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Wang Q, Man Wu H, Yue W, Yan H, Zhang Y, Tan L, Deng W, Chen Q, Yang G, Lu T, Wang L, Zhang F, Yang J, Li K, Lv L, Tan Q, Zhang H, Ma X, Yang F, Li L, Wang C, Ma X, Zhao L, Ren H, Yu H, Wang Y, Hu X, Zhang D, Sham P, Li T. Effect of Damaging Rare Mutations in Synapse-Related Gene Sets on Response to Short-term Antipsychotic Medication in Chinese Patients With Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:1261-1269. [PMID: 30422257 PMCID: PMC6583032 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The underlying mechanism for individual differences in patient response to antipsychotic medication remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To discover genes and gene sets harboring rare variants associated with short-term antipsychotic medication efficacy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial conducted between July 6, 2010, and December 31, 2011, 3023 patients recruited in China of Chinese Han descent with schizophrenia with total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score ≥ 60 received a 6-week treatment of antipsychotic medications randomly chosen from 5 atypical and 2 typical antipsychotic medications. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 316 participants (grouped into those with the best response [n=156] and those who had no response [n=160] to the antipsychotic medication prescribed), according to the total PANSS score reduction rate after 6 weeks of treatment. Validation was performed using targeted sequencing in an independent sample of 1920 patients. Data analyses was performed between March 15, 2016, and March 1, 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Drug efficacy at week 6 was assessed according to the change in PANSS scores from baseline. Extremely good and extremely poor responders were selected for an initial WES association study, from which a subset of genes showing putative association was selected for independent replication with a targeted sequencing approach. RESULTS Of the 3023 patients (1549 [51.24%] female and 1474 [48.8%] male; mean [SD] age, 31.2 [7.9] years), 2336 (77.3%) were eligible for genetic analysis. After quality-control exclusions, 316 patients (10.5%) were included for WES and 1920 (63.5%) were included for replication. In the WES discovery stage, 2 gene sets (reduced NMDA [N-methyl-D-aspartate]-mediated synaptic currents and reduced AMPA [α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid]-mediated synaptic currents) were found to be enriched with rare damaging variants in the nonresponder group, suggesting the involvement of these gene sets in antipsychotic medication efficacy. Reduced NMDA-mediated synaptic currents gene set was further replicated in an independent sample using targeting sequencing. No statistically significant differences in antipsychotic drug response were found among the patients who received different antipsychotic drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Genetic variation in glutamatergic or NMDA neurotransmission is implicated in short-term antipsychotic medication efficacy; WES may have utility in the study of rare genetic variation in pharmacogenetics. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trials Registry Identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-10000934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hei Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Centre for Genomic Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liwen Tan
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guigang Yang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China ,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Keqing Li
- Hebei Mental Health Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qingrong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fude Yang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Hu
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; ,Biobank, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China ,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Pak Sham
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Centre for Genomic Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Svensson KA, Heinz BA, Schaus JM, Beck JP, Hao J, Krushinski JH, Reinhard MR, Cohen MP, Hellman SL, Getman BG, Wang X, Menezes MM, Maren DL, Falcone JF, Anderson WH, Wright RA, Morin SM, Knopp KL, Adams BL, Rogovoy B, Okun I, Suter TM, Statnick MA, Gehlert DR, Nelson DL, Lucaites VL, Emkey R, DeLapp NW, Wiernicki TR, Cramer JW, Yang CR, Bruns RF. An Allosteric Potentiator of the Dopamine D1 Receptor Increases Locomotor Activity in Human D1 Knock-In Mice without Causing Stereotypy or Tachyphylaxis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:117-128. [PMID: 27811173 PMCID: PMC5193077 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric potentiators amplify the sensitivity of physiologic control circuits, a mode of action that could provide therapeutic advantages. This hypothesis was tested with the dopamine D1 receptor potentiator DETQ [2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-((1S,3R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethan-1-one]. In human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing the human D1 receptor, DETQ induced a 21-fold leftward shift in the cAMP response to dopamine, with a Kb of 26 nM. The maximum response to DETQ alone was ∼12% of the maximum response to dopamine, suggesting weak allosteric agonist activity. DETQ was ∼30-fold less potent at rat and mouse D1 receptors and was inactive at the human D5 receptor. To enable studies in rodents, an hD1 knock-in mouse was generated. DETQ (3–20 mg/kg orally) caused a robust (∼10-fold) increase in locomotor activity (LMA) in habituated hD1 mice but was inactive in wild-type mice. The LMA response to DETQ was blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH39166 and was dependent on endogenous dopamine. LMA reached a plateau at higher doses (30–240 mg/kg) even though free brain levels of DETQ continued to increase over the entire dose range. In contrast, the D1 agonists SKF 82958, A-77636, and dihydrexidine showed bell-shaped dose-response curves with a profound reduction in LMA at higher doses; video-tracking confirmed that the reduction in LMA caused by SKF 82958 was due to competing stereotyped behaviors. When dosed daily for 4 days, DETQ continued to elicit an increase in LMA, whereas the D1 agonist A-77636 showed complete tachyphylaxis by day 2. These results confirm that allosteric potentiators may have advantages compared with direct-acting agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell A Svensson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - John M Schaus
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - James P Beck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Junliang Hao
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Joseph H Krushinski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Matthew R Reinhard
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Michael P Cohen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Sarah L Hellman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Brian G Getman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Xushan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Michelle M Menezes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Deanna L Maren
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Julie F Falcone
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Wesley H Anderson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Rebecca A Wright
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - S Michelle Morin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Kelly L Knopp
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Benjamin L Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Borys Rogovoy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Ilya Okun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Todd M Suter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Michael A Statnick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Donald R Gehlert
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - David L Nelson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Virginia L Lucaites
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Renee Emkey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Neil W DeLapp
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Todd R Wiernicki
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Jeffrey W Cramer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Charles R Yang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Robert F Bruns
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
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