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O’Donnell V, Spinard E, Xu L, Berninger A, Barrette RW, Gladue DP, Faburay B. Full-Length ASFV B646L Gene Sequencing by Nanopore Offers a Simple and Rapid Approach for Identifying ASFV Genotypes. Viruses 2024; 16:1522. [PMID: 39459857 PMCID: PMC11512349 DOI: 10.3390/v16101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus, a double stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. ASF can be classified into 25 different genotypes, based on a 478 bp fragment corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of the B646L gene, which is highly conserved among strains and encodes the major capsid protein p72. The C-terminal end of p72 has been used as a PCR target for quick diagnosis of ASF, and its characterization remains the first approach for epidemiological tracking and identification of the origin of ASF in outbreak investigations. Recently, a new classification of ASF, based on the complete sequence of p72, reduced the 25 genotypes into only six genotypes; therefore, it is necessary to have the capability to sequence the full-length B646L gene (p72) in a rapid manner for quick genotype characterization. Here, we evaluate the use of an amplicon approach targeting the whole B646L gene, coupled with nanopore sequencing in a multiplex format using Flongle flow cells, as an easy, low cost, and rapid method for the characterization and genotyping of ASF in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian O’Donnell
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (L.X.); (R.W.B.)
| | - Edward Spinard
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.S.); (D.P.G.)
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (L.X.); (R.W.B.)
| | - Amy Berninger
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
| | - Roger W. Barrette
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (L.X.); (R.W.B.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (E.S.); (D.P.G.)
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11944, USA; (V.O.); (L.X.); (R.W.B.)
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2
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O’Donnell V, Pierce JL, Osipenko O, Xu L, Berninger A, Lakin SM, Barrette RW, Gladue DP, Faburay B. Rapid Detection and Quick Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus Using the VolTRAX Automated Library Preparation Platform. Viruses 2024; 16:731. [PMID: 38793613 PMCID: PMC11125638 DOI: 10.3390/v16050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a severe and highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild swine. The current ASFV pandemic strain has a high mortality rate, severely impacting pig production and, for countries suffering outbreaks, preventing the export of their pig products for international trade. Early detection and diagnosis of ASFV is necessary to control new outbreaks before the disease spreads rapidly. One of the rate-limiting steps to identify ASFV by next-generation sequencing platforms is library preparation. Here, we investigated the capability of the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' VolTRAX platform for automated DNA library preparation with downstream sequencing on Nanopore sequencing platforms as a proof-of-concept study to rapidly identify the strain of ASFV. Within minutes, DNA libraries prepared using VolTRAX generated near-full genome sequences of ASFV. Thus, our data highlight the use of the VolTRAX as a platform for automated library preparation, coupled with sequencing on the MinION Mk1C for field sequencing or GridION within a laboratory setting. These results suggest a proof-of-concept study that VolTRAX is an effective tool for library preparation that can be used for the rapid and real-time detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Jim L. Pierce
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Oleg Osipenko
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Amy Berninger
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Steven M. Lakin
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Roger W. Barrette
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY 11957, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
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Penrith ML, van Emmenes J, Hakizimana JN, Heath L, Kabuuka T, Misinzo G, Odoom T, Wade A, Zerbo HL, Luka PD. African Swine Fever Diagnosis in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Pathogens 2024; 13:296. [PMID: 38668251 PMCID: PMC11054189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of African swine fever (ASF) in recent decades has led to the need for technological advances in sampling and diagnostic techniques. The impetus for these has been the need to enable sampling by lay persons and to obtain at least a preliminary diagnosis in the field for early control measures to be put in place before final laboratory confirmation. In rural Africa, rapid diagnosis is hampered by challenges that include lack of infrastructure as well as human and financial resources. Lack of animal health personnel, access to affordable means to transport field samples to a laboratory, and lack of laboratories with the capacity to make the diagnosis result in severe under-reporting of ASF, especially in endemic areas. This review summarizes the challenges identified in gap analyses relevant to low- and middle-income countries, with a focus on Africa, and explore the opportunities provided by recent research to improve field diagnosis and quality of diagnostic samples used. Sampling techniques include invasive sampling techniques requiring trained personnel and non-invasive sampling requiring minimal training, sampling of decomposed carcass material, and preservation of samples in situations where cold chain maintenance cannot be guaranteed. Availability and efficacy of point-of-care (POC) tests for ASF has improved considerably in recent years and their application, as well as advantages and limitations, are discussed. The adequacy of existing laboratory diagnostic capacity is evaluated and opportunities for networking amongst reference and other laboratories offering diagnostic services are discussed. Maintaining laboratory diagnostic efficiency in the absence of samples during periods of quiescence is another issue that requires attention, and the role of improved laboratory networking is emphasized. Early diagnosis of ASF is key to managing the disease spread. Therefore, the establishment of the Africa Chapter of the Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance (GARA) increases opportunities for collaboration and networking among the veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Emmenes
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Jean N. Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Tonny Kabuuka
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Accra P.O. Box M161, Ghana;
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua P.O. Box 503, Cameroon;
| | - Habibata L. Zerbo
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries Resources, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso;
| | - Pam D. Luka
- Biotechnology Centre, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 1, Vom 930103, Nigeria
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Robert E, Goonewardene K, El Kanoa I, Hochman O, Nfon C, Ambagala A. Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens. Viruses 2024; 16:318. [PMID: 38543685 PMCID: PMC10974009 DOI: 10.3390/v16030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The early detection of classical swine fever (CSF) remains a key challenge, especially when outbreaks are caused by moderate and low-virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strains. Oral fluid is a reliable and cost-effective sample type that is regularly surveilled for endemic diseases in commercial pig herds in North America. Here, we explored the possibility of utilizing oral fluids for the early detection of CSFV incursions in commercial-size pig pens using two independent experiments. In the first experiment, a seeder pig infected with the moderately-virulent CSFV Pinillos strain was used, and in the second experiment, a seeder pig infected with the highly-virulent CSFV Koslov strain was used. Pen-based oral fluid samples were collected daily and individual samples (whole blood, swabs) every other day. All samples were tested by a CSFV-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. CSFV genomic material was detected in oral fluids on the seventh and fourth day post-introduction of the seeder pig into the pen, in the first and second experiments, respectively. In both experiments, oral fluids tested positive before the contact pigs developed viremia, and with no apparent sick pigs in the pen. These results indicate that pen-based oral fluids are a reliable and convenient sample type for the early detection of CSF, and therefore, can be used to supplement the ongoing CSF surveillance activities in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Robert
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Ian El Kanoa
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Orie Hochman
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Charles Nfon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (E.R.); (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (O.H.); (C.N.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Bru G, Martínez-Candela M, Romero P, Navarro A, Martínez-Murcia A. Internal Validation of the ASFV MONODOSE dtec-qPCR Kit for African Swine Fever Virus Detection under the UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Criteria. Vet Sci 2023; 10:564. [PMID: 37756086 PMCID: PMC10535882 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus is considered an emerging virus that causes African swine fever, a disease characterised by high mortality and elevated transmission rates and that, as it is for most other viral diseases, cannot be treated with specific drugs. Effective and reliable detection of the virus is relevant to prevent uncontrolled contagion among boar populations and to reduce economic losses. Moreover, animal health laboratories are demanding standardisation, optimisation and quality assurance of the available diagnostic assays. In the present study, the ASFV MONODOSE dtec-qPCR kit was validated following the UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 guidelines. Analytical validation terms include in silico and in vitro specificity, sensitivity, efficiency and reliability (repeatability/reproducibility). Diagnostic validation of the method was assessed through the analysis of a total of 181 porcine samples originating from six different matrix types doped with African swine fever virus DNA received from the European reference laboratory for African Swine Fever (INIA-CISA, Madrid, Spain): whole blood, blood serum, kidney, heart, liver and tonsil. Results agreed with those obtained from a reference detection method also based on real-time PCR, endorsed by WOAH, but the ASFV MONODOSE dtec-qPCR kit incorporates some technical innovations and improvements which may benefit end-users. This kit, available worldwide with full analytical and diagnostic validation, can recognise all known ASFV genotypes and brings additional benefits to the current qPCR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Bru
- Genetic PCR Solutions™, 03300 Orihuela, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Martínez-Murcia
- Genetic PCR Solutions™, 03300 Orihuela, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University Miguel Hernández, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
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Schambow R, Giménez-Lirola LG, Hanh VD, Huong LTL, Lan NT, Trang PH, Luc DD, Bo HX, Chuong VD, Rauh R, Nelson W, Mora-Díaz JC, Rovira A, Culhane MR, Perez AM. Modeling the accuracy of a novel PCR and antibody ELISA for African swine fever virus detection using Bayesian latent class analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1079918. [PMID: 36908521 PMCID: PMC9995851 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1079918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diagnostic test evaluation for African swine fever (ASF) in field settings like Vietnam is critical to understanding test application in intended populations for surveillance and control strategies. Bayesian latent class analysis (BLCA) uses the results of multiple imperfect tests applied to an individual of unknown disease status to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each test, forgoing the need for a reference test. Methods Here, we estimated and compared the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a novel indirect ELISA (iELISA) for ASF virus p30 antibody (Innoceleris LLC.) and the VetAlert™ ASF virus DNA Test Kit (qPCR, Tetracore Inc.) in field samples from Vietnam by assuming that disease status 1) is known and 2) is unknown using a BLCA model. In this cross-sectional study, 398 paired, individual swine serum/oral fluid (OF) samples were collected from 30 acutely ASF-affected farms, 37 chronically ASF-affected farms, and 20 ASF-unaffected farms in Vietnam. Samples were tested using both diagnostic assays. Diagnostic sensitivity was calculated assuming samples from ASF-affected farms were true positives and diagnostic sensitivity by assuming samples from unaffected farms were true negatives. ROC curves were plotted and AUC calculated for each test/sample combination. For comparison, a conditionally dependent, four test/sample combination, three population BLCA model was fit. Results When considering all assumed ASF-affected samples, qPCR sensitivity was higher for serum (65.2%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 58.1-71.8) and OF (52%, 95%CI 44.8-59.2) compared to the iELISA (serum: 42.9%, 95%CI 35.9-50.1; OF: 33.3%, 95%CI 26.8-40.4). qPCR-serum had the highest AUC (0.895, 95%CI 0.863-0.928). BLCA estimates were nearly identical to those obtained when assuming disease status and were robust to changes in priors. qPCR sensitivity was considerably higher than ELISA in the acutely-affected population, while ELISA sensitivity was higher in the chronically-affected population. Specificity was nearly perfect for all test/sample types. Discussion The effect of disease chronicity on sensitivity and specificity could not be well characterized here due to limited data, but future studies should aim to elucidate these trends to understand the best use of virus and antibody detection methods for ASF. Results presented here will help the design of surveillance and control strategies in Vietnam and other countries affected by ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schambow
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | | | - Vu Duc Hanh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lai Thi Lan Huong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Trang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Duc Luc
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Xuan Bo
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vo Dinh Chuong
- Vietnam Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rolf Rauh
- Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Marie R Culhane
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Secure Food Systems Team, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Andres M Perez
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Identification of Estrus in Sows Based on Salivary Proteomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131656. [PMID: 35804555 PMCID: PMC9264986 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrus cycle of multiparous Large White sows was divided into three stages to solve the problems of heavy workload and low accuracy of the traditional estrus identification method in pig production. Saliva protein was extracted from the oral saliva of multiparous sows. Label-free quantitative proteomics was used to detect salivary proteome, and MaxQuant software was used for quality control. Results showed that 246 proteins were identified in the three stages, where 40 proteins were significantly different (p < 0.05). The total proteins identified were enriched by STEM software and the protein function was annotated by using the ClueGO plug-in in the Cytoscape software. The results were enriched to eight different trends. The annotated items were related to protein synthesis and processing and estrogen response. Gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of differential proteins involved in the pathways and entries included oocyte meiosis, response to estradiol, and oogenesis. Further interaction analysis showed that an interaction occurred between P00355, F1SHL9, P28491, F1SDR7, F2Z558, F1RYY6, and F2Z5G3 proteins. The findings served as a basis for revealing the changes in salivary protein content in the sow estrus cycle and provided a reference for the development of an estrus identification kit/test strip in the next step.
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Havas KA, Gogin AE, Basalaeva JV, Sindryakova IP, Kolbasova OL, Titov IA, Lyska VM, Morgunov SY, Vlasov ME, Sevskikh TA, Pivova EY, Kudrjashov DA, Doolittle K, Zimmerman S, Witbeck W, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Nerem J, Spronk GD, Zimmerman JJ, Sereda AD. An Assessment of Diagnostic Assays and Sample Types in the Detection of an Attenuated Genotype 5 African Swine Fever Virus in European Pigs over a 3-Month Period. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040404. [PMID: 35456079 PMCID: PMC9027431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic disease in swine. Attenuated strains are reported in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Few studies on the diagnostic detection of attenuated ASF viruses are available. Two groups of pigs were inoculated with an attenuated ASFV. Group 2 was also vaccinated with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. Commercially available ELISA, as well as extraction and qPCR assays, were used to detect antibodies in serum and oral fluids (OF) and nucleic acid in buccal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, OF, and blood samples collected over 93 days, respectively. After 12 dpi, serum (88.9% to 90.9%) in Group 1 was significantly better for antibody detection than OF (0.7% to 68.4%). Group 1′s overall qPCR detection was highest in blood (48.7%) and OF (44.2%), with the highest detection in blood (85.2%) from 8 to 21 days post inoculation (dpi) and in OF (83.3%) from 1 to 7 dpi. Group 2′s results were not significantly different from Group 1, but detection rates were lower overall. Early detection of attenuated ASFV variants requires active surveillance in apparently healthy animals and is only reliable at the herd level. Likewise, antibody testing will be needed to prove freedom from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn A. Havas
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey E. Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | | | - Irina P. Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Olga L. Kolbasova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Ilya A. Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Valentina M. Lyska
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Sergey Y. Morgunov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Mikhail E. Vlasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Timofey A. Sevskikh
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Elena Y. Pivova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kudrjashov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Kent Doolittle
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Silvia Zimmerman
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wendy Witbeck
- IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (K.D.); (S.Z.); (W.W.)
| | | | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Gordon D. Spronk
- Pipestone Research, Pipestone Holdings, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (J.N.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Alexey D. Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.E.G.); (I.P.S.); (O.L.K.); (I.A.T.); (V.M.L.); (S.Y.M.); (M.E.V.); (T.A.S.); (E.Y.P.); (D.A.K.); (A.D.S.)
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9
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Development of a one-step multiplex qRT–PCR assay for the detection of African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:43. [PMID: 35042532 PMCID: PMC8764768 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) have caused great economic losses to the swine industry in China. Since coinfections of ASFV, CSFV and APPV occur in certain pig herds, it is necessary to accurately and differentially detect these pathogens in field-collected samples. In this study, a one-step multiplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (multiplex qRT–PCR) was developed for the simultaneous and differential detection of ASFV, CSFV and APPV. Results The one-step multiplex qRT–PCR presented here was able to simultaneously detect ASFV, CSFV and APPV but could not amplify other viruses, including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus (PRoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), border disease virus (BDV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, etc. The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was 2.52 × 101 copies/μL for ASFV, CSFV and APPV. A repeatability test using standard recombinant plasmids showed that the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) were less than 2%. An assay of 509 clinical samples collected in Guangxi Province, southern China, from October 2018 to December 2020 showed that the positive rates of ASFV, CSFV and APPV were 45.58, 12.57 and 3.54%, respectively, while the coinfection rates of ASFV and CSFV, ASFV and APPV, CSFV and APPV were 4.91, 1.38, 0.98%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the partial ASFV p72 gene showed that all ASFV strains from Guangxi Province belonged to genotypes I and II. Conclusion A one-step multiplex qRT–PCR with high specificity, sensitivity and repeatability was successfully developed for the simultaneous and differential detection of ASFV, CSFV and APPV.
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10
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Niederwerder MC, Hefley TJ. Diagnostic sensitivity of porcine biological samples for detecting African swine fever virus infection after natural consumption in feed and liquid. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2727-2734. [PMID: 34914859 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a global threat to swine production and sustainable pork supply. Without a commercially available vaccine, prevention of ASFV entry and spread is reliant on biosecurity and early detection of infection. Although ASFV ingestion in swill or feed by naïve pigs is a likely route of initial introduction, controlled experimental studies rarely utilize natural consumption as the infection route. In the current study, we utilized biological samples collected from pigs 5 days after natural consumption of ASFV in feed and liquid to assess diagnostic sensitivity for early detection of virus infection. Biological samples (serum, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and faeces) were assessed for the presence of ASFV using quantitative PCR and virus isolation. Statistical methods modelled the detection sensitivity of each sample type with each diagnostic assay in individual samples. Our results provide important information that can be incorporated into ASFV surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Trevor J Hefley
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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11
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Sauter-Louis C, Conraths FJ, Probst C, Blohm U, Schulz K, Sehl J, Fischer M, Forth JH, Zani L, Depner K, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Blome S. African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Europe-A Review. Viruses 2021; 13:1717. [PMID: 34578300 PMCID: PMC8472013 DOI: 10.3390/v13091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of genotype II African swine fever (ASF) virus, presumably from Africa into Georgia in 2007, and its continuous spread through Europe and Asia as a panzootic disease of suids, continues to have a huge socio-economic impact. ASF is characterized by hemorrhagic fever leading to a high case/fatality ratio in pigs. In Europe, wild boar are especially affected. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on ASF in wild boar in Europe. The current ASF panzootic is characterized by self-sustaining cycles of infection in the wild boar population. Spill-over and spill-back events occur from wild boar to domestic pigs and vice versa. The social structure of wild boar populations and the spatial behavior of the animals, a variety of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission mechanisms and persistence in the environment complicate the modeling of the disease. Control measures focus on the detection and removal of wild boar carcasses, in which ASFV can remain infectious for months. Further measures include the reduction in wild boar density and the limitation of wild boar movements through fences. Using these measures, the Czech Republic and Belgium succeeded in eliminating ASF in their territories, while the disease spread in others. So far, no vaccine is available to protect wild boar or domestic pigs reliably against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Carolina Probst
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Melina Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
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12
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Ade J, Ritzmann M, Wöstmann C, Eddicks M, Reese S, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE, Stadler J. Update on shedding and transmission routes of porcine haemotrophic mycoplasmas in naturally and experimentally infected pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:49. [PMID: 34446096 PMCID: PMC8390202 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma suis via parenteral exposure during standard practices or through bites during fightings have been identified as key epidemiological routes. However, as knowledge gaps on other potential shedding and transmission routes exist, the present study combines both laboratory experiments and field surveys to gain new insights into the epidemiology of porcine haemotrophic mycoplasmas. Splenectomised pigs were orally inoculated with a M. suis field strain and investigated for clinical signs related to infectious anaemia of pigs (IAP) and the presence of M. suis in blood, urine and saliva samples by qPCR. All blood samples were negative for M. suis and animals did not show obvious clinical signs of IAP throughout the entire study period. Additionally, urine, nasal and saliva samples from sows of conventional piglet producing farms and semen samples from a boar stud revealed no detection of M. suis and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis’ by qPCR. Thus, the results indicate that blood-independent transmission routes might be of minor relevance under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ade
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Wöstmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Chen L, Wen K, Chen FE, Trick AY, Liu H, Shao S, Yu W, Hsieh K, Wang Z, Shen J, Wang TH. Portable Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Need Detection of African Swine Fever. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10940-10946. [PMID: 34319068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With a nearly 100% mortality rate, African swine fever (ASF) has devastated the pork industry in many countries. Without a vaccine in sight, mitigation rests on rapid diagnosis and immediately depopulating infected or exposed animals. Unfortunately, current tests require centralized laboratories with well-trained personnel, take days to report the results, and thus do not meet the need for such rapid diagnosis. In response, we developed a portable, sample-to-answer device that allows for ASF detection at the point of need in <30 min. The device employs droplet magnetofluidics to automate DNA purification from blood, tissue, or swab samples and utilizes fast thermal cycling to perform real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), all within an inexpensive disposable cartridge. We evaluated its diagnostic performance at six farms and slaughter facilities. The device exhibits high diagnostic accuracy with a positive percent agreement of 92.2% and a negative percent agreement of 93.6% compared with a lab-based reference qPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hebin Liu
- Beijing Mingrida Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shibei Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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14
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Garner G, Vosloo W, Tapsuwan S, Bradhurst R, Seitzinger AH, Breed AC, Capon T. Comparing surveillance approaches to support regaining free status after a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105441. [PMID: 34352519 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following an FMD eradication program, surveillance will be required to demonstrate that the program has been successful. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) provides guidelines including waiting periods and appropriate surveillance to support regaining FMD-free status. Serological surveillance is the recommended method for demonstrating freedom but is time consuming and expensive. New technologies such as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) tests and sampling techniques such as bulk milk testing (BMT) of dairy cattle, oral swabs, and saliva collection with rope tethers in piggeries could enable surveillance to be done more efficiently. Epidemiological modelling was used to simulate FMD outbreaks, with and without emergency vaccination as part of the response, in Australia. Baseline post-outbreak surveillance approaches for unvaccinated and vaccinated animals based on the European FMD directive were compared with alternative approaches in which the sampling regime, sampling approaches and/or the diagnostic tests used were varied. The approaches were compared in terms of the resources required, time taken, cost, and effectiveness i.e., ability of the surveillance regime to correctly identify the infection status of herds. In the non-vaccination scenarios, the alternative approach took less time to complete and cost less, with the greatest benefits seen with larger outbreaks. In vaccinated populations, the alternative surveillance approaches significantly reduced the number of herds sampled, the total number of tests done and costs of the post-outbreak surveillance. There was no reduction in effectiveness using the alternative approaches, with one of the benefits being a reduction in the number of false positive herds. Alternative approaches to FMD surveillance based on non-invasive sampling methods and RT-qPCR tests have the potential to enable post outbreak surveillance substantiating FMD freedom to be done more quickly and less expensively than traditional approaches based on serological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Garner
- CSIRO-Land and Water, North Road, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- CSIRO-Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, 3220, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sorada Tapsuwan
- CSIRO-Land and Water, North Road, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Richard Bradhurst
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew C Breed
- Epidemiology and One Health Section, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tim Capon
- CSIRO-Land and Water, North Road, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
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15
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Bradhurst R, Garner G, Hóvári M, de la Puente M, Mintiens K, Yadav S, Federici T, Kopacka I, Stockreiter S, Kuzmanova I, Paunov S, Cacinovic V, Rubin M, Szilágyi J, Kókány ZS, Santi A, Sordilli M, Sighinas L, Spiridon M, Potocnik M, Sumption K. Development of a transboundary model of livestock disease in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1963-1982. [PMID: 34169659 PMCID: PMC9545780 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological models of notifiable livestock disease are typically framed at a national level and targeted for specific diseases. There are inherent difficulties in extending models beyond national borders as details of the livestock population, production systems and marketing systems of neighbouring countries are not always readily available. It can also be a challenge to capture heterogeneities in production systems, control policies, and response resourcing across multiple countries, in a single transboundary model. In this paper, we describe EuFMDiS, a continental‐scale modelling framework for transboundary animal disease, specifically designed to support emergency animal disease planning in Europe. EuFMDiS simulates the spread of livestock disease within and between countries and allows control policies to be enacted and resourced on a per‐country basis. It provides a sophisticated decision support tool that can be used to look at the risk of disease introduction, establishment and spread; control approaches in terms of effectiveness and costs; resource management; and post‐outbreak management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bradhurst
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme Garner
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - Márk Hóvári
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria de la Puente
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - Koen Mintiens
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - Shankar Yadav
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziano Federici
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - Ian Kopacka
- Division for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Stockreiter
- Division for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Vladimir Cacinovic
- Veterinary Inspection and Control of Food Safety Sector, State Inspectorate, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Rubin
- Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Annalisa Santi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna
| | - Marco Sordilli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Sighinas
- National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Spiridon
- National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marko Potocnik
- Animal Health and Animal Welfare Division Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Keith Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, FAO, Rome, Italy
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16
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Goonewardene KB, Chung CJ, Goolia M, Blakemore L, Fabian A, Mohamed F, Nfon C, Clavijo A, Dodd KA, Ambagala A. Evaluation of oral fluid as an aggregate sample for early detection of African swine fever virus using four independent pen-based experimental studies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2867-2877. [PMID: 34075717 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sustained spread of African swine fever (ASF) virus throughout much of the world has made ASF a global animal health priority, with an increased emphasis on enhancing preparedness to prevent, detect and respond to a potential outbreak of ASF virus (ASFV). In the event of ASFV entry to the North American swine population, enhanced surveillance and diagnostic testing strategies will be critical to facilitate progressive response and eradication of the disease. Compared to individual animal sampling, pen-based oral fluid collection for active surveillance is a non-invasive alternative that is less resource and time-intensive. To evaluate the feasibility of using rope-based oral fluid for early detection of ASFV, four independent animal experiments were conducted in weaned pigs housed in numbers that mimic the industry settings, utilising either highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 strain or moderately virulent ASFV Malta'78 strain. Pen-based oral fluid and individual oropharyngeal swabs were collected daily and blood samples from each animal were collected every other day. All samples were subsequently tested for ASFV by real-time PCR. ASFV genome was detected in individual blood samples as early as one day post-infection and detected in oral fluids at low-to-moderate levels as early as 3-5 days post-infection in all four independent experiments. These results suggest that pen-based oral fluid samples may be used to supplement the use of traditional samples for rapid detection of ASFV during ASF surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalhari B Goonewardene
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chungwon J Chung
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Melissa Goolia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Leslie Blakemore
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Andrew Fabian
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Fawzi Mohamed
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Charles Nfon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Dodd
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, NVSL, VS, APHIS, USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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Lee HS, Bui VN, Dao DT, Bui NA, Le TD, Kieu MA, Nguyen QH, Tran LH, Roh JH, So KM, Hur TY, Oh SI. Pathogenicity of an African swine fever virus strain isolated in Vietnam and alternative diagnostic specimens for early detection of viral infection. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33934707 PMCID: PMC8091783 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics and early detection by surveillance could help control its spread. However, the pathogenicity and methods for early detection of ASFV isolates from Vietnam have not been established. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of ASFV and explored alternative sampling methods for early detection. Results Ten pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with an ASFV strain from Vietnam (titer, 103.5 HAD50/mL), and their temperature, clinical signs, and virus excretion patterns were recorded. In addition, herd and environmental samples were collected daily. The pigs died 5–8 days-post-inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was 3.7 ± 0.5 dpi. ASFV genome was first detected in the blood (2.2 ± 0.8) and then in rectal (3.1 ± 0.7), nasal (3.2 ± 0.4), and oral (3.6 ± 0.7 dpi) swab samples. ASFV was detected in oral fluid samples collected using a chewed rope from 3 dpi. The liver showed the highest viral loads, and ear tissue also exhibited high viral loads among 11 tissues obtained from dead pigs. Overall, ASFV from Vietnam was classified as peracute to acute form. The rope-based oral fluid collection method could be useful for early ASFV detection and allows successful ASF surveillance in large pig farms. Furthermore, ear tissue samples might be a simple alternative specimen for diagnosing ASF infection in dead pigs. Conclusions Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of a typical ASFV strain isolated in Vietnam and suggest an alternative, non-invasive specimen collection strategy for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Duy Le
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Anh Kieu
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quang Huy Nguyen
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam.,Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Tran
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae-Hee Roh
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min So
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Division of Animal Disease & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Winckler C, Abrahantes JC, Dhollander S, Ivanciu C, Papanikolaou A, Van der Stede Y, Blome S, Guberti V, Loi F, More S, Olsevskis E, Thulke HH, Viltrop A. ASF Exit Strategy: Providing cumulative evidence of the absence of African swine fever virus circulation in wild boar populations using standard surveillance measures. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06419. [PMID: 33717352 PMCID: PMC7926520 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA assessed the role of seropositive wild boar in African swine fever (ASF) persistence. Surveillance data from Estonia and Latvia investigated with a generalised equation method demonstrated a significantly slower decline in seroprevalence in adult animals compared with subadults. The seroprevalence in adults, taking more than 24 months to approach zero after the last detection of ASFV circulation, would be a poor indicator to demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. A narrative literature review updated the knowledge on the mortality rate, the duration of protective immunity and maternal antibodies and transmission parameters. In addition, parameters potentially leading to prolonged virus circulation (persistence) in wild boar populations were reviewed. A stochastic explicit model was used to evaluate the dynamics of virus prevalence, seroprevalence and the number of carcasses attributed to ASF. Secondly, the impact of four scenarios on the duration of ASF virus (ASFV) persistence was evaluated with the model, namely a: (1) prolonged, lifelong infectious period, (2) reduction in the case-fatality rate and prolonged transient infectiousness; (3) change in duration of protective immunity and (4) change in the duration of protection from maternal antibodies. Only the lifelong infectious period scenario had an important prolonging effect on the persistence of ASF. Finally, the model tested the performance of different proposed surveillance strategies to provide evidence of the absence of virus circulation (Exit Strategy). A two-phase approach (Screening Phase, Confirmation Phase) was suggested for the Exit Strategy. The accuracy of the Exit Strategy increases with increasing numbers of carcasses collected and tested. The inclusion of active surveillance based on hunting has limited impact on the performance of the Exit Strategy compared with lengthening of the monitoring period. This performance improvement should be reasonably balanced against an unnecessary prolonged 'time free' with only a marginal gain in performance. Recommendations are provided for minimum monitoring periods leading to minimal failure rates of the Exit Strategy. The proposed Exit Strategy would fail with the presence of lifelong infectious wild boar. That said, it should be emphasised that the existence of such animals is speculative, based on current knowledge.
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19
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Pikalo J, Deutschmann P, Fischer M, Roszyk H, Beer M, Blome S. African Swine Fever Laboratory Diagnosis-Lessons Learned from Recent Animal Trials. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020177. [PMID: 33562103 PMCID: PMC7915929 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a hemorrhagic disease in pigs with high socio-economic consequences. To lower the impact of disease incursions, early detection is crucial. In the context of experimental animal trials, we evaluated diagnostic workflows for a high sample throughput in active surveillance, alternative sample matrices for passive surveillance, and lateral flow devices (LFD) for rapid testing. We could demonstrate that EDTA blood is significantly better suited for early ASFV detection than serum. Tissues recommended by the respective diagnostic manuals were in general comparable in their performance, with spleen samples giving best results. Superficial lymph nodes, ear punches, and different blood swabs were also evaluated as potential alternatives. In summary, all matrices yielded positive results at the peak of clinical signs and could be fit for purpose in passive surveillance. However, weaknesses were discovered for some matrices when it comes to the early phase of infection or recovery. The antigen LFD showed variable results with best performance in the clinical phase. The antibody LFD was quite comparable with ELISA systems. Concluding, alternative approaches are feasible but have to be embedded in control strategies selecting test methods and sample materials following a “fit-for-purpose” approach.
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20
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Mee PT, Wong S, O’Riley KJ, da Conceição F, Bendita da Costa Jong J, Phillips DE, Rodoni BC, Rawlin GT, Lynch SE. Field Verification of an African Swine Fever Virus Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay During an Outbreak in Timor-Leste. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121444. [PMID: 33334037 PMCID: PMC7765541 DOI: 10.3390/v12121444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of African swine fever virus (ASFV) have seen the movement of this virus into multiple new regions with devastating impact. Many of these outbreaks are occurring in remote, or resource-limited areas, that do not have access to molecular laboratories. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid point of care test that can overcome a range of inhibitors. We outline further development of a real-time ASFV LAMP, including field verification during an outbreak in Timor-Leste. To increase field applicability, the extraction step was removed and an internal amplification control (IAC) was implemented. Assay performance was assessed in six different sample matrices and verified for a range of clinical samples. A LAMP detection limit of 400 copies/rxn was determined based on synthetic positive control spikes. A colourmetric LAMP assay was also assessed on serum samples. Comparison of the LAMP assay to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed on clinical ASFV samples, using both serum and oral/rectal swabs, with a substantial level of agreement observed. The further verification of the ASFV LAMP assay, removal of extraction step, implementation of an IAC and the assessment of a range of sample matrix, further support the use of this assay for rapid in-field detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Mee
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-390-327-143
| | - Shani Wong
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Kim J. O’Riley
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Felisiano da Conceição
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili 0332, Timor-Leste; (F.d.C.); (J.B.d.C.J.)
| | - Joanita Bendita da Costa Jong
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Government of Timor-Leste, Av. Nicolao Lobato, Comoro, Dili 0332, Timor-Leste; (F.d.C.); (J.B.d.C.J.)
| | - Dianne E. Phillips
- Agriculture Victoria, Biosecurity and Agriculture Services, Bairnsdale, VIC 3857, Australia;
| | - Brendan C. Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Grant T. Rawlin
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
| | - Stacey E. Lynch
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (S.W.); (K.J.O.); (B.C.R.); (G.T.R.); (S.E.L.)
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21
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Włodarek J, Pomorska-Mól M. Noninvasive strategies for surveillance of swine viral diseases: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:503-512. [PMID: 32687007 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720936616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the intensive development of the swine industry, monitoring and surveillance of infectious diseases require low-cost, effective, and representative population sampling methods. We present herein the state of knowledge, to date, in the use of alternative strategies in the monitoring of swine health. Blood sampling, the most commonly used method in veterinary medicine to obtain samples for monitoring swine health, is labor-intensive and expensive, which has resulted in a search for alternative sampling strategies. Oral fluid (OF) is a good alternative to serum for pooled sample analysis, especially for low-prevalence pathogens. Detection of viral nucleic acids or antiviral antibodies in OF is used to detect numerous viruses in the swine population. Meat juice is used as an alternative to serum in serologic testing. Processing fluid obtained during processing of piglets (castration and tail-docking) may also be used to detect viruses. These matrices are simple, safe, cost-effective, and allow testing of many individuals at the same time. The latest methods, such as snout swabs and udder skin wipes, are also promising. These alternative samples are easy to acquire, and do not affect animal welfare negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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22
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Flannery J, Ashby M, Moore R, Wells S, Rajko-Nenow P, Netherton CL, Batten C. Identification of novel testing matrices for African swine fever surveillance. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:961-963. [PMID: 32964810 PMCID: PMC7645617 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720954888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of pigs and wild boar, and it threatens global food security. We aimed to identify suitable sample matrices for use in ASF surveillance programs. Six pigs inoculated with ASFV were sampled at postmortem. Blood, bone marrow, ear biopsies, and oral, nasal, and rectal swabs were taken from all pigs. All samples were analyzed using 3 real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays and a LAMP assay. ASFV was detected at > 107 genome copies/mL in blood; bone marrow was found to provide the highest viral load. Ct values provided by the rtPCR assays were correlated, and ASFV was detected in all oral, nasal, and rectal swabs and in all ear biopsy samples irrespective of the location from which they were taken. The LAMP assay had lower sensitivity, and detected ASFV in 54 of 66 positive samples, but delivered positive results within 17 min. We identified additional sample matrices that can be considered depending on the sampling situation: bone marrow had a high probability of detection, which could be useful for decomposed carcasses. However, ear biopsies provide an appropriate, high-throughput sample matrix to detect ASFV and may be useful during surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Martin Ashby
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Rebecca Moore
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Sian Wells
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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23
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Liu H, Shi K, Sun W, Zhao J, Yin Y, Si H, Qu S, Lu W. Development a multiplex RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus and atypical porcine pestivirus. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:114006. [PMID: 33127443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) have caused considerable financial losses to the pig industry worldwide, and it is critical to achieve early and accurate diagnosis of these viruses to control the diseases induced by them. In this study, three pairs of specific primers were designed based on the highly conserved genome regions of these viruses, and a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) assay for ASFV, CSFV and APPV was established after various reaction conditions were optimized. The mRT-PCR assay consisted of two steps, that is, reverse transcription (RT) and mPCR. The assay was highly specific, sensitive, and reproducible for ASFV, CSFV and APPV without cross-reaction with other swine pathogens. The sensitivity of this assay, which used purified plasmid constructs containing specific viral target fragments as templates, was 6.34 × 102 copies/μL for ASFV and 6.34 × 101 copies/μL for both CSFV and APPV. A total of 384 clinical samples from piglets suspected to be infected in Guangxi Province, Southern China, during 2018-2019 were analyzed by the established mRT-PCR method. The results showed that the positive rates of ASFV, CSFV and APPV were 43.75 %, 13.28 % and 4.17 %, respectively, and the coinfection rates of ASFV/CSFV, ASFV/APPV and CSFV/APPV were 5.47 %, 1.83 % and 1.30 %, respectively. To understand the epidemiological characteristics of APPV, the newly discovered virus, in Guangxi Province, the clinical samples from APPV-positive animals were selected randomly for amplification and sequencing, and the complete genomic sequences of four APPV strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that APPV strains from Guangxi Province had a high degree of genetic diversity. This study provides an important tool for rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of ASFV, CSFV and APPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Sujie Qu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, China
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24
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Henao-Diaz A, Giménez-Lirola L, Baum DH, Zimmerman J. Guidelines for oral fluid-based surveillance of viral pathogens in swine. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:28. [PMID: 33082999 PMCID: PMC7569198 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen both rapid growth and extensive consolidation in swine production. As a collateral effect, these changes have exacerbated the circulation of viruses and challenged our ability to prevent, control, and/or eliminate impactful swine diseases. Recent pandemic events in human and animal health, e.g., SARS-CoV-2 and African swine fever virus, highlight the fact that clinical observations are too slow and inaccurate to form the basis for effective health management decisions: systematic processes that provide timely, reliable data are required. Oral fluid-based surveillance reflects the adaptation of conventional testing methods to an alternative diagnostic specimen. The routine use of oral fluids in commercial farms for PRRSV and PCV2 surveillance was first proposed in 2008 as an efficient and practical improvement on individual pig sampling. Subsequent research expanded on this initial report to include the detection of ≥23 swine viral pathogens and the implementation of oral fluid-based surveillance in large swine populations (> 12,000 pigs). Herein we compile the current information regarding oral fluid collection methods, testing, and surveillance applications in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Henao-Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - David H. Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
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25
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Petrovan V, Vrajmasu V, Bucur AC, Soare DS, Radu E, Dimon P, Zaulet M. Evaluation of Commercial qPCR Kits for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Pooled Samples. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E472. [PMID: 32664511 PMCID: PMC7400658 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the current pandemic, a global shortage of reagents has drawn interest in developing alternatives to increase the number of coronavirus tests. One such alternative is sample pooling. We compared commercial kits that are used in COVID-19 diagnostics in terms of their sensitivity and feasibility for use in pooling. In this preliminary study, we showed that pooling of up to 80 samples did not affect the efficacy of the kits. Additionally, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene is a more suitable target in pooled samples than the envelope (E) gene. This approach could provide an easy method of screening a large number of samples and help adjust different governmental regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Petrovan
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Ana Cristina Bucur
- Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 050098 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Dan Sebastian Soare
- Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 050098 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Eugen Radu
- Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, 050098 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Paula Dimon
- Personal Genetics, 010987 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Zaulet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
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26
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Rapid Sequence-Based Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus by Use of the Oxford Nanopore MinION Sequence Sensing Device and a Companion Analysis Software Tool. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 58:JCM.01104-19. [PMID: 31694969 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01104-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a severe and highly contagious viral disease of pigs that poses serious economic consequences to the swine industry due to the high mortality rate and impact on international trade. There is no effective vaccine to control African swine fever (ASF), and therefore, efficient disease control is dependent on early detection and diagnosis of ASFV. The large size of the ASFV genome (∼180 kb) has historically hindered efforts to rapidly obtain a full-genome sequence. Rapid acquisition of data is critical for characterization of the isolate and to support epidemiological efforts. Here, we investigated the capacity of the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequence sensing device to act as a rapid sequencing tool. When coupled with our novel companion software script, the African swine fever fast analysis sequencing tool (ASF-FAST), the analysis of output data was performed in real time. Complete ASFV genome sequences were generated from cell culture isolates and blood samples obtained from experimentally infected pigs. Removal of the host-methylated DNA from the extracted nucleic acid facilitated rapid ASFV sequence identification, with reads specific to ASFV detected within 6 min after the initiation of sequencing. Regardless of the starting material, sufficient sequence was available for complete genome resolution (up to 100%) within 10 min. Overall, this paper highlights the use of Nanopore sequencing technology in combination with the ASF-FAST software for the purpose of rapid and real-time resolution of the full ASFV genome from a diagnostic sample.
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27
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Kading RC, Abworo EO, Hamer GL. Rift Valley Fever Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, and African Swine Fever Virus: Three Transboundary, Vector-Borne, Veterinary Biothreats With Diverse Surveillance, and Response Capacity Needs. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:458. [PMID: 31921916 PMCID: PMC6923192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of emerging foreign animal diseases is critical to pathogen surveillance and control programs. Rift valley fever virus (RVFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and African swine fever virus (ASFV) represent three taxonomically and ecologically diverse vector-borne viruses with the potential to be introduced to the United States. To promote preparedness for such an event, we reviewed the current surveillance strategies and diagnostic tools in practice around the world for these emerging viruses, and summarized key points pertaining to the availability of existing guidelines and strategic approaches for early detection, surveillance, and disease management activities. We compare and contrast the surveillance and management approaches of these three diverse agents of disease as case studies to emphasize the importance of the ecological context and biology of vectors and vertebrate hosts. The information presented in this review will inform stakeholders of the current state of surveillance approaches against these transboundary foreign animal disease which threaten the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Kading
- Arthropod-Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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28
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Boyd RD, Zier-Rush CE, Moeser AJ, Culbertson M, Stewart KR, Rosero DS, Patience JF. Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry. Animal 2019; 13:2951-2966. [PMID: 31426881 PMCID: PMC6874321 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article involved a broad search of applied sciences for milestone technologies we deem to be the most significant innovations applied by the North American pork industry, during the past 10 to 12 years. Several innovations shifted the trajectory of improvement or resolved significant production limitations. Each is being integrated into practice, with the exception being gene editing technology, which is undergoing the federal approval process. Advances in molecular genomics have been applied to gene editing for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and to identify piglet genome contributions from each parent. Post-cervical artificial insemination technology is not novel, but this technology is now used extensively to accelerate the rate of genetic progress. A milestone was achieved with the discovery that dietary essential fatty acids, during lactation, were limiting reproduction. Their provision resulted in a dose-related response for pregnancy, pregnancy maintenance and litter size, especially in maturing sows and ultimately resolved seasonal infertility. The benefit of segregated early weaning (12 to 14 days of age) was realized for specific pathogen removal for genetic nucleus and multiplication. Application was premature for commercial practice, as piglet mortality and morbidity increased. Early weaning impairs intestinal barrier and mucosal innate immune development, which coincides with diminished resilience to pathogens and viability later in life. Two important milestones were achieved to improve precision nutrition for growing pigs. The first involved the updated publication of the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs, a collaboration between scientists from America and Canada. Precision nutrition advanced further when ingredient description, for metabolically available amino acids and net energy (by source plant), became a private sector nutrition product. The past decade also led to fortuitous discoveries of health-improving components in ingredients (xylanase, soybeans). Finally, two technologies converged to facilitate timely detection of multiple pathogens in a population: oral fluids sampling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pathogen analysis. Most critical diseases in North America are now routinely monitored by oral fluid sampling and prepared for analysis using PCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Boyd
- Hanor Company, 128 W KY Ave, Franklin, KY 42134, USA
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 120 W Broughton Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - C. E. Zier-Rush
- Rush Consulting, 373 Saint Martin Cir, Richmond Hill, GA 31324, USA
| | - A. J. Moeser
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M. Culbertson
- Global Product Development, Genus PIC USA, 100 Bluegrass Commons Blvd, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - K. R. Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 270 S Russell St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D. S. Rosero
- The Hanor Company, 4005 E. Owen K. Garriott, Enid, OK 73701, USA
| | - J. F. Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 1221 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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29
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Gallardo C, Fernández-Pinero J, Arias M. African swine fever (ASF) diagnosis, an essential tool in the epidemiological investigation. Virus Res 2019; 271:197676. [PMID: 31362027 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since there is no vaccine available, prevention, control, and eradication of African swine fever (ASF) is based on the implementation of appropriated surveillance and strict sanitary measures. Success of surveillance activities depends on the availability of the most appropriate diagnostic tests. Although a number of good validated ASF diagnostic techniques are available, the interpretation of the ASF diagnostic results can be complex. The reasons lie in the complexity of the epidemiology with different scenarios, as well as in the characteristics of the viruses circulating giving rise to a wide range of clinical forms of ASF. This review provides guidance for an accurate interpretation of ASF diagnostic results linked to the different clinical presentations ranging from per-acute to chronic disease, including apparently asymptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Fernández-Pinero
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
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Beemer O, Remmenga M, Gustafson L, Johnson K, Hsi D, Antognoli MC. Assessing the value of PCR assays in oral fluid samples for detecting African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease in U.S. swine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219532. [PMID: 31310643 PMCID: PMC6634402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral fluid sampling and testing offers a convenient, unobtrusive mechanism for evaluating the health status of swine, especially grower and finisher swine. This assessment evaluates the potential testing of oral fluid samples with real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect African swine fever, classical swine fever, or foot-and-mouth disease for surveillance during a disease outbreak and early detection in a disease-free setting. METHODS We used a series of logical arguments, informed assumptions, and a range of parameter values from literature and industry practices to examine the cost and value of information provided by oral fluid sampling and rRT-PCR testing for the swine foreign animal disease surveillance objectives outlined above. RESULTS Based on the evaluation, oral fluid testing demonstrated value for both settings evaluated. The greatest value was in an outbreak scenario, where using oral fluids would minimize disruption of animal and farm activities, reduce sample sizes by 23%-40%, and decrease resource requirements relative to current individual animal sampling plans. For an early detection system, sampling every 3 days met the designed prevalence detection threshold with 0.95 probability, but was quite costly. LIMITATIONS Implementation of oral fluid testing for African swine fever, classical swine fever, or foot-and-mouth disease surveillance is not yet possible due to several limitations and information gaps. The gaps include validation of PCR diagnostic protocols and kits for African swine fever, classical swine fever, or foot-and-mouth disease on swine oral fluid samples; minimal information on test performance in a field setting; detection windows with low virulence strains of some foreign animal disease viruses; and the need for confirmatory testing protocol development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Beemer
- Surveillance Design and Analysis Unit, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marta Remmenga
- Surveillance Design and Analysis Unit, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lori Gustafson
- Surveillance Design and Analysis Unit, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kamina Johnson
- Surveillance Design and Analysis Unit, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David Hsi
- Surveillance Design and Analysis Unit, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maria Celia Antognoli
- Surveillance Design and Analysis Unit, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Popescu LN, Panyasing Y, Giménez-Lirola L, Zimmerman J, Rowland RRR. E2 and E rns isotype-specific antibody responses in serum and oral fluid after infection with classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:265-269. [PMID: 31383311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid sampling for the detection of classical swine fever virus infection provides a relatively inexpensive method for conducting active CSF surveillance. The purpose of this study was to detect CSFV nucleic acid and antibody in serum and oral fluid samples in a group of 10 pigs infected with the moderate CSFV strain, Paderborn. Based on clinical signs, outcome, and other results, pigs were placed into one of three disease outcome groups; Acute, Chronic and Recovered. Oral fluid and serum samples were analyzed for the presence of CSFV nucleic acid along with E2 and Erns surface protein-specific IgM, IgG and IgA responses. The results were summarized into a timeline of detection events beginning with the appearance of E2-IgM in serum (3 DPI) followed by CSFV nucleic acid in serum (6 DPI), CSFV nucleic acid in oral fluid (8 DPI), E2-IgG in serum (20 DPI), and E2-IgG in oral fluid (24 DPI). The results show that a combination of molecular and serological analyses of oral fluid can be incorporated into CSF surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca N Popescu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary, Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jeff Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary, Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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TickPath Layerplex: adaptation of a real-time PCR methodology for the simultaneous detection and molecular surveillance of tick-borne pathogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6950. [PMID: 31061487 PMCID: PMC6502835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBD) are common across the United States and can result in critical and chronic diseases in a variety of veterinary patients. Moreover, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis are zoonotic and have been cited as the most common TBDs. Molecular diagnostic methodologies utilized for screening domestic dogs for these causative agents include real-time PCR (qPCR) assays in both singleplex and multiplex formats. However, current limitations of qPCR instruments restrict the number of fluorogenic labels that can be differentiated by the instrument for a given reaction. This study describes the development of the TickPath Layerplex, a diagnostic assay based on qPCR methodology that was adapted for the simultaneous detection and characterization of 11 pathogens responsible for causing 5 common TBDs in domestic dogs. The analytical and diagnostic performance of the layerplex assay was evaluated and shown to be compatible with common instruments utilized in molecular diagnostic laboratories. Test results revealed no inhibition or reduction in sensitivity during validation of the layerplex assay, and the limit of detection was determined to be near 16 genome copy equivalents per microliter. Overall, the high sensitivity, specificity, and screening capability of the assay demonstrate its utility for broadly screening dogs for common TBDs.
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A Diagnostic Device for In-Situ Detection of Swine Viral Diseases: The SWINOSTICS Project. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19020407. [PMID: 30669504 PMCID: PMC6359211 DOI: 10.3390/s19020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the concept of a novel diagnostic device for on-site analyses, based on the use of advanced bio-sensing and photonics technologies to tackle emerging and endemic viruses causing swine epidemics and significant economic damage in farms. The device is currently under development in the framework of the EU Commission co-funded project. The overall concept behind the project is to develop a method for an early and fast on field detection of selected swine viruses by non-specialized personnel. The technology is able to detect pathogens in different types of biological samples, such as oral fluids, faeces, blood or nasal swabs. The device will allow for an immediate on-site threat assessment. In this work, we present the overall concept of the device, its architecture with the technical requirements, and all the used innovative technologies that contribute to the advancements of the current state of the art.
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A review of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) testing in livestock with an emphasis on the use of alternative diagnostic specimens. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:100-112. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an important pathogen of livestock more than 120 years after it was identified, with annual costs from production losses and vaccination estimated at €5.3–€17 billion (US$6.5–US$21 billion) in FMDV-endemic areas. Control and eradication are difficult because FMDV is highly contagious, genetically and antigenically diverse, infectious for a wide variety of species, able to establish subclinical carriers in ruminants, and widely geographically distributed. For early detection, sustained control, or eradication, sensitive and specific FMDV surveillance procedures compatible with high through-put testing platforms are required. At present, surveillance relies on the detection of FMDV-specific antibody or virus, most commonly in individual animal serum, vesicular fluid, or epithelial specimens. However, FMDV or antibody are also detectable in other body secretions and specimens, e.g., buccal and nasal secretions, respiratory exhalations (aerosols), mammary secretions, urine, feces, and environmental samples. These alternative specimens offer non-invasive diagnostic alternatives to individual animal sampling and the potential for more efficient, responsive, and cost-effective surveillance. Herein we review FMDV testing methods for contemporary and alternative diagnostic specimens and their application to FMDV surveillance in livestock (cattle, swine, sheep, and goats).
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Detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 and E rns antibody (IgG, IgA) in oral fluid specimens from inoculated (ALD strain) or vaccinated (LOM strain) pigs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:70-77. [PMID: 30269793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe oral fluid and serum antibody (IgG, IgA) responses against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 and Erns proteins in pigs (n = 60) inoculated with a moderately virulent field strain (ALD, n = 30) or a modified live virus vaccine strain (LOM, n = 30). Oral fluid (n = 1391) and serum (n = 591) samples were collected from individually-housed pigs between day post inoculation (DPI) -14 to 28. Testing revealed the synchronous appearance of E2- and Erns-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and oral fluids over time, with E2 and Erns IgG ELISAs providing better diagnostic performance than the IgA ELISAs. Overall the data suggest the feasibility of large-scale, cost-effective screening of populations for CSFV using oral fluid samples. Given the historic issues of cross-reactivity among pestiviruses, future research should focus on the development of CSFV-specific testing platforms for the detection of E2 and/or Erns IgG in oral fluid, ideally to be used in combination with DIVA vaccines.
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Almeida MN, Zimmerman JJ, Wang C, Linhares DCL. Assessment of abattoir based monitoring of PRRSV using oral fluids. Prev Vet Med 2018; 158:137-145. [PMID: 30220387 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) regional elimination projects have been implemented in the U.S., but none have yet succeeded. In part, this reflects the need for efficient methods to monitor over time the progress of PRRSV status of participating herds. This study assessed the feasibility of monitoring PRRSV using oral fluids collected at the abattoir. A total of 36 pig lots were included in the study. On-farm oral fluid (n = 10) and serum (n = 10) collected within two days of shipment to the abattoir were used to establish the reference PRRSV status of the population. Oral fluids (n = 3 per lot) were successfully collected from 32 lots (89%) at the lairage. Three veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) tested the sera (VDL1 and VDL3: n = 316, VDL2: n = 315) and oral fluids (VDL1 and VDL3: n = 319, VDL2: n = 320) for PRRSV antibodies (ELISA) and RNA (rRT-PCR). Environmental samples (n = 64, 32 before and 32 after pigs were placed in lairage) were tested for PRRSV RNA at one VDL. All oral fluids (farm and abattoir) tested positive for PRRSV antibody at all VDLs. PRRSV positivity frequency on serum ranged from 92.4% to 94.6% among VDLs, with an overall agreement of 97.6%. RNA was detected on 1.3% to 1.9%, 8.1% to 17.7%, and 8.3% to 17.7% of sera, on-farm and abattoir oral fluids, respectively. Between-VDLs rRT-PCR agreement on sera and oral fluids (farm and abattoir) ranged from 97.8% to 99.0%, and 79.0% to 81.2%, respectively. Between-locations agreement of oral fluids varied from 31.3% to 50% depending on the VDL. This study reported the application of swine oral fluids collected at the abattoir for monitoring PRRSV, and describes the between-VDL agreement for PRRS testing of serum and oral fluid field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - J J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - C Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - D C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States.
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Panyasing Y, Kedkovid R, Kittawornrat A, Ji J, Zimmerman J, Thanawongnuwech R. Detection of Aujeszky's disease virus DNA and antibody in swine oral fluid specimens. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1828-1835. [PMID: 30015417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) continues to circulate in commercial swine populations in many regions and in feral swine populations in most parts of the world, that is, ADV continues to present a risk to pork producers everywhere. Current DIVA vaccines and assays are highly effective in the control and/or eradication of ADV, but detection of wild-type ADV infection relies on testing individual pig specimens, for example, serum or muscle exudate ("meat juice"). Oral fluid specimens have been shown to be highly effective for the surveillance of a variety of swine pathogens and could offer the means to improve the efficiency of ADV surveillance in the field. In this study, the temporal patterns of ADV DNA and antibody detection in oral fluid and serum specimens were established in ADV-inoculated pigs (n = 14) using gB and gE PCRs, virus neutralization (VN) and three commercial serum antibody ELISAs (gB bELISA, gI bELISA and ADV iELISA). ADV DNA was detected in oral fluid samples (20% to 100%) from 3 to 21 days postinoculation (DPI), but not in serum. ADV antibody was detected in oral fluid specimens at DPI ≥ 10 with the gB bELISA (36% to 79%) and ADV iELISA (29% to 100%), but not the gI bELISA. These results suggest that oral fluid could be used as an alternative to individual pig sampling for ADV surveillance using PCR- and/or antibody-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ju Ji
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Herd-level infectious disease surveillance of livestock populations using aggregate samples. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:53-64. [PMID: 29779505 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All sectors of livestock production are in the process of shifting from small populations on many farms to large populations on fewer farms. A concurrent shift has occurred in the number of livestock moved across political boundaries. The unintended consequence of these changes has been the appearance of multifactorial diseases that are resistant to traditional methods of prevention and control. The need to understand complex animal health conditions mandates a shift toward the collection of longitudinal animal health data. Historically, collection of such data has frustrated and challenged animal health specialists. A promising trend in the evolution toward more efficient and effective livestock disease surveillance is the increased use of aggregate samples, e.g. bulk tank milk and oral fluid specimens. These sample types provide the means to monitor disease, estimate herd prevalence, and evaluate spatiotemporal trends in disease distribution. Thus, this article provides an overview of the use of bulk tank milk and pen-based oral fluids in the surveillance of livestock populations for infectious diseases.
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Effective surveillance for early classical swine fever virus detection will utilize both virus and antibody detection capabilities. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Nielsen GB, Nielsen JP, Haugegaard J, Leth SC, Larsen LE, Kristensen CS, Pedersen KS, Stege H, Hjulsager CK, Houe H. Comparison of serum pools and oral fluid samples for detection of porcine circovirus type 2 by quantitative real-time PCR in finisher pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:2. [PMID: 29435356 PMCID: PMC5793352 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) diagnostics in live pigs often involves pooled serum and/or oral fluid samples for group-level determination of viral load by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The purpose of the study was to compare the PCV2 viral load determined by qPCR of paired samples at the pen level of pools of sera (SP) from 4 to 5 pigs and the collective oral fluid (OF) from around 30 pigs corresponding to one rope put in the same pen. Pigs in pens of 2 finishing herds were sampled by cross-sectional (Herd 1) and cross-sectional with follow-up (Herd 2) study designs. In Herd 1, 50 sample pairs consisting of SP from 4 to 5 pigs and OF from around 23 pigs were collected. In Herd 2, 65 sample pairs consisting of 4 (SP) and around 30 (OF) pigs were collected 4 times at 3-week intervals. Results A higher proportion of PCV2-positive pens (86% vs. 80% and 100% vs. 91%) and higher viral loads (mean difference: 2.10 and 1.83 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml) were found in OF versus SP in both herds. The OF cut-off value corresponding to a positive SP (>3 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml) was estimated to 6.5 and 7.36 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml for Herds 1 and 2, respectively. Significant correlations between SP and OF results were found in Herd 1 (rho = 0.69) and the first sampling in Herd 2 (rho = 0.39), but not for the subsequent consecutive 3 samplings in Herd 2. Conclusions The proportion and viral loads of PCV2 positive pens were higher in collective OF (including up to 30 pigs) compared to SP (including 4–5 pigs) of the same pens. Also, OF seemed to detect the PCV2 infection earlier with OF values just below 6.5 (Herd 1) and 7.36 (Herd 2) log(10) being associated with a negative SP for the same pen. Nevertheless, a statistically significant correlation between SP and OF could not be found for all sampling time points, probably due to a high within-pen variation in individual pig viral load becoming very evident in SP of only four or five pigs. Consequently, the results imply that OF is well suited for detecting presence of PCV2 but less so for determining the specific viral load of pigs in a pen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Haugegaard
- MSD Animal Health Nordic, Havneholmen 25, 1561 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Henrik Dams Allé, Bygning 205B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Helle Stege
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Henrik Dams Allé, Bygning 205B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Houe
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Petrini S, Pierini I, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F, De Mia GM. Detection of Classical swine fever virus infection by individual oral fluid of pigs following experimental inoculation. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:254-257. [PMID: 28114861 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716686393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the use of oral fluid as an alternative to serum samples for Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) detection. Individual oral fluid and serum samples were collected at different times post-infection from pigs that were experimentally inoculated with CSFV Alfort 187 strain. We found no evidence of CSFV neutralizing antibodies in swine oral fluid samples under our experimental conditions. In contrast, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction could detect CSFV nucleic acid from the oral fluid as early as 8 d postinfection, which also coincided with the time of initial detection in blood samples. The probability of CSFV detection in oral fluid was identical or even higher than in the corresponding blood sample. Our results support the feasibility of using this sampling method for CSFV genome detection, which may represent an additional cost-effective tool for CSF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pierini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
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Dietze K, Tucakov A, Engel T, Wirtz S, Depner K, Globig A, Kammerer R, Mouchantat S. Rope-based oral fluid sampling for early detection of classical swine fever in domestic pigs at group level. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:5. [PMID: 28056961 PMCID: PMC5217651 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive sampling techniques based on the analysis of oral fluid specimen have gained substantial importance in the field of swine herd management. Methodological advances have a focus on endemic viral diseases in commercial pig production. More recently, these approaches have been adapted to non-invasive sampling of wild boar for transboundary animal disease detection for which these effective population level sampling methods have not been available. In this study, a rope-in-a-bait based oral fluid sampling technique was tested to detect classical swine fever virus nucleic acid shedding from experimentally infected domestic pigs. RESULTS Separated in two groups treated identically, the course of the infection was slightly differing in terms of onset of the clinical signs and levels of viral ribonucleic acid detection in the blood and oral fluid. The technique was capable of detecting classical swine fever virus nucleic acid as of day 7 post infection coinciding with the first detection in conventional oropharyngeal swab samples from some individual animals. Except for day 7 post infection in the "slower onset group", the chances of classical swine fever virus nucleic acid detection in ropes were identical or higher as compared to the individual sampling. CONCLUSIONS With the provided evidence, non-invasive oral fluid sampling at group level can be considered as additional cost-effective detection tool in classical swine fever prevention and control strategies. The proposed methodology is of particular use in production systems with reduced access to veterinary services such as backyard or scavenging pig production where it can be integrated in feeding or baiting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Anna Tucakov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tatjana Engel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sabine Wirtz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Mouchantat
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
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Senthilkumaran C, Bittner H, Ambagala A, Lung O, Babiuk S, Yang M, Zimmerman J, Giménez-Lirola LG, Nfon C. Use of Oral Fluids for Detection of Virus and Antibodies in Pigs Infected with Swine Vesicular Disease Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1762-1770. [PMID: 27632937 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of swine oral fluid (OF) for the detection of nucleic acids and antibodies is gaining significant popularity. Assays have been developed for this purpose for endemic and foreign animal diseases of swine. Here, we report the use of OF for the detection of virus and antibodies in pigs experimentally infected with swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), a virus that causes a disease clinically indistinguishable from the economically devastating foot-and-mouth disease. Viral genome was detected in OF by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) from 1 day post-infection (DPI) to 21 DPI. Virus isolation from OF was also successful at 1-5 DPI. An adapted competitive ELISA based on the monoclonal antibodies 5B7 detected antibodies to SVDV in OF starting at DPI 6. Additionally, using isotype-specific indirect ELISAs, SVDV-specific IgM and IgA were evaluated in OF. IgM response started at DPI 6, peaking at DPI 7 or 14 and declining sharply at DPI 21, while IgA response started at DPI 7, peaked at DPI 14 and remained high until the end of the experiment. These results confirm the potential use of OF for SVD surveillance using both established and partially validated assays in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Senthilkumaran
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - H Bittner
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - A Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - O Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - M Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - C Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Stenfeldt C, Diaz-San Segundo F, de Los Santos T, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:41. [PMID: 27243028 PMCID: PMC4876306 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest proportion of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) clinical research has been dedicated to elucidating pathogenesis and enhancing vaccine protection in cattle with less efforts invested in studies specific to pigs. However, accumulated evidence from FMD outbreaks and experimental investigations suggest that critical components of FMD pathogenesis, immunology, and vaccinology cannot be extrapolated from investigations performed in cattle to explain or to predict outcomes of infection or vaccination in pigs. Furthermore, it has been shown that failure to account for these differences may have substantial consequences when FMD outbreaks occur in areas with dense pig populations. Recent experimental studies have confirmed some aspects of conventional wisdom by demonstrating that pigs are more susceptible to FMD virus (FMDV) infection via exposure of the upper gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) than through inhalation of virus. The infection spreads rapidly within groups of pigs that are housed together, although efficiency of transmission may vary depending on virus strain and exposure intensity. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that physical separation of pigs is sufficient to prevent virus transmission under experimental conditions. Detailed pathogenesis studies have recently demonstrated that specialized epithelium within porcine oropharyngeal tonsils constitute the primary infection sites following simulated natural virus exposure. Furthermore, epithelium of the tonsil of the soft palate supports substantial virus replication during the clinical phase of infection, thus providing large amounts of virus that can be shed into the environment. Due to massive amplification and shedding of virus, acutely infected pigs constitute a considerable source of contagion. FMDV infection results in modulation of several components of the host immune response. The infection is ultimately cleared in association with a strong humoral response and, in contrast to ruminants, there is no subclinical persistence of FMDV in pigs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of knowledge gained from experimental investigations of FMD pathogenesis, transmission, and host response in pigs. Details of the temporo-anatomic progression of infection are discussed in relation to specific pathogenesis events and the likelihood of transmission. Additionally, relevant aspects of the host immune response are discussed within contexts of conventional and novel intervention strategies of vaccination and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, NY, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, NY, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, CANR, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
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Characterization and evolution of porcine deltacoronavirus in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2015; 123:168-174. [PMID: 26611652 PMCID: PMC7114263 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was identified in multiple states across the United States (US) in 2014. In this study, we investigate the presence of PDCoV in diagnostic samples, which were further categorized by case identification (ID), and the association between occurrence, age, specimen and location between March and September 2014. Approximately, 7% of the case IDs submitted from the US were positive for PDCoV. Specimens were categorized into eight groups, and the univariate analysis indicated that oral fluids had 1.89 times higher odds of detecting PDCoV compared to feces. While the 43-56 day age group had the highest percentage of PDCoV positives (8.4%), the univariate analysis indicated no significant differences between age groups. However, multivariable analysis for age adjusted by specimen indicated the >147 day age group had 59% lower odds than suckling pigs of being positive for PDCoV. The percentage of PDCoV in diagnostic samples decreased to <1% in September 2014. In addition, 19 complete PDCoV genomes were sequenced, and Bayesian analysis was conducted to estimate the emergence of the US clade. The evolutionary rate of the PDCoV genome is estimated to be 3.8×10(-4) substitutions/site/year (2.3×10(-4)-5.4×10(-4), 95% HPD). Our results indicate that oral fluids continue to be a valuable specimen to monitor swineherd health, and PDCoV has been circulating in the US prior to 2014.
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