1
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Salzer J, Feltri ML, Jacob C. Schwann Cell Development and Myelination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041360. [PMID: 38503507 PMCID: PMC11368196 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which arise from the neural crest, include axon-associated Schwann cells (SCs) in nerves, synapse-associated SCs at the neuromuscular junction, enteric glia, perikaryon-associated satellite cells in ganglia, and boundary cap cells at the border between the central nervous system (CNS) and the PNS. Here, we focus on axon-associated SCs. These SCs progress through a series of formative stages, which culminate in the generation of myelinating SCs that wrap large-caliber axons and of nonmyelinating (Remak) SCs that enclose multiple, small-caliber axons. In this work, we describe SC development, extrinsic signals from the axon and extracellular matrix (ECM) and the intracellular signaling pathways they activate that regulate SC development, and the morphogenesis and organization of myelinating SCs and the myelin sheath. We review the impact of SCs on the biology and integrity of axons and their emerging role in regulating peripheral nerve architecture. Finally, we explain how transcription and epigenetic factors control and fine-tune SC development and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Salzer
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
- IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milano 20133, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Sciences, Universita' Degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Claire Jacob
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
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2
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Wilson ER, Nunes GDF, Shen S, Moore S, Gawron J, Maxwell J, Syed U, Hurley E, Lanka M, Qu J, Désaubry L, Wrabetz L, Poitelon Y, Feltri ML. Loss of prohibitin 2 in Schwann cells dysregulates key transcription factors controlling developmental myelination. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39215540 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Schwann cells are critical for the proper development and function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where they form a collaborative relationship with axons. Past studies highlighted that a pair of proteins called the prohibitins play major roles in Schwann cell biology. Prohibitins are ubiquitously expressed and versatile proteins. We have previously shown that while prohibitins play a crucial role in Schwann cell mitochondria for long-term myelin maintenance and axon health, they may also be present at the Schwann cell-axon interface during development. Here, we expand on this, showing that drug-mediated modulation of prohibitins in vitro disrupts myelination and confirming that Schwann cell-specific ablation of prohibitin 2 (Phb2) in vivo results in severe defects in radial sorting and myelination. We show in vivo that Phb2-null Schwann cells cannot effectively proliferate and the transcription factors EGR2 (KROX20), POU3F1 (OCT6), and POU3F2 (BRN2), necessary for proper Schwann cell maturation, are dysregulated. Schwann cell-specific deletion of Jun, a transcription factor associated with negative regulation of myelination, confers partial rescue of the developmental defect seen in mice lacking Schwann cell Phb2. Finally, we identify a pool of candidate PHB2 interactors that change their interaction with PHB2 depending on neuronal signals, and thus are potential mediators of PHB2-associated developmental defects. This work develops our understanding of Schwann cell biology, revealing that Phb2 may modulate the timely expression of transcription factors necessary for proper PNS development, and proposing candidates that may play a role in PHB2-mediated integration of axon signals in the Schwann cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Seth Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Gawron
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Umair Syed
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Edward Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Meghana Lanka
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Laurent Désaubry
- Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Chen CH, Chen Y, Li YN, Zhang H, Huang X, Li YY, Li ZY, Han JX, Wu XY, Liu HJ, Sun T. EGR3 Inhibits Tumor Progression by Inducing Schwann Cell-Like Differentiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400066. [PMID: 38973154 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism and function of the expression of Schwann characteristics by nevus cells in the mature zone of the dermis are unknown. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) induces Schwann cell-like differentiation of melanoma cells by simulating the process of nevus maturation, which leads to a strong phenotypic transformation of the cells, including the formation of long protrusions and a decrease in cell motility, proliferation, and melanin production. Meanwhile, EGR3 regulates the levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) through SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10)-dependent and independent mechanisms, by binding to non-strictly conserved motifs, respectively. Schwann cell-like differentiation demonstrates significant benefits in both in vivo and clinical studies. Finally, a CD86-P2A-EGR3 recombinant mRNA vaccine is developed which leads to tumor control through forced cell differentiation and enhanced immune infiltration. Together, these data support further development of the recombinant mRNA as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hong Chen
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Li
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Jing-Xia Han
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Xin-Ying Wu
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hui-Juan Liu
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Tianjin Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Knyazeva A, Dyachuk V. Neural crest and sons: role of neural crest cells and Schwann cell precursors in development and gland embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1406199. [PMID: 38989061 PMCID: PMC11233730 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1406199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we consider the multipotency of neural crest cells (NCCs), Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), and their role in embryogenesis base on genetic tracing and knock out model animals and single cell transcriptomic analysis. In particular, we summarize and analyze data on the contribution of NCCs and SCPs to the gland development and functions.
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5
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Birgül Iyison N, Abboud C, Abboud D, Abdulrahman AO, Bondar AN, Dam J, Georgoussi Z, Giraldo J, Horvat A, Karoussiotis C, Paz-Castro A, Scarpa M, Schihada H, Scholz N, Güvenc Tuna B, Vardjan N. ERNEST COST action overview on the (patho)physiology of GPCRs and orphan GPCRs in the nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38825750 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that play a critical role in nervous system function by transmitting signals between cells and their environment. They are involved in many, if not all, nervous system processes, and their dysfunction has been linked to various neurological disorders representing important drug targets. This overview emphasises the GPCRs of the nervous system, which are the research focus of the members of ERNEST COST action (CA18133) working group 'Biological roles of signal transduction'. First, the (patho)physiological role of the nervous system GPCRs in the modulation of synapse function is discussed. We then debate the (patho)physiology and pharmacology of opioid, acetylcholine, chemokine, melatonin and adhesion GPCRs in the nervous system. Finally, we address the orphan GPCRs, their implication in the nervous system function and disease, and the challenges that need to be addressed to deorphanize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necla Birgül Iyison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Bogazici, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Clauda Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Dayana Abboud
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Magurele, Romania
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Computational Biomedicine (IAS-5/INM-9), Jülich, Germany
| | - Julie Dam
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zafiroula Georgoussi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christos Karoussiotis
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Alba Paz-Castro
- Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs research group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago, Spain
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bilge Güvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Previtali SC, Taveggia C. Laura Feltri: Of Schwann cells, matrix, and family. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202403004. [PMID: 38477922 PMCID: PMC10938025 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202403004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Laura Feltri (1963–2023) has been a pioneer in the study of extracellular matrix in peripheral nervous system myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano C. Previtali
- Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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7
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Krause Neto W, Silva W, Oliveira T, Vilas Boas A, Ciena A, Caperuto ÉC, Gama EF. Ladder-based resistance training with the progression of training load altered the tibial nerve ultrastructure and muscle fiber area without altering the morphology of the postsynaptic compartment. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1371839. [PMID: 38694209 PMCID: PMC11061484 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1371839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence regarding the effect of different ladder-based resistance training (LRT) protocols on the morphology of the neuromuscular system is scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the morphological response induced by different LRT protocols in the ultrastructure of the tibial nerve and morphology of the motor endplate and muscle fibers of the soleus and plantaris muscles of young adult Wistar rats. Rats were divided into groups: sedentary control (control, n = 9), a predetermined number of climbs and progressive submaximal intensity (fixed, n = 9), high-intensity and high-volume pyramidal system with a predetermined number of climbs (Pyramid, n = 9) and lrt with a high-intensity pyramidal system to exhaustion (failure, n = 9). myelinated fibers and myelin sheath thickness were statistically larger in pyramid, fixed, and failure. myelinated axons were statistically larger in pyramid than in control. schwann cell nuclei were statistically larger in pyramid, fixed, and failure. microtubules and neurofilaments were greater in pyramid than in control. morphological analysis of the postsynaptic component of the plantar and soleus muscles did not indicate any significant difference. for plantaris, the type i myofibers were statistically larger in the pyramid and fixed compared to control. the pyramid, fixed, and failure groups for type ii myofibers had larger csa than control. for soleus, the type i myofibers were statistically larger in the pyramid than in control. pyramid and fixed had larger csa for type ii myofibers than control and failure. the pyramid and fixed groups showed greater mass progression delta than the failure. We concluded that the LRT protocols with greater volume and progression of accumulated mass elicit more significant changes in the ultrastructure of the tibial nerve and muscle hypertrophy without endplate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krause Neto
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wellington Silva
- Depatment of Physical Education, Laboratory of Human Movement, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tony Oliveira
- Depatment of Physical Education, Laboratory of Human Movement, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Vilas Boas
- Depatment of Physical Education, Laboratory of Human Movement, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Ciena
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érico Chagas Caperuto
- Depatment of Physical Education, Laboratory of Human Movement, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Wilson ER, Nunes GDF, Shen S, Moore S, Gawron J, Maxwell J, Syed U, Hurley E, Lanka M, Qu J, Desaubry L, Wrabetz L, Poitelon Y, Feltri ML. Loss of prohibitin 2 in Schwann cells dysregulates key transcription factors controlling developmental myelination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585915. [PMID: 38562812 PMCID: PMC10983910 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Schwann cells are critical for the proper development and function of the peripheral nervous system, where they form a mutually beneficial relationship with axons. Past studies have highlighted that a pair of proteins called the prohibitins play major roles in Schwann cell biology. Prohibitins are ubiquitously expressed and versatile proteins. We have previously shown that while prohibitins play a crucial role in Schwann cell mitochondria for long-term myelin maintenance and axon health, they may also be present at the Schwann cell-axon interface during development. Here, we expand on this work, showing that drug-mediated modulation of prohibitins in vitro disrupts myelination and confirming that Schwann cell-specific ablation of prohibitin 2 (Phb2) in vivo results in early and severe defects in peripheral nerve development. Using a proteomic approach in vitro, we identify a pool of candidate PHB2 interactors that change their interaction with PHB2 depending on the presence of axonal signals. Furthermore, we show in vivo that loss of Phb2 in mouse Schwann cells causes ineffective proliferation and dysregulation of transcription factors EGR2 (KROX20), POU3F1 (OCT6) and POU3F2 (BRN2) that are necessary for proper Schwann cell maturation. Schwann cell-specific deletion of Jun, a transcription factor associated with negative regulation of myelination, confers partial rescue of the development defect seen in mice lacking Schwann cell Phb2. This work develops our understanding of Schwann cell biology, revealing that Phb2 may directly or indirectly modulate the timely expression of transcription factors necessary for proper peripheral nervous system development, and proposing candidates that may play a role in PHB2-mediated integration of axon signals in the Schwann cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Seth Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Gawron
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Umair Syed
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Edward Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Meghana Lanka
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Desaubry
- Center of Research in Biomedicine of Strasbourg, Regenerative Nanomedicine (UMR 1260), INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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9
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Nie X, Yuan T, Yu T, Yun Z, Yu T, Liu Q. Non-stem cell-derived exosomes: a novel therapeutics for neurotrauma. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:108. [PMID: 38475766 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotrauma, encompassing traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and spinal cord injuries (SCI) impacts a significant portion of the global population. While spontaneous recovery post-TBI or SCI is possible, recent advancements in cell-based therapies aim to bolster these natural reparative mechanisms. Emerging research indicates that the beneficial outcomes of such therapies might be largely mediated by exosomes secreted from the administered cells. While stem cells have garnered much attention, exosomes derived from non-stem cells, including neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, and vascular endothelial cells, have shown notable therapeutic potential. These exosomes contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and axon remodeling, and display anti-inflammatory properties, marking them as promising agents for neurorestorative treatments. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the current methodologies, challenges, and future directions regarding the therapeutic role of non-stem cell-derived exosomes in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Nie
- Department of Orthopaedic, The second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic, The second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic, The second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihe Yun
- Department of Orthopaedic, The second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic, The second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinyi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic, The second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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10
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Grove M, Kim H, Pang S, Amaya JP, Hu G, Zhou J, Lemay M, Son YJ. TEAD1 is crucial for developmental myelination, Remak bundles, and functional regeneration of peripheral nerves. eLife 2024; 13:e87394. [PMID: 38456457 PMCID: PMC10959528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that the hippo pathway transcriptional effectors, YAP and TAZ, are essential for Schwann cells (SCs) to develop, maintain and regenerate myelin . Although TEAD1 has been implicated as a partner transcription factor, the mechanisms by which it mediates YAP/TAZ regulation of SC myelination are unclear. Here, using conditional and inducible knockout mice, we show that TEAD1 is crucial for SCs to develop and regenerate myelin. It promotes myelination by both positively and negatively regulating SC proliferation, enabling Krox20/Egr2 to upregulate myelin proteins, and upregulating the cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes FDPS and IDI1. We also show stage-dependent redundancy of TEAD1 and that non-myelinating SCs have a unique requirement for TEAD1 to enwrap nociceptive axons in Remak bundles. Our findings establish TEAD1 as a major partner of YAP/TAZ in developmental myelination and functional nerve regeneration and as a novel transcription factor regulating Remak bundle integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Grove
- Department of Neural Sciences, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Hyukmin Kim
- Department of Neural Sciences, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shuhuan Pang
- Department of Neural Sciences, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jose Paz Amaya
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugustaUnited States
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugustaUnited States
| | - Michel Lemay
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Neural Sciences, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
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11
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Previtali SC, Taveggia C. Laura Feltri: In memoriam. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2024; 29:4-5. [PMID: 38403931 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano C Previtali
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- INSPE, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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12
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Guo Y, Xiang P, Sun X, Liu W, Zhou J, Yin B, Hou L, Qiang B, Li H, Shu P, Peng X. Docking protein 6 (DOK6) selectively docks the neurotrophic signaling transduction to restrain peripheral neuropathy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:32. [PMID: 38351062 PMCID: PMC10864363 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The appropriate and specific response of nerve cells to various external cues is essential for the establishment and maintenance of neural circuits, and this process requires the proper recruitment of adaptor molecules to selectively activate downstream pathways. Here, we identified that DOK6, a member of the Dok (downstream of tyrosine kinases) family, is required for the maintenance of peripheral axons, and that loss of Dok6 can cause typical peripheral neuropathy symptoms in mice, manifested as impaired sensory, abnormal posture, paw deformities, blocked nerve conduction, and dysmyelination. Furthermore, Dok6 is highly expressed in peripheral neurons but not in Schwann cells, and genetic deletion of Dok6 in peripheral neurons led to typical peripheral myelin outfolding, axon destruction, and hindered retrograde axonal transport. Specifically, DOK6 acts as an adaptor protein for selectivity-mediated neurotrophic signal transduction and retrograde transport for TrkC and Ret but not for TrkA and TrkB. DOK6 interacts with certain proteins in the trafficking machinery and controls their phosphorylation, including MAP1B, Tau and Dynein for axonal transport, and specifically activates the downstream ERK1/2 kinase pathway to maintain axonal survival and homeostasis. This finding provides new clues to potential insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of hereditary peripheral neuropathies and other degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Xiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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13
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Grove M, Kim H, Pang S, Amaya JP, Hu G, Zhou J, Lemay M, Son YJ. TEAD1 is crucial for developmental myelination, Remak bundles, and functional regeneration of peripheral nerves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.27.530298. [PMID: 38293102 PMCID: PMC10827063 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Previously we showed that the hippo pathway transcriptional effectors, YAP and TAZ, are essential for Schwann cells (SCs) to develop, maintain and regenerate myelin (Grove et al., 2017; Grove, Lee, Zhao, & Son, 2020). Although TEAD1 has been implicated as a partner transcription factor, the mechanisms by which it mediates YAP/TAZ regulation of SC myelination are unclear. Here, using conditional and inducible knockout mice, we show that TEAD1 is crucial for SCs to develop and regenerate myelin. It promotes myelination by both positively and negatively regulating SC proliferation, enabling Krox20/Egr2 to upregulate myelin proteins, and upregulating the cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes FDPS and IDI1. We also show stage-dependent redundancy of TEAD1 and that non-myelinating SCs have a unique requirement for TEAD1 to enwrap nociceptive axons in Remak bundles. Our findings establish TEAD1 as a major partner of YAP/TAZ in developmental myelination and functional nerve regeneration and as a novel transcription factor regulating Remak bundle integrity.
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Gu X, Rahman FS, Bendale G, Tran B, Miyata JF, Hernandez A, Anand S, Romero-Ortega MI. Pleiotrophin-Neuregulin1 promote axon regeneration and sorting in conduit repair of critical nerve gap injuries. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3429258. [PMID: 37986821 PMCID: PMC10659554 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3429258/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Significant challenges remain in the treatment of critical nerve gap injuries using artificial nerve conduits. We previously reported successful axon regeneration across a 40 mm nerve gap using a biosynthetic nerve implant (BNI) with multi-luminal synergistic growth factor release. However, axon sorting, remyelination, and functional recovery were limited. Neuregulin1 (NRG1) plays a significant role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells (SCs) during development and after injury. We hypothesize that the release of NRG1 type III combined with pleiotrophin (PTN) in the BNI will enhance axon growth, remyelination, and function of regenerated nerves across a critical gap. A rabbit 40 mm peroneal gap injury model was used to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of BNIs containing either NRG1, PTN, or PTN+NRG1 growth factor release. We found that NRG1 treatment doubled the number of regenerated axons (1276±895) compared to empty controls (633±666) and PTN tripled this number (2270±989). NRG1 also significantly increased the number of SOX10+ Schwann cells in mid-conduit (20.42%±11.78%) and reduced the number of abnormal Remak axon bundles. The combination of PTN+NRG1 increased axon diameter (1.70±1.06) vs control (1.21±0.77) (p<0.01), with 15.35% of axons above 3 μm, comparable to autograft. However, the total number of remyelinated axons was not increased by the added NRG1 release, which correlated with absence of axonal NRG1 type III expression in the regenerated axons. Electrophysiological evaluation showed higher muscle force recruitment (23.8±16.0 mN vs 17.4±1.4 mN) and maximum evoked compound motor action potential (353 μV vs 37 μV) in PTN-NRG1 group versus control, which correlated with the improvement in the toe spread recovery observed in PTN-NRG1 treated animals (0.64±0.02) vs control (0.50±0.01). These results revealed the need of a combination of pro-regenerative and remyelinating growth factor combination therapy for the repair of critical nerve gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
| | - Farial S. Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
| | - G Bendale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
| | - B Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
| | - JF Miyata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
| | - A Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
| | - S Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204
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15
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Baldenius M, Kautzmann S, Nanda S, Klämbt C. Signaling Pathways Controlling Axonal Wrapping in Drosophila. Cells 2023; 12:2553. [PMID: 37947631 PMCID: PMC10647682 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of action potentials is an important ability that enables efficient communication within the nervous system. Glial cells influence conduction velocity along axons by regulating the radial axonal diameter, providing electrical insulation as well as affecting the distribution of voltage-gated ion channels. Differentiation of these wrapping glial cells requires a complex set of neuron-glia interactions involving three basic mechanistic features. The glia must recognize the axon, grow around it, and eventually arrest its growth to form single or multiple axon wraps. This likely depends on the integration of numerous evolutionary conserved signaling and adhesion systems. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and underlying signaling pathways that control glial wrapping in Drosophila and compare those to the mechanisms that control glial differentiation in mammals. This analysis shows that Drosophila is a beneficial model to study the development of even complex structures like myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.B.)
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16
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Doan RA, Monk KR. Dock1 acts cell-autonomously in Schwann cells to regulate the development, maintenance, and repair of peripheral myelin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564271. [PMID: 37961336 PMCID: PMC10634861 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells, the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are critical for myelin development, maintenance, and repair. Rac1 is a known regulator of radial sorting, a key step in developmental myelination, and we previously showed in zebrafish that loss of Dock1, a Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, results in delayed peripheral myelination in development. We demonstrate here that Dock1 is necessary for myelin maintenance and remyelination after injury in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, it performs an evolutionary conserved role in mice, acting cell-autonomously in Schwann cells to regulate peripheral myelin development, maintenance, and repair. Additionally, manipulating Rac1 levels in larval zebrafish reveals that dock1 mutants are sensitized to inhibition of Rac1, suggesting an interaction between the two proteins during PNS development. We propose that the interplay between Dock1 and Rac1 signaling in Schwann cells is required to establish, maintain, and facilitate repair and remyelination within the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Doan
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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17
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Mohamed T, Melfi V, Colciago A, Magnaghi V. Hearing loss and vestibular schwannoma: new insights into Schwann cells implication. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:629. [PMID: 37741837 PMCID: PMC10517973 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is the most common and heterogeneous disorder of the sensory system, with a large morbidity in the worldwide population. Among cells of the acoustic nerve (VIII cranial nerve), in the cochlea are present the hair cells, the spiral ganglion neurons, the glia-like supporting cells, and the Schwann cells (SCs), which alterations have been considered cause of HL. Notably, a benign SC-derived tumor of the acoustic nerve, named vestibular schwannoma (VS), has been indicated as cause of HL. Importantly, SCs are the main glial cells ensheathing axons and forming myelin in the peripheral nerves. Following an injury, the SCs reprogram, expressing some stemness features. Despite the mechanisms and factors controlling their biological processes (i.e., proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination) have been largely unveiled, their role in VS and HL was poorly investigated. In this review, we enlighten some of the mechanisms at the base of SCs transformation, VS development, and progression, likely leading to HL, and we pose great attention on the environmental factors that, in principle, could contribute to HL onset or progression. Combining the biomolecular bench-side approach to the clinical bedside practice may be helpful for the diagnosis, prediction, and therapeutic approach in otology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melfi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colciago
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Martens AK, Erwig M, Patzig J, Fledrich R, Füchtbauer EM, Werner HB. Targeted inactivation of the Septin2 and Septin9 genes in myelinating Schwann cells of mice. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:290-302. [PMID: 36378242 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of axon-enwrapping myelin sheaths by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system involves the assembly of a scaffolding septin filament comprised of the subunits SEPTIN2, SEPTIN4, SEPTIN7 and SEPTIN8. Conversely, in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), myelin is synthesized by a different cell type termed Schwann cells, and it remained unknown if septins also assemble as a multimer in PNS myelin. According to prior proteome analysis, PNS myelin comprises the subunits SEPTIN2, SEPTIN7, SEPTIN8, SEPTIN9, and SEPTIN11, which localize to the paranodal and abaxonal myelin subcompartments. Here, we use the Cre/loxP-system to delete the Septin9-gene specifically in Schwann cells, causing a markedly reduced abundance of SEPTIN9 in sciatic nerves, implying that Schwann cells are the main cell type expressing SEPTIN9 in the nerve. However, Septin9-deficiency in Schwann cells did not affect the abundance or localization of other septin subunits. In contrast, when deleting the Septin2-gene in Schwann cells the abundance of all relevant septin subunits was markedly reduced, including SEPTIN9. Notably, we did not find evidence that deleting Septin2 or Septin9 in Schwann cells impairs myelin biogenesis, nerve conduction velocity or motor/sensory capabilities, at least at the assessed timepoints. Our data thus show that SEPTIN2 but not SEPTIN9 is required for the formation or stabilization of a septin multimer in PNS myelin in vivo; however, its functional relevance remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Martens
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michelle Erwig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Fledrich
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Seixas AI, Morais MRG, Brakebusch C, Relvas JB. A RhoA-mediated biomechanical response in Schwann cells modulates peripheral nerve myelination. Prog Neurobiol 2023:102481. [PMID: 37315917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelin improves axonal conduction velocity and is essential for nerve development and regeneration. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells depend on bidirectional mechanical and biochemical signaling to form the myelin sheath but the mechanism underlying this process is not understood. Rho GTPases are integrators of "outside-in" signaling that link cytoskeletal dynamics with cellular architecture to regulate morphology and adhesion. Using Schwann cell-specific gene inactivation in the mouse, we discovered that RhoA promotes the initiation of myelination, and is required to both drive and terminate myelin growth at different stages of peripheral myelination, suggesting developmentally-specific modes of action. In Schwann cells, RhoA targets actin filament turnover, via Cofilin 1, actomyosin contractility and cortical actin-membrane attachments. This mechanism couples actin cortex mechanics with the molecular organization of the cell boundary to target specific signaling networks that regulate axon-Schwann cell interaction/adhesion and myelin growth. This work shows that RhoA is a key component of a biomechanical response required to control Schwann cell state transitions for proper myelination of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Seixas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel R G Morais
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - João B Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Dept of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Numata-Uematasu Y, Wakatsuki S, Kobayashi-Ujiie Y, Sakai K, Ichinohe N, Araki T. In vitro myelination using explant culture of dorsal root ganglia: An efficient tool for analyzing peripheral nerve differentiation and disease modeling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285897. [PMID: 37224113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves conducting motor and somatosensory signals in vertebrate consist of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. In vitro myelination culture, generated by co-culturing Schwann cells (SCs) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, is an indispensable tool for modeling physiological and pathological conditions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This technique allows researchers to overexpress or downregulate molecules investigated in neurons or SCs to evaluate the effect of such molecules on myelination. In vitro myelination experiments are usually time-consuming and labor-intensive to perform. Here we report an optimized protocol for in vitro myelination using DRG explant culture. We found that our in vitro myelination using DRG explant (IVMDE) culture not only achieves myelination with higher efficiency than conventional in vitro myelination methods, but also can be used to observe Remak bundle and non-myelinating SCs, which were unrecognizable in conventional methods. Because of these characteristics, IVMDE may be useful in modeling PNS diseases, including Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT), in vitro. These results suggest that IVMDE may achieve a condition more similar to peripheral nerve myelination observed during physiological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Numata-Uematasu
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi-Ujiie
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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3D culture of the spinal cord with roots as an ex vivo model for comparative studies of motor and sensory nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2023; 362:114322. [PMID: 36652972 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Motor and sensory nerves exhibit tissue-specific structural and functional features. However, in vitro models designed to reflect tissue-specific differences between motor and sensory nerve regeneration have rarely been reported. Here, by embedding the spinal cord with roots (SCWR) in a 3D hydrogel environment, we compared the nerve regeneration processes between the ventral and dorsal roots. The 3D hydrogel environment induced an outward migration of neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord, which allowed the long-term survival of motor neurons. Tuj1 immunofluorescence labeling confirmed the regeneration of neurites from both the ventral and dorsal roots. Next, we detected asymmetric ventral and dorsal root regeneration in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and we observed motor and sensory Schwann cell phenotypes in the regenerated ventral and dorsal roots, respectively. Moreover, based on the SCWR model, we identified a targeted effect of collagen VI on sensory nerve fasciculation and characterized the protein expression profiles correlating to motor/sensory-specific nerve regeneration. These results suggest that the SCWR model can serve as a valuable ex vivo model for comparative study of motor and sensory nerve regeneration and for pharmacodynamic evaluations.
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22
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Liu Y, Yu H, Yu P, Peng P, Li C, Xiang Z, Ban D. Gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel scaffold loaded with activated Schwann cells attenuates apoptosis and promotes functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:144. [PMID: 36911380 PMCID: PMC9995797 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a refractory disease of the central nervous system with a high disability and incidence rate. In recent years, bioactive material combined with cell transplantation has been considered an effective method for the treatment of SCI. The present study encapsulated activated Schwann cells (ASCs) in a 3D gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel in order to investigate its therapeutic effects on SCI. ASCs were isolated from previously ligated rat sciatic nerves. Scanning electron microscopy and live/dead staining were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of hydrogels with the ASCs. The scaffold was transplanted into the spinal cord of rats in the hemisection model. Behavioral tests and hematoxylin and eosin staining were employed to assess the locomotion recovery and lesion areas before and after treatment. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining and immunochemistry, and apoptosis-related protein expression was detected using western blot analysis. The ASCs exhibited a favorable survival and proliferative ability in the 3D GelMA hydrogel. The scaffold transplantation significantly reduced the cavities and improved functional recovery. Moreover, the GelMA/ASCs implants significantly inhibited cell apoptosis following SCI and this effect may be mediated via the p38 MAPK pathway. Overall, these findings indicated that ASCs combined with the 3D GelMA hydrogel may be a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyang Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Dexiang Ban
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Procacci NM, Hastings RL, Aziz AA, Christiansen NM, Zhao J, DeAngeli C, LeBlanc N, Notterpek L, Valdez G, Gould TW. Kir4.1 is specifically expressed and active in non-myelinating Schwann cells. Glia 2023; 71:926-944. [PMID: 36479906 PMCID: PMC9931657 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-myelinating Schwann cells (NMSC) play important roles in peripheral nervous system formation and function. However, the molecular identity of these cells remains poorly defined. We provide evidence that Kir4.1, an inward-rectifying K+ channel encoded by the KCNJ10 gene, is specifically expressed and active in NMSC. Immunostaining revealed that Kir4.1 is present in terminal/perisynaptic SCs (TPSC), synaptic glia at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), but not in myelinating SCs (MSC) of adult mice. To further examine the expression pattern of Kir4.1, we generated BAC transgenic Kir4.1-CreERT2 mice and crossed them to the tdTomato reporter line. Activation of CreERT2 with tamoxifen after the completion of myelination onset led to robust expression of tdTomato in NMSC, including Remak Schwann cells (RSC) along peripheral nerves and TPSC, but not in MSC. In contrast, activating CreERT2 before and during the onset of myelination led to tdTomato expression in NMSC and MSC. These observations suggest that immature SC express Kir4.1, and its expression is then downregulated selectively in myelin-forming SC. In support, we found that while activating CreERT2 induces tdTomato expression in immature SC, it fails to induce tdTomato in MSC associated with sensory axons in culture. NMSC derived from neonatal sciatic nerve were shown to express Kir4.1 and exhibit barium-sensitive inwardly rectifying macroscopic K+ currents. Thus, this study identified Kir4.1 as a potential modulator of immature SC and NMSC function. Additionally, it established a novel transgenic mouse line to introduce or delete genes in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Procacci
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Robert Louis Hastings
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aamir A Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Nina M Christiansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Claire DeAngeli
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Normand LeBlanc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Thomas W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Kong L, Hassinan CW, Gerstner F, Buettner JM, Petigrow JB, Valdivia DO, Chan-Cortés MH, Mistri A, Cao A, McGaugh SA, Denton M, Brown S, Ross J, Schwab MH, Simon CM, Sumner CJ. Boosting neuregulin 1 type-III expression hastens SMA motor axon maturation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:53. [PMID: 36997967 PMCID: PMC10061791 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between axons and Schwann cells is critical for attaining the complex morphological steps necessary for axon maturation. In the early onset motor neuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), many motor axons are not ensheathed by Schwann cells nor grow sufficiently in radial diameter to become myelinated. These developmentally arrested motor axons are dysfunctional and vulnerable to rapid degeneration, limiting efficacy of current SMA therapeutics. We hypothesized that accelerating SMA motor axon maturation would improve their function and reduce disease features. A principle regulator of peripheral axon development is neuregulin 1 type III (NRG1-III). Expressed on axon surfaces, it interacts with Schwann cell receptors to mediate axon ensheathment and myelination. We examined NRG1 mRNA and protein expression levels in human and mouse SMA tissues and observed reduced expression in SMA spinal cord and in ventral, but not dorsal root axons. To determine the impact of neuronal NRG1-III overexpression on SMA motor axon development, we bred NRG1-III overexpressing mice to SMA∆7 mice. Neonatally, elevated NRG1-III expression increased SMA ventral root size as well as axon segregation, diameter, and myelination resulting in improved motor axon conduction velocities. NRG1-III was not able to prevent distal axonal degeneration nor improve axon electrophysiology, motor behavior, or survival of older mice. Together these findings demonstrate that early SMA motor axon developmental impairments can be ameliorated by a molecular strategy independent of SMN replacement providing hope for future SMA combinatorial therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Kong
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cera W Hassinan
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Florian Gerstner
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jannik M Buettner
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Petigrow
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David O Valdivia
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michelle H Chan-Cortés
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amy Mistri
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Annie Cao
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Scott Alan McGaugh
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Madeline Denton
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephen Brown
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joshua Ross
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian M Simon
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Rangos Building Room 234, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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25
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Fan Z, Wen X, Ding X, Wang Q, Wang S, Yu W. Advances in biotechnology and clinical therapy in the field of peripheral nerve regeneration based on magnetism. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1079757. [PMID: 36970536 PMCID: PMC10036769 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1079757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the most common neurological diseases. Recent studies on nerve cells have provided new ideas for the regeneration of peripheral nerves and treatment of physical trauma or degenerative disease-induced loss of sensory and motor neuron functions. Accumulating evidence suggested that magnetic fields might have a significant impact on the growth of nerve cells. Studies have investigated different magnetic field properties (static or pulsed magnetic field) and intensities, various magnetic nanoparticle-encapsulating cytokines based on superparamagnetism, magnetically functionalized nanofibers, and their relevant mechanisms and clinical applications. This review provides an overview of these aspects as well as their future developmental prospects in related fields.
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26
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhi J, Huang M, Pei F. A bibliometric analysis: Current status and frontier trends of Schwann cells in neurosciences. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1087550. [PMID: 36710927 PMCID: PMC9877341 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1087550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This review aims to present a comprehensive bibliometric analysis related to Schwann cells (SCs) in neurosciences from 2012 to 2021. Methods We used the Web of Science core collection database to obtain publications on SCs in the field of neurosciences from 2012 to 2021. The obtained data were further visually analyzed by using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and an online bibliometric platform. Results We retrieved a total of 1,923 publications related to SCs in neurosciences. The number of publications in this field fluctuates steadily each year, and the number of citations is increasing year by year. The United States is leading the field, with LERU and the University OF London as influential institutions, Jessen KR and Feltri ML as the most representative authors, and GLIA and JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE as authoritative journals in the field. Meanwhile, we predict that a more in-depth study of autophagy and phagocytosis functions of SCs and the key regulator c-Jun will probably be a hot spot for future research. Conclusion This study summarizes the current research results and predicts research trends for further research, which will facilitate researchers in quickly understanding the current state of research in the field while referring to new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Rehabilitation Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Wang,
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jincao Zhi
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Pei
- Graduate School of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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27
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Schwann cell functions in peripheral nerve development and repair. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105952. [PMID: 36493976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial cell of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the Schwann cell (SC), counts among the most multifaceted cells of the body. During development, SCs secure neuronal survival and participate in axonal path finding. Simultaneously, they orchestrate the architectural set up of the developing nerves, including the blood vessels and the endo-, peri- and epineurial layers. Perinatally, in rodents, SCs radially sort and subsequently myelinate individual axons larger than 1 μm in diameter, while small calibre axons become organised in non-myelinating Remak bundles. SCs have a vital role in maintaining axonal health throughout life and several specialized SC types perform essential functions at specific locations, such as terminal SC at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or SC within cutaneous sensory end organs. In addition, neural crest derived satellite glia maintain a tight communication with the soma of sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons and neural crest derivatives are furthermore an indispensable part of the enteric nervous system. The remarkable plasticity of SCs becomes evident in the context of a nerve injury, where SC transdifferentiate into intriguing repair cells, which orchestrate a regenerative response that promotes nerve repair. Indeed, the multiple adaptations of SCs are captivating, but remain often ill-resolved on the molecular level. Here, we summarize and discuss the knowns and unknowns of the vast array of functions that this single cell type can cover in peripheral nervous system development, maintenance, and repair.
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Yuan Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhao MY. Review: Myelin clearance is critical for regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:908148. [PMID: 36588879 PMCID: PMC9801717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.908148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury occurs frequently and is a major clinical and public health problem that can lead to functional impairment and permanent disability. Despite the availability of modern diagnostic procedures and advanced microsurgical techniques, active recovery after peripheral nerve repair is often unsatisfactory. Peripheral nerve regeneration involves several critical events, including the recreation of the microenvironment and remyelination. Results from previous studies suggest that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a greater capacity for repair than the central nervous system. Thus, it will be important to understand myelin and myelination specifically in the PNS. This review provides an update on myelin biology and myelination in the PNS and discusses the mechanisms that promote myelin clearance after injury. The roles of Schwann cells and macrophages are considered at length, together with the possibility of exogenous intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiMing Yuan
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Wang
| | - ShanHong Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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29
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Cristobal CD, Lee HK. Development of myelinating glia: An overview. Glia 2022; 70:2237-2259. [PMID: 35785432 PMCID: PMC9561084 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is essential to nervous system function, playing roles in saltatory conduction and trophic support. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs) form myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems respectively and follow different developmental paths. OLs are neural stem-cell derived and follow an intrinsic developmental program resulting in a largely irreversible differentiation state. During embryonic development, OL precursor cells (OPCs) are produced in distinct waves originating from different locations in the central nervous system, with a subset developing into myelinating OLs. OPCs remain evenly distributed throughout life, providing a population of responsive, multifunctional cells with the capacity to remyelinate after injury. SCs derive from the neural crest, are highly dependent on extrinsic signals, and have plastic differentiation states. SC precursors (SCPs) are produced in early embryonic nerve structures and differentiate into multipotent immature SCs (iSCs), which initiate radial sorting and differentiate into myelinating and non-myelinating SCs. Differentiated SCs retain the capacity to radically change phenotypes in response to external signals, including becoming repair SCs, which drive peripheral regeneration. While several transcription factors and myelin components are common between OLs and SCs, their differentiation mechanisms are highly distinct, owing to their unique lineages and their respective environments. In addition, both OLs and SCs respond to neuronal activity and regulate nervous system output in reciprocal manners, possibly through different pathways. Here, we outline their basic developmental programs, mechanisms regulating their differentiation, and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo D. Cristobal
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA,Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
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30
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Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
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Negro S, Pirazzini M, Rigoni M. Models and methods to study Schwann cells. J Anat 2022; 241:1235-1258. [PMID: 34988978 PMCID: PMC9558160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of all vertebrates and play essential roles in development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. There are distinct populations of SCs including: (1) myelinating SCs that ensheath axons by a specialized plasma membrane, called myelin, which enhances the conduction of electric impulses; (2) non-myelinating SCs, including Remak SCs, which wrap bundles of multiple axons of small caliber, and perysinaptic SCs (PSCs), associated with motor axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). All types of SCs contribute to PNS regeneration through striking morphological and functional changes in response to nerve injury, are affected in peripheral neuropathies and show abnormalities and a diminished plasticity during aging. Therefore, methodological approaches to study and manipulate SCs in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are crucial to expand the present knowledge on SC biology and to devise new therapeutic strategies to counteract neurodegenerative conditions and age-derived denervation. We present here an updated overview of traditional and emerging methodologies for the study of SCs for scientists approaching this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CIR‐MyoCentro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di MiologiaUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CIR‐MyoCentro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di MiologiaUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
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Reed CB, Feltri ML, Wilson ER. Peripheral glia diversity. J Anat 2022; 241:1219-1234. [PMID: 34131911 PMCID: PMC8671569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap-derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Liu Y, Yue W, Yu S, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Zhu R, Song B, Guo T, Liu F, Huang Y, Wu T, Wang H. A physical perspective to understand myelin II: The physical origin of myelin development. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951998. [PMID: 36263368 PMCID: PMC9574017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical principle of myelin development is obtained from our previous study by explaining Peter’s quadrant mystery: an externally applied negative and positive E-field can promote and inhibit the growth of the inner tongue of the myelin sheath, respectively. In this study, this principle is considered as a fundamental hypothesis, named Hypothesis-E, to explain more phenomena about myelin development systematically. Specifically, the g-ratio and the fate of the Schwann cell’s differentiation are explained in terms of the E-field. Moreover, an experiment is proposed to validate this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenji Yue
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shoujun Yu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Song
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianruo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Health Bioinformatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yubin Huang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianzhun Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Tianzhun Wu,
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Hao Wang,
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Ge LL, Xing MY, Zhang HB, Wang ZC. Neurofibroma Development in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Insights from Cellular Origin and Schwann Cell Lineage Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184513. [PMID: 36139671 PMCID: PMC9497298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic tumor predisposition syndrome that affects about 1 in 3000 newborns, is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene and subsequent inactivation of its encoded neurofibromin. Neurofibromin is a tumor suppressor protein involved in the downregulation of Ras signaling. Despite a diverse clinical spectrum, one of several hallmarks of NF1 is a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST), which comprises mixed nervous and fibrous components. The distinct spatiotemporal characteristics of plexiform and cutaneous neurofibromas have prompted hypotheses about the origin and developmental features of these tumors, involving various cellular transition processes. METHODS We retrieved published literature from PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to 21 June 2022 and searched references cited in the selected studies to identify other relevant papers. Original articles reporting the pathogenesis of PNSTs during development were included in this review. We highlighted the Schwann cell (SC) lineage shift to better present the evolution of its corresponding cellular origin hypothesis and its important effects on the progression and malignant transformation of neurofibromas. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarized the vast array of evidence obtained on the full range of neurofibroma development based on cellular and molecular pathogenesis. By integrating findings relating to tumor formation, growth, and malignancy, we hope to reveal the role of SC lineage shift as well as the combined impact of additional determinants in the natural history of PNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Ge
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ming-Yan Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hai-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (H.-B.Z.); or (Z.-C.W.); Tel.: +86-021-54920988 (H.-B.Z.); +86-021-53315120 (Z.-C.W.)
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (H.-B.Z.); or (Z.-C.W.); Tel.: +86-021-54920988 (H.-B.Z.); +86-021-53315120 (Z.-C.W.)
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Mikdache A, Boueid MJ, Lesport E, Delespierre B, Loisel-Duwattez J, Degerny C, Tawk M. Timely Schwann cell division drives peripheral myelination in vivo via the laminin/cAMP pathway. Development 2022; 149:276236. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Schwann cells (SCs) migrate along peripheral axons and divide intensively to generate the right number of cells prior to axonal ensheathment; however, little is known regarding the temporal and molecular control of their division and its impact on myelination. We report that Sil, a spindle pole protein associated with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, is required for temporal mitotic exit of SCs. In sil-deficient cassiopeia (csp−/−) mutants, SCs fail to radially sort and myelinate peripheral axons. Elevation of cAMP, but not Rac1 activity, in csp−/− restores myelin ensheathment. Most importantly, we show a significant decrease in laminin expression within csp−/− posterior lateral line nerve and that forcing Laminin 2 expression in csp−/− fully restores the ability of SCs to myelinate. Thus, we demonstrate an essential role for timely SC division in mediating laminin expression to orchestrate radial sorting and peripheral myelination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mikdache
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay , 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Marie-José Boueid
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay , 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Emilie Lesport
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay , 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | | | | | - Cindy Degerny
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay , 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
| | - Marcel Tawk
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay , 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre , France
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Abstract
Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential for the support and myelination of axons, ensuring fast and accurate communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Schwann cells and related glia accompany innervating axons in virtually all tissues in the body, where they exhibit remarkable plasticity and the ability to modulate pathology in extraordinary, and sometimes surprising, ways. Here, we provide a brief overview of the various glial cell types in the PNS and describe the cornerstone cellular and molecular processes that enable Schwann cells to perform their canonical functions. We then dive into discussing exciting noncanonical functions of Schwann cells and related PNS glia, which include their role in organizing the PNS, in regulating synaptic activity and pain, in modulating immunity, in providing a pool of stem cells for different organs, and, finally, in influencing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Taveggia
- Axo-Glial Interaction Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy;
| | - M. Laura Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Paes de Faria J, Vale-Silva RS, Fässler R, Werner HB, Relvas JB. Pinch2 regulates myelination in the mouse central nervous system. Development 2022; 149:275524. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The extensive morphological changes of oligodendrocytes during axon ensheathment and myelination involve assembly of the Ilk-Parvin-Pinch (IPP) heterotrimeric complex of proteins to relay essential mechanical and biochemical signals between integrins and the actin cytoskeleton. Binding of Pinch1 and Pinch2 isoforms to Ilk is mutually exclusive and allows the formation of distinct IPP complexes with specific signaling properties. Using tissue-specific conditional gene ablation in mice, we reveal an essential role for Pinch2 during central nervous system myelination. Unlike Pinch1 gene ablation, loss of Pinch2 in oligodendrocytes results in hypermyelination and in the formation of pathological myelin outfoldings in white matter regions. These structural changes concur with inhibition of Rho GTPase RhoA and Cdc42 activities and phenocopy aspects of myelin pathology observed in corresponding mouse mutants. We propose a dual role for Pinch2 in preventing an excess of myelin wraps through RhoA-dependent control of membrane growth and in fostering myelin stability via Cdc42-dependent organization of cytoskeletal septins. Together, these findings indicate that IPP complexes containing Pinch2 act as a crucial cell-autonomous molecular hub ensuring synchronous control of key signaling networks during developmental myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Paes de Faria
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto 1 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto 2 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
| | - Raquel S. Vale-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto 1 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto 2 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto 3 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry 4 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine 5 Department of Neurogenetics , , D-37075 Gottingen , Germany
| | - João B. Relvas
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto 1 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurological Disease, Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto 2 , 4200-135 Porto , Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto 6 Department of Biomedicine , , 4200-319 Porto , Portugal
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Kong L, Gao X, Qian Y, Sun W, You Z, Fan C. Biomechanical microenvironment in peripheral nerve regeneration: from pathophysiological understanding to tissue engineering development. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4993-5014. [PMID: 35836812 PMCID: PMC9274750 DOI: 10.7150/thno.74571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) caused by trauma, chronic disease and other factors may lead to partial or complete loss of sensory, motor and autonomic functions, as well as neuropathic pain. Biological activities are always accompanied by mechanical stimulation, and biomechanical microenvironmental homeostasis plays a complicated role in tissue repair and regeneration. Recent studies have focused on the effects of biomechanical microenvironment on peripheral nervous system development and function maintenance, as well as neural regrowth following PNI. For example, biomechanical factors-induced cluster gene expression changes contribute to formation of peripheral nerve structure and maintenance of physiological function. In addition, extracellular matrix and cell responses to biomechanical microenvironment alterations after PNI directly trigger a series of cascades for the well-organized peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) process, where cell adhesion molecules, cytoskeletons and mechanically gated ion channels serve as mechanosensitive units, mechanical effector including focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as mechanotransduction elements. With the rapid development of tissue engineering techniques, a substantial number of PNR strategies such as aligned nerve guidance conduits, three-dimensional topological designs and piezoelectric scaffolds emerge expected to improve the neural biomechanical microenvironment in case of PNI. These tissue engineering nerve grafts display optimized mechanical properties and outstanding mechanomodulatory effects, but a few bottlenecks restrict their application scenes. In this review, the current understanding in biomechanical microenvironment homeostasis associated with peripheral nerve function and PNR is integrated, where we proposed the importance of balances of mechanosensitive elements, cytoskeletal structures, mechanotransduction cascades, and extracellular matrix components; a wide variety of promising tissue engineering strategies based on biomechanical modulation are introduced with some suggestions and prospects for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Yun Qian, E-mail: ; Wei Sun, E-mail: ; Zhengwei You, E-mail: ; Cunyi Fan, E-mail:
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Wiltbank AT, Steinson ER, Criswell SJ, Piller M, Kucenas S. Cd59 and inflammation regulate Schwann cell development. eLife 2022; 11:e76640. [PMID: 35748863 PMCID: PMC9232220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient neurotransmission is essential for organism survival and is enhanced by myelination. However, the genes that regulate myelin and myelinating glial cell development have not been fully characterized. Data from our lab and others demonstrates that cd59, which encodes for a small GPI-anchored glycoprotein, is highly expressed in developing zebrafish, rodent, and human oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs), and that patients with CD59 dysfunction develop neurological dysfunction during early childhood. Yet, the function of Cd59 in the developing nervous system is currently undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that cd59 is expressed in a subset of developing SCs. Using cd59 mutant zebrafish, we show that developing SCs proliferate excessively and nerves may have reduced myelin volume, altered myelin ultrastructure, and perturbed node of Ranvier assembly. Finally, we demonstrate that complement activity is elevated in cd59 mutants and that inhibiting inflammation restores SC proliferation, myelin volume, and nodes of Ranvier to wildtype levels. Together, this work identifies Cd59 and developmental inflammation as key players in myelinating glial cell development, highlighting the collaboration between glia and the innate immune system to ensure normal neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashtyn T Wiltbank
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Emma R Steinson
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Stacey J Criswell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Melanie Piller
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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40
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Maeda S, Minato Y, Kuwahara-Otani S, Yamanaka H, Maeda M, Kataoka Y, Yagi H. Morphology of Schwann Cell Processes Supports Renal Sympathetic Nerve Terminals With Local Distribution of Adrenoceptors. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:495-513. [PMID: 35708491 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerves in the renal parenchyma comprise sympathetic nerves that act on renal arteries and tubules to decrease blood flow and increase primary urine reabsorption, respectively. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters that activate their effector tissues. However, the mechanisms by which neurotransmitters exert individual responses to renal effector cells remain unknown. Here, we investigated the spatial and molecular compositional associations of renal Schwann cells (SC) supporting the nerve terminals in male rats. The nerve terminals of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) enclosed by renal SC processes were exposed through windows facing the effectors with presynaptic specializations. We found that the adrenergic receptors (ARs) α2A, α2C, and β2 were localized in the SMC and the basal side of the tubules, where the nerve terminals were attached, whereas the other subtypes of ARs were distributed in the glomerular and luminal side, where the norepinephrine released from nerve endings may have indirect access to ARs. In addition, integrins α4 and β1 were coexpressed in the nerve terminals. Thus, renal nerve terminals could contact their effectors via integrins and may have a structure, covered by SC processes, suitable for intensive and directional release of neurotransmitters into the blood, rather than specialized structures in the postsynaptic region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan.,Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan; Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan.,Laboratory for Cellular Function Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
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41
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Park HJ, Tsai E, Huang D, Weaver M, Frick L, Alcantara A, Moran JJ, Patzig J, Melendez-Vasquez CV, Crabtree GR, Feltri M, Svaren J, Casaccia P. ACTL6a coordinates axonal caliber recognition and myelination in the peripheral nerve. iScience 2022; 25:104132. [PMID: 35434551 PMCID: PMC9010646 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells elaborate transcriptional programs in response to external signals. In the peripheral nerves, Schwann cells (SC) sort axons of given caliber and start the process of wrapping their membrane around them. We identify Actin-like protein 6a (ACTL6a), part of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, as critical for the integration of axonal caliber recognition with the transcriptional program of myelination. Nuclear levels of ACTL6A in SC are increased by contact with large caliber axons or nanofibers, and result in the eviction of repressive histone marks to facilitate myelination. Without Actl6a the SC are unable to coordinate caliber recognition and myelin production. Peripheral nerves in knockout mice display defective radial sorting, hypo-myelination of large caliber axons, and redundant myelin around small caliber axons, resulting in a clinical motor phenotype. Overall, this suggests that ACTL6A is a key component of the machinery integrating external signals for proper myelination of the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Park
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Eric Tsai
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dennis Huang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Weaver
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Luciana Frick
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ace Alcantara
- Graduate Program in Biology, Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John J. Moran
- Waisman Center and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Julia Patzig
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Carmen V. Melendez-Vasquez
- Graduate Program in Biology, Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gerald R. Crabtree
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M.L. Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate Program in Biology, Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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42
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Sinegubov A, Andreeva D, Burzak N, Vasyutina M, Murashova L, Dyachuk V. Heterogeneity and Potency of Peripheral Glial Cells in Embryonic Development and Adults. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:737949. [PMID: 35401107 PMCID: PMC8990813 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.737949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the heterogeneity of peripheral glial cell populations, from the emergence of Schwann cells (SCs) in early development, to their involvement, and that of their derivatives in adult glial populations. We focus on the origin of the first glial precursors from neural crest cells (NCCs), and their ability to differentiate into several cell types during development. We also discuss the heterogeneity of embryonic glia in light of the latest data from genetic tracing and transcriptome analysis. Special attention has been paid to the biology of glial populations in adult animals, by highlighting common features of different glial cell types and molecular differences that modulate their functions. Finally, we consider the communication of glial cells with axons of neurons in normal and pathological conditions. In conclusion, the present review details how information available on glial cell types and their functions in normal and pathological conditions may be utilized in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with neurodiseases.
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43
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Krause Neto W, Gama EF, Silva WDA, de Oliveira TVA, Vilas Boas AEDS, Ciena AP, Anaruma CA, Caperuto ÉC. The sciatic and radial nerves seem to adapt similarly to different ladder-based resistance training protocols. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:887-896. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zotter B, Dagan O, Brady J, Baloui H, Samanta J, Salzer JL. Gli1 Regulates the Postnatal Acquisition of Peripheral Nerve Architecture. J Neurosci 2022; 42:183-201. [PMID: 34772739 PMCID: PMC8802940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3096-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are organized into discrete compartments. Axons, Schwann cells (SCs), and endoneurial fibroblasts (EFs) reside within the endoneurium and are surrounded by the perineurium, a cellular sheath comprised of layers of perineurial glia (PNG). SC secretion of Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) regulates this organization. In Dhh nulls, the perineurium is deficient and the endoneurium is subdivided into small compartments termed minifascicles. Human Dhh mutations cause a neuropathy with similar defects. Here we examine the role of Gli1, a canonical transcriptional effector of hedgehog signaling, in regulating peripheral nerve organization in mice of both genders. We identify PNG, EFs, and pericytes as Gli1-expressing cells by genetic fate mapping. Although expression of Dhh by SCs and Gli1 in target cells is coordinately regulated with myelination, Gli1 expression unexpectedly persists in Dhh null EFs. Thus, Gli1 is expressed in EFs noncanonically (i.e., independent of hedgehog signaling). Gli1 and Dhh also have nonredundant activities. Unlike Dhh nulls, Gli1 nulls have a normal perineurium. Like Dhh nulls, Gli1 nulls form minifascicles, which we show likely arise from EFs. Thus, Dhh and Gli1 are independent signals: Gli1 is dispensable for perineurial development but functions cooperatively with Dhh to drive normal endoneurial development. During development, Gli1 also regulates endoneurial extracellular matrix production, nerve vascular organization, and has modest, nonautonomous effects on SC sorting and myelination of axons. Finally, in adult nerves, induced deletion of Gli1 is sufficient to drive minifascicle formation. Thus, Gli1 regulates the development and is required to maintain the endoneurial architecture of peripheral nerves.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Peripheral nerves are organized into distinct cellular/ECM compartments: the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. This organization, with its associated cellular constituents, is critical for the structural and metabolic support of nerves and their response to injury. Here, we show that Gli1, a transcription factor normally expressed downstream of hedgehog signaling, is required for the proper organization of the endoneurium but not the perineurium. Unexpectedly, Gli1 expression by endoneurial cells is independent of, and functions nonredundantly with, Schwann Cell-derived Desert Hedgehog in regulating peripheral nerve architecture. These results further delineate how peripheral nerves acquire their distinctive organization during normal development, and highlight mechanisms that may regulate their reorganization in pathologic settings, including peripheral neuropathies and nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Zotter
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Or Dagan
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Jacob Brady
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hasna Baloui
- Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - James L Salzer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
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Acheta J, Stephens SBZ, Belin S, Poitelon Y. Therapeutic Low-Intensity Ultrasound for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration – A Schwann Cell Perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:812588. [PMID: 35069118 PMCID: PMC8766802 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.812588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions that can arise from trauma (e.g., compression, severance) and can lead to neuropathic pain as well as motor and sensory deficits. Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and nerve regeneration, treatments that ensure functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury are limited. Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells in peripheral nerves, orchestrate the response to nerve injury, by converting to a “repair” phenotype. However, nerve regeneration is often suboptimal in humans as the repair Schwann cells do not sustain their repair phenotype long enough to support the prolonged regeneration times required for successful nerve regrowth. Thus, numerous strategies are currently focused on promoting and extending the Schwann cells repair phenotype. Low-intensity ultrasound (LIU) is a non-destructive therapeutic approach which has been shown to facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration following nerve injury in rodents. Still, clinical trials in humans are scarce and limited to small population sizes. The benefit of LIU on nerve regeneration could possibly be mediated through the repair Schwann cells. In this review, we discuss the known and possible molecular mechanisms activated in response to LIU in repair Schwann cells to draw support and attention to LIU as a compelling regenerative treatment for peripheral nerve injury.
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46
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Kister A, Kister I. Overview of myelin, major myelin lipids, and myelin-associated proteins. Front Chem 2022; 10:1041961. [PMID: 36896314 PMCID: PMC9989179 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1041961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a modified cell membrane that forms a multilayer sheath around the axon. It retains the main characteristics of biological membranes, such as lipid bilayer, but differs from them in several important respects. In this review, we focus on aspects of myelin composition that are peculiar to this structure and differentiate it from the more conventional cell membranes, with special attention to its constituent lipid components and several of the most common and important myelin proteins: myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and myelin protein zero. We also discuss the many-fold functions of myelin, which include reliable electrical insulation of axons to ensure rapid propagation of nerve impulses, provision of trophic support along the axon and organization of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier, as well as the relationship between myelin biology and neurologic disease such as multiple sclerosis. We conclude with a brief history of discovery in the field and outline questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kister
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ilya Kister
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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47
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Sardella-Silva G, Mietto BS, Ribeiro-Resende VT. Four Seasons for Schwann Cell Biology, Revisiting Key Periods: Development, Homeostasis, Repair, and Aging. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1887. [PMID: 34944531 PMCID: PMC8699407 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the seasons of the year, all natural things happen in stages, going through adaptations when challenged, and Schwann cells are a great example of that. During maturation, these cells regulate several steps in peripheral nervous system development. The Spring of the cell means the rise and bloom through organized stages defined by time-dependent regulation of factors and microenvironmental influences. Once matured, the Summer of the cell begins: a high energy stage focused on maintaining adult homeostasis. The Schwann cell provides many neuron-glia communications resulting in the maintenance of synapses. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are pivotal after injuries, balancing degeneration and regeneration, similarly to when Autumn comes. Their ability to acquire a repair phenotype brings the potential to reconnect axons to targets and regain function. Finally, Schwann cells age, not only by growing old, but also by imposed environmental cues, like loss of function induced by pathologies. The Winter of the cell presents as reduced activity, especially regarding their role in repair; this reflects on the regenerative potential of older/less healthy individuals. This review gathers essential information about Schwann cells in different stages, summarizing important participation of this intriguing cell in many functions throughout its lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sardella-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (Numpex-Bio), Campus de Duque de Caxias Geraldo Guerra Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25255-030, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Victor Túlio Ribeiro-Resende
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (Numpex-Bio), Campus de Duque de Caxias Geraldo Guerra Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25255-030, RJ, Brazil
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Mammel AE, Delgado KC, Chin AL, Condon AF, Hill JQ, Aicher SA, Wang Y, Fedorov LM, Robinson FL. Distinct roles for the Charcot-Marie-tooth disease-causing endosomal regulators Mtmr5 and Mtmr13 in axon radial sorting and Schwann cell myelination. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1216-1229. [PMID: 34718573 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B (CMT4B) disease caused by mutations in myotubularin-related 5 (MTMR5; also called SET Binding Factor 1; SBF1) shows a spectrum of axonal and demyelinating nerve phenotypes. This contrasts with the CMT4B subtypes caused by MTMR2 or MTMR13 (SBF2) mutations, which are characterized by myelin outfoldings and classic demyelination. Thus, it is unclear whether MTMR5 plays an analogous or distinct role from that of its homolog, MTMR13, in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). MTMR5 and MTMR13 are pseudophosphatases predicted to regulate endosomal trafficking by activating Rab GTPases and binding to the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase MTMR2. In the mouse PNS, Mtmr2 was required to maintain wild type levels of Mtmr5 and Mtmr13, suggesting that these factors function in discrete protein complexes. Genetic elimination of both Mtmr5 and Mtmr13 in mice led to perinatal lethality, indicating that the two proteins have partially redundant functions during embryogenesis. Loss of Mtmr5 in mice did not cause CMT4B-like myelin outfoldings. However, adult Mtmr5-/- mouse nerves contained fewer myelinated axons than control nerves, likely as a result of axon radial sorting defects. Consistently, Mtmr5 levels were highest during axon radial sorting and fell sharply after postnatal day seven. Our findings suggest that Mtmr5 and Mtmr13 ensure proper axon radial sorting and Schwann cell myelination, respectively, perhaps through their direct interactions with Mtmr2. This study enhances our understanding of the non-redundant roles of the endosomal regulators MTMR5 and MTMR13 during normal peripheral nerve development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Mammel
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Katherine C Delgado
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrea L Chin
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alec F Condon
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Jo Q Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Yingming Wang
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Lev M Fedorov
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Fred L Robinson
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
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Previtali SC. Peripheral Nerve Development and the Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathy: the Sorting Point. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2156-2168. [PMID: 34244926 PMCID: PMC8804061 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve development requires a coordinated sequence of events and steps to be accomplished for the generation of functional peripheral nerves to convey sensory and motor signals. Any abnormality during development may result in pathological structure and function of the nerve, which evolves in peripheral neuropathy. In this review, we will briefly describe different steps of nerve development while we will mostly focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in radial sorting of axons, one of these nerve developmental steps. We will summarize current knowledge of molecular pathways so far reported in radial sorting and their possible interactions. Finally, we will describe how disruption of these pathways may result in human neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano C Previtali
- Neuromuscular Repair Unit, InSpe (Institute of Experimental Neurology) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Myelin is a key evolutionary specialization and adaptation of vertebrates formed by the plasma membrane of glial cells, which insulate axons in the nervous system. Myelination not only allows rapid and efficient transmission of electric impulses in the axon by decreasing capacitance and increasing resistance but also influences axonal metabolism and the plasticity of neural circuits. In this review, we will focus on Schwann cells, the glial cells which form myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we will describe the main extrinsic and intrinsic signals inducing Schwann cell differentiation and myelination and how myelin biogenesis is achieved. Finally, we will also discuss how the study of human disorders in which molecules and pathways relevant for myelination are altered has enormously contributed to the current knowledge on myelin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bolino
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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