Pediatric Cancer Research From Past Successes Through Collaboration to Future Transdisciplinary Research

Patterns of Clinical Trial Enrollment for Pediatric Patients With Hepatoblastoma and Wilms Tumor: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group

BACKGROUND

Published childhood cancer studies have observed differences in therapeutic trial enrollment by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and age at diagnosis. Our study investigates patterns of enrollment for pediatric oncology clinical trials.

METHODS

We analyzed differences in Children's Oncology Group clinical trial enrollment in a cohort of pediatric patients with hepatoblastoma (n = 212) and Wilms tumor (n = 1107). Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated for trial enrollment by patient characteristics. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated to examine associations between characteristics and three outcomes (therapeutic trial [referent], exclusively non-therapeutic study, no trial or study). Statistical significance tests were two-sided.

RESULTS

Approximately half of all cases enrolled in therapeutic trials for both tumor types (Wilms: 48%; hepatoblastoma: 51%). For Wilms tumor, patients diagnosed at ages 3-5 years were more likely to enroll compared to those diagnosed at age < 1 year (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.13) and had lower odds of joining exclusively a non-therapeutic study compared to those diagnosed at age < 1 years (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.90). There was no association between race, ethnicity, or SES and enrollment. For hepatoblastoma, no variables indicated any statistically significant difference in enrollment.

CONCLUSIONS

Few differences in clinical trial enrollment were observed during periods when trials were available for all risk groups, a promising sign of equity in pediatric oncology clinical trial recruitment. Among Wilms tumor cases, differences in enrollment were observed for age at diagnosis, a potential proxy for disease acuity, which may influence decision making.

Practical Guide to Recruitment of Participants for Surgical Clinical Trials

This Guide to Statistics and Methods proposes guidance for clinical trial recruitment to improve diverse population representation and overall generalizability.

Interprofessional versus monoprofessional case-based learning in childhood cancer and the effect on healthcare professionals' knowledge and attitudes: study protocol for a randomised trial

Background

Interprofessional education in childhood cancer is a multifaceted field involving multiple healthcare professionals with general and specialised knowledge and skills. Complex treatment, care and rehabilitation require continuous professional development and maintenance of healthcare professionals’ competencies in their field of expertise. However, limited knowledge exists in comparing interprofessional and monoprofessional education. Only a few randomised studies have evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of interprofessional education.

The objective of this single-centre, investigator-initiated cluster randomised trial is to study the effect of interprofessional versus monoprofessional case-based learning on healthcare professionals’ knowledge of gastrointestinal side effects and attitudes towards team collaboration.

Methods

This study will randomise healthcare professionals to participate in either the experimental interprofessional group or the control monoprofessional group of case-based learning. The topic of the case-based intervention will be gastrointestinal side effects, one of six categories identified in a three-round Scandinavian Delphi study as relevant for interprofessional education in childhood cancer.

The primary outcome is the self-reported questionnaire Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale. Secondary outcomes are measured by the self-reported questionnaires Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale Questionnaire, Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, and knowledge will be evaluated using a multiple-choice quiz.

Participants will receive the self-reported questionnaires about 2 weeks before and 1 month after the intervention. On the day of the intervention, participants will answer a multiple-choice quiz before and after the case-based learning.

Linear mixed models will be used to compare differences between the two groups in mean scores postintervention, adjusting for preintervention scores.

Discussion

This study will provide insight into the differences between interprofessional and monoprofessional case-based learning and how it affects healthcare professionals’ knowledge of gastrointestinal side effects and attitudes towards team collaboration.

Trial registration

The intervention was registered at Clinical Trials.gov: NCT04204109 on December 102,019 and with the National Committee on Health Research Ethics: H-19087506 December 112,019 and the Danish Data Protection Agency: P-2019-637 October 152,019.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-020-05980-2.

Challenges on participation in a cooperative group of childhood renal tumors in Brasil

OBJECTIVE

Children with renal tumors included in clinical trials have significantly better outcomes. In Brasil, the enrollment of patients in clinical trials remains challenging. Here we aimed to describe participation accrual in the Brazilian Wilms Tumor Study Group (BWTSG) and to identify barriers to trial registration of children with renal tumors.

METHODS

We determined the numbers of renal tumor diagnoses in 105 hospital-based cancer registries from 2001-2009. We then compared these totals with the numbers of renal tumor cases registered in the BWTSG from the same hospitals during the same time period. We also invited members of the Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society to complete a 5-point Likert-type scale questionnaire regarding their opinions of the importance of participation in cooperative group trials.

RESULTS

The accrual rate of patient participation per hospital varied from 25% to 76%, and was highest in the South region. The accrual rate of hospital participation also varied according to the region (20-31%) and was highest in the Southeast region. For the questionnaire regarding the importance of participation in cooperative groups, the responses showed an agreement of >75% on 10 of the 13 statements.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated low accrual of participation in a cooperative group trial in Brasil. We identified variations in registration rates according to geographic region and hospital, which may help targeted efforts to increase registration rates. The survey responses demonstrated that colleagues understand the importance of trial participation.

Unmet need for interprofessional education in paediatric cancer: a scoping review

PURPOSE

Despite improved treatment and care, children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer continue to die, while many of those cured are burdened by treatment-related sequelae. The best clinical management of children and adolescents with cancer depends on healthcare professionals with various skills and expertise. Complex treatment, care and rehabilitation require collaboration between healthcare professionals. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and evaluate existing interprofessional education in paediatric cancer.

METHODS

We utilised the scoping review methodology and searched PubMed, Scopus and Education Resources Information Center. Inclusion criteria were postgraduate studies targeting more than one profession and evaluation of the educational intervention. We applied Kirkpatrick's modified interprofessional education outcomes model to systematise outcomes.

RESULTS

Of 418 references, nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The design, strategy and content of all the studies were heterogeneous. None of the interprofessional educations systematically evaluated knowledge, skills, attitudes or the effects on patient outcomes or quality of care.

CONCLUSION

There is a lack of well-structured, interprofessional education in paediatric cancer that has undergone evaluation. Paediatric cancer may benefit from systematic education and evaluation frameworks since interprofessional education could potentially strengthen the treatment, care and rehabilitation for children and adolescents with cancer.

The Role of Precision Medicine in Child Psychiatry: What Can We Expect and When?

In the United States, nearly 1 in 5 adults and 1 in 4 children suffer with a mental illness, and for most, these illnesses confer significant social, occupational, or academic impairment.^1,2 Whereas considerable progress has been made toward diminishing the impact of mental illness, in the last few decades, advances toward new, more effective, and more refined psychiatric treatments have slowed. First-line medications for depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were all introduced decades ago,^3-6 and little progress has been made in augmenting their effectiveness.^7,8.

Diet and exercise interventions for pediatric cancer patients during therapy: tipping the scales for better outcomes

Obesity at diagnosis is a negative prognostic indicator for several pediatric cancers including acute leukemia and bone tumors. Incidence of obesity in children has increased three-fold over the past 2 decades, and causes for this include poor diet, excessive caloric intake, and lack of physical activity, which are collectively referred to as energy balance-related behaviors. Few energy balance interventions have been implemented in pediatric cancer patients during treatment, and here we will probe the rationale for pursuing such studies. The need to modify composition of calories consumed and to identify specific beneficial exercise regimens will be discussed, relative to weight reduction or management.

Models of childhood cancer survivorship care in Australia and New Zealand: Strengths and challenges

AIM

Childhood cancer survivors remain at risk of developing life-altering and/or life-threatening health conditions following the completion of curative treatment. However, no uniform model of care for childhood cancer survivors exists in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ). This study reports on current childhood cancer survivorship care in ANZ, highlighting the challenges childhood cancer survivor long-term follow-up (LTFU) clinics face.

METHODS

We conducted semistructured, telephone interviews with the pediatric medical director and clinical nurse consultant from all 11 LTFU clinics at tertiary referral pediatric oncology units across ANZ (n = 19; 100% response rate). Data were analyzed using NVivo10.

RESULTS

Participants unanimously identified limited options for transitioning older survivors out of pediatrics and inadequate funding as central challenges to the provision of best-practice LTFU care. There is duplication of resource development between clinics (e.g. survivorship care plan templates and clinic systems). Although participants recognized an overly prescriptive model of LTFU care as potentially unfeasible, the majority endorsed a national, or even bi-national, model of care that could be tailored to meet the needs of their local environment.

CONCLUSION

The lack of an accepted model of optimal childhood cancer survivorship care across ANZ prevents the synergistic development of survivorship guidelines, survivorship care plans, transition pathways, information technology solutions, funding streams and late effects data consortiums. Sufficient resources to facilitate growth may be difficult to secure if approached by individual centers rather than via a national, cooperative effort. Improved solutions are urgently needed for transitioning survivors to appropriate care beyond the pediatric age.

An Analytic Review of Clinical Implications From Nursing and Psychosocial Research Within Swedish Pediatric Oncology

The purpose of this manuscript is to analyze researchers' suggestions for clinical implications of their findings as stated in recent published articles on nursing and psychosocial research within the setting of Swedish pediatric oncology. Identified categories included staff awareness of the effects of child illness on families; systems for care improvement; provision of quality of care, education and support; and empowerment of children and families. In order to be able to realize these clinical suggestions, expanded research is needed as well as continued education and support for staff.

CD22ΔE12 as a molecular target for RNAi therapy

B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BPL) is the most common form of cancer in children and adolescents. Our recent studies have demonstrated that CD22ΔE12 is a characteristic genetic defect of therapy-refractory clones in paediatric BPL and implicated the CD22ΔE12 genetic defect in the aggressive biology of relapsed or therapy-refractory paediatric BPL. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the biological significance of the CD22ΔE12 molecular lesion in BPL and determine if it could serve as a molecular target for RNA interference (RNAi) therapy. Here we report a previously unrecognized causal link between CD22ΔE12 and aggressive biology of human BPL cells by demonstrating that siRNA-mediated knockdown of CD22ΔE12 in primary leukaemic B-cell precursors is associated with a marked inhibition of their clonogenicity. Additionally, we report a nanoscale liposomal formulation of CD22ΔE12-specific siRNA with potent in vitro and in vivo anti-leukaemic activity against primary human BPL cells as a first-in-class RNAi therapeutic candidate targeting CD22ΔE12.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric oncology patients with aggressive biology enrolled in phase I clinical trials designed for adults: the university of Texas MD anderson cancer center experience

Background

Children (patients ≤ 18 years of age) are not usually included on pharmaceutical industry sponsored Phase I trials.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 40 patients ≤ 18 years treated in ≥ 1 phase I trial at MD Anderson.

Results

The median OS was 8.5 months (95% CI, 5.5-13.2 months). In the multivariate analysis, age ≥15 only predicted increased OS (P = 0.0065), and >3 prior therapies (P = 0.053) predicted decreased OS. The median PFS was 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.3-4.1 months). In the multivariate analysis, independent factors that predicted increased PFS were age ≥15 years (P < 0.001) and prior radiation therapy (P = 0.049); performance status >1 (P < 0.001) and >3 prior therapies (P = 0.002) predicted decreased PFS. RMH score ≥ 2 and MDACC score ≥ 3 were associated with decreased median OS (P = 0.029 and P = 0.031 respectively).

Conclusions

It is feasible to conduct phase I studies in pediatric patients based on adult protocols. In the era of targeted therapy more trials should allow pediatric patients earlier in the drug development especially if deemed safe in adults in early phase trials.

Translational Relevance

Most pharmaceutical industry sponsored trials exclude patients less than 18 years in phase I clinical trials. Even in the era of targeted therapy pediatric patients usually have to wait for most phases of trials to be completed in adults before being allowed to enroll in clinical trials of new therapies, even in the advanced metastatic and relapsed setting. Some investigator initiated phase 1 trials of combinations of US FDA approved agents allow patients less than 18 years. We report the preliminary analyses of the outcomes of pediatric patients enrolled in phase I studies initially designed for adults, but allowing for enrollment of patients under 18.

[Co-authorship and Spanish pediatric scientific collaboration networks (2006-2010)]

INTRODUCTION

Scientific collaboration is very important, as it is the basis of the scientific development of every discipline. The aim of this paper is to identify the indicators of scientific collaboration and co-authorship networks of Spanish researchers and institutions publishing in national and international paediatric, multidisciplinary or other knowledge areas journals during the period 2006-2010.

METHODS

The papers studied were obtained from the databases including, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Índice Médico Español and Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud, by means of applying different search profiles. All the papers signed by co-authors were quantified in order to identify the authorship and institutional collaboration networks. Furthermore the degree, betweenness index, and closeness index were obtained as a measurement of the structural analysis. Co-authorships were represented graphically by the network analysis and display software Pajek.

RESULTS

A total of 7971 articles were published during the period 2006-2010, with 90.55% completed in collaboration. Using a threshold of 10 or more co-authorships, 77 research groups in Pediatrics were identified. Most papers were published in collaboration between institutions of the same Autonomous Community (42.28%), and 14.84% with international collaboration. The analysis of institutional participation enabled a large nucleus or institutional collaboration network to be identified, with 52 linked institutions. International collaboration was led by the USA and European countries, such as United Kingdom, Germany and Italy.

DISCUSSION

Authors, institutions and the most active working groups in Spanish pediatrics were identified, which is very interesting information to establish contacts to increase the existing networks, to prevent redundancies, and to take advantage of the new emerging groups. It is necessary to promote the collaboration of Spanish researchers, especially with their international colleagues, since a positive relationship is found between international collaboration and quality and impact of publications measured by citation analysis.

Multidisciplinary care in pediatric oncology

This paper describes the significant advances in the treatment of childhood cancer and supportive care that have occurred over the last several decades and details how these advances have led to improved survival and quality of life (QOL) for children with cancer through a multidisciplinary approach to care. Advances in the basic sciences, general medicine, cooperative research protocols, and policy guidelines have influenced and guided the multidisciplinary approach in pediatric oncology care across the spectrum from diagnosis through long-term survival. Two case studies are provided to highlight the nature and scope of multidisciplinary care in pediatric oncology care.

A social network analysis of treatment discoveries in cancer

Controlled clinical trials are widely considered to be the vehicle to treatment discovery in cancer that leads to significant improvements in health outcomes including an increase in life expectancy. We have previously shown that the pattern of therapeutic discovery in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can be described by a power law distribution. However, the mechanism generating this pattern is unknown. Here, we propose an explanation in terms of the social relations between researchers in RCTs. We use social network analysis to study the impact of interactions between RCTs on treatment success. Our dataset consists of 280 phase III RCTs conducted by the NCI from 1955 to 2006. The RCT networks are formed through trial interactions formed i) at random, ii) based on common characteristics, or iii) based on treatment success. We analyze treatment success in terms of survival hazard ratio as a function of the network structures. Our results show that the discovery process displays power law if there are preferential interactions between trials that may stem from researchers' tendency to interact selectively with established and successful peers. Furthermore, the RCT networks are “small worlds”: trials are connected through a small number of ties, yet there is much clustering among subsets of trials. We also find that treatment success (improved survival) is proportional to the network centrality measures of closeness and betweenness. Negative correlation exists between survival and the extent to which trials operate within a limited scope of information. Finally, the trials testing curative treatments in solid tumors showed the highest centrality and the most influential group was the ECOG. We conclude that the chances of discovering life-saving treatments are directly related to the richness of social interactions between researchers inherent in a preferential interaction model.

National Cancer Institute pediatric preclinical testing program: model description for in vitro cytotoxicity testing

BACKGROUND

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has established the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) for testing drugs against in vitro and in vivo childhood cancer models to aid in the prioritization of drugs considered for early phase pediatric clinical trials.

PROCEDURES

In vitro cytotoxicity testing employs a semi-automated fluorescence-based digital imaging cytotoxicity assay (DIMSCAN) that has a 4-log dynamic range of detection. Curve fitting of the fractional survival data of the cell lines in response to various concentrations of the agents was used to calculate relative IC(50) , absolute IC(50) , and Y(min) values. The panel of 23 pediatric cancer cell lines included leukemia (n = 6), lymphoma (n = 2), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4), brain tumors (n = 3), Ewing family of tumors (EFT, n = 4), and neuroblastoma (n = 4). The doubling times obtained using DIMSCAN were incorporated into data analyses to estimate the relationship between input cell numbers and final cell number.

RESULTS

We report in vitro activity data for three drugs (vincristine, melphalan, and etoposide) that are commonly used for pediatric cancer and for the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, an agent that is currently under preclinical investigation for cancer. To date, the PPTP has completed in vitro testing of 39 investigational and approved agents for single drug activity and two investigational agents in combination with various "standard" chemotherapy drugs.

CONCLUSIONS

This robust in vitro cytotoxicity testing system for pediatric cancers will enable comparisons to response data for novel agents obtained from xenograft studies and from clinical trials.

The burden of pediatric malignant solid tumors in a developing country

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the burden of pediatric malignant solid tumors (PMST) in southeastern Nigeria.

METHODS

Analysis of 174 cases of PMST managed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, from January 2002 to November 2007.

RESULTS

PMST comprised 2.8% of pediatric admissions. Tumors encountered were lymphomas 77 (44.3%), Wilms' tumor 35 (20.1%), sarcomas 20 (11.5%), neuroblastoma 15 (8.6%), retinoblastoma 14 (8.0%), teratomas 8 (4.6%) and hepatoma 5 (2.9%). Mean time for diagnosis was 3.3 +/- 2.4 months. Advanced disease occurred in 135 (77.6%), while 39 (22.4%) had early disease. Only 166 (95.4%) commenced planned therapy, with 67 (40.4%) lost to follow-up. Of 99 children available for evaluation, 43 died (11 treatment related and 32 from relapse). Overall, 56 (56.6%) were alive after a mean follow-up of 20.7 +/- 10.5 months.

CONCLUSION

PMST are enormous challenge in our setting. Delayed presentation, poor treatment compliance and healthcare funding have to be addressed to improve outcomes.

Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Oncology Phase I Clinical Trials According to The Belmont Report

Whether to suggest enrollment of pediatric oncology patients with advanced or refractory disease into a Phase I clinical trial may present a significant ethical dilemma for health care professionals. Phase I trials are experimental and unpredictable by nature, yet health care professionals must ensure the trial's therapeutic intent as well as address the many vulnerabilities of the child with terminal cancer. After reviewing the role and phases of clinical research in pediatric oncology, this article discusses ethical considerations in Phase I clinical trials according to The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research and discusses specific applications of these key ethical principles.

Childhood and adolescent cancer survival in the US by race and ethnicity for the diagnostic period 1975-1999

BACKGROUND

Survival trends provide a measure of improvement in detection and treatment over time. In the current study, updated childhood and adolescent cancer survival statistics are presented, overall and among demographic subgroups, including Hispanics, for whom to the authors' knowledge national rates have not been previously reported. These results extend those provided by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in their detail and interpretation.

METHODS

Survival trends of primary cancers in children and adolescents (ages birth to 19 years) were evaluated using SEER 9 data. Five-year and 10-year relative survival rates across 5-year (1975-1979, 1985-1989, and 1995-1999) and 10-year (1975-1984 and 1985-1994) cohorts were compared via Z-tests. Annual percent change (APC) in survival was computed via weighted least-squares regression. Rates in Hispanic children and adolescents were compared with those in non-Hispanic whites and blacks (SEER 13, 1995-1999).

RESULTS

Five-year survival rates increased significantly overall (1975-1979: 63% vs 1995-1999: 79%; P< .0001) and for nearly all histologic types examined; increases were greatest for ependymoma (+37%; P< .0001) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (+34%; P< .0001). Hispanic children and adolescents had somewhat poorer 5-year rates than non-Hispanic whites overall (74% vs 81%; P< .0001) and for Ewing sarcoma, leukemia, central nervous system tumors, and melanoma. Ten-year rates also increased significantly overall (1975-1984: 61% vs 1985-1994: 72%; P< .0001) and for a majority of cancer types. The largest improvements were noted for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (+19%; P< .0001) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (+19%; P< .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Observed trends reinforce the need for resources devoted to advancing treatment modalities, reducing disparities among racial/ethnic groups and adolescents, and providing long-term care of survivors.

Spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a potentially devastating and lethal neuromuscular disease frequently manifesting in infancy and childhood. The discovery of the underlying mutation in the survival of motor neurons 1 (SMN1) gene has accelerated preclinical research, leading to treatment targets and transgenic mouse models, but there is still no effective treatment. The clinical severity is inversely related to the copy number of SMN2, a modifying gene producing some full-length SMN transcript. Drugs shown to increase SMN2 function in vitro, therefore, have the potential to benefit patients with SMA. Because several drugs are now on the horizon of clinical investigation, we review recent clinical trials for SMA and discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with SMA drug development. Although an orphan disease, SMA is well-positioned for successful trials given that it has a common genetic etiology in most cases, that it can be readily diagnosed, that preclinical research in vitro and in transgenic animals has identified candidate compounds, and that trial networks have been established.

Child versus adult research: the gap in high-quality study design

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to determine whether there were differences in study design and purpose between published child- and adult-focused clinical research.

METHODS

We reviewed all articles published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, Annals of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Archives of Internal Medicine, and Archives of Adolescent and Pediatric Medicine during the first 3 months of 2005 and assessed each study's design and purpose. We compared articles focused on adults with those focused on children.

RESULTS

We included 370 original research reports in our analysis (New England Journal of Medicine, n = 46; Journal of the American Medical Association, n = 60; Annals of Internal Medicine, n = 27; Pediatrics, n = 130; Archives of Internal Medicine, n = 73; Archives of Adolescent and Pediatric Medicine, n = 34), of which 189 included only adults as subjects and 181 only children. Among adult studies, compared with child studies, there were more randomized, controlled trials (23.8% vs 8.8%) and systematic reviews (10.6% vs 1.7%) and fewer cross sectional studies (16.9% vs 40.9%). Study purposes also varied, with studies of therapies constituting 38.1% of adult studies, compared with 17.7% of child studies. In contrast, epidemiological studies, defined as studies describing the prevalence or incidence of diseases or risk factors or showing associations between risk factors and diseases, constituted 6.4% of adult studies, compared with 26.5% of child studies.

CONCLUSIONS

In 6 leading generalist and specialist journals, studies involving adults were significantly more likely than child studies to be randomized, controlled trials, systematic reviews, or studies of therapies. If such studies are to be viewed as the highest possible quality of evidence, then this difference has implications for quality of care for children and for funding and future directions in clinical research involving children.

Journey toward meaningful pediatric quality metric reporting: the Texas experience

Working under a mandate for public reporting, children's hospitals in Texas joined in a partnership with the state with the intent of working toward providing meaningful assessment of the quality of pediatric inpatient care. This article summarizes a journey of nearly 2 years undertaken to review currently available quality measures and arrive at interagency consensus for the reporting of pediatric quality and clinical outcomes in Texas. Public reporting has been approached with great divergence across the states. The Texas project underlines the need for all interested parties to collaborate for best results.

Patient Registries in Cognitive Neuroscience Research: Advantages, Challenges, and Practical Advice

Neuropsychological work is the historical foundation of cognitive neuroscience and continues to be an important method in the study of the neural basis of human behavior, complementing newer techniques for investigating brain structure-function relationships in human subjects. Recent advances in neuroimaging, statistics and information management provide powerful tools to support neuropsychological research. At the same time, changing ethical requirements and privacy concerns impose increasingly high standards on the procedures used to recruit research participants, and on subsequent data management. Shared, centrally managed research registries provide a framework for facilitating access to this method for nonclinicians, addressing ethical concerns, streamlining recruitment and screening procedures, and coordinating subsequent research contacts and data storage. We report the experience of two such registries: the patient database of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Cognitive Neuroscience Research Registry at McGill University.

Adverse Late Effects of Childhood Cancer and Its Treatment on Health and Performance

More than 12,000 newly diagnosed cases of cancer occur each year in the United States among children ages 20 years or younger, and the current 5-year survival rate is near 80%. An estimated 228,000 among adults 47 years or younger and currently living in the United States had a diagnosis of cancer during childhood or adolescence. Here, we review long-term adverse effects of childhood cancer and its treatment with an emphasis on physical performance and health. We also briefly review existing guidelines that may be used to develop appropriate exercise and diet interventions for childhood cancer survivors. We suggest that there is a need for development of evidence-based, risk-based guidelines and interventions for health promotion among long-term childhood cancer survivors, particularly for those whose physical activity limitations interfere with chances for optimizing their bodies' potential in today's society.

Complementary and alternative medicine research initiatives in the Children's Oncology Group and the role of the pediatric oncology nurse

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has emerged as a new area of investigation in cancer research and treatment. CAM modalities are widely used, but little is known about their efficacy. The Children's Oncology Group has made a major commitment to CAM research in childhood and adolescent cancer, beginning with studies of CAM in the area of supportive care. Pediatric oncology nurses, as implementing clinicians and collaborating researchers, are critical to the success of these studies.

The challenge of nephroblastoma in a developing country

BACKGROUND

Advances in paediatric oncology has tremendously improved the outcome in children with nephroblastoma. In most developing countries, however, the survival rate is still very low.

OBJECTIVE

To study the outcome and the impediments to the management of nephroblastoma in Southeast Nigeria.

METHODS

Analysis of 42 children managed for nephroblastoma over a 10-year period (January 1995-December 2004) at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria is made. Diagnosis was based on clinical, radiologic and histologic evaluation.

RESULTS

The peak age incidence was 2-5 years with a male:female ratio of 1.1:1. Abdominal mass was the main presentation in all the children. Treatment consisted of nephroureterectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with Vincristine, Actinomycin D and Cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin was added for metastatic disease. Twenty-two children (52.3%) had stage III disease, 13 (31.0%) had stage IV, while the remaining seven (16.7%) children had stage II. Stage I disease was not encountered. Seven children had inoperable tumor requiring pre-operative chemotherapy. While 25 children were available for evaluation, 17 were lost to follow up. Four children died of complications of treatment, while 11 relapsed with poor outcome. With a mean follow up of 21 months, the 5-year survival rate is 40%.

CONCLUSION

Morbidity and mortality with nephroblastoma is high in our environment. Late presentation, poverty, ignorance and poor compliance to treatment constitute a great challenge to the paediatric oncologist in a developing country. Solutions may lie in improving health funding and health information in the health care delivery system. Free health care for children with malignancy is advocated. Collaboration with institutions in the privileged parts of the world may help.

Three months in the symptom life of a teenage girl undergoing treatment for cancer

The purpose of this case study was to examine the daily symptom experience of a teenage girl, Abby, undergoing treatment for cancer. Quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques were used to ascertain patterns in daily experiences of pain, nausea, vomiting, retching, stress, sleep alterations, and anxiety. A time-series analysis focused on change and variability in patterns of symptom data. A key finding was that the predictability evident in Abby's symptom patterns were in direct contrast to her perception that there was no predictability or pattern to her symptoms. Her perceived lack of control over her symptoms generated worry, anxiety, and depression and led Abby to question whether she could continue with the treatment. Abby represented a case of "fighting the treatment," as opposed to "fighting the cancer," and it is the difference between these responses that may explain children's overall ability to tolerate intensive chemotherapy.

Thoughts on health supervision: learning-focused primary care

Primary care clinicians confront a long list of topics that are supposed to be covered during well-child visits, but evidence for the effectiveness of preventive counseling for most issues is limited, and it is doubtful that covering more topics confers correspondingly enhanced clinical benefits. Amid growing professional interest in rethinking primary care, 3 ideas that would facilitate constructive change are proposed. First, face-to-face time between doctors and parents should be allocated as a scarce resource, with priority given to topics that are both important and uniquely responsive to in-office intervention. Second, to maximize the educational value of anticipatory guidance, visits could focus on experiential, as opposed to merely didactic, learning. Finally, recommendations for primary care should be based on evidence, rather than expert opinion. Competing protocols for preventive care ought to be subjected to large-scale, coordinated research. The unit of analysis should be the visit or series of visits, rather than a single intervention. A crucial first step would be the definition of universal outcome measures.

Metabolic syndrome and growth hormone deficiency in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, growth hormone deficiency, and cardiovascular risk factors among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with or without cranial irradiation.

METHODS

Follow-up was undertaken of 75 randomly selected long-term childhood ALL survivors. Testing included fasting insulin, glucose, lipids, and growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone plus arginine stimulation test. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was compared with population norms from 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) data, and internally between those with and without past cranial irradiation and those with normal (>16.5 microg/L) versus insufficient (9-16.5 microg/L) versus deficient (<9 microg/L) peak GH secretion.

RESULTS

The mean subject age was 30 years and the mean time since ALL diagnosis was 25 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome did not differ statistically (P = .87) between study subjects (16.6%) and same-age, same-sex population norms (17.5%). However, 60% of subjects treated with cranial irradiation, compared with 20% of those who were not, had 2 or more of the 5 components of metabolic syndrome. Untreated abnormally low GH was present in 64% of subjects overall and 85% of those who received past cranial irradiation. Cranial irradiation was strongly related to GH deficiency, and in turn lower insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), higher fasting insulin, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia, particularly in women.

CONCLUSIONS

Hematologists who treat childhood ALL patients, and particularly those who provide primary care to adult survivors, should be aware of the potential for long-term GH deficiency and adverse cardiovascular and diabetes risk profiles as a consequence of leukemia treatment.

Tell me about it: drawing as a communication tool for children with cancer

As health-related research on children shifts from seeking information about children to seeking information directly from them, researchers recognize the need for developmentally appropriate methods such as drawing to help children communicate their experiences. This international study sought to (a) explore and compare the nature of stressors of everyday life and disease that children with cancer in the United Kingdom and the United States experience, (b) explore and compare the coping measures they use to manage these stressors, and (c) examine the use of drawing to enhance communication. Participants included 22 children ages 7 to 18 years, 13 boys and 9 girls receiving treatment for cancer in the United Kingdom and the United States. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used within a grounded theory approach and included drawing to accompany the traditional grounded theory methods of interview and observation. Findings indicate that children, regardless of their ethnicity and other cultural components, respond to the childhood cancer experience in a similar manner. The use of drawing enhanced communication through direct visual expression and/or through verbal expression via the "campfire effect."

Identifying, Recruiting, and Enrolling Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer into a Randomized Controlled Trial of Health Promotion: Preliminary Experiences in the Survivor Health and Resilience Education (SHARE) Program

OBJECTIVE

To report on the identification, recruitment, and enrollment of adolescent survivors of childhood cancer into an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT) of health promotion.

METHODS

A total of 244 adolescents were contacted by mail and telephone to assess their trial eligibility. Data were collected with respect to each adolescent's demographics and trial recruitment efforts (frequency and intensity of telephone call contact); exclusion and randomization status were tracked throughout.

RESULTS

Thirty-one percent of adolescents were ultimately randomized in the trial and 69% were excluded from randomization (13% were ineligible, 33% refused to participate, 22% were unreachable or nonresponsive, that is, did not respond to trial mailings or telephone calls, and less than 1% were withdrawn prior to randomization). Among all eligible adolescents, the trial's consent rate was 49%. Adolescents excluded owing to refusal resided the farthest away from the intervention site and experienced the least amount of telephone call contact time. The primary reasons for trial refusal were lack of interest in health promotion (28%) and lack of time to participate (23%).

CONCLUSIONS

Health promotion RCTs among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer may help prevent and control the onset and severity cancer-treatment-related late effects. However, trial success may be contingent upon tracing nonresponsive adolescents and reducing and eliminating barriers to participation.