parenting and narcissism with adolescents' prosocial behavior, but their joint relationships with prosocial behavior have been rarely examined. The present research aimed to expand the existing literature by scrutinizing the main and interactive associations of autonomy-supportive parenting and narcissism with adolescents' prosocial behavior. In so doing, a series of four studies (collectively N = 2023), combining cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental designs, were conducted. The adolescents' mean age varied from 12.42 to 15.70 years, with a balanced representation of the sexes in those studies. Converging results across four studies showed that high narcissism magnified the positive association between autonomy-supportive parenting and adolescents' prosocial behavior. The interaction pattern presented also suggested adolescents with high narcissism scores were more affected than others-both for better and for worse-by autonomy-supportive parenting, although this interaction might be specific to particular facets of prosocial behavior. These results were robust after adjusting for a few key covariates and survived a set of additional analyses. The present findings provide a novel avenue to explain individual differences linking prosocial behavior with those two factors and further advance precise, individualized strategies to promote adolescents' prosocial behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lan
- Promenta Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Chunhua Ma
- College of Educational Science and Technology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martínez JL, Maner JK. Individual differences in spite predict costly third-party punishment. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38416715 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spiteful behaviors are those aimed at inflicting harm on another person while also incurring a cost to the self. Although spite sometimes reflects destructive and socially undesirable behaviors including aggression, the current work sought to examine a potentially socially beneficial aspect of spite: engagement in costly punishment for selfish behavior. METHOD Four studies used a costly third-party punishment task and measured individual differences in spite, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and motivations for engaging in punishment. RESULTS Trait spite was positively associated with costly punishment of selfish behavior. That association was independent of other dark personality traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) and was statistically mediated by a desire for retribution. One of the studies also provided evidence that trait spite was associated with costly punishment of even generous behavior; however, rather than a desire for retribution, that association was mediated by a desire to threaten the person being punished. CONCLUSION Punishing selfishness and other forms of wrongdoing plays an essential role in cooperative group living. The current work provides new insight into the role spiteful motivations might play in this crucial social behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Martínez
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jon K Maner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Finch EF, Kalinowski SE, Hooley JM, Schacter DL. Grandiose narcissism influences the phenomenology of remembered past and imagined future events. Memory 2024; 32:25-40. [PMID: 37930782 PMCID: PMC10843788 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2274807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Little empirical work has examined future thinking in narcissistic grandiosity. We here extend prior work finding that people scoring high in grandiosity have self-bolstering tendencies in remembering past events, and we consider whether these tendencies extend to imagining future events. Across an initial study (N = 112) and replication (N = 169), participants wrote about remembered past events and imagined future events in which they embodied or would embody either positive or negative traits. Participants then rated those events on several subjective measures. We find that people scoring higher in grandiosity remember past events in which they embody positive traits with greater detail and ease than past events in which they embody negative traits. These same effects persist when people scoring high in grandiosity imagine possible events in their future. Those scoring higher in grandiosity endorse thinking about positive events in their past and future more frequently than negative events, and they judge positive future events as more plausible than negative future events. These tendencies did not extend to objective detail provided in their written narratives about these events. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that grandiosity is associated with self-bolstering tendencies in both remembering the past and imagining the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Finch
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richter M, Mota S, Hater L, Bratek R, Goltermann J, Barkhau C, Gruber M, Repple J, Storck M, Blitz R, Grotegerd D, Masuhr O, Jaeger U, Baune BT, Dugas M, Walter M, Dannlowski U, Buhlmann U, Back M, Opel N. Narcissistic dimensions and depressive symptoms in patients across mental disorders in cognitive behavioural therapy and in psychoanalytic interactional therapy in Germany: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:955-965. [PMID: 37844592 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narcissistic personality traits have been theorised to negatively affect depressive symptoms, therapeutic alliance, and treatment outcome, even in the absence of narcissistic personality disorder. We aimed to examine how the dimensional narcissistic facets of admiration and rivalry affect depressive symptoms across treatment modalities in two transdiagnostic samples. METHODS We did a naturalistic, observational prospective cohort study in two independent adult samples in Germany: one sample pooled from an inpatient psychiatric clinic and an outpatient treatment service offering cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT), and one sample from an inpatient clinic providing psychoanalytic interactional therapy (PIT). Inpatients treated with CBT had an affective or psychotic disorder. For the other two sites, data from all service users were collected. We examined the effect of core narcissism and its facets admiration and rivalry, measured by Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire-short version, on depressive symptoms, measured by Beck's Depression Inventory and Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression Scale, at baseline and after treatment in patients treated with CBT and PIT. Primary analyses were regression models, predicting baseline and post-treatment depression severity from core narcissism and its facets. Mediation analysis was done in the outpatient CBT group for the effect of the therapeutic alliance on the association between narcissism and depression severity after treatment. FINDINGS The sample included 2371 patients (1423 [60·0%] female and 948 [40·0%] male; mean age 33·13 years [SD 13·19; range 18-81), with 517 inpatients and 1052 outpatients in the CBT group, and 802 inpatients in the PIT group. Ethnicity data were not collected. Mean treatment duration was 300 days (SD 319) for CBT and 67 days (SD 26) for PIT. Core narcissism did not predict depression severity before treatment in either group, but narcissistic rivalry was associated with higher depressive symptom load at baseline (β 2·47 [95% CI 1·78 to 3·12] for CBT and 1·05 [0·54 to 1·55] for PIT) and narcissistic admiration showed the opposite effect (-2·02 [-2·62 to -1·41] for CBT and -0·64 [-1·11 to -0·17] for PIT). Poorer treatment response was predicted by core narcissism (β 0·79 [0·10 to 1·47]) and narcissistic rivalry (0·89 [0·19 to 1·58]) in CBT, whereas admiration showed no effect. No effect of narcissism on treatment outcome was discernible in PIT. Therapeutic alliance mediated the effect of narcissism on post-treatment depression severity in the outpatient CBT sample. INTERPRETATION As narcissism affects depression severity before and after treatment with CBT across psychiatric disorders, even in the absence of narcissistic personality disorder, the inclusion of dimensional assessments of narcissism should be considered in future research and clinical routines. The relevance of the therapeutic alliance and therapeutic strategy could be used to guide treatment approaches. FUNDING IZKF Münster. TRANSLATION For the German translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Richter
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Simon Mota
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leonie Hater
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rebecca Bratek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carlotta Barkhau
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marius Gruber
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Storck
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rogério Blitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia; Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on adaptive and maladaptive brain Circuits underlying mental health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Buhlmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mitja Back
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on adaptive and maladaptive brain Circuits underlying mental health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biesen JN, Smith DA. Narcissism in Romantic Relationships: Using Communal Activation to Promote Relationship Enhancing Attitudes. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 157:516-547. [PMID: 37812409 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2023.2255925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: People with elevated vulnerable narcissism (VN) or grandiose narcissism (GN) trait levels tend to experience greater difficulties in their romantic relationships than their counterparts with lower levels of VN or GN. Although there are no evidence-based approaches to alter the interpersonal behavior of persons with VN or GN traits, experimental research shows that it is possible to produce relationship-enhancing attitudes in people with GN traits through communal activation (CA). Objective: We examined whether a CA manipulation in the context of relationship education improves attitudes that promote romantic relationship health, and whether VN and GN would moderate these associations. Method: Participants (Nwomen =148, Nmen = 71) watched psychoeducational videos on relationships and were randomly assigned to either answer questions about the videos' content (control group) or to complete CA exercises (experimental group) in addition to questionnaires to measure empathy, criticism, commitment, desire for closeness, and communication (positive interaction, demand/withdraw communication, criticize/defend communication) before and after the experimental manipulation. Results: There was a main effect of condition, such that, relative to the control group, fewer improvements in perceived demand/withdraw communication were observed in the experimental condition. VN, but not GN, moderated the link between condition and commitment, demand/withdraw and criticize/defend communication, such that elevated VN levels predicted the most improvement in commitment, demand/withdraw and criticize/defend communication in the experimental condition. Discussion: We conclude with recommendations to adopt ego-enhancing reinforcement for communal behaviors with clients who endorse GN traits and considering less personally relevant CA exercises with clients who endorse VN traits.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bader M, Hilbig BE, Zettler I, Moshagen M. Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors. J Pers 2023; 91:1084-1109. [PMID: 36256568 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explain and predict unethical behavior, much attention has been devoted to the "Dark Triad of Personality", a set of three socially aversive personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Despite its popularity, research on the Dark Triad has been beset by recurring concerns surrounding the distinctiveness of its components. Herein, we propose an alternative theoretical view that conceptualizes the Dark Triad traits as specific manifestations of the common core of aversive traits (conceptualized as the Dark Factor of Personality, D) flavored by unique, essentially non-aversive characteristics. METHOD In two studies (total N > 1000), we test this idea by examining the conceptual and empirical overlap and specificity of the Dark Triad traits vis-à-vis D and each other. RESULTS Findings support the conceptualization of the Dark Triad traits as flavored manifestations of D and also reveal a marked discrepancy between the current conceptualization of the Dark Triad traits and the empirical structure of its subdimensions. In fact, evidence clearly failed to support the existence of a triad of traits. CONCLUSION Conceptualizing single aversive traits as a conjunction of core D aspects and essentially non-aversive characteristics (admiration; disinhibition vs. planfulness; vulnerability vs. boldness) holds promise to move the field forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bader
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Zettler
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Moshagen
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kirchner L, Kloft M, Arias Martín B, Berg M, Anjedanimoghadamaraghi P, Schäfer L, Rief W. Measuring dysfunctional interpersonal beliefs: validation of the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale among a heterogeneous German-speaking sample. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:702. [PMID: 37759204 PMCID: PMC10523705 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKROUND Dysfunctional interpersonal beliefs (DIBs) are a key symptom domain in numerous mental disorders. Because DIBs exert a strong influence on social experience and behavior, they play an important role in a mental disorder's development and progression. To date, only the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale (ICDS) captures DIBs independently of specific disorders, populations, or contexts. The present study's aim was to psychometrically evaluate and validate a German translation of the ICDS. METHODS The ICDS was administered along with indicators of convergent (rejection sensitivity, depressive expectations, interpersonal trust, interpersonal problems, perceived social support), discriminant (self-efficacy, perseverative negative thinking, optimism), and clinical validity (psychopathology, perceived stress, well-being) to a pooled sample incorporating non-clinical (N = 114) and clinical (N = 94) participants. RESULTS An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested a five-factor solution (factor loadings: .44 to .85). Correlational analyses demonstrated acceptable convergent (ρ = -.29 to -.35, ρ = .27 to .59), suboptimal discriminant (ρ = -.27 to -.38, ρ = .52), and acceptable clinical validity (ρ = -.21, ρ = .36 to .44) at the total-scale level. However, results at the subscale level were mixed and required nuanced interpretation. Likewise, internal consistency was acceptable at the total-scale level (α = .76), but ranged from good to poor at the subscale level (α = .61 to .80). DIBs mediated the negative relationship between mental disorder onset and psychopathology levels. DISCUSSION Our results imply DIBs' relevance to mental health and related outcomes. When working with the ICDS's German version, we recommend employing only the "insecurity" subscale, as this was the only scale revealing acceptable psychometric properties. Future studies should improve the construct validity of the ICDS (and its subscales), e.g., by adding more items to the respective subscales and further classes of DIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kirchner
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kloft
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Methods, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Beatriz Arias Martín
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Max Berg
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paria Anjedanimoghadamaraghi
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leonora Schäfer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Rief
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wheeler MA, Burns LR, Stephenson P. A Narcissism/Vanity Distinction? Reassessing Vanity Using a Modern Model of Narcissism Based on Pride, Empathy, and Social Behaviors. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:762. [PMID: 37754041 PMCID: PMC10525865 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of vanity in its longstanding theoretical association with narcissism. This is particularly germane, as the conceptualization and measurement of narcissism have evolved in recent years. This is observed in the development of spectrum and/or dimensional models of narcissism, concomitant with the conceptual developments of vanity that have emerged since its original inclusion in the Narcissism Personality Inventory. Specifically, our research question evaluated whether vanity remains as traditionally construed, i.e., as a facet of narcissism, or is better conceptualized as a distinct construct separated from the earlier models of narcissism and therefore provide novel implications in understanding personality and social behavior. Based on the traits of pride, empathy, and several social behavior variables, it was hypothesized that a differentiation between narcissism and vanity would be observed. The participants were 441 undergraduate students from a large public midwestern university who participated in a self-report online survey. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. The results revealed that the characterization of vanity is limited to pride and an absence of empathy and social behavior. Findings reaffirm behavior patterns of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism regarding selflessness, image management, and sensitivity to others. The core motivations of vanity are explicated as based on social comparison theory to assess one's subjective and/or objective value though it is not characterized as a "social" trait or by social behavior, in contrast to how narcissism is characterized. Based on our findings and an improved understanding of the narcissism model, we conclude that vanity is more closely related to the grandiose dimension of narcissism and discuss how the underlying motivations of vanity improve our understanding of grandiose narcissism. We discuss the implications that these findings provide to the developing, modern conceptualizations of narcissism and affirm and expand our understanding of vanity in personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison A. Wheeler
- Psychology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49417, USA;
| | - Lawrence R. Burns
- Psychology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49417, USA;
| | - Paul Stephenson
- Statistics Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49417, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zajenkowski M, Gignac GE, Rogoza R, Górniak J, Maciantowicz O, Leniarska M, Jonason PK, Jankowski KS. Ego-Boosting Hormone: Self-Reported and Blood-Based Testosterone Are Associated With Higher Narcissism. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1024-1032. [PMID: 37594058 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231184886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Grandiose narcissism is defined as increased motivation for status and viewing oneself as entitled and superior to others. We hypothesized that these tendencies might be associated with basal levels of testosterone because testosterone is considered the most social hormone-driving dominance and the motivation to achieve social status. We distinguished between two facets of grandiose narcissism: agentic (i.e., the tendency to self-promotion in order to win others' admiration and social influence) and antagonistic (i.e., a reactive strategy used to restore threatened status). In 283 adult men, we examined the association between these facets of narcissism and blood-tested and self-reported testosterone levels. Agentic narcissism-the default narcissistic strategy-was positively associated with both testosterone indicators. Moreover, self-reported and objectively measured testosterone were positively correlated. These findings extend previous work by showing that the facets of narcissism have distinct hormonal underpinnings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles E Gignac
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia
| | - Radosław Rogoza
- School of Human Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw
- Social Innovation Chair, University of Lleida
| | | | | | | | - Peter K Jonason
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua
- Institute of Psychology, University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fontana A, Cianfanelli B, Verbaro R, Cuzzocrea G, Benzi IMA, Sideli L. Two-Wave Stability of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism During Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Empathy. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:696-703. [PMID: 37399578 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Literature suggests that narcissistic traits may affect socio-affective development from early adolescence. Two interrelated narcissistic domains have been identified, i.e. , narcissistic grandiosity (NG) and narcissistic vulnerability (NV). This study aims to prospectively assess NG and NV during adolescence and to investigate the mediating role of empathy on the stability of narcissistic traits. One-hundred fifty-six adolescents (47.5% females) participated in a longitudinal prospective study. NG, NV, and empathy were assessed at baseline and 24-month follow-up. Compared with NG traits, NV showed a mean-level increasing pattern, albeit with a small effect size. Different empathy domains mediated the developmental trajectories of NG and NV. Specifically, the "fantasy" empathy domain partially mediated the stability of NG, whereas the "personal distress" domain partially mediated the mild increase of NV. The findings suggest that grandiose fantasies and negative activation to others' distress are crucial factors in shaping developmental trajectories of narcissistic traits during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gaia Cuzzocrea
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Sideli
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Finch EF, Boccagno C, Hooley JM. Hurting the Grandiose Self: Examining Presence, Frequency, and Functions of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Pathological Narcissism. J Pers Disord 2023; 37:424-443. [PMID: 37721781 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2023.37.4.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines whether dimensions of pathological narcissism are associated with the presence, frequency, and function of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Adults (N = 252) completed questionnaires assessing narcissistic grandiosity, narcissistic vulnerability, fluctuation between these narcissistic states, and borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. Those with a history of NSSI (n = 105) also reported the method, frequency, and function of their NSSI engagement. When controlling for co-occurring BPD symptoms, there were very few associations between vulnerability, grandiosity, and narcissistic fluctuation and NSSI presence and frequency. However, a clear pattern emerged regarding NSSI functions. Although vulnerability and narcissistic fluctuation were not associated with any functions of NSSI when co-occurring BPD symptoms were controlled for, grandiosity was positively associated with all interpersonal functions of NSSI (e.g., peer bonding, revenge) and negatively associated with the intrapersonal function of affect regulation. These results suggest a unique relationship between narcissistic grandiosity and NSSI that may inform clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Finch
- From Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chelsea Boccagno
- From Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jill M Hooley
- From Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Olejarnik SZ, Romano D. Is playing violent video games a risk factor for aggressive behaviour? Adding narcissism, self-esteem and PEGI ratings to the debate. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1155807. [PMID: 37476087 PMCID: PMC10354552 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aggressive behaviour is a challenge for society. There continues to be considerable debate over whether the consumption of violent video games affects aggression, as violent video game content has become more accessible in recent years due to the growing use of online distribution platforms. Personality traits often linked to aggression, such as narcissism and self-esteem, have been considered in the context of violent video game play and their relationship with aggression. Methods We surveyed an international population of 166 game players on their personality traits and their three favourite video game choices, which were classified as violent or non-violent, using Pan European Game Information (PEGI) 16 and 18 ratings. Results We found that violent video game choice is a predictor of verbal aggression alongside narcissism, and hostility alongside self-esteem. A categorical regression highlighted the desire to impersonate society's undesirable role models (e.g., 'be a thief or a killer') as one of the motivations for aggression and violent video game choice. Discussion These findings show that video game violence should be considered a risk factor for aggression, as in other violent media, as it provides a social reinforcement of aggressive behaviour and observational learning of aggressive models, calling for the introduction of stricter online age verification procedures on online game platforms to safeguard children from violent video game content; and increased use of parental controls on content fruition. More granularity should be considered in the PEGI classifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Romano
- Department of Information Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Balcerowska JM, Sawicki A, Brailovskaia J, Zajenkowski M. Different aspects of narcissism and Social Networking Sites addiction in Poland and Germany: The mediating role of positive and negative reinforcement expectancies. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
25
|
Velji J, Kowalski CM, Schermer JA. Are there narcissistic career choices? An investigation of narcissistic traits and vocational interests. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
26
|
Lenzenweger MF. Narcissistic Personality Disorder Studied the Long Way: Predicting Change in Narcissistic Pathology During College. Am J Psychother 2023; 76:15-25. [PMID: 36221978 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20220020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otto F. Kernberg pioneered the description, understanding, and treatment of pathological narcissism. Narcissism has emerged as a clinical construct of considerable interest in clinical psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis and has often been featured in the literature on personality and social psychology. Considerable discussion in recent years has focused on whether levels of narcissism seen among young adults have been increasing. Nearly all of that discussion has been focused on changes in successive cohorts in normative (normal-range) expressions of narcissism. No direct prospective longitudinal study of the same individuals has assessed for pathological narcissism during college, the period that has been the specific focus of such lively debate. This study aimed to fill that gap in the literature. METHODS This multiwave, longitudinal study explored pathological narcissism during college by enrolling first-year undergraduate students (N=250) from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders and by using individual growth curve (IGC) analysis. Participants were assigned to either a possible personality disorder or no personality disorder group, according to results from the International Personality Disorder Examination. RESULTS By the third wave of assessments, 16% of the sample received a probable or definite diagnosis of at least one axis II personality disorder. IGC analysis revealed that pathological narcissism declined across the first 4 years of college. Personality predictors of this pattern of change are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for a fine-grained prospective study of the same participants over time to illuminate patterns of change in narcissism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Lenzenweger
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vulnerable narcissism, fear of missing out (FoMO) and addictive social media use: A gender comparison from Germany. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
28
|
The relationship between narcissism and empathy: A meta-analytic review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
29
|
Giacomin M, Johnston EE, Legge ELG. Exploring narcissism and human- and animal-centered empathy in pet owners. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1087049. [PMID: 37063531 PMCID: PMC10098159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Having empathy for others is typically generalized to having empathy for animals. However, empathy for humans and for animals are only weakly correlated. Thus, some individuals may have low human-centered empathy but have high animal-centered empathy. Here, we explore whether pet owners who are high in narcissism display empathy towards animals despite their low human-centered empathy. We assessed pet owners' (N = 259) three components of trait narcissism (Agentic Extraversion, Antagonism, and Narcissistic Neuroticism), human- and animal-centered empathy, attitudes towards animals, and their pet attachment. We found that Agentic Extraversion was unrelated to both human- and animal-centered empathy. We also found that Antagonism was related to less empathy for both humans and animals, as well as more negative attitudes towards animals. Lastly, we found that Narcissistic Neuroticism was unrelated to human-centered empathy and positively related to animal-centered empathy and attitudes towards animals. This research furthers our understanding of the relation between empathy towards humans and animals and provides insight into whether animal-assisted approaches may be useful for empathy training in those with narcissistic characteristics.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lenzenweger MF. Proximal Processes, Temperament, and Pathological Narcissism: An Empirical Exploration from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders. Psychopathology 2023; 56:41-51. [PMID: 35609557 DOI: 10.1159/000524796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is argued that all personality pathology represents the final emergent product of a complex interaction of underlying neurobehavioral systems, which are reflected in personality factors, in conjunction with environmental inputs. Neurobehavioral systems manifest themselves in dispositional temperament and personality processes. Environmental inputs include, obviously, interpersonal relationships (e.g., parenting, social, and mentoring relations) as well as other factors such as abuse, neglect, and/or environmental insults (e.g., economic hardship, deprivation). Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is hypothesized to reflect both dispositional and environmental inputs to its pathogenesis. Temperament and personality-based theorizing regarding NPD proposes high dispositional levels of anger and related temperament features that could shape early development and subsequent NPD. Many classic theorists (e.g., Freud, Kernberg, Kohut, Miller) have also proposed that profound parenting failures are implicated in the emergence of NPD, each suggesting some failure in proper engagement and responsivity with the developing child. Such a failure in parenting can be thought of as reflecting diminished proximal process engagement with the developing child. METHOD Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders, the present study examines both proximal process and temperament factors in relation to clinically significant NPD features from a prospective perspective. RESULTS Results suggest that both proximal process and temperament (notably anger) factors independently predict the level of NPD features over time. CONCLUSION Both interpersonal relationships and temperament should be considered in models of etiology of NPD, it is not just one or the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Lenzenweger
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Personality Disorders Institute, The New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Westchester Division, White Plains, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Théberge D, Gamache D. An Appraisal of Narcissistic Rage Through Path Modeling. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP796-NP818. [PMID: 35334202 PMCID: PMC9709537 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221084746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathological narcissism and borderline traits have been consistently associated with interpersonal aggression. Shame has been identified as an important trigger of aggressive behaviors in individuals with pathological personality traits, especially for narcissistic vulnerability and borderline traits. This is in line with Kohut's theory on narcissistic rage, that is, aggression, anger, and destruction that act as a protection for a grandiose self. The present study aims to investigate the interrelations between pathological narcissism, borderline traits, shame, and trait aggression, concepts that are parts of the narcissistic rage phenomenon introduced by Kohut, using path models. A total of 399 participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing personality traits (narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability, and borderline traits), shame, and aggression. Three path models including these variables were tested and compared to one another on fit indices. Results show that shame acts as a mediator between pathological traits (narcissistic vulnerability and borderline traits) and trait aggression, whereas the relationship between narcissistic grandiosity and aggression was direct (i.e., shame was not involved). Results expand the narcissistic rage theory by suggesting that it might represent an internalizing type of aggression that manifests in the context of narcissistic vulnerability and borderline traits, which is not the case for narcissistic grandiosity that exerts a direct effect on trait aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Théberge
- Department of Psychology,
Université
du Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC,
Canada
| | - Dominick Gamache
- Department of Psychology,
Université
du Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC,
Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre,
Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Exposing the darkness within: A review of dark personality traits, models, and measures and their relationship to insider threats. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Rogoza M, Marchlewska M, Rogoza R. Towards Integration of Communal Narcissism Within the Structure of the Narcissistic Personality Traits. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Villalongo Andino M, Brown MFD, Sturgeon T, Stanton K. A cross-sample examination of lay rater perceptions of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability and their correlates. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
35
|
Engyel M, de Ruiter NM, Urbán R. Momentarily narcissistic? Development of a short, state version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory applicable in momentary assessment. Front Psychol 2022; 13:992271. [PMID: 36389445 PMCID: PMC9644189 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Narcissism viewed as a personality process rather than a stable trait explains narcissistic functioning as a tool for maintaining a positive self-view. Studying narcissism therefore needs adequate momentary measures for collecting higher frequency longitudinal data in experience sampling method (ESM) studies. In this study, a shorter version of the Pathological Narcisissm Inventory is offered to measure vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic states, applicable in momentary assessment. Methods The measurement tool was tested in three samples. First, we assessed the factor structure and associations with other contemporary measures of narcissism in a cross-sectional design on one English speaking (n = 319) and one Hungarian sample (n = 236). Second, we conducted a five-day long experience sampling method study with a total of 15 measurement points (n = 123). Results Based on structural equation modelling and multilevel analyses, the results suggest that the measure has adequate psychometric properties in both the within and between subject levels as well as acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions The Pathological Narcissism Inventory – State Version (PNI-S) can be a useful tool in momentary data collection enabling the examination of personality processes behind narcissistic functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márton Engyel
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Márton Engyel,
| | | | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jung J, Rentzsch K, Schröder-Abé M. The development and correlated change of narcissism and self-esteem in adulthood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221134410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual and empirical overlap of grandiose narcissism and self-esteem is part of ongoing debate. Whereas cross-sectional findings suggest a moderate correlation between both constructs, evidence on the longitudinal relationship of narcissism and self-esteem is still lacking. Using data of two longitudinal studies consisting of more than 10,000 participants in adulthood, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether narcissism and self-esteem follow similar developmental patterns and whether longitudinal change in narcissism is related to longitudinal change in self-esteem. Participants provided self-ratings of global, agentic, and antagonistic narcissism as well as their general perception of self-esteem. The results of True Intraindividual Change Models showed that although narcissism and self-esteem were associated cross-sectionally, intraindividual change in narcissism was largely unrelated to intraindividual change in self-esteem, suggesting a predominantly independent development of both constructs. The findings contribute to a more profound understanding of the developmental similarities and idiosyncrasies of narcissism and self-esteem in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Jung
- University of Potsdam, Germany
- Pädagogische Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Freund VL, Peeters F, Meesters C, Geschwind N, Lemmens LHJM, Bernstein DP, Lobbestael J. Narcissistic traits and compassion: Embracing oneself while devoiding others. Front Psychol 2022; 13:914270. [PMID: 36304848 PMCID: PMC9592718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Grandiose narcissistic traits refer to exploitative and arrogant attitudes, while vulnerable narcissistic traits entail hypersensitivity to judgment and low self-esteem. Little is known about how individuals with narcissistic traits can improve their attitudes toward themselves and others. The current research puts self- and other compassion forward as possible targets to alleviate some of destructive patterns of narcissism. Generally, self-compassion (SC) has previously been associated with beneficial effects on psychological wellbeing, while other compassion (OC) is advantageous for interpersonal relationships. This study explored the relationship between narcissistic traits and the efficacy of experimental compassion inductions. Student and community participants (N = 230, M age = 27.41, 65.2% female) completed grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic trait, SC and OC state questionnaires, and either an SC or OC induction. It was expected that individuals with higher narcissistic traits (particularly grandiose traits) would benefit from the inductions and show higher SC after but would have greater difficulty showing meaningful increases in OC (especially OC directed at the general population). The results indicated that individual differences in grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic traits are related to the magnitude of improvements following the inductions: the theorized lack of SC in individuals with vulnerable oversensitivity to judgment traits seems possible to be counteracted through different types of compassion exercises. Moreover, higher grandiose exploitativeness-entitlement and global vulnerable narcissistic traits related to less increases than others. However, directly inducing OC in individuals with these traits was linked to greater OC improvements than improvements after inducing SC. Overall, the present findings suggest that self-compassionate behavior can be improved in individuals with high oversensitivity and that other compassionate behavior could potentially be increased if, specifically, other compassion exercises are utilized when higher levels of certain narcissistic traits are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lea Freund
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Foster S, Zeigler-Hill V, Bell K. The relationship between narcissism and mental illness stigma. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Ménard KS, Pincus AL. Examining the Influence of Gender, Child Abuse, and Narcissism on Four Forms of Interpersonal Violence Among Men and Women College Students. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2022; 37:569-587. [PMID: 36192120 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the moderating effects of gender, child abuse, and pathological narcissism on self-reported stalking, sexual harassment, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression in undergraduate men and women. Child abuse was positively associated with engaging in all forms of interpersonal violence for both genders. For women, pathological narcissism moderated this association such that higher levels of pathological narcissism reduced the association between child abuse and engaging in stalking, sexual harassment, sexual aggression. For men. pathological narcissism exhibited independent positive associations with engagement in sexual harassment and sexual aggression and a negative association with engagement in intimate partner violence, but no moderating effects. These gender differences have important implications for the assessment of women's violence, and university violence prevention and advocacy programs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Moral Disengagement, Dark Triad and Face Mask Wearing during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1300-1310. [PMID: 36135228 PMCID: PMC9498222 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12090090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Not wearing a face mask, despite the sanitary recommendation, represented a public health risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, the aim of the study was to determine the mediating role of moral disengagement in the relationship between the dark triad and face mask wearing during the second wave of the pandemic. We worked with a sample made up of 534 adults, who were administered the Dirty Dozen Dark test, the Moral Disengagement Mechanisms Scale and a questionnaire on the frequency of use of face masks. The results showed that moral disengagement mediates the effect of each trait of the dark triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism) on the use of face masks. It is concluded that those who possess any of the dark personality traits morally disengage in order not to use a face mask, exercising a reckless behavior of the possible contagion of COVID-19 to others.
Collapse
|
41
|
Osterholz S, Mosel EI, Egloff B. #Insta Personality: Personality Expression in Instagram Accounts, Impression Formation, and Accuracy of Personality Judgments at Zero Acquaintance. J Pers 2022; 91:566-582. [PMID: 35837861 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined personality expression, impression formation, and the consensus and accuracy of zero-acquaintance personality judgments that were based on people's Instagram accounts. METHOD Self- and informant reports of the Big Five personality traits, self-esteem, and narcissism were collected for 102 Instagram users. Screenshots were taken of Instagram users' profiles, including up to the 102 latest available Instagram posts. A number of Instagram cues were objectively retrieved, counted, and rated by independent trained cue coders from the screenshots. 100 unacquainted observers then judged the Big Five traits, self-esteem, and narcissism on the basis of Instagram screenshots only. RESULTS We identified Instagram account characteristics that were associated with users' personality traits (measured with self-reports, informant reports, and self-informant composites) and observers' zero-acquaintance personality judgments. Personality judgments that were based on Instagram accounts demonstrated consensus and significantly converged with Instagram users' Big Five traits, self-esteem, and narcissism across all three personality criteria. Averaged-observer accuracy correlations for self-informant composite scores ranged from r = .44 (p < .001) for extraversion to r = .25 (p = .013) for conscientiousness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into cue processes of online self-portrayal and impression formation on Instagram and the level of zero-acquaintance accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Osterholz
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emily I Mosel
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zeigler-Hill V, Vrabel JK. Narcissistic personality features and contingencies of self-worth: What are the foundations of narcissistic self-esteem? SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
43
|
Akat M, Arslan C, Hamarta E. Dark Triad Personality and Phubbing: The Mediator Role of Fomo. Psychol Rep 2022:332941221109119. [PMID: 35713369 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phubbing among undergraduate has become an area of increasing research interest in recent years. In recent years, studies on phubbing have increased. However, no empirical study has deal with the mediating effect of fear of missing out (FoMO) on the relationship between dark triad and phubbing. The dark triad refers to three personality traits: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Machiavellianism is characterized by prioritizing one's own wishes and desires. Psychopathy, is a personality trait where lack of emotion and self-control is seen. Narcissism is characterized by low empathy and egocentrism. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether FoMO mediator between dark triad and phubbing among undergraduates. For this purpose, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping method was used. Mediation analyses were performed using AMOS 22.00. The present study comprised 506 undergraduate (%70.7 female; %29.3 male). The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 29 (x = 22.41).The measures used included the General Scale of Phubbing, Fear of Missing Out Scale, and Dirty Dozen Scale. The results showed that FoMO mediated the relationship between dark triad and phubbing. The results of bootstrapping procedure indicated that the indirect effect of FoMO on the relationship between dark triad and phubbing was significant. In conclusion, the study suggests that FoMO is a meaningful mediator in the relationship between dark triad and phubbing. Research results are discussed in the light of the related literature and suggestions are presented for future researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Akat
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 166263Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Arslan
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 226846Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Erdal Hamarta
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 226846Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cichocka A, Marchlewska M, Biddlestone M. Why do narcissists find conspiracy theories so appealing? Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 35816915 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Narcissism-a conviction about one's superiority and entitlement to special treatment-is a robust predictor of belief in conspiracy theories. Recent developments in the study of narcissism suggest that it has three components: antagonism, agentic extraversion, and neuroticism. We argue that each of these components of narcissism might predispose people to endorse conspiracy theories due to different psychological processes. Specifically, we discuss the role of paranoia, gullibility, and the needs for dominance, control, and uniqueness. We also review parallel findings for narcissistic beliefs about one's social groups. We consider the wider implications this research might have, especially for political leadership. We conclude by discussing outstanding questions about sharing conspiracy theories and other forms of misinformation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Antagonism and narcissism as a conditional relationship: The role of social-engagement traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
46
|
Orhan MA, Collisson B. Who said there's no such thing as a free lunch? Customers' dark triad traits predict abuse of food refund policies. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
47
|
Do bigger egos mean bigger presence? Facets of grandiose narcissism and mindfulness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBroad sections of the population try to be more mindful, often with quite self-centered motives. It is therefore not surprising that there is growing interest in the investigation of narcissism and mindfulness. Despite theoretical and empirical ties, however, existing research on this association is scarce. In two studies (N = 3,134 and 403) with English- and German-speaking participants, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between facets of grandiose narcissism and trait mindfulness. Across both studies and, using different narcissism and mindfulness measures, SEM consistently revealed opposing patterns for agentic and antagonistic narcissism, with agentic narcissism being positively related to trait mindfulness, and antagonistic narcissism being negatively related to it. Findings highlight the necessity to acknowledge the conceptual heterogeneity of narcissism when examining its relationship with trait mindfulness. Practical implications regarding how agentic and antagonistic narcissists might profit differently from mindfulness practice are discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Grundmann F, Smallman R, Epstude K. Grandiose narcissism shapes counterfactual thinking (and regret): Direct and indirect evidence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Liu C, Berzenski SR. College Academic Perfectionism Scale: Development and Validation. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/07342829211069799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive perfectionism has a documented association with mental health problems, yet the context of maladaptive perfectionism (i.e., the domain where individuals exhibit such a trait) is rarely considered. This study aimed to develop a measure for academic perfectionism among college students and assess its psychometric properties. Five hundred and thirty-two college students were recruited from introductory-level psychology courses and completed questionnaires online. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses determined the factor structure and model fit of the scale, and bivariate correlation and multiple regression analyses assessed the validity of the scale. The results suggested that the College Academic Perfectionism Scale consists of two higher order factors, rigid academic perfectionism and self-critical academic perfectionism, and self-critical academic perfectionism consists of three sub-factors, academic self-criticism, doubts about actions, and socially prescribed academic perfectionism. The scale has an adequate confirmatory model fit, excellent reliability, and high construct validity. Incremental validity over general perfectionism was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caesar Liu
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang S, Kim YK, Fingerman KL, Birditt KS, Charles ST. Narcissism, Social Experiences, and Mood in Late Life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1442-1453. [PMID: 35092423 PMCID: PMC9371453 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social ties increase in importance in late life and narcissism may be deleterious to these ties. More narcissistic older adults may have more frequent social encounters than less narcissistic people and may prefer weak ties (e.g., acquaintances) over close ones (e.g., family, close friends). They may benefit more from these encounters due to their need for adulation. This study examined how daily social experiences and mood varied by narcissism among older adults. METHODS Older adults aged 65-92 years (N = 303) completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 and completed ecological momentary assessments in which they reported number, type, and quality of social contacts and positive and negative mood every 3 h for 5-6 days. RESULTS In multilevel models, narcissism did not predict the number or pleasantness of social encounters. But more narcissistic older adults reported a greater percentage of stressful discussions with weak ties. With regard to mood, more narcissistic people reported higher negative mood if they had more encounters with weak ties and when discussing something stressful with weak ties. Less narcissistic people reported lowered positive mood after they discussed something stressful with close ties. DISCUSSION The findings present a nuanced understanding of how the self-centeredness of narcissism may be manifest in late life. More narcissistic people may be less sensitive to close partner's (e.g., family, friends) distress, but their mood may be more susceptible to negative social events, especially with weak ties (e.g., acquaintances).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhang
- Address correspondence to: Shiyang Zhang, MA, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. E-mail:
| | - Yijung K Kim
- Texas Aging and Longevity Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kira S Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan T Charles
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|