1
|
Wigmore SM, Nankervis SA, Watson L, Bean DC. Staphylococcal carriage among captive dingoes (Canis dingo) in Victoria, Australia. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110104. [PMID: 38768556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary lineage and taxonomy of the Australian dingo is controversial, however recent genomic and gut metagenomic research has suggested that dingoes are evolutionarily distinct from modern dogs. Staphylococcus species are known commensal organisms of dogs and other mammals. In this study we took the opportunity to determine the carriage rate and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus species from 15 captive Australian dingoes. S. pseudintermedius was the only coagulase-positive species recovered, isolated from 6/15 (40%) and 9/13 (69%) of the animals during the 2020 (winter) and 2021 (summer) sampling times, respectively. Twenty-three coagulase-negative isolates were characterised, with S. equorum being the most frequently (20/23, 87%) recovered species. Two isolates of S. equorum had their genomes sequenced to learn more about this species. Antimicrobial resistance amongst both coagulase-positive and -negative isolates was low; with resistance to only 3 of 12 antimicrobials observed: penicillin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim. We have shown that the Australian dingo is a host organism for S. pseudintermedius much like it is in dogs, however the carriage rate was lower than has previously been reported from dogs in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wigmore
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - Scott A Nankervis
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - Lynette Watson
- Dingo Discovery Sanctuary and Research Centre, PO Box 502, Gisborne, Victoria 3437, Australia
| | - David C Bean
- Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roberts E, Nuttall TJ, Gkekas G, Mellanby RJ, Fitzgerald JR, Paterson GK. Not just in man's best friend: A review of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius host range and human zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105305. [PMID: 38805894 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is one species in the commensal staphylococcal population in dogs. While it is commonly carried on healthy companion dogs it is also an opportunistic pathogen associated with a range of skin, ear, wound and other infections. While adapted to dogs, it is not restricted to them, and we have reviewed its host range, including increasing reports of human colonisation and infections. Despite its association with pet dogs, S. pseudintermedius is found widely in animals, covering companion, livestock and free-living species of birds and mammals. Human infections, typically in immunocompromised individuals, are increasingly being recognised, in part due to improved diagnosis. Colonisation, infection, and antimicrobial resistance, including frequent multidrug resistance, among S. pseudintermedius isolates represent important One Health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Roberts
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T J Nuttall
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G Gkekas
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J R Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G K Paterson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Yang N, Mao R, Hao Y, Teng D, Wang J. In Vitro/Vivo Mechanisms of Antibacterial Peptide NZ2114 against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Its Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38667017 PMCID: PMC11047522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in canines, and has garnered escalating interest due to its potential for zoonotic transmission and increasing antimicrobial resistance. However, the excessive use of antibiotics and the characteristic of S. pseudintermedius forming biofilms make treatment challenging. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of action of NZ2114, a plectasin-derived peptide, against S. pseudintermedius were investigated. NZ2114 exhibited potent antibacterial activity towards S. pseudintermedius (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.23 μM) with a lower probability of inducing drug-resistant mutations and efficient bactericidal action, which was superior to those of mopirucin (MIC = 0.25-0.5 μM) and lincomycin (MIC = 4.34-69.41 μM). The results of electron microscopy and flow cytometry showed that NZ2114 disrupted S. pseudintermedius' cell membrane, resulting in cellular content leakage, cytoplasmic membrane shrinkage, and, eventually, cell death. The intracellular ROS activity and Alamar Blue detection showed that NZ2114 interferes with intracellular metabolic processes. In addition, NZ2114 effectively inhibits biofilm formation, and confocal laser scanning microscopy further revealed its antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity (biofilm thickness reduced to 6.90-17.70 μm). The in vivo therapy of NZ2114 in a mouse pyoderma model showed that it was better than lincomycin in effectively decreasing the number of skin bacteria, alleviating histological damage, and reducing the skin damage area. These results demonstrated that NZ2114 may be a promising antibacterial candidate against S. pseudintermedius infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meroni G, Laterza G, Tsikopoulos A, Tsikopoulos K, Vitalini S, Scaglia B, Iriti M, Bonizzi L, Martino PA, Soggiu A. Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oils and Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates. Pathogens 2024; 13:156. [PMID: 38392894 PMCID: PMC10893185 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an emergent zoonotic agent associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). This work aimed to describe the antibacterial activity of four essential oils (EOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against 15 S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from pyoderma. The four EOs, namely Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), Juniperus communis (GI), Citrus sinensis (AR), and Abies alba (AB), and AgNPs were used alone and in combination to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). All strains were MDR and methicillin-resistant. Among the antibiotic cohort, only rifampicin, doxycycline, and amikacin were effective. EOs' chemical analysis revealed 124 compounds belonging to various chemical classes. Of them, 35 were found in AR, 75 in AB, 77 in GI, and 57 in RO. The monoterpenic fraction prevailed over the sesquiterpenic in all EOs. When EOs were tested alone, AB showed the lowest MIC followed by GI, AR, and RO (with values ranging from 1:128 to 1:2048). MBC increased in the following order: AB, AR, GI, and RO (with values ranging from 1:512 to 1:2048). MIC and MBC values for AgNPs were 10.74 mg/L ± 4.23 and 261.05 mg/L ± 172.74. In conclusion, EOs and AgNPs could limit the use of antibiotics or improve the efficacy of conventional therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meroni
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Laterza
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexios Tsikopoulos
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Tsikopoulos
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Sara Vitalini
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcello Iriti
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (S.V.); (M.I.); (L.B.); (P.A.M.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie T, Lin J, Lin D, Zhang D, Xu X, Zhu N, Lin J. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial studies of volatile oil from Atractylodis Rhizoma against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains from canine pyoderma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117326. [PMID: 37879504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Atractylodis Rhizoma is extensively employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of skin and gastrointestinal ailments. Its active components have been proven to demonstrate numerous beneficial properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-ulcer activities. Furthermore, the volatile oil from Atractylodis Rhizoma (VOAR) has been reported to effectively inhibit and eradicate pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Of particular concern is Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, the predominant pathogen responsible for canine pyoderma, whose increasing antimicrobial resistance poses a serious public health threat. VOAR merits further investigation regarding its antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to verify the in vitro antibacterial activity of VOAR against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. And a superficial skin infection model in mice was established to assess the in vivo therapeutic effect of VOAR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty strains of S. pseudintermedius were isolated from dogs with pyoderma, and the drug resistance was analyzed by disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of VOAR were determined through the broth dilution method. The growth curve of bacteria in a culture medium containing VOAR was monitored using a UV spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the effects of VOAR on the microstructure of S. pseudintermedius. The impact of VOAR on the antibiotic resistance of S. pseudintermedius was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Twenty mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the physiological saline group, the VOAR group, and the amikacin group. With the exception of the control group, the skin barrier of mice was disrupted by tap stripping, and the mice were subsequently inoculated with S. pseudintermedius to establish a superficial skin infection model. The modeled mice were treated with normal saline, VOAR, and amikacin for 5 days. Following the treatment period, the therapeutic effect of each group was evaluated based on the measures of body weight, skin symptoms, tissue bacterial load, tissue IL-6 content, and histopathological changes. RESULTS The MIC and MBC of VOAR against 30 clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius were found to be 0.005425% and 0.016875%, respectively. VOAR could exhibit the ability to delay the entry of bacteria into the logarithmic growth phase, disrupt the bacterial structure, and enhance the antibacterial zone in conjunction with antibiotic drugs. In the superficial skin infection model mice, VOAR significantly reduced the scores for skin redness (P < 0.0001), scab formation (P < 0.0001), and wrinkles (P < 0.0001). Moreover, VOAR markedly reduced the bacterial load (P < 0.001) and IL-6 content (P < 0.0001) in the skin tissues of mice. Histopathological observations revealed that the full-layer skin structure in the VOAR group was more complete, with clearer skin layers, and showed significant improvement in inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblast proliferation compared to other groups. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that VOAR effectively inhibits and eradicates Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in vitro while also enhancing the pathogen's sensitivity to antibiotics. Moreover, VOAR exhibits a pronounced therapeutic effect in the superficial skin infection model mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Veterinary Medicine Innovation Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jing Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Degui Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xudong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nailiang Zhu
- Xinyang Agricultural and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan Province, 464000, China.
| | - Jiahao Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Veterinary Medicine Innovation Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hahaj-Siembida A, Nowakiewicz A, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Szecówka K, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P, Kania MG. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as a specific and underappreciated reservoir of resistant and virulent coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. strains. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105111. [PMID: 38113638 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus in swabs collected from red foxes and to characterize the drug resistance and virulence of these bacteria. In total, 415 rectal and oral swabs were collected, and coagulase-positive strains of S. pseudintermedius (n = 104) and S. aureus (n = 27) were identified using multiplex-PCR and MALDI TOF MS. Subsequent analyses showed the highest phenotypic resistance of the strains to penicillin (16.8%) and tetracycline (30.5%) confirmed by the presence of the blaZ, tetM, and tetK genes. Slightly lower resistance to erythromycin (6.9%), clindamycin (9.2%), gentamicin, streptogramins, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, and sulphamethoxazol/trimetophrim was exhibited by single strains. Several virulence genes in a few different combinations were detected in S. aureus; LukE-LukD, and seB were the most frequent genes (37%), LukE-LukD, seB, and seC were detected in 11% of the strains, and PVL, etA, etB, and tst genes were present in two or single strains. The results of our research have confirmed that the red fox is an underestimated reservoir of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains, with approximately 50% of carriers of at least one resistance gene. In turn, 88.8% of the S. aureus strains had one or more virulence genes; therefore, this species of wildlife animals should be monitored as part of epidemiological surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Hahaj-Siembida
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM), Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Szecówka
- Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM), Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Greguła Kania
- Department of Animal Breeding and Agricultural Advisory, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moses IB, Santos FF, Gales AC. Human Colonization and Infection by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: An Emerging and Underestimated Zoonotic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030581. [PMID: 36985155 PMCID: PMC10057476 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S. pseudintermedius is a known resident of the skin and mucous membranes and a constituent of the normal microbiota of dogs. It has also been recognized as an opportunistic and zoonotic pathogen that is able to colonize humans and cause severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Most importantly, methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), which is intrinsically multidrug-resistant, has emerged with serious public health consequences. The epidemiological situation is further exacerbated with reports of its zoonotic transmission and human infections which have been mostly attributed to the increasing frequency of dog ownership and close contact between dogs and humans. Evidence on the zoonotic transmission of MRSP from pet dogs to humans (such as dog owners, small-animal veterinarians, and other people in close proximity to dogs) is limited, especially due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius as S. aureus. Despite this fact, reports on the increasing emergence and spread of MRSP in humans have been increasing steadily over the years since its first documented report in 2006 in Belgium. The emergence of MRSP strains has further compromised treatment outcomes in both veterinary and human medicine as these strains are resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials usually prescribed as first line treatment. Frustratingly, the limited awareness and surveillance of the zoonotic transmission of S. pseudintermedius have underestimated their extent of transmission, prevalence, epidemiology, and public health significance. In order to fill this gap of information, this review focused on detailed reports on zoonotic transmission, human colonization, and infections by S. pseudintermedius, their pathogenic features, antimicrobial resistance profiles, epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. In writing this review, we searched Web of Science, PubMed, and SCOPUS databases using the keyword “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius AND humans”. A phylogenetic tree to determine the genetic relatedness/diversity of publicly available genomes of S. pseudintermedius was also constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki PMB 053, Nigeria
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takeuchi H, Nakajima C, Konnai S, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Usui M, Tamura Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Characterization of SpsQ from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius as an affinity chromatography ligand for canine therapeutic antibodies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281171. [PMID: 36701408 PMCID: PMC9879442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive Staphylococci express protein A, which binds to host antibodies, to evade the immune system. Taking advantage of its specific binding to antibodies, protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, which is called SpA, is commonly used as an affinity chromatography ligand for human therapeutic antibodies. However, among four canine IgG subclasses (A, B, C, and D), only IgG-B binds to SpA strongly and establishing an efficient and robust purification scheme for canine therapeutic antibodies whose IgG subclass is A, C, or D remains difficult and depends on finding a suitable substitute to SpA. S. pseudintermedius, a major coagulase-positive Staphylococci found in dogs, expresses spsQ gene which is orthologous to S. aureus spa. We hypothesized that to serve S. pseudintermedius to better adapt to the dog immune system, SpsQ would bind to canine IgGs stronger than SpA, making it a better affinity chromatography ligand for canine therapeutic antibodies. To characterize SpsQ, we first determined the spsQ nucleotide sequence from S. pseudintermedius isolates. Based on the identified sequence, we prepared recombinant proteins containing the immunoglobulin-binding domains of SpA (r-SpA) and SpsQ (r-SpsQ) and determined their binding capacity for each canine IgG subclass. The binding capacity of r-SpsQ for IgG-B was almost as high as that of r-SpA. Interestingly, while both r-SpsQ and r-SpA showed no binding to IgG-C, the binding capacity of r-SpsQ for IgG-A and IgG-D was significantly higher than that of r-SpA. Finally, we performed affinity chromatography using r-SpsQ- or r-SpA-immobilized resin and revealed that the recovery rates of IgG-A and IgG-D using r-SpsQ were significantly higher than those using r-SpA. Our findings indicate that SpsQ has a strong potential to be used as an affinity chromatography ligand for canine therapeutic antibodies of subclass A, B, and D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takeuchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Usui
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Affairs Office, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdullahi IN, Zarazaga M, Campaña‐Burguet A, Eguizábal P, Lozano C, Torres C. Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius carriage in healthy dogs and cats: a systematic review of their antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic lineages of zoonotic relevance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3368-3390. [PMID: 36063061 PMCID: PMC9828638 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular ecology of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and their methicillin-resistant strains in healthy dogs and cats could serve as good models to understand the concept of bacterial zoonosis due to animal companionship. This study aims to provide insights into pooled prevalence, genetic lineages, virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among healthy dogs and cats. Original research and brief communication articles published from 2001 to 2021 that reported the nasal detection of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius in healthy dogs and cats in the community, homes and outside veterinary clinics were examined and analysed. Forty-nine studies were eligible and included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus/methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in healthy dogs and cats were 10.9% (95% CI: 10.1-11.9)/2.8% (95% CI: 2.4-3.2) and 3.2% (95% CI: 1.9-4.8)/0.5% (95% CI: 0.0-1.1), respectively. Conversely, the pooled prevalence of S. pseudintermedius/methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) in healthy dogs and cats were 18.3% (95% CI: 17.1-19.7)/3.1% (95% CI: 2.5-3.7) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.6-2.4)/1.2% (95% CI: 0.6-2.3), respectively. Although highly diverse genetic lineages of S. aureus were detected in healthy dogs and cats, MSSA-CC1/CC5/CC22/CC45/CC121/CC398 and MRSA-CC5/CC93/CC22/CC30 were mostly reported in dogs; and MSSA-CC5/CC8/CC15/CC48 and MRSA-CC22/CC30/CC80 in cats. Of note, MSSA-CC398 isolates (spa-types t034 and t5883) were detected in dogs. Genetic lineages often associated with MSSP/MRSP were ST20/ST71, highlighting the frequent detection of the epidemic European MRSP-ST71 clone in dogs. S. aureus isolates carrying the luk-S/F-PV, tst, eta, etb and etd genes were seldomly detected in dogs, and luk-S/F-PV was the unique virulence factor reported in isolates of cats. S. pseudintermedius isolates harbouring the luk-S/F-I, seint and expA genes were frequently found, especially in dogs. High and diverse rates of AMR were noted, especially among MRSA/MRSP isolates. There is a need for additional studies on the molecular characterization of isolates from countries with under-studied nasal staphylococci isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One‐Health Research GroupUniversity of La RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One‐Health Research GroupUniversity of La RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Allelén Campaña‐Burguet
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One‐Health Research GroupUniversity of La RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Paula Eguizábal
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One‐Health Research GroupUniversity of La RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One‐Health Research GroupUniversity of La RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One‐Health Research GroupUniversity of La RiojaLogroñoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Viñes J, Fàbregas N, Pérez D, Cuscó A, Fonticoba R, Francino O, Ferrer L, Migura-Garcia L. Concordance between Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotype and Genotype of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from Healthy Dogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111625. [PMID: 36421269 PMCID: PMC9686559 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a common commensal canine bacterium, is the main cause of skin infections in dogs and is a potential zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) has compromised the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. In this study, we compared the phenotypic results obtained by minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) for 67 S. pseudintermedius isolates from the skin of nine healthy dogs versus the genotypic data obtained with Nanopore sequencing. A total of 17 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected among the isolates. A good correlation between phenotype and genotype was observed for some antimicrobial classes, such as ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), macrolides, or tetracycline. However, for oxacillin (beta-lactam) or aminoglycosides the correlation was low. Two antibiotic resistance genes were located on plasmids integrated in the chromosome, and a third one was in a circular plasmid. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the correlation between phenotype and genotype regarding antimicrobial resistance of S. pseudintermedius from healthy dogs using Nanopore sequencing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Viñes
- Vetgenomics, Edifici EUREKA, PRUAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Norma Fàbregas
- Vetgenomics, Edifici EUREKA, PRUAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Cuscó
- Vetgenomics, Edifici EUREKA, PRUAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rocío Fonticoba
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- Unitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Virulence Potential of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus coagulans Causing Skin Infections in Companion Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101339. [PMID: 36289997 PMCID: PMC9598800 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) account for most bacteria-related pyoderma in companion animals. Emergence of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Staphylococcus coagulans (MRSC), often with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes, is a public health concern. The study collection comprised 237 staphylococci (S. pseudintermedius (n = 155), S. aureus (n = 55) and S. coagulans (n = 27)) collected from companion animals, previously characterized regarding resistance patterns and clonal lineages. Biofilm production was detected for 51.0% (79/155), 94.6% (52/55) and 88.9% (24/27) of the S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus and S. coagulans, respectively, and was a frequent trait of the predominant S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus clonal lineages. The production of biofilm varied with NaCl supplementation of the growth media. All S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus strains carried icaADB. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of Galleria mellonella infected with different CoPS revealed a higher virulence potential of S. aureus when compared with other CoPS. Our study highlights a high frequency of biofilm production by prevalent antimicrobial-resistant clonal lineages of CoPS associated with animal pyoderma, potentially related with a higher virulence potential and persistent or recurrent infections.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wilkinson DA, Rogers LE, Bell A, Benschop J, Midwinter AC. Carriage of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius by clinically normal dogs in Canterbury, New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2022; 71:33-36. [PMID: 36165167 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2129855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the frequency of carriage of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in a population of clinically normal dogs within the Christchurch and wider Canterbury region, an area in which MRSP has been detected. METHODS Buccal and perianal swabs were collected from 126 clinically normal dogs presenting at veterinary clinics in the Christchurch/Canterbury region for de-sexing or routine vaccination. S. pseudintermedius was isolated by selective culture. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials by disc diffusion. RESULTS S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 92/126 (73.0 (95% CI = 64.4-80.5)%) dogs, with 38/126 (30.2 (95% CI = 22.3-39.0)%) positive dogs carrying S. pseudintermedius at both sampled sites. More animals (78/126; 61.9; (95% CI: 52.8-70.4)%) had positive mouth cultures than positive perianal region cultures (52/126; 41.3 (95% CI: 32.6-50.4)%). No MRSP was isolated from clinically normal dogs. However, resistance to penicillin (106/130 (85.1%) swabs) and tetracycline (33/130 (25.4%) swabs) was seen. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the dogs in this sample were carriers of S. pseudintermedius. However none of these isolates were MRSP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE While most clinically normal dogs in the studied region are likely to be carriers of S. pseudintermedius, only a small proportion, if any, are likely to be carriers of MRSP. Antibiotic stewardship practices may be important to maintain low-level circulation of drug-resistant bacterial lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Wilkinson
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - L E Rogers
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Bell
- Dermvetonline, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Benschop
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A C Midwinter
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prevalence of Bacterial Species in Skin, Urine, Diarrheal Stool, and Respiratory Samples in Cats. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030324. [PMID: 35335648 PMCID: PMC8950848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a significant cause of illness and death in different animals. However, these bacterial infections could be a source of human disease or illness if these pathogenic bacteria are present in companion animals. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria associated with different site infections in cats in the Republic of Korea. For this purpose, samples were collected from the skin/ear, urine, respiratory, and diarrheal stool origins of cats obtained between 2018 and 2019 from seven different laboratories and centers participating in the Korean Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. These samples were subjected to analysis for the identification and isolation of associated bacterial species using a bacterial culture approach. A total of 609 isolates were identified in four different cat samples. Among them, 267, 184, 57, and 101 were extracted from diarrheal stool, skin, urine, and respiratory samples, respectively. The findings of this study showed that Escherichia coli was the most prevalent species among isolated bacterial species of diarrheal stool and urine origin. Staphylococcus felis and Pasteurella multocida were most prevalent in the skin and respiratory tract, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in bacterial distribution among the different age groups in all samples. This is the first nationwide surveillance report that associates bacterial prevalence with their site of origin and helps in the prevention of bacterial infections in cats. Moreover, the pattern of bacterial prevalence could provide sufficient guidance for the selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy against infections in cats.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs and cats. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07080. [PMID: 35126739 PMCID: PMC8805099 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for dogs and cats in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. pseudintermedius can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (30-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 0-1%, 1-10% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel is uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 5-66% and 30-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. pseudintermedius according to Article 8 criteria are mostly species belonging to the families of Canidae and Felidae, such as dogs and cats.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hertzsch R, Richter A. Systematic Review of the Pharmacological Evidence for the Selection of Antimicrobials in Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System in Dogs and Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:769588. [PMID: 35118150 PMCID: PMC8803749 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.769588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis in dogs and cats is a rare disease associated with a high lethality rate. The spectrum of causative bacteria includes a diverse set of gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic species. Currently, no veterinary medicinal product is approved for this indication in these species in Europe. The objective of this review was to collect the available pharmacokinetic data for antibiotics approved in dogs and cats to enable a preliminary analysis of their potential effectiveness for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. This analysis yielded data for 13 different antibiotics in dogs and two in cats. Additionally, data about frequently recommended cephalosporines not approved in dogs and cats were included. The collected data was used to assess the potential of the respective antibiotics to attain certain simple pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) indexes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A more sophisticated investigation using modern methods was not possible due to the limited data available. For this purpose, data about the sensitivity of four bacterial species commonly associated with meningitis in dogs and cats to these antibiotics were included. The analysis provided evidence for the potential effectiveness of ampicillin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefoxitin against bacteria frequently detected in bacterial meningitis in dogs. Data were not available or insufficient for the assessment of several antibiotics, including frequently recommended substances like metronidazole and trimethoprim-sulphonamide. Little evidence is available for the use of antibiotics in cats afflicted with this disease, highlighting the need for further research to obtain data for evidence based therapeutic recommendations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Olivo Freites C, Sy H, Miguez P, Salonia J. Uncommon pathogens in an immunocompetent host: respiratory isolation of Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and adenovirus in a patient with necrotising pneumonia. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e240484. [PMID: 34992060 PMCID: PMC8738981 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the unusual case of a 60-year-old immunocompetent woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who developed a necrotising pneumonia with isolation of Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and adenovirus. The patient recovered with antimicrobial therapy and supportive care in the intensive care unit. The current literature on diagnosis and treatment of these pathogens is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Sy
- Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Miguez
- Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Salonia
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lauková A, Stojanov I, Prodanov-Radulovic J, Mad'ar M, Focková V, Ščerbová J, Grešáková Ľ, Pogány Simonová M. Susceptibility to Bacteriocins of Multiresistant, mecA Gene Possessing Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains from Lesions on Dogs in Vojvodina (Serbia). Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:484-491. [PMID: 34990279 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Staphylococci are considered commensal organisms; however, they can also cause diseases in animals. The species Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was originally isolated from the nares and anal mucosa of healthy dogs; nowadays, the incidence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius strains in dogs has increased, and this species has also become the most common cause of canine skin lesions. S. pseudintermedius were tested for their susceptibility to bacteriocins to show the potential of bacteriocins to eliminate/reduce S. pseudintermedius as a causative agent. Material and Methods: In this study, S. pseudintermedius were isolated from skin lesions on dogs of various breeds and ages in the Vojvodina region (Serbia) in the framework of our international co-operation. Results: S. pseudintermedius strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the species allocation was confirmed by genotypization and corroborated using phenotyping tests. The strains were multiresistant, involving methicillin-resistance. In addition, the mecA gene was detected in S. pseudintermedius strains, confirming the presence of a genetic feature for methicillin resistance. S. pseudintermedius strains produced large amounts of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase; they were low-grade biofilm forming (0.1 ≤ A570 < 1.0), except S. pseudintermedius SPs1. All strains were susceptible to gallidermin (inhibition activity up to 204,800 arbitrary unit [AU]/mL); however, they were mostly resistant to enterocins. However, biofilm-forming S. pseudintermedius SPs1 was susceptible to enterocins (200 AU/mL). Conclusion: Establishing the susceptibility of multiresistant and mecA gene-possessing S. pseudintermedius strains to gallidermin is an innovative, original result; it provides a new opportunity for preventing/eliminating infection caused by those agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauková
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Igor Stojanov
- Department of Epizootology, Clinical Diagnostic and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jasna Prodanov-Radulovic
- Department of Epizootology, Clinical Diagnostic and DDD, Scientific Veterinary Institute, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marián Mad'ar
- Departmet of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valentína Focková
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Ščerbová
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomíra Grešáková
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Monika Pogány Simonová
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Is it a real threat to human health? POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus Intermedius Group (SIG) staphylococci, especially Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), share many features with the common human Staphylococcus aureus. The similarities concern both the phenotypic characteristics and virulence of the bacteria. It is a cause of difficulties in identifying the species of isolated staphylococci. Until now, S. pseudintermedius was considered a typically animal species, of marginal importance for humans. However, it is likely that the incidence of this staphylococcus in humans is underestimated due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius strains as S. aureus. The cases of infections caused by S. pseudintermedius both in humans and animals described so far in the literature show that these bacteria have a similar pathogenic potential. S. pseudintermedius also produces virulence factors that favor colonization of various body regions and infections, and may affect the species composition of the natural microbiota and the host’s immune response mechanisms. Also, S. pseudintermedius may show the ability to grow in the form of a biofilm, which significantly impedes effective antibiotic therapy in clinical practice. Due to its zoonotic potential, S. pseudintermedius deserves the attention of physicians and animal owners.
Collapse
|
20
|
Rana EA, Islam MZ, Das T, Dutta A, Ahad A, Biswas PK, Barua H. Prevalence of coagulase-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:498-508. [PMID: 34941011 PMCID: PMC8959323 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have a significant health impact on people with direct or supportive occupations in veterinary medicine including veterinarians, animal handlers, laboratory personnel and pet owners. Objectives This cross‐sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, MRSA and MRSP in dogs in Bangladesh. Methods A total of 358 swab samples were collected from different body sites of 150 dogs attending a university teaching veterinary hospital between January and June 2018. Standard bacteriological procedures were followed to isolate Staphylococcus, and identification was confirmed to the species level by PCR to detect the nuc gene. MRSA and MRSP were confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene. Results The prevalence of coagulase‐positive S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius in dogs were 16% and 45.3%, respectively. S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates displayed the highest resistance against nalidixic acid (95.2% and 91%, respectively) and erythromycin (89.3% and 84.7%, respectively). Notably, all the staphylococcal isolates showed resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. The prevalence of MRSA and MRSP in dogs was 8.7% and 6%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the following variables as risk factors for MRSA colonisation in dogs: dogs with dermatitis (odds ratio [OR], 12.24, 95% CI: 3.12–57.33; p < 0.001) and history of antibiotic use (OR 8.73, 95% CI: 2.23–43.10; p < 0.001). Presence of otitis (OR 14.22; 95% CI: 1.64–103.58; p = 0.008) and oral lesions (OR 9.48, 95% CI: 1.14–64.82; p = 0.002) were identified as the significant risk factors for the carriage of MRSP. Conclusions The circulation of multidrug‐resistant S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius is a serious concern to dogs and humans. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. pseudintermedius and MRSP affecting dogs in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zohorul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tridip Das
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Himel Barua
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferrer L, García-Fonticoba R, Pérez D, Viñes J, Fàbregas N, Madroñero S, Meroni G, Martino PA, Martínez S, Maté ML, Sánchez-Bruni S, Cuscó A, Migura-García L, Francino O. Whole genome sequencing and de novo assembly of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: a pangenome approach to unravelling pathogenesis of canine pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:654-663. [PMID: 34796561 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the main aetiological agent of canine pyoderma. Whole genome sequencing is the most comprehensive way of obtaining relevant genomic information about micro-organisms. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Oxford Nanopore technology enables quality sequencing and de novo assembly of the whole genome of S. pseudintermedius. Whole genome analysis of S. pseudintermedius may help to better understand the pathogenesis of canine pyodermas. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-two strains of S. pseudintermedius isolated from the skin of five healthy dogs and 33 strains isolated from skin of 33 dogs with pyoderma were analysed. DNA was extracted and sequenced using Oxford Nanopore MinION, a new technology that delivers longer reads in a hand-held device. The pangenome was analysed and visualised with Anvi'o 6.1. RESULTS Nanopore technology allowed the sequencing and de novo assembly of the genomes of 55 S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from healthy dogs and from dogs with pyoderma. The average genome size of S. pseudintermedius was 2.62 Mbp, with 48% being core genome. Pyoderma isolates contained a higher number of antimicrobial resistance genes, yet the total number of virulence factors genes did not change between isolates from healthy dogs and from dogs with pyoderma. Genomes of meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains were larger than those of meticillin-susceptible (MSSP) strains (2.80 Mbp versus 2.59 Mbp), as a consequence of a greater presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, phages and prophages. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This technique allows much more precise and easier characterisation of canine S. pseudintermedius populations and may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of canine pyodermas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Ferrer
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Fonticoba
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Viñes
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Vetgenomics, PRUAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Madroñero
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Piera A Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Sofía Martínez
- Hospital Escuela de Pequeños Animales (HEPA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Grupo de Medicina Veterinaria Traslacional (MEVET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Laura Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Bruni
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anna Cuscó
- Vetgenomics, PRUAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Olga Francino
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bierowiec K, Miszczak M, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Wzorek A, Płókarz D, Gamian A. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in cats in Poland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18898. [PMID: 34556720 PMCID: PMC8460698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a well-known coagulase-positive staphylococcus that is mainly associated with the asymptomatic colonization of the skin of pets and mucous membranes. Little is still known about the occurrence of S. pseudintermedius in cats. The current study aimed to characterize the isolates of S. pseudintermedius from sick and healthy cats. This was achieved by examining their antibiotic resistance properties, biofilm formation, and genotype differences. Six hundred and seventy-six cats were swabbed (595 healthy and 81 sick cats). Thirty-five distinct S. pseudintermedius isolates from 27 cats were isolated. The prevalence of S. pseudintermedius in healthy and sick cats was 2.49% and 7.61%, respectively. In comparison, MRSP (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) prevalence was 0.12% and 2.98%, respectively. Cats were more frequently colonized with S. pseudintermedius when kept with dogs, regardless of their health condition, with this result being statistically significant. Multidrug resistance was detected in 50%, and 38.46% of S. pseudintermedius isolates from healthy and sick cats, respectively. In contrast, genetic multidrug resistance was detected in 59% and 46.15% cases, respectively. Seven from eight isolated MRSPs were multidrug-resistant. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) assigned isolates to 19 types, of which 16 types submitted for the first time to the PubMLST database. The most frequently detected STs (sequence types) were 551 and 71. ST71 and ST551 were mainly isolated from cats with clinical signs of infection. All were MRSPs, regardless of cats’ health. These isolates were characterized with the most frequent antibiotic resistance at the phenotypic and genotypic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bierowiec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - M Miszczak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Wzorek
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Płókarz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suepaul S, Georges K, Unakal C, Boyen F, Sookhoo J, Ashraph K, Yusuf A, Butaye P. Determination of the frequency, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs and their owners in Trinidad. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254048. [PMID: 34214140 PMCID: PMC8253405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The close contact between humans and their dogs can lead to the commingling of staphylococci and the exchange of mobile genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of staphylococci colonizing canine pets and their owners in Trinidad. Staphylococci were isolated from canine pets and their owners and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against seven classes of antimicrobial agents. A total of 440 staphylococci were isolated from 112 canine pets and their owners, 53.4% were from canine pets and 46.6% were from owners. Twenty-four species were detected, of which, most isolates (32.5%) belonged to the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). S. sciuri was the most common species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprising 22.3% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was highest against commonly used antimicrobials, such as penicillin (51.4%), tetracycline (26.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (18.6%). These antimicrobials also comprised the most common multidrug resistance (MDR) combination. Overall, 19.1% of isolates displayed multidrug resistance. No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were detected. However, methicillin resistance was detected in 13.3% and 15.1% of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and the CoNS+CoVS (combined CoNS and coagulase-variable staphylococci) group respectively. The presence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci is worrisome because there is the potential for the transfer of these strains between dogs and humans. These strains may act as a reservoir of resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharianne Suepaul
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- * E-mail:
| | - Karla Georges
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Chandrashekhar Unakal
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jamie Sookhoo
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Khalil Ashraph
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Anisah Yusuf
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Small C, Beatty N, El Helou G. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Bacteremia in a Lung Transplant Recipient Exposed to Domestic Pets. Cureus 2021; 13:e14895. [PMID: 34109083 PMCID: PMC8180354 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius commonly colonizes companion animals, including canines. This microbe is a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for pyogenic and necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection in canines. Infection with S. pseudintermedius is increasingly being recognized in humans, especially in those who are immunocompromised. This microbe is quite similar to Staphylococcus aureus, expressing several analogous virulence factors and a variety of toxins. Furthermore, S. pseudintermedius has variants that display multi-drug resistance comparable to methicillin-resistant S. aureus. We report a 50-year-old female with bilateral lung transplant on immunosuppression who presents with signs of sepsis and pneumonia. Initial blood cultures grew Gram-positive cocci that were not initially identified via molecular diagnostics as Staphylococcus species but were later confirmed as S. pseudintermedius through mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated multi-drug resistance, including methicillin. Despite aggressive medical and antimicrobial treatment, our patients succumbed to the infection. The source of infection likely came from her companion canine at home as no other source could be identified; however, cultures were unable to be obtained from the companion canine. Those who are immunosuppressed, such as with solid organ transplants, should take caution with exposure to companion animals due to the potential for S. pseudintermedius infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coulter Small
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Norman Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Guy El Helou
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Whole-Genome Sequencing and De Novo Assembly of 61 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Pyoderma. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/16/e00152-21. [PMID: 33888500 PMCID: PMC8063643 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00152-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have de novo assembled and polished 61 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius genome sequences with Nanopore-only long reads. Completeness was 99.25%. The average genome size was 2.70 Mbp, comprising 2,506 coding sequences, 19 complete rRNAs, 56 to 59 tRNAs, and 4 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), as well as CRISPR arrays. We have de novo assembled and polished 61 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius genome sequences with Nanopore-only long reads. Completeness was 99.25%. The average genome size was 2.70 Mbp, comprising 2,506 coding sequences, 19 complete rRNAs, 56 to 59 tRNAs, and 4 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), as well as CRISPR arrays.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bhooshan S, Negi V, Khatri PK. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: an undocumented, emerging pathogen in humans. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2020; 15:Doc32. [PMID: 33391967 PMCID: PMC7745645 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in humans were recorded in 2006, and is now becoming a concern because of its close similarities to human pathogens in the Staphylococcusintermedius group (SIG). These bacteria have all the properties which a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus possesses. The literature was searched using the term “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius” in PubMed and other reference databases. The virulence factor and the pathogenicity are under investigation, but reports have suggested that this commensal of animals is transmitted easily via close contact to animals by owners, veterinarians and staff. Resistance to beta-lactams (including methicillin) is a primary concern. Drug resistance to methicillin is a considerable problem in developing countries, as antibiotic use is not regulated. Studies from Europe have reported multidrug resistant isolates from clinical specimens. Although data on drug resistance and pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius are not sufficient, it is extremely important to identify the pathogen correctly. Only then can its pathogenesis be studied during the course of disease and appropriate measures developed to prevent it becoming a global problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Bhooshan
- Department of Microbiology Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikrant Negi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prabhat K Khatri
- Department of Microbiology Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Antibacterial and Antivirulence Activity of Manuka Honey against Genetically Diverse Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01768-20. [PMID: 32801179 PMCID: PMC7531947 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01768-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important member of the skin microbial community in animals and can cause opportunistic infections in both pets and their owners. The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. pseudintermedius highlights that this opportunistic zoonotic pathogen can cause infections which require prolonged and intensive treatment to resolve. Manuka honey has proven efficacy against many bacterial pathogens and is an accepted topical treatment for infections in both veterinary and clinical practice, and so it is a particularly appropriate antimicrobial for use with zoonotic pathogens such as S. pseudintermedius. Here, we demonstrate that not only is manuka honey highly potent against novel multidrug-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates, it also acts synergistically with clinically relevant antibiotics. In addition, manuka honey modulates S. pseudintermedius virulence activity, even at subinhibitory concentrations. In a clinical setting, these attributes may assist in controlling infection, allowing a more rapid resolution and reducing antibiotic use. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius causes opportunistic infections in dogs. It also has significant zoonotic potential, with the emergence of multidrug resistance leading to difficulty treating both animal and human infections. Manuka honey has previously been reported to inhibit many bacterial pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and is successfully utilized in both clinical and veterinary practice. Here, we evaluated the ability of manuka honey to inhibit strains of S. pseudintermedius grown alone and in combination with antibiotics, as well as its capacity to modulate virulence within multiple S. pseudintermedius isolates. All 18 of the genetically diverse S. pseudintermedius strains sequenced and tested were inhibited by ≤12% (wt/vol) medical-grade manuka honey, although tolerance to five clinically relevant antibiotics was observed. The susceptibility of the isolates to four of these antibiotics was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) when combined with sublethal concentrations of honey, although sensitivity to oxacillin was decreased. Virulence factor (DNase, protease, and hemolysin) activity was also significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in over half of isolates when cultured with sublethal concentrations of honey (13, 9, and 10 isolates, respectively). These findings highlight the potential for manuka honey to be utilized against S. pseudintermedius infections. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important member of the skin microbial community in animals and can cause opportunistic infections in both pets and their owners. The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. pseudintermedius highlights that this opportunistic zoonotic pathogen can cause infections which require prolonged and intensive treatment to resolve. Manuka honey has proven efficacy against many bacterial pathogens and is an accepted topical treatment for infections in both veterinary and clinical practice, and so it is a particularly appropriate antimicrobial for use with zoonotic pathogens such as S. pseudintermedius. Here, we demonstrate that not only is manuka honey highly potent against novel multidrug-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates, it also acts synergistically with clinically relevant antibiotics. In addition, manuka honey modulates S. pseudintermedius virulence activity, even at subinhibitory concentrations. In a clinical setting, these attributes may assist in controlling infection, allowing a more rapid resolution and reducing antibiotic use.
Collapse
|
28
|
Dahbour L, Gibbs J, Coletta C, Hummell J, Al-Sarie M, Kahlon NP, Akpunonu B. Peritoneal Dialysis Zoonotic Bacterial Peritonitis with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Case Rep Nephrol Dial 2020; 10:65-70. [PMID: 32775342 PMCID: PMC7383182 DOI: 10.1159/000508126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first reported case of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an organism that had been misclassified as S. aureus in the past. S. pseudintermedius is well recognized in the veterinary literature and noted as flora in the mouth, nares, and anus of domesticated animals. It has been associated with soft tissue infections in pets and is now being reported in increased frequency as the causative agent in various human infections. It also has a different antibiotic sensitivity profile. The patient had close contact with her pet dog and was successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics in the hospital followed by oral doxycycline for 10 days after discharge. The patient has not had any recurrent infection after obtaining and applying appropriate hygienic education and precautions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layth Dahbour
- General Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gibbs
- General Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Christian Coletta
- General Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeannine Hummell
- Department of Nursing, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohammad Al-Sarie
- General Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Basil Akpunonu
- General Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
González-Domínguez MS, Carvajal HD, Calle-Echeverri DA, Chinchilla-Cárdenas D. Molecular Detection and Characterization of the mecA and nuc Genes From Staphylococcus Species ( S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. schleiferi) Isolated From Dogs Suffering Superficial Pyoderma and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:376. [PMID: 32793641 PMCID: PMC7390895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine superficial pyoderma (CSP) is a bacterial infection secondary to several skin diseases of the dog. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, which is a commensal bacterium of the dog's skin, is the leading agent found in dogs affected by CSP, which can progress to deep pyoderma. It is also of clinical significance because S. pseudintermedius strains carry antimicrobial resistance genes, mainly the mecA gene. In this descriptive longitudinal study, molecular characterization of bacterial isolates from dogs affected by CSP was performed in addition to phenotyping, antimicrobial profiling, and assessment of resistance carriage status. Fifty dogs (24 females and 26 males) attending the CES University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were included in the study. CSP was confirmed according to clinical signs and cytological examination. Swabs were taken from active skin lesions for bacterial culture, and phenotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed using API-Staph phenotyping and the Kirby–Bauer method, respectively. We also performed molecular detection and characterization of the mecA and nuc encoding gene of coagulase-positive Staphylococci. The mecA gene frequency was established by qPCR amplification of a 131bp gene fragment. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistics. Erythema, peeling, pruritus, and alopecia were the predominant symptoms (72, 56, and 46%, respectively). We isolated bacteria compatible with Staphylococcus species from all samples tested. API phenotyping showed 83.1 to 97.8% compatibility with S. pseudintermedius. PCR-genotyping resulted in 15, 3, and 1 isolates positive for S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi, respectively. Isolated strains showed high susceptibility to Imipenem, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, and Rifampicin (100, 94, and 92%, respectively). The highest resistance was against Vancomycin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (98 and 74%, respectively). S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi isolates were cloned and shared 96% sequence homology. Finally, we found 62% carriage status of the mecA gene in isolates of CSP patients, although only 36% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant. Identification of three Staphylococcus species causing CSP, high-level resistance against conventional antimicrobials, and carriage of the mecA gene highlight the importance of performing molecular characterization of bacteria causing dermatological conditions in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María S González-Domínguez
- INCA-CES Research Group, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hernán D Carvajal
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical (ICMT), CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Blondeau LD, Rubin JE, Deneer H, Kanthan R, Sanche S, Beshard N, Mpofu C, Blondeau JM. Bacteremia with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a 4 month old pediatric oncology patient. J Chemother 2020; 32:260-262. [PMID: 32538712 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2020.1773627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius colonizes and is a pathogen of dogs and is being increasingly recognized from specimens from humans with various infections. We describe a case of S. pseudintermedius bacteremia in a 4 month old pediatric oncology patient with clear evidence of transmission from the family pet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Harry Deneer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rani Kanthan
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stephen Sanche
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority.,Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nicole Beshard
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris Mpofu
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph M Blondeau
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority.,Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Ophthalmology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ortiz-Díez G, López R, Sánchez-Díaz AM, Turrientes MC, Baquero MR, Luque R, Maroto A, Fernández C, Ayllón T. Epidemiology of the colonization and acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in dogs hospitalized in a clinic veterinary hospital in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 72:101501. [PMID: 32535110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) are of increasing importance in hospital and/or nosocomial infections and represent a potential risk of transmission to humans from infected or colonized companion animals. Studies on the risk factors associated with colonization by multiresistant bacteria in animals are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of MRS and VRE in canine patients hospitalized in a veterinary hospital and to identify the risk factors for its acquisition and persistence. Nasal and perianal swabs were obtained from 72 dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays and molecular detection of mecA and van genes were performed. A prevalence of 13.9% and incidence of 26.5% was observed in dogs colonized by MRS at hospital admission and release, respectively, higher values than those described in most veterinary studies. Thirty-five Staphylococcus isolates had mecA gene and showed higher resistance levels to most of the antimicrobials evaluated. Previous and concomitant use of antibiotics and corticosteroids has been associated with an increase in MRS colonization. The use of antibiotics in other animals living with the canine patients has also been identified as an associated factor, suggesting cross transmission. The presence of van-resistant genes from Enterococcus spp. was not detected. Pets should be considered possible vehicles of transmission and reservoirs for MRS bacteria and veterinary hospitals should be considered high-risk environments for the occurrence and spread of nosocomial infections and resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz-Díez
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl López
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María-Carmen Turrientes
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal -IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Luque
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fernández
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Ayllón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Draft Genome Assemblies of Two Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains Isolated from Canine Skin Biopsy Specimens. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/22/e00369-20. [PMID: 32467274 PMCID: PMC7256261 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00369-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a Gram-positive bacterial species highly relevant to animal and human health. In this study, we report the draft genome sequences of two clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius from canine skin biopsy specimens at the Dermatology Service of the Auburn University Small Animal Teaching Hospital. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a Gram-positive bacterial species highly relevant to animal and human health. In this study, we report the draft genome sequences of two clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius from canine skin biopsy specimens at the Dermatology Service of the Auburn University Small Animal Teaching Hospital.
Collapse
|
33
|
Diaz MA, Gardner LB, Libertin CR. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius catheter-related bloodstream infection after exposure to domestic dogs and a cat. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/12/e231489. [PMID: 31801778 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a catheter-related bloodstream infection due to oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a patient receiving haemodialysis who possibly acquired the organism from her pets. Because of persistent bacteremia and the organism's ability to form biofilm, catheter removal and antimicrobial therapy were indicated to attain source control. Both clinical and microbiological cure were confirmed. Catheter care education should include information about pet exposure and the possibility of zoonotic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony Diaz
- Infectious Disease, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abouelkhair MA, Bemis DA, Kania SA. Characterization of recombinant wild-type and nontoxigenic protein A from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Virulence 2018; 9:1050-1061. [PMID: 30052123 PMCID: PMC6086296 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1489199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that is the major cause of pyoderma affecting dogs. Conventional antimicrobial treatment for infections caused by this organism have failed in recent years due to widespread resistance and alternative treatment strategies are a high priority. Protein A encoded in Staphylococcus aureus by spa protects the bacterium by binding IgG and acts as a superantigen. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius possess two genes orthologous to S. aureus spa, spsP, and spsQ. Methods: SpsQ and SpsQ-M, a non-toxigenic SpsQ, were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins and their cytotoxic effect on canine B cells was measured. The neutralizing ability of antibody raised against them in clinically healthy dogs was evaluated. Results:S. pseudintermedius SpsQ induced apoptosis of canine B cells. Specific amino acid substitutions diminished SpsQ-M binding to immunoglobulin and its super-antigenic activity, while its antigenicity was maintained. This recombinant, non-toxigenic S. pseudintermedius SpsQ stimulated the production of antibodies in dogs that specifically reacted with SpsQ and greatly diminished its cytotoxic effect on canine B cells. Conclusions: The production of neutralizing antibody suggests that attenuated, non-toxic SpsQ produced in this study is a good candidate for inclusion in a vaccine for use in the treatment and prevention of S. pseudintermedius infections. Abbreviations: SpA: Staphylococcus aureus protein A; SpsP: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; SpsQ: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; SpsQ-M: attenuated Staphylococcus pseudintermedius protein A; MRSP: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius; IgA: immunoglobulin A; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; VH: variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain; IgBD: immunoglobulin binding domains; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; SEM: standard error of the mean; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; CD21: complement receptor type 2; ST: Sequence type; OD: Optical density; ORF: open reading frame; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; Tween 20: Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate 20; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; TMB- 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abouelkhair
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sadat City , Menoufia , Egypt
| | - David A Bemis
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- a Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences , University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine , Knoxville , TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maali Y, Badiou C, Martins-Simões P, Hodille E, Bes M, Vandenesch F, Lina G, Diot A, Laurent F, Trouillet-Assant S. Understanding the Virulence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: A Major Role of Pore-Forming Toxins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:221. [PMID: 30003063 PMCID: PMC6032551 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is responsible for severe and necrotizing infections in humans and dogs. Contrary to S. aureus, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this virulence are incompletely understood. We previously showed the intracellular cytotoxicity induced after internalization of S. pseudintermedius. Herein, we aimed to identify the virulence factors responsible for this cytotoxic activity. After addition of filtered S. pseudintermedius supernatants in culture cell media, MG63 cells, used as representative of non-professional phagocytic cells (NPPc), released a high level of LDH, indicating that the cytotoxicity was mainly mediated by secreted factors. Accordingly, we focused our attention on S. pseudintermedius toxins. In silico analysis found the presence of two PSMs (δ-toxin and PSMε) as well as Luk-I leukotoxin, the presence of which was confirmed by PCR in all clinical strains tested (n = 17). Recombinant Luk-I leukotoxin had no cytotoxic activity on NPPc but the ectopic expression of the CXCR2 receptor in U937 cells conferred cytotoxity to Luk-I. This is in agreement with the lack of Luk-I effect on NPPc and the previous report of Luk-I cytoxic activity on immune cells. Contrary to Luk-I, synthetic δ-toxin and PSMε had a strong cytotoxic activity on NPPc. The secretion of δ-toxin and PSMε at cytotoxic concentrations by S. pseudintermedius in culture supernatant was confirmed by HPLC-MS. In addition, the supplementation of such supernatants with human serum, known to inhibit PSM, induced a complete abolition of cytotoxicity which indicates that PSMs are the key players in the cytotoxic phenotype of NPPc. The results suggest that the severity of S. pseudintermedius infections is, at least in part, explained by a combined action of Luk-I that specifically targets immune cells expressing the CXCR2 receptor, and PSMs that disrupt cell membranes whatever the cell types. The present study strengthens the key role of PSMs in virulence of the different species belonging to Staphylococcus genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Maali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Badiou
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France
| | - Patrícia Martins-Simões
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Hodille
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michele Bes
- Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gérard Lina
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alan Diot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Laurent
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Université de Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Team "Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Infections", Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire Commun de Recherche Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Pierre Bénite, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Saab ME, Muckle CA, Stryhn H, McClure JT. Comparison of culture methodology for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in clinical specimens collected from dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:93-98. [PMID: 29020886 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717729396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a major pathogen in dogs and has been implicated as a hospital-acquired pathogen in veterinary hospitals. We attempted to determine if selective culture methods will detect more MRSP when compared to the traditional culture methods in clinical samples from dogs in Atlantic Canada with a high risk for MRSP infection. Each sample was tested using 4 culture methods: traditional culture; mannitol salt agar with 2 μg/mL of oxacillin (MSAox); enrichment broth (EB) with MSAox; and EB with traditional culture. Detection of penicillin-binding protein 2', via latex agglutination, was used as a confirmatory test for oxacillin resistance. We analyzed 741 samples from 556 dogs between February 2013 and April 2014. The prevalence of MRSP in samples detected by any method was estimated at 13.4% (95% CI: 11.1-16.0%). When the prevalence of MRSP was determined according to culture method, EB with MSAox detected the highest prevalence (11.2% [9.1-13.7%]), followed by EB with traditional (10.8% [8.8-13.2%]), traditional (10.1% [8.1-12.5%]), and MSAox (8.9% [7.1-11.2%]). The prevalence using the traditional culture method did not differ significantly from any of the 3 selective culture methods. Culture with MSAox detected significantly fewer MRSP than either of the EB methods. The addition of EB to current methodology is recommended, particularly for patients considered at high risk for MRSP infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Saab
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - C Anne Muckle
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Departments of Health Management (Saab, Stryhn, McClure), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Diagnostic Services (Saab), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Pathology and Microbiology (Muckle), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Morris DO, Loeffler A, Davis MF, Guardabassi L, Weese JS. Recommendations for approaches to meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections of small animals: diagnosis, therapeutic considerations and preventative measures.: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:304-e69. [PMID: 28516494 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple drug resistance (MDR) in staphylococci, including resistance to the semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as meticillin, is a problem of global proportions that presents serious challenges to the successful treatment of staphylococcal infections of companion animals. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide harmonized recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in dogs and cats. METHODS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to September 2016. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) provided guidance and oversight for this process. A draft of the document was presented at the 8th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology (May 2016) and was then made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the WAVD for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and posted to the GP electronically. Responses were incorporated by the GP into the final document. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to guidelines for the diagnosis, laboratory reporting, judicious therapy (including restriction of use policies for certain antimicrobial drugs), personal hygiene, and environmental cleaning and disinfection may help to mitigate the progressive development and dissemination of MDR staphylococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Darlow CA, Paidakakos N, Sikander M, Atkins B. A spinal infection with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-221260. [PMID: 28784907 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a 60-year-old woman with an invasive spinal infection with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius associated with a 15-year-old spinal fixation device and epidemiological contact with dogs. It was confirmed on blood culture and culture from pus from the epidural abscess and successfully treated using similar treatment as for a Staphylococcus aureus infection - 6 weeks of intravenous flucloxacillin 2 g four times daily with a 6 week follow-on course of oral clindamycin 450 mg three times daily. This case represents the first reported deep abscess forming infection with this recently discovered organism. This case highlights that (1) S. pseudintermedius has a potential for invasive zoonotic infection, (2) treatment as for S. aureus appears adequate for resolution of the case, (3) the increased use of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight identification technique is leading to more specific identification of previously unrecognised organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Darlow
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Paidakakos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Murtuza Sikander
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Bridget Atkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bean DC, Wigmore SM. Carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from healthy dogs in Victoria, Australia. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:456-460. [PMID: 27804112 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in Australia and elsewhere have shown high levels of antibiotic resistance in coagulase-positive staphylococci in dogs visiting veterinary clinics with pyoderma and related conditions. Although important, such studies tend to overestimate the burden of resistance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in healthy dogs in Central Victoria to assess the level of antibiotic resistance among these isolates. METHODS We recruited 117 healthy dogs into the study. Swabs were taken at four sites (ear, mouth, nose, perineum) and staphylococcal species identified and isolated using culture and biochemical techniques. RESULTS Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. aureus were recovered from 100 and 17 dogs, respectively; 15 dogs were simultaneously co-colonised with both organisms. The mouth and perineum were the most sensitive sites for recovery of these organisms. The most commonly encountered resistances were penicillin (95.2% and 72.4% in S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, respectively) and doxycycline/tetracycline (19.7% in S. pseudintermedius). No methicillin-resistant S. aureus were recovered, but two phenotypically methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates were recovered, although only one was PCR-positive for the mecA gene. Notably the MRSP isolate was multidrug resistant, as it also exhibited resistance to mupirocin and erythromycin. CONCLUSION With the exception of penicillin, doxycycline and tetracycline, the level of resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested was minimal. Prudent antibiotic use in treating companion animals with skin infections will reduce the selection of MRSP and other multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Bean
- Federation University Australia, Faculty of Science & Technology, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - S M Wigmore
- Federation University Australia, Faculty of Science & Technology, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Somayaji R, Rubin JE, Priyantha MAR, Church D. Exploring Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: an emerging zoonotic pathogen? Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1371-1374. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Deirdre Church
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine & Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Human infections due to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an emerging zoonosis of canine origin: report of 24 cases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:471-6. [PMID: 27241371 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus pseudintermedius has been recently identified as a novel species within the genus Staphylococcus, and is commonly associated with infections in dogs. Currently, there are few reports of human infections due to this bacterium. OBJECTIVE To use a population-based approach to describe the characteristics of human S. pseudintermedius infections in a large Canadian healthcare region. METHODS All adult cases aged ≥18 years identified at a large regional laboratory from April 1, 2013 to April 1, 2015 who had at least one positive culture for S. pseudintermedius were retrospectively reviewed. A combination of phenotypic methods, mass spectrometry (i.e., MALDI-TOF), and cpn60 sequencing were used to identify S. pseudintermedius. Chart review was conducted, and cases were analysed descriptively. RESULTS Twenty-seven isolates of S. pseudintermedius from 24 human cases were included for analysis. 58.3% were male with median age of 61 years (IQR 55-70.5). Most patients [22 (92.1%)] had confirmed contact with dogs at time of infection. S. pseudintermedius was isolated in 18 cases (75.0%) of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), and 2 invasive cases (8.3%) including a prosthetic joint and bloodstream infection. The other 4 patients were considered to be colonized (skin - 3; lung - 1). Methicillin resistance was identified in 3 cases with 6 total isolates (22.2%); multi-drug resistance was also demonstrated commonly. CONCLUSION S. pseudintermedius is most commonly associated with SSTIs in humans. Transmission probably occurs from a pet dog. Species-level identification of S. pseudintermedius is important due to the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance, particularly to methicillin.
Collapse
|
42
|
De Martino L, Nocera FP, Mallardo K, Nizza S, Masturzo E, Fiorito F, Iovane G, Catalanotti P. An update on microbiological causes of canine otitis externa in Campania Region, Italy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
43
|
Hensel N, Zabel S, Hensel P. Prior antibacterial drug exposure in dogs with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:72-8e20. [PMID: 26909526 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has become a significant animal health problem. Recent studies have indicated that previous antibacterial drug exposure is a factor in acquisition of meticillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with prior antimicrobial drug use and MRSP pyoderma in dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Dogs diagnosed with pyoderma associated with MRSP (n = 53) or meticillin-sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MSSP; n = 45). METHODS The medical records of dogs diagnosed with pyoderma associated with isolation of S. pseudintermedius between January 2006 and November 2012 were reviewed. All cases with a complete twelve month to 3 yr drug history prior to the diagnosis were included. RESULTS Fifty two of 53 (98%) MRSP cases and 42 of 45 (93%) MSSP cases had received at least one course of antibacterial drug prior to diagnosis. The total number of antibacterial drug prescriptions provided to pet owners and the variety of antibacterial drug classes represented were higher for cases with MRSP than for cases with MSSP (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.009, respectively). More cases with MRSP (98%) received beta-lactam drugs than those with MSSP (82%; P = 0.007) and the proportion of MRSP cases that had received concurrent immunomodulatory therapy was higher (62% versus 42%; P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest that the total number of antibacterial drug prescriptions, exposure to multiple drug classes (beta-lactams in particular) and concurrent immunomodulatory therapy may be associated with increased risk for acquisition of MRSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hensel
- Tierdermatologie Basel, Emil Frey-Strasse 127, CH-4142, Münchenstein, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Zabel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Patrick Hensel
- Tierdermatologie Basel, Emil Frey-Strasse 127, CH-4142, Münchenstein, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nowakiewicz A, Ziółkowska G, Zięba P, Gnat S, Wojtanowicz-Markiewicz K, Trościańczyk A. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolated from wildlife: Identification, molecular characterization and evaluation of resistance profiles with focus on a methicillin-resistant strain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 44:21-8. [PMID: 26851590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was molecular analysis of coagulase-positive isolates of Staphylococcus bacteria obtained from wild animals and evaluation of their resistance to antimicrobial agents. A total of 76 rectal swabs were taken from wild animals. The species of the Staphylococcus isolates was determined by MALDI TOF MS, susceptibility to antimicrobials was evaluated by phenotypic and molecular methods, epidemiological analysis (ADSRRS-fingerprinting) was also carried out. MRSA isolate was typed by MLST and spa-typing. The animals tested, were carriers (n=38) of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius and S. delphini B). Analyzed isolates were resistant to 1 or 2 antimicrobials, which was confirmed by the presence of genes (blaZ, ermA, ermB, msrA, tetK and tetM). A multi-drug resistant and methicillin-resistant isolate of S. aureus was obtained as well (MRSA, ST8, t1635, PVL-positive and ACME-negative). The ADSRRS-fingerprinting method enabled interspecific and intraspecific differentiation of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolates, revealing a certain degree of correlation between the species of the isolate, and the degree of similarity between the isolates. The presence of resistance genes in 13% (5/38) of the isolates obtained from wild animals, including one methicillin-resistant isolate, is relatively small in comparison to the degree of colonization by resistant strains in humans, livestock or pets. Nevertheless, due to the possibility of contact between wild animals, domestic animals and humans, transmission of resistant strains is possible, as suggested by our isolation of a MRSA strain typed as ST8 and specific spa type t1635, which had previously been isolated exclusively from humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Nowakiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Ziółkowska
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wojtanowicz-Markiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Wołyńska 35 St, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kjellman EE, Slettemeås JS, Small H, Sunde M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from healthy dogs in Norway - occurrence, genotypes and comparison to clinical MRSP. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:857-66. [PMID: 26423808 PMCID: PMC4694142 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in healthy dogs and further to determine genetic relatedness between carrier isolates and clinical MRSP from dogs in Norway. A total of 189 healthy dogs visiting ten veterinary clinics were screened for MRSP during the period February to April 2013. Carrier isolates were susceptibility tested with disk diffusion and genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty‐nine clinical MRSP were characterized for comparison. These isolates were collected from July 2008 to April 2013 and represent all MRSP index isolates from each MRSP‐positive dog detected in Norway until April 2013. Geographical distribution of all MRSP cases was investigated using the ArcGIS 9.3 Software. MRSP was detected from five (2.6%) healthy dogs, sampled at three different clinics. The isolates grouped into three sequence types (STs): ST252 (two isolates), ST71 (two isolates) and ST306 (one isolate). MRSP from dogs sampled at the same animal clinic belonged to the same ST and produced identical PFGE pattern. The 49 clinical MRSP grouped into 15 STs; ST258 (n = 17), ST71 (n = 10), and ST305 (n = 4) were the most prevalent. The MRSP carrier isolates were genetically related to MRSP variants from dogs with infections as ST306 (from a carrier) is related to ST258. MRSP ST252, found in two carriers, was also present among the clinical MRSP isolates. Altogether the MRSP isolates were genetically diverse and MRSP of other lineages than ST71 continues to disseminate in Norway. Susceptibility testing showed that MRSP isolates of the ST71 lineage were the most multiresistant. Our study showed that MRSP could be detected in healthy dogs without infections and with no recent history of antimicrobial therapy stressing the need for future monitoring, infection control and prudent use of antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marianne Sunde
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Anatomical patterns of colonization of pets with staphylococcal species in homes of people with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin or soft tissue infection (SSTI). Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:202-8. [PMID: 25623014 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), and other pathogenic staphylococci can cause infections in companion animals and humans. Identification of colonized animals is fundamental to research and practice needs, but harmonized methods have not yet been established. To establish the optimal anatomic site for the recovery of methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS), survey data and swabs were collected from 196 pets (dogs, cats, reptiles, birds, fish and pocket pets) that lived in households with an MRSA-infected person. Using broth-enrichment culture and PCR for speciation, S. aureus was identified in 27 of 179 (15%) pets sampled at baseline and 19 of 125 (15%) pets sampled at a three-month follow-up home visit. S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 33 of 179 (18%) pets sampled at baseline and 21 of 125 (17%) of pets sampled at follow-up. The baseline MRSA and MRSP prevalence was 8% and 1% respectively from 145 mammalian pets. The follow-up MRSA and MRSP prevalence was 7% and <1% respectively from 95 mammalian pets. The mouth was the most sensitive single site sampled for isolation of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius in mammals. In a subset of pets, from which all available isolates were identified, dual carriage of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius was 22% at baseline and 11% at follow-up. These results identify the mouth as the most sensitive site to screen for pathogenic staphylococci and suggest that it should be included in sampling protocols.
Collapse
|
47
|
LoPinto AJ, Mohammed HO, Ledbetter EC. Prevalence and risk factors for isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus in dogs with keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:297-303. [PMID: 25130050 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) isolation in dogs with naturally acquired bacterial keratitis. PROCEDURES All Staphylococcus spp. isolated from corneal samples of dogs with keratitis during a 2-year period were evaluated for methicillin resistance by bacteriologic methods. Each MRS isolate was subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing for systemic and ocular antimicrobials. Nasal swabs for culture were collected from all dogs with MRS corneal isolation to evaluate for nasal carrier status. Potential risk factors for MRS isolation were investigated by medical record review and administration of an epidemiological survey to dog owners. Collected information characterizing animal, client, and environmental variables was analyzed for association with MRS isolation. RESULTS Seventy-one Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from seventy individual dogs with keratitis during the study period. Seventeen of the Staphylococcus isolates (23.9%) were methicillin resistant. The MRS isolates included Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 10), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 6), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1). The MRS corneal isolates displayed extensive antimicrobial resistance. Four dogs (23.5%) with MRS corneal isolates had positive nasal cultures for MRS. Client occupation was significantly (P = 0.01) associated with MRS isolation, and dogs belonging to owners employed in veterinary or human healthcare fields were four times more likely to have MRS keratitis than dogs owned by clients with different professions. There were no significant associations between the other evaluated animal, client, and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS Methicillin resistance is relatively common in Staphylococcus isolates from dogs with corneal infections, particularly among dogs belonging to healthcare workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J LoPinto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chah KF, Gómez-Sanz E, Nwanta JA, Asadu B, Agbo IC, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from healthy dogs in Nsukka, Nigeria. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:215-20. [PMID: 24948934 PMCID: PMC4059299 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence, resistance phenotype and molecular mechanisms of resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococci from groin swabs of 109 clinically healthy dogs in Nsukka, Nigeria were investigated. The groin swab samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar supplemented with 10 μg of cloxacillin. Sixteen methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), all harbouring the mecA gene were isolated from 14 (12.8%) of the 109 dogs studied. The MRCoNS isolated were: S. sciuri subspecies rodentium, S. lentus, S. haemolyticus, and S. simulans with S. sciuri subspecies rodentium (62.5%) being the predominant species. Thirteen (81.3%) of the MRCoNS were resistant to tetracycline while 12 (75%) and 10 (62.5%) were resistant to kanamycin and trimthoprim-sulphamethoxazole respectively. None of the isolates was resistant to fusidic acid, linezolid and vancomycin. Thirteen (81.3%) of the MRCoNS were multi-drug resistance (MDR). Other antimicrobial genes detected were: blaZ, tet(K), tet(M), tet(L), erm(B), lnu(A), aacA-aphD, aphA3, str, dfr(G), catpC221, and catpC223. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are common colonizers of healthy dogs in Nigeria with a major species detected being S. sciuri subsp. rodentium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy F Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology University of Nigeria Nsukka
| | - Elena Gómez-Sanz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of La Rioja Logroño Spain
| | - John A Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka
| | - Brendan Asadu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka
| | - Ifeoma C Agbo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology University of Nigeria Nsukka
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of La Rioja Logroño Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of La Rioja Logroño Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of La Rioja Logroño Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gharsa H, Ben Slama K, Gómez-Sanz E, Lozano C, Klibi N, Jouini A, Messadi L, Boudabous A, Torres C. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and genetic lineages of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in healthy dogs in tunisia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:363-368. [PMID: 23686400 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nasal swabs of 100 healthy dogs were obtained in 2011 in Tunisia and tested for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius recovery. Antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence gene content were determined. Multilocus-sequence-typing (MLST) and SmaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were investigated. S. pseudintermedius was recovered in 55 of the 100 tested samples (55 %), and one isolate per sample was further studied. All 55 S. pseudintermedius isolates were susceptible to methicillin (MSSP) but showed resistance to the following antimicrobials (% resistant isolates/resistance gene): penicillin (56.4/blaZ), tetracycline (40/tetM), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.7), fusidic acid (9), kanamycin (3.7/aph(3´)-Ia), erythromycin-clindamycin (1.8/erm(B)), streptomycin (1.8/ant(6)-Ia), chloramphenicol (1.8) and ciprofloxacin (1.8). The following toxin genes were identified (% of isolates): lukS/F-I (98.2), expA (5.5), se-int (98.2), sec canine (1.8), siet (100), sea (5.5), seb (3.6), sec (10.9), sed (54.5), sei (5.5), sej (29.1), sek (3.6), ser (9.1), and hlg v (38.2). Ten different sequence-types were detected among 11 representative MSSP isolates: ST20, ST44, ST69, ST70, ST78, ST100, ST108, ST160, ST161, and ST162, the last three ones revealing novel alleles or allele combinations. Eleven different PFGE-patterns were identified in these isolates. The nares of healthy dogs could be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant and virulent MSSP, highlighting the presence of the recently described exfoliating gene expA and several enterotoxin genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Food-borne intoxication, caused by heat-stable enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, causes over 240,000 cases of food-borne illness in the United States annually. Other staphylococci commonly associated with animals may also produce these enterotoxins. Foods may be contaminated by infected food handlers during slaughter and processing of livestock or by cross-contamination during food preparation. S. aureus also causes a variety of mild to severe skin and soft tissue infections in humans and other animals. Antibiotic resistance is common in staphylococci. Hospital-associated (HA) S. aureus are resistant to numerous antibiotics, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) presenting significant challenges in health care facilities for over 40 years. During the mid-1990s new human MRSA strains developed outside of hospitals and were termed community-associated (CA). A few years later, MRSA was isolated from horses and methicillin resistance was detected in Staphylococcus intermedius/pseudintermedius from dogs and cats. In 2003, a livestock-associated (LA) MRSA strain was first detected in swine. These methicillin-resistant staphylococci pose additional food safety and occupational health concerns. MRSA has been detected in a small percentage of retail meat and raw milk samples indicating a potential risk for food-borne transmission of MRSA. Persons working with animals or handling meat products may be at increased risk for antibiotic-resistant infections. This review discusses the scope of the problem of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and some strategies for control of these bacteria and prevention of illness.
Collapse
|