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Delker BC, Michel P, Fogel CA, Patterson AL, Mize G, Huber T, McLean KC. How do young men narrate the redemption story of a sexual assault perpetrator? Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2386829. [PMID: 39140396 PMCID: PMC11328808 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2386829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about how young men who have committed sexual assault might acknowledge wrongdoing and eventually change and make amends. There are practical barriers to seeking the real redemption stories of perpetrators.Objective: To explore hypothetical pathways to young men's accountability-taking and amends (i.e. redemption) after perpetration of sexual assault.Method: In a pre-registered, qualitative story completion study, we presented heterosexual, cisgender college men (N = 54) with a date-based sexual assault story written by a fictional male perpetrator. Participants were prompted to complete the story so that the protagonist, who initially denies wrongdoing, eventually changes and becomes a violence prevention advocate.Results: A thematic analysis of the redemption stories revealed that this study's speculative task was a challenging one. Half of the stories did not provide an explanation for how the perpetrator was able to acknowledge wrongdoing. Overall, individualistic themes (e.g. he introspected) were more common than relational, community, or societal facilitators of redemption.Conclusions: Without infrastructure for accountability-taking and repair, or narrative exemplars to draw from in public life, it is difficult to envision redemption from violence. Rare gender-based, structurally attuned analyses of sexual violence in the stories point the way towards a more transformative vision of redemption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Delker
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Paige Michel
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Camille A Fogel
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Aubrie L Patterson
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Greyson Mize
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Thea Huber
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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Cadaret MC, Ritter M, Kohnen S, Bergman Z, Folio F, Albrecht J. Evaluation of the Define It! Program for Raising Critically Conscious Bystander Behaviors. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241257247. [PMID: 39043128 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241257247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Across two studies with cohorts of undergraduate students who previously completed a bystander intervention program, a consciousness-raising intervention called Define It! was evaluated for its efficacy in increasing critically conscious intentions. Data were collected pre, post, and one-month using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS-SF; Payne et al., 1999) and Critically Conscious Bystander Scale (CCBS; Johnson et al., 2019). Following recommendations for novel intervention research by Rounsaville et al., we present our findings across two studies. Study 1 demonstrated that the program was feasible, acceptable, and specified the CCBS as an adequate measure of change. Study 2, (n = 38) randomly assigned student participants to control or intervention groups. Results demonstrated significant increases on CBBS for intervention participants compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cadaret
- School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Molly Ritter
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Kohnen
- School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zoë Bergman
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Francesca Folio
- School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Casey EA, Willey-Sthapit C, Hoxmeier JC, Carlson J. Patterns of Gender Equitable Attitudes and Behaviors Among Young Men: Relationships With Violence Perpetration and Masculinity Ideologies. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2174-2199. [PMID: 36788416 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This study used latent profile analysis with data from 481 U.S. men to examine patterns of men's attitudes toward gender equity and their engagement in gender-equitable (GE) behaviors. Five resulting profiles included groups with (a) high endorsement of both GE attitudes and behaviors, (b) low endorsement of both, (c) mid-range endorsement of both, (d) strong endorsement of GE attitudes, but low engagement in action, and (e) low endorsement of GE attitudes but high participation in GE behavior. Worryingly, this last group reported higher rates of violence perpetration than other groups, while simultaneously reporting higher rates of participation in gender-based violence prevention actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Casey
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Juliana Carlson
- School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Cullen P, Peden AE, Francis KL, Cini KI, Azzopardi P, Möller H, Peden M, Sawyer SM, Nathan S, Joshi R, Patton GC, Ivers RQ. Interpersonal Violence and Gender Inequality in Adolescents: A Systematic Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Data From 1990 to 2019. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:232-245. [PMID: 37988041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interpersonal violence is a leading cause of adolescent deaths and disability. This study investigates sex differences in burden of interpersonal violence for adolescents and explores associations with gender inequality. METHOD Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, we report numbers, proportions, rates of interpersonal violence deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for all ages, and rate of change (from 1990 to 2019) in adolescents aged 10-24 years disaggregated by sex and geography. We explored associations with gender inequality using gender inequality index. RESULTS One in four (24.8%) all-age interpersonal violence deaths are in adolescents. In 2019, the rate of deaths in adolescent males was almost six times higher than females (9.3 vs. 1.6 per 100,000); and since 1990, the rate of decline in DALYs for females was double than that for males (-28.9% vs. -12.7%). By contrast, the burden of sexual violence is disproportionately borne by adolescent females, with over double the rate than males (DALYs: 42.8 vs. 17.5 per 100,000). In countries with greater gender inequality, the male-to-female ratio (deaths and DALYs) was increased among older adolescents, pointing to benefits for males in more gender equal settings. DISCUSSION Social identities, relationships, and attitudes to violence are established in adolescence, which is an inflection point marking the emergence of disproportionate burdens of interpersonal violence. Our findings affirm that global agendas must be expanded to address interrelated factors driving multiple forms of interpersonal violence experienced by adolescents and reverberating to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia; Ngarruwan Ngadju, First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Amy E Peden
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Francis
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karly I Cini
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Azzopardi
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Global Adolescent Health Group, Maternal Child and Adolescent Health Program, Burnet Institute Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Möller
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maragaret Peden
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health UK and School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence: Driving Global Investment in Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Blackburn AM, Katz BW, Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM. Preventing sexual violence in sexual orientation and gender diverse communities: A call to action. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2297544. [PMID: 38197295 PMCID: PMC10783832 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2297544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual orientation and gender diverse (SOGD) communities are at disproportionately higher risk for sexual violence compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Despite this elevated risk, relatively few sexual violence prevention efforts effectively reduce these victimization disparities based on sexual orientation or gender identity.Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence of sexual violence in the SOGD communities, delineates risk factors for sexual victimization among SOGD community members, and reviews and evaluates existing prevention efforts for the SOGD communities. We outline specific recommendations for ensuring that prevention efforts meet the needs of the SOGD communities.Method: Drawing on ecological systems theory and public health approaches to sexual violence prevention, we outline current approaches and opportunities for preventionists and scholars to push the field forward.Results: There have been promising prevention programmes designed to be implemented within SOGD communities specifically; however, it is important that general primary prevention programmes endeavour to specifically address sexual violence perpetrated against SOGD people. While many packaged programmes that endeavour to prevent sexual violence across all gender identities and sexual orientations are inclusive of SOGD participants, more programming is needed that integrates anti-oppression training to target social norms that perpetuate SOGD-specific rape myths and normalize sexual violence against SOGD community members.Conclusion: Ecological prevention strategies in line with a public health approach for primary prevention may be particularly valuable for reducing victimization disparities based on SOGD status and identity. Comprehensive sexual education and anti-discrimination policies should be considered front-line prevention programming. To assess if these strategies are effective, the implementation of large-scale surveillance surveys that use comprehensive assessments of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual violence are needed. Using theoretically grounded implementation strategies for prevention programmes can ensure effective programme delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Blackburn
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical-Community Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health & Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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6
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Closson K, Zharima C, Kuchena M, Dietrich JJ, Gadermann A, Zulu B, Ogilvie G, Beksinska M, Kaida A. " It's a 50/50 Thing You Know": Exploring the Multileveled Intersections of Gender and Power Within the Relationships of Young South African Men and Women. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:144-159. [PMID: 36260421 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2129561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to advance sexual health globally require greater understandings of youth intimate relationship dynamics. Among 38 South African youth (21 women/17 men aged 21-30 from Durban and Soweto) we conducted qualitative cognitive interviews to explore how gender and power intersect to shape intimate relationship dynamics (October 2019-March 2021). Participants discussed perceptions and relevance of each of 13 items comprising the Sexual Relationship Power (SRP) scale, a widely used measure of gender equity, and the influence of SRP on youth sexual health. Data analysis was guided by constructivist grounded theory. The findings were organized using the socio-ecological model, revealing how gender and power intersected at multiple levels to influence youth intimate relationships. Key influencing factors included individual-level gender attitudes, male partner expectations, and women's resistance to dominance; intimate relationship-level power dynamics, consent, and intimacy; family-level household configurations and parental monitoring of daughters; and societal-level traditional gender norms. At all levels, women discussed resisting power inequities through communication and rejection of inequitable relationships. While men also displayed resistance to inequitable power structures, most upheld traditional gender norms through institutional affiliation (e.g. church) and deep-rooted socialized beliefs and attitudes. Efforts to improve youth sexual health require multileveled approaches that address inequitable power dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalysha Closson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | - Campion Zharima
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Michelle Kuchena
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Janan J Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Anne Gadermann
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | - Bongiwe Zulu
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | - Mags Beksinska
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University
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7
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Wells L, Fotheringham S, Pascoe L. Insights on Engaging Men and Boys in Creating a More Gender Equal Future in Canada. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:297-322. [PMID: 37788355 PMCID: PMC10666464 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231203621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents findings from a national qualitative research study of 33 diverse and profeminist leaders who identify as men and are engaged in gender equality work with men and boys across Canada. Key findings include the need to meet men where they are at, moving away from the ineffective "all men are perpetrators" frame, and to evolve to new and more relatable narratives and approaches that get men committed to this work for their own liberation. Taking an intersectional approach and working in partnership with feminist and intersectional organizations are essential to advancing gender equality in the Canadian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Wells
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Laura Pascoe
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Schafer M, Lachman JM, Gardner F, Zinser P, Calderon F, Han Q, Facciola C, Clements L. Integrating intimate partner violence prevention content into a digital parenting chatbot intervention during COVID-19: Intervention development and remote data collection. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1708. [PMID: 37667352 PMCID: PMC10476288 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health issue which experienced a sharp incline during the onset of COVID-19. Increases in other forms of violence, such as violence against children (VAC), have also been linked to the pandemic, and there have been calls for greater prevention efforts that tackle both forms of violence concurrently. The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the urgent need for evidence-based and scalable violence prevention interventions that target multiple forms of family violence. Parenting programmes have shown promising results in preventing various forms of family violence, including IPV and VAC, and have recently experienced an expansion in delivery, with digital intervention formats growing. This paper describes the development and evaluation of the IPV prevention content designed and integrated into ParentText, a chatbot parenting intervention adapted from Parenting for Lifelong Health programmes. METHODS The ParentText IPV prevention content was developed using the Six Steps in Quality Intervention Development (6SQuID) framework. This involved targeted literature searches for key studies to identify causal factors associated with IPV and determining those with greatest scope for change. Findings were used to develop the intervention content and theory of change. Consultations were held with academic researchers (n = 5), practitioners (n = 5), and local community organisations (n = 7), who reviewed the content. A formative evaluation was conducted with parents in relationships (n = 96) in Jamaica to better understand patterns in user engagement with the intervention and identify strategies to further improve engagement. RESULTS Using the 6SQuID model, five topics on IPV prevention were integrated into the ParentText chatbot. Text-messages covering each topic, including additional materials such as cartoons and videos, were also developed. The formative evaluation revealed an average user-engagement length of 14 days, 0.50 chatbot interactions per day, and over half of participants selected to view additional relationship content. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a unique contribution as the first to integrate IPV prevention content into a remotely delivered, digital parenting intervention for low-resource settings. The findings from this research and formative evaluation shed light on the promising potential of chatbots as scalable and accessible forms of violence prevention, targeting multiple types of family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Schafer
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Zinser
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Calderon
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Han
- Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Zielke J, Batram-Zantvoort S, Razum O, Miani C. Operationalising masculinities in theories and practices of gender-transformative health interventions: a scoping review. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:139. [PMID: 37501204 PMCID: PMC10375736 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender-transformative health interventions that involve men and boys are gaining global reach, adaptability to specific geographical, population and epidemiological contexts, public endorsement, and conceptual sophistication. However, the ways in which masculinities are conceptualised and operationalised in theory and practice across these interventions remains unclear. The purpose of this scoping review is to map intervention studies that conceptually grapple with masculinities and analyse: a) how the concept of masculinities is adapted and operationalised in gender-transformative interventions, with respect to intervention population and context, b) what the relationship between the concept of masculinities and its wider theoretical embedding is, and c) on which levels transformation can be observed when working with 'masculinities'.We conducted a search in APA Psych Articles, APA PsycINFO, and CINAHL via EBSCO, MedLine, PubMed, and Web of Sciences (December 2021) looking for peer-reviewed studies on gender-transformative health interventions which engaged with masculinities conceptually. There were no restrictions regarding language, publication date, or geography. Forty-two articles were included in this review. Our abductive analysis finds that 'hegemonic masculinities' is a central concept in almost all included studies. This shows how the concept is adaptable to a range of different intervention contexts. The review further identifies five theoretical approaches, that help operationalise masculinities on an analytical level: feminist framework, affect theory, critical pedagogy, theories of social change, and ecological approaches. Lastly, this review draws out six levels on which transformation can be observed in the intervention outcomes: relational level, symbolic level, material level, affective level, cognitive-behavioural level, and community-structural level. The discussion underlines that processes and practices of (gender) transformation also require engagement with theories of transformation more widely and advocates for theoretical pluralism. Lastly, implications for practice, including preventative, ecological and community-based care models, are drawn out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zielke
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Batram-Zantvoort
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Céline Miani
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Research Unit, Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED), 9 Cr Des Humanités, 93300, Aubervilliers, France
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10
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PettyJohn ME, Cary KM, McCauley HL. Rape Myth Acceptance in a Community Sample of Adult Women in the Post #MeToo Era. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:8211-8234. [PMID: 36803037 PMCID: PMC10326364 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231153893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rape myth acceptance (RMA) is commonly targeted in anti-rape activism (e.g., the #MeToo Movement) and prevention work due to its association with perpetration, risk of victimization, survivor outcomes, and injustices in the criminal legal system. The 22-item updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (uIRMA) scale is a widely used, reliable measure for assessing this construct; however, it has primarily been validated within samples of U.S. college students. To assess the factor structure and reliability of this measure for community samples of adult women, we analyzed uIRMA data from 356 U.S. women (age 25-35) collected via CloudResearch's MTurk toolkit. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated high internal reliability for the overall scale (α = .92) and supported a five-factor structure (subscales: She Asked For It, He Didn't Mean To, He Didn't Mean To [Intoxication], It Wasn't Really Rape, She Lied) with good model fit. The rape myth ''He Didn't Mean To'' was most highly endorsed in the overall sample, while ''It Wasn't Really Rape'' was endorsed the least. Analyses of RMA and participant characteristics demonstrated that women identifying as politically conservative, religious (predominantly Christian), or heterosexual endorsed rape myth constructs at significantly higher rates. Education level, social media use, and victimization history yielded mixed findings across RMA subscales, while age, race/ethnicity, income level, and regional location showed no associations with RMA. Findings suggest the uIRMA is an appropriate measure of RMA in community samples of adult women; however, the field would benefit from more consistent administration of the scale (i.e., 19-item vs. 22-item version; directionality of Likert-type scale) to allow for comparability across time and samples. Rape prevention work should target ideological adherence to patriarchal and other oppressive belief systems which may represent a common underlying factor across groups of women showing higher endorsement of RMA.
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11
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Mitchell KJ, Banyard V, Ybarra M. Overlap Between Exposure to Suicidal Behavior and Indirect Interpersonal Violence: Evidence for a More Integrated Approach to Violence Research. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023:8862605231163238. [PMID: 37070812 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231163238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the overlap between indirect exposure to forms of interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior, and the impact of the co-occurrence of these exposures on indicators of depressed mood and substance use among adolescents. Participants were a national sample of 3,917 youth aged 14-15 years, recruited online between June 2018 and March 2020, including an oversample of sexual and gender minority youth. Eight in ten (81.3%) youth reported exposure to indirect interpersonal violence and/or suicidal behavior in their lifetimes: 39.5% reported only interpersonal violence exposure, 5.9% only suicidal behavior exposure, and 35.9% reported both. Youth who reported exposure to interpersonal violence were almost three times more likely (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, p < .001) to also report suicidal behavior exposure. Compared with youth having no indirect violence exposure, those with only interpersonal violence exposure were 2.25 times more likely (p < .001), those with only exposure to suicidal behavior 2.93 times more likely (p < .001), and those with both were 5.63 times more likely to report recent depressed mood. The unadjusted odds of any substance use was significantly elevated for each type of indirect violence exposure, with the highest odds seen among youth with dual interpersonal violence and suicide exposure (OR = 4.87, p < .001). For both outcomes, significant findings remained but were attenuated after adjusting for demographic characteristics, non-victimization adversity exposure, and cumulative direct victimization. Findings suggest that the combination of exposure to interpersonal violence and suicidal behavior appears to be particularly impactful. Results highlight that assessment of trauma exposure among adolescents needs to be more comprehensive and include not only direct and indirect interpersonal violence, but also knowledge of other people's suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Ybarra
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, San Clemente, CA, USA
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12
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Denison E, Faulkner N, O'Brien KS, Jeanes R, Canning M. Effectiveness of an educational intervention targeting homophobic language use by young male athletes: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:515-520. [PMID: 36764819 PMCID: PMC10176369 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homophobic language is common in male sport and associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes for all sport participants, but particularly for gay or bisexual youth populations. Evidence-based interventions are needed to reduce such language and mitigate harm. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a short social-cognitive educational intervention delivered by professional rugby union players in youth sport. METHODS In a two-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial, 13 Australian youth rugby teams from 9 clubs (N=167, ages 16-20, mean 17.9) were randomised into intervention or control groups. Professional rugby players delivered the intervention in-person. Frequency of homophobic language use was measured 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the intervention. Hypothesised factors underpinning homophobic language were also measured, including descriptive (other people use), prescriptive and proscriptive injunctive norms (approval/disapproval by others), and attitudes towards the acceptability of homophobic language. RESULTS At baseline, 49.1% of participants self-reported using homophobic language in the past 2 weeks and 72.7% reported teammates using homophobic language. Significant relationships were found between this behaviour and the hypothesised factors targeted by the intervention. However, generalised estimating equations found the intervention did not significantly reduce homophobic language, or alter the associated norms and attitudes, relative to controls. CONCLUSION Use of professional rugby athletes to deliver education on homophobic language was not effective. Other approaches to reduce homophobic language (and other forms of discrimination) such as peer-to-peer education, and enforcement of policies prohibiting specific language by coaches, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Denison
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Faulkner
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry S O'Brien
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth Jeanes
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitch Canning
- University of Melbourne Rugby Football Club, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lachman JM, Juhari R, Stuer F, Zinser P, Han Q, Gardner F, McCoy A, Yaacob SN, Kahar R, Mansor M, Madon Z, Arshat Z, Nadzri FZM, Aftar NFA, Landers C. "Before I was like a Tarzan. But now, I take a pause": mixed methods feasibility study of the Naungan Kasih parenting program to prevent violence against children in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:241. [PMID: 36737719 PMCID: PMC9898888 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite impressive strides in health, social protection, and education, children continue to experience high rates of child maltreatment in Malaysia. This mixed-methods study assessed the feasibility of a five-session, social learning-based parenting program delivered by government staff in a community setting to reduce violence against children. METHODS Parents of children from birth to 17 years were recruited from two communities near Kuala Lumpur to participate in the government-run program called the Naungan Kasih Positive Parenting Program ("Protecting through Love" in Bahasa Melayu). Quantitative data from female caregivers (N = 74) and children ages 10-17 (N = 26) were collected along with qualitative interviews and focus groups with parents, children, and facilitators. The primary outcome was child maltreatment with secondary outcomes including neglect, positive parenting, acceptability of corporal punishment, harsh parenting, positive discipline, and child behavior problems. Multilevel Poisson regression and multilevel linear regression were conducted to compare baseline and post-test outcomes. Qualitative interviews and focus groups examined how participants experienced the program utilizing a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Quantitative analyses found pre-post reductions in overall child maltreatment, physical abuse, emotional abuse, attitudes supporting corporal punishment, parent sense of inefficacy, and child behavior problems. There were no reported changes on positive and harsh parenting, parental mental health, and marital satisfaction, nor were there any other significant changes reported by children. Qualitative findings suggested that the program had tangible benefits for female caregivers involved in the program, with the benefits extending to their family members. CONCLUSIONS This feasibility study is one of the few studies in Southeast Asia that examined the feasibility and initial program impact of a parenting program delivered by government staff to families with children across the developmental spectrum from birth to 17 years. Promising results suggest that the program may reduce child maltreatment across a range of child ages. Findings also indicate areas for program improvement prior to further delivery and testing, including additional training and content on sexual and reproductive health, parenting children with disabilities, and online child protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Lachman
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSocial and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland ,grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Juhari
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - F. Stuer
- Maestral International, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P. Zinser
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Q. Han
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - F. Gardner
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - A. McCoy
- Peace Culture Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S. N. Yaacob
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - R. Kahar
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - M. Mansor
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Z. Madon
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Z. Arshat
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - F. Z. M. Nadzri
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - N. F. A. Aftar
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Faculty of Psychology and Education, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - C. Landers
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
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14
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Hill AL, Miller E, Switzer GE, Abebe KZ, Chang JC, Pulerwitz J, Brush LD, Hill AV. Gender Equitable Attitudes Among Adolescents: A Validation Study and Associations with Sexual Health Behaviors. ADOLESCENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2022; 7:523-536. [PMID: 38895164 PMCID: PMC11185410 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-021-00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Gender inequitable attitudes are associated with violence perpetration and poor sexual health. There is limited diversity in U.S. samples used to validate gender attitudes measurements. This study assessed a 13-item gender equitable attitudes scale's validity among a sample of predominantly Black adolescent boys (n = 866; mean age = 15.5, range = 13-19 years) and examined associations with sexual health behaviors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses tested construct validity. Logistic mixed-effects models were used to explore associations between gender equitable attitudes, adolescent relationship abuse, pornography use, and condom use behaviors; linear mixed-effects models explored associations between gender equitable attitudes and condom negotiation self-efficacy. By pooling data from two other gender transformative programs, Sisterhood 2.0 (n = 246, 13-19-year-old females (mean age = 15.2), 73.6% Black/African American) and Coaching Boys into Men Middle School (n = 958, 11-14-year-old males-6th grade: 10.4%, 7th grade: 36.5%, 8th grade: 53.1-56.6% white), measurement invariance was assessed across Black (n = 400) and white (n = 298) race and male (n = 429) and female (n = 246) gender. A three-factor 11-item scale showed construct validity among a sample of Black adolescent boys, weak factorial invariance across Black and white race, and configural invariance across male and female gender. Gender equitable attitudes were associated with less adolescent relationship abuse, higher condom negotiation self-efficacy, and less pornography use. These findings demonstrate some variability in measurements of gender equitable attitudes by race and gender. Targeting harmful gender norms may help prevent adolescent relationship abuse and improve sexual health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Hill
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, 1522 Simpson Road East, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Galen E. Switzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion (CHERP), Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 151C University Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Kaleab Z. Abebe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Judy C. Chang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Julie Pulerwitz
- Population Council, 4301 Connecticut Ave NW #280, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Lisa D. Brush
- Department of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh, 230 S Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ashley V. Hill
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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15
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Reyes HLM, Maman S, Kajula L, Mulawa M. Intimate partner violence perpetration and sexual risk behaviour: Identifying shared determinants among young men in Tanzania. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:2792-2806. [PMID: 35129086 PMCID: PMC9356116 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2022.2032257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined factors that predict involvement in different patterns of sexual risk behavior and IPV perpetration among young men in Tanzania (n = 979), with a focus on identifying factors that distinguish men who engage in both behaviours from those who do not. Risk factors were drawn from three domains thought to be upstream drivers of both IPV and sexual risk: poverty, adverse childhood experiences, and inequitable gender norms. A three-step latent class analysis was used to assess whether and how factors from each domain distinguished subgroups of men whose behaviour patterns were characterised as comorbid (involvement in IPV and sexual risk behaviour), IPV-only, sexual risk only, and normative (low risk). Consistent with expectations, greater food insecurity, adverse childhood experiences, and inequitable gender norms related to violence and sexual behaviour predicted increased risk of membership in the comorbid group compared to other sub-groups. Findings support the promise of integrated prevention programmes targeting the common causes of IPV perpetration and sexual risk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440
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16
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Molnar L, Hendry NA. Content analysis of responses to The Line, an Australian primary prevention of violence against women campaign on Facebook. Health Promot J Austr 2022; 33 Suppl 1:340-348. [PMID: 35266595 PMCID: PMC9790578 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Primary prevention of violence against women (PVAW) strategies and campaigns aim to address and challenge violence-supportive behaviour and normative social structures to intervene before violence happens. Towards this aim, from 2014 to 2019, The Line was a public Australian Commonwealth-supported PVAW campaign on social media that targeted young people. This study explores how young people discussed PVAW-related themes on the campaign's Facebook page. METHODS Social media scraping tools were used to collect 346 941 comments on The Line's Facebook page from 2014 to 2017. In this study, 3663 comments included three high frequency, PVAW-related key terms, 'violence' (1430 comments), 'gender' (1602 comments) and 'consent' (631 comments). These were identified and were thematically coded. RESULTS Young people's comments indicated high support for violence prevention but varied in how they understood gendered violence and factors that contribute to it, and instead, some argued that the campaign should not ignore men. Some young people who engaged with The Line on a long-term basis and spoke to its aims, proposed interpretations from their experiences, and challenged the campaign to progress. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that young people influence each other by adopting and disrupting PVAW knowledge in a publicly funded social media campaign. SO WHAT?: Public PVAW social media campaigns can encourage young people to discuss gendered violence online. However, successful campaigns need ongoing support to develop conversations with target populations that allow diverse audiences to build their knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Molnar
- Social and Global Studies CentreRMIT UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Natalie A. Hendry
- Melbourne Graduate School of EducationUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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17
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Exner‐Cortens D, Claussen C, Lewis S, Orukpe AM, Coupland K. Friendship quality and ethnocultural boys: An exploratory evaluation of the WiseGuyz Program. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Claussen
- Department of Psychology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Stefan Lewis
- Department of Psychology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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18
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Fields AD, Fenn M, Ripper L, Hill A, Mulbah P, Kass NM, Miller E. A Coach-Delivered Dating Violence Prevention Program: Coach Perspectives on Implementation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP10594-NP10617. [PMID: 35786057 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM), an evidence-based violence prevention program, utilizes the coach-athlete relationship to deliver information about healthy, respectful relationships to adolescent boys involved in athletics. Although CBIM has demonstrated effectiveness in clinical research trials, its implementation outside of an effectiveness study has not been explored. The purpose of this current study was to explore facilitators and barriers of effective implementation in community settings using experiences from one regional implementation in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Head coaches who implemented CBIM from 2017-2018 seasons (n = 35) were contacted and 22 (63%) agreed to participate. Coaches were asked how they delivered CBIM to their team, what aided the process, barriers to facilitation, and their overall thoughts on CBIM implementation. Interviews were structured to uncover specific information regarding implementation while also providing time and space for coaches to voice their suggestions and opinions. Interviews were coded using descriptive content analysis. Key facilitators to implementation were involvement of violence prevention advocates, athletic directors, assistant coaches, and players and having flexibility to integrate current events to emphasize topics covered in CBIM. Observed improvements in bystander intervention behaviors and better attitudes towards women and girls among athletes were key motivators for coaches to continue the program. Main barriers were inconsistencies in time available to discuss topics with players and need to refresh curriculum content over multiple seasons. Coaches identified components necessary for broader and sustained implementation of this evidence-based violence prevention intervention in community settings. Coaches' confidence in delivering program content can be bolstered with appropriate strategies in place to address barriers. As coaches witness positive impacts among their athletes, these successes contribute to coaches recognizing their role in transforming sports into a platform for community-wide violence prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana D Fields
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mikaela Fenn
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Ripper
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Hill
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul Mulbah
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicolás Matheo Kass
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Hill AV, Mistry S, Paglisotti TE, Dwarakanath N, Lavage DR, Hill AL, Iwuanyanwu R, Stokes LR, Jones KA, Miller E. Assessing feasibility of an adolescent relationship abuse prevention program for girls. J Adolesc 2022; 94:333-353. [PMID: 35390205 PMCID: PMC9009219 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual violence and relationship abuse are prevalent among adolescents and programs promoting gender equity, reproductive justice, and healthy relationships are key strategies for prevention. While such "gender transformative" approaches appear promising for boys, they have not been evaluated among girls. This study assessed the feasibility of this community-based program, called Sisterhood 2.0, among girls in socially disadvantaged urban neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. METHODS This quasi-experimental trial examined feasibility of Sisterhood 2.0 (n = 246), delivered through 8 weekly sessions, assessed through attendance, retention and satisfaction. Participants completed surveys at baseline and end of program assessing other relevant measures. Generalized linear mixed models estimated changes from baseline to follow up comparing intervention to control participants. RESULTS Eleven neighborhoods were assigned to Sisterhood 2.0 (n = 5 neighborhoods) or job-readiness training (n = 6 neighborhoods). Girls were between the ages of 13 and 19, 8-10th graders (59%), and self-identified as Black (69%). Participants most often attended because they thought the program would be interesting (74%) and returned because of the women teaching the program (71%). Girls reported experiences with physical adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) (30% in both arms), emotional ARA (66% intervention; 56% control), or sexual ARA (11% intervention; 12% control). Physical ARA perpetration was high in both arms (intervention: 47%; control: 46%). Significant intervention effects were observed in recognition of abuse (β = 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.03-0.78). No other significant intervention effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Community-based gender-transformative programming for girls is feasible and may be a promising approach for addressing interpersonal violence and promoting sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sejal Mistry
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T E Paglisotti
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Namita Dwarakanath
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel R Lavage
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amber L Hill
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosemary Iwuanyanwu
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynissa R Stokes
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelley A Jones
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Banyard V, Edwards K, Herrington R, Hopfauf S, Simon B, Shroll L. Using photovoice to understand and amplify youth voices to prevent sexual and relationship violence. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:90-110. [PMID: 33331652 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Efforts to improve prevention of sexual and relationship violence (SRV) among adolescents call for more centering of youth voices, experiences, and skills to design prevention programs that incorporate youth engagement rather than those that are designed by adults for youth. Amplifying the voices of historically marginalized youth are especially needed. Photovoice (PV) is a participatory action method that can empower youth and generate prevention knowledge. METHODS The current project used PV to engage youth in late middle and early high school to discuss how they could work to prevent SRV in their community. A convenience sample of nine youth (predominately Native American) participated over seven sessions. RESULTS A key theme they generated is that SRV prevention needs to be viewed as relational. Participants described the complexity of prevention, including how youth need social support to thrive and prevent SRV and that asking for help can be challenging. Results also highlighted that youth can provide help and support, but it is not always welcome in addition to underscoring that youth are resilient and can be prevention leaders. CONCLUSION Innovations in SRV prevention, especially for older adolescents, should work to engage youth as prevention partners. Participatory research methods like photovoice can be an important part of that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Banyard
- School of Social Work, Center on Violence Against Women and Children, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katie Edwards
- Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ramona Herrington
- Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Skyler Hopfauf
- Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Briana Simon
- Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Linda Shroll
- Working Against Violence, Inc, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
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22
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Banyard V, Jefferson GC, Segura A, Forman SG, Haviland M, McMahon S, DeSilva AR, Frye V, Sarkar S. Feasibility and Acceptability of Engaging Significant Adults in Youth Sexual and Relationship Violence Prevention Work. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:2540-2565. [PMID: 34874216 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211034201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Relationship and sexual violence (RSV) disproportionately affect youth in immigrant and other marginalized communities yet few prevention initiatives are truly grounded in their experiences. The current study represents a pilot implementation evaluation of youth-led workshops to engage significant adults (parents, grandparents, aunts, adult siblings, community leaders) as RSV prevention partners in diverse communities in a large urban area. The current mixed methods evaluation examined the perceptions of 66 adults and six youth leaders of four, day-long adult training workshops. Results showed high feasibility and acceptability and an important role for significant adults in enhancing RSV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gena C Jefferson
- 139042New York City Alliance Against Sexual Assault and Just As I Am Youth Empowerment, New York, USA
| | - Anna Segura
- Rutgers University and Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, New Brunswick, USA
| | | | - Mary Haviland
- New York City, Alliance Against Sexual Assault, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Victoria Frye
- City University of New York Medical School, New York, USA
| | - Saswati Sarkar
- New York City, Alliance Against Sexual Assault, New York, USA
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23
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Exner‐Cortens D, Wright A, Claussen C, Truscott E. A Systematic Review of Adolescent Masculinities and Associations with Internalizing Behavior Problems and Social Support. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 68:215-231. [PMID: 33417737 PMCID: PMC8518785 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the connection between masculinities and mental health continues to grow. However, no previous systematic review has explored this association for adolescents. We present the systematic review of 29 articles that explore the connection between adherence to stereotypical male gender role norms (e.g., emotional restriction), attributes (e.g., "ambitious"), and identity (most commonly, gender "typicality") and internalizing behavior problems and social support. A total of 24,795 adolescent boys (6th-12th grade) were included in the reviewed studies from 1997-2017. In the quantitative articles (n = 20), associations varied by aspect of masculinity assessed. Specifically, we found that greater endorsement of "masculine" traits (e.g., ambitious, assertive) was generally associated with fewer internalizing behavior problems and greater social support. However, lower gender "typicality" and higher adherence to stereotypical gender role norms were generally associated with more internalizing behavior problems and lower social support. In the qualitative articles (n = 9), the most predominant theme was emotional restriction (i.e., a gender role norm) and consequences for mental health. While research in this area is newer for community psychologists, the connection between masculinities and mental health is directly relevant to the field. Given the focus on individual-level conceptions of masculinity and mental health found in our review, we describe key future directions for masculinities research in community psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alysia Wright
- Faculty of Social WorkUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Caroline Claussen
- Department of PsychologyFaculty of ArtsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Emma Truscott
- Faculty of Social WorkUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
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Bystanders to Prevent Peer Sexual Violence: Understanding Patterns of Prosocial Behavior Over Time from Early to Later Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1982-1994. [PMID: 34387816 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Programs to prevent peer sexual violence that encourage positive bystander intervention are proliferating. Yet, little is known about how these prosocial behaviors unfold over time across middle to later adolescence. The current study examined helpful bystander actions over three years among students in grades 7-10 (mean age 13.7, range 12-18) at baseline (N = 2539, 53.2% girls). Surveys assessed bystander behavior, social norms, and use of alcohol. Multilevel logistic regression examined patterns of change over time, as well as how changes in attitudes and binge drinking predicted changes in taking bystander action to prevent peer violence. Positive bystander behaviors overall decreased over time, consistent with previous work on bullying. Higher positive social norms and lower denial of sexual violence as a problem were associated with more positive helping behaviors across different waves of data. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of bystander intervention training for peer sexual violence prevention may be enhanced by developing strategies to work against the observed developmental decline in helping, perhaps by social marketing campaigns that can bolster positive social norms.
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Buchanan C, Kingsley K, Everett RJ. Longitudinal Curricular Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness of Intimate Partner Violence among First-Year Dental Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6039. [PMID: 34199709 PMCID: PMC8200024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) has previously been recognized as a major public health issue. Oral healthcare providers, such as dentists, are crucial to the screening and identifying of individuals experiencing IPV, since most injuries occur in the head and neck region. A lack of knowledge and awareness regarding teaching and learning about IPV in dental school curricula has been identified. Based upon the overall lack of knowledge, the objective of this study was to conduct a longitudinal assessment of knowledge, awareness, and beliefs regarding IPV among dental students in their first year of education. METHODS All students (n = 245) from three consecutive, first-year dental student cohorts (n = 81, n = 82, n = 82) were provided a brief and voluntary in-class survey in conjunction with an instructional workshop. The survey included questions designed to ascertain knowledge, awareness, and beliefs regarding IPV as a healthcare and dental issue before and after the instructional session. Differences in responses to the questions before and after the IPV educational workshop were measured using paired t-tests. RESULTS A total of n = 232 completed pre- and post-responses were received from all three first-year dental student cohorts (n = 76, n = 80, n = 76), representing an overall 94.6% response rate. Analysis of these data showed that the student population was predominantly male and white (non-minority), aged in their mid- to late twenties, with most students reporting no previous IPV education. The few students reporting previous IPV education were mainly younger (<25 years), which may represent more recent endeavors to increase awareness of IPV among students currently attending colleges and universities. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may suggest that information-specific seminars within the curriculum might be adequate to provide dental students with awareness and knowledge of IPV and specific information regarding local resources and referrals for any patients experiencing IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Buchanan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Las Vegas—School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (C.B.); (R.J.E.)
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Las Vegas—School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Rhonda J. Everett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Las Vegas—School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (C.B.); (R.J.E.)
- Health Sciences Center, Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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Ast RS, Banyard VL, Burnham J, Edwards KM. Community Conversations on Relationship Violence: Town Variations in Prevention Perceptions through Concept Mapping. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 67:353-363. [PMID: 33421153 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To further develop domestic and sexual violence (DSV) prevention strategies at the community level requires an understanding of how community members in towns think about prevention. Using concept mapping, this study sought to better understand community members' perspectives about what DSV prevention strategies would be most feasible, most effective, and generate the greatest community support within their town. Data were collected across four rural Northern England towns. Participants (>90% White) in each town (total sample size = 119) brainstormed, sorted, and rated between 67 and 90 statements per town (x̅ = 75). Based on the results, a 5-cluster solution of school settings, conversations, individual direct action, community building, and community awareness was identified across all four towns as DSV prevention strategies with one town identifying an additional cluster solution of governance. Despite identifying similar prevention strategies, participants from each town rated these clusters of strategies differently on how feasible, effective, and supported they would be in their community. Overall, our results suggest that there were interesting consistencies across four towns in a similar geographic region in terms of how DSV prevention was described. However, individual communities differed in their views of the feasibility and acceptability of the different strategies. These results suggest that different strategies and higher-level actions may be required to address and prevent DSV within different towns and communities and that community narratives can clarify which specific strategies may encounter fewer barriers to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna S Ast
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jessica Burnham
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Lokot M. From the Inside Out: Gender Mainstreaming and Organizational Culture Within the Aid Sector. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:664406. [PMID: 34124231 PMCID: PMC8193981 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.664406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many international non-government organizations (INGOs) implement interventions designed to promote gender equality, investing significant resources into embedding gender considerations into programmes through the strategy of gender mainstreaming. However, despite their altruistic mission, INGOs place less focus on addressing culture and power hierarchies within their organizations. This article suggests that many INGOs fail to walk the talk on gender equality. Through an analysis of recent challenges facing the development and humanitarian aid sector, including gaps in safeguarding and #AidToo, this paper emphasizes the importance of addressing gender equality from the inside out. It draws on feminist perspectives, the notion of the "deep structure" of organizations and the author's own experiences to argue for the need to address gendered, racial and colonial power hierarchies within the organizational culture of INGOs. The article argues that it is no longer sufficient to reduce gender mainstreaming and inclusion to programming interventions, and that INGOs need to reflexively and intentionally tackle power and inequalities within their own culture and structures.
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Exner-Cortens D, Wright A, Van Bavel M, Sitter KC, Hurlock D, Carter R, Krause P. "To Be a Guy Is to Be Human": Outcomes of the WiseGuyz Program Through Photo-Based Evaluation. Health Promot Pract 2020; 22:659-669. [PMID: 33334187 PMCID: PMC8366149 DOI: 10.1177/1524839920976382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender-transformative approaches (i.e., approaches that support male-identified individuals to critique and resist stereotypical male gender role norms that negatively affect health and well-being) are increasingly recognized as a key health promotion strategy. However, there is limited evidence to date on gender-transformative interventions for male-identified adolescents. In addition, given the dynamic and socially constructed nature of gender, methods beyond quantitative data collection are needed to gain a holistic understanding of promising gender-transformative health promotion approaches. One newer method to capture lived experiences with adolescents is photo-based evaluation, where youth program participants take pictures to represent their knowledge, attitudes, and/or behaviors before and after a program. The present study presents findings from the photo-based evaluation of a gender-transformative health promotion program called WiseGuyz. WiseGuyz is offered to mid-adolescent, male-identified youth in school and community settings, and is designed to promote mental and sexual health and prevent violence. Six youth photographers from a rural Canadian setting took part in this evaluation, taking photos to represent what being a guy in their world meant before and after WiseGuyz. Youth then participated in an individual visual storytelling interview and a group-based photovoice process. Key themes in relation to masculinities that emerged from these data were around changes to (1) social norms and (2) emotionality following program participation, and the need for a safe program space to support these changes. This study adds to literature demonstrating the promise of gender-transformative approaches with adolescents, with implications for future health promotion research and practice with male-identified youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Debb Hurlock
- Creative Theory Consulting, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Pam Krause
- Centre for Sexuality, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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McNaughton Reyes HL, Graham LM, Chen MS, Baron D, Gibbs A, Groves AK, Kajula L, Bowler S, Maman S. Adolescent dating violence prevention programmes: a global systematic review of evaluation studies. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 5:223-232. [PMID: 33220790 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent dating violence negatively affects millions of young people worldwide. Through a global systematic review, we synthesised evidence from rigorous studies of prevention programmes for adolescent dating violence. Our aims were to: (1) describe the breadth of research in this area and evidence of programme effects, and (2) identify gaps in the evidence base. We included experimental and controlled quasi-experimental programme evaluations, published before Jan 1, 2020, that assessed effects on victimisation or perpetration, or both, in adolescent dating violence and in which at least half of the study population was 10-19 years old. Study design, programme elements, and outcomes were compared between evaluations implemented in high-income countries (HICs) and low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). 52 evaluations met inclusion criteria, of which 20 (38%) were implemented in LMICs. Evaluations in HICs were more likely to assess effects on adolescent dating violence victimisation and perpetration, rather than just victimisation, than those in LMICs, and they were also more likely to include boys and girls, as opposed to just a single sex. Overall, 26 (50%) of the 52 evaluations reported a significant preventive effect on at least one outcome for adolescent dating violence, of which nine were implemented in LMICs. Across LMICs and HICs, findings suggest research is needed to shed light on how adolescent dating violence prevention programmes work and to identify whether programme effects generalise across different settings, outcomes, and subgroups. TRANSLATIONS: For the Chinese, French and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Laurie M Graham
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - May S Chen
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Baron
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alison K Groves
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Bowler
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Quam S, VanHook C, Szoko N, Passarello A, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Racial Identity, Masculinities, and Violence Exposure: Perspectives From Male Adolescents in Marginalized Neighborhoods. J Adolesc Health 2020; 67:638-644. [PMID: 32943288 PMCID: PMC7712589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Male youths living in neighborhoods with concentrated disadvantage are exposed to high levels of violence, which increases the risk for violence victimization and perpetration and shapes identify formation. We explored male youths' conceptions of manhood, influences on manhood, and intersections with interpersonal violence in the context of a community-partnered sexual violence prevention study. METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews with predominantly Black males, aged 14-19 years, participating in a gender-transformative sexual violence prevention study. We used an iterative coding process to identify developing themes around youths' definitions of manhood, influences on manhood, and intersections with racial identity and racism. RESULTS Participants outlined visions of manhood that included many traditionally masculine attributes and also offered nuance and subversion of traditional masculinity. Participants' definitions of manhood centered on themes of responsibility while also acknowledging the importance of emotional expression. Many participants described growing into manhood as a journey toward becoming a moral agent. Participants identified three predominant influences on their conceptions and experiences of manhood: (1) family and community connections; (2) interpersonal and structural racism; and (3) racial pride. Family, particularly fathers and other father figures, emerged as invaluable in understanding manhood and navigating racial identities. CONCLUSIONS These stories suggest that the process of entering manhood comes with unique challenges for adolescents who do so in the context of community violence and racism. Being mindful of intersections between masculinity and racial injustice can inform violence prevention programs that address the lived experiences of minority male youths in neighborhoods with concentrated disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Quam
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Cortney VanHook
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Szoko
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Elizabeth Miller
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison J Culyba
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Banyard VL, Edwards KM, Rizzo AJ, Rothman EF, Greenberg P, Kearns MC. Improving Social Norms and Actions to Prevent Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence: A Pilot Study of the Impact of Green Dot Community on Youth. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2020; 1:183-211. [PMID: 35898439 PMCID: PMC9321537 DOI: 10.1177/2632077020966571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) and intimate partner violence (IPV), which often co-occur with bullying, are serious public health issues underscoring the need for primary prevention. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a community-building SV and IPV prevention program, Green Dot Community, on adolescents' perceptions of community social norms and their propensity to intervene as helpful actionists using two independent data sources. Green Dot Community takes place in towns and aims to influence all town members to prevent SV and IPV by addressing protective factors (i.e., collective efficacy, positive prevention social norms, and bystander helping, or actionism). In the current study, one town received Green Dot Community (the prevention-enhanced town), and two towns received prevention as usual (i.e., awareness and fundraising events by local IPV and SV advocacy centers). The program was evaluated using a two-part method: (a) A cross-sectional sample of high school students from three rural communities provided assessment of protective factors at two time points (Time 1, N = 1,187; Time 2, N = 877) and (b) Youth Risk Behavior Survey data from the state Department of Health were gathered before and after program implementation (Time 1, N=2,034; Time 2, N=2,017) to assess victimization rates. Youth in the prevention-enhanced town reported higher collective efficacy and more positive social norms specific to helping in situations of SV and IPV over time but did not differ on bystander behaviors or on victimization rates. Community-based prevention initiatives may be helpful in changing community norms to prevent SV/IPV.
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Hill AL, Miller E, Switzer GE, Yu L, Heilman B, Levtov RG, Vlahovicova K, Espelage DL, Barker G, Coulter RWS. Harmful masculinities among younger men in three countries: Psychometric study of the Man Box Scale. Prev Med 2020; 139:106185. [PMID: 32593728 PMCID: PMC8715836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to growing evidence of associations between harmful masculinities and adverse health outcomes, researchers developed the Man Box Scale to provide a standardized measure to assess these inequitable gender attitudes. In 2019, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the 17-item Man Box Scale and derived a 5-item short form. Using previously collected data (in 2016) from men aged 18-30 years across the United States (n = 1328), the United Kingdom (n = 1225), and Mexico (n = 1120), we conducted exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), assessed convergent validity by examining associations of the standardized mean Man Box Scale score with violence perpetration, depression, and suicidal ideation, and assessed internal consistency reliability of the full scale. We used item response theory (IRT) to derive a 5-item short form, and conducted CFA and additional assessments for reliability and convergent validity. We identified a single underlying factor with 15 items across all three countries. CFA resulted in good model fit. We demonstrated significant associations of standardized mean Man Box Scale score with violence perpetration (OR range = 1.57-5.49), depression (OR range = 1.19-1.73), and suicidal ideation (OR range = 1.56-2.59). IRT resulted in a 5-item short form with good fit through CFA and convergent validity, and good internal consistency. The Man Box Scale assesses harmful masculinities and demonstrates strong validity and reliability across three diverse countries. This scale, either short or long forms, can be used in future prevention research, clinical assessment and decision-making, and intervention evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Hill
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Galen E Switzer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States; Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, United States
| | - Lan Yu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dorothy L Espelage
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | | | - Robert W S Coulter
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, United States
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Preventing adolescent dating violence: An outcomes protocol for evaluating a gender-transformative healthy relationships promotion program. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 16:100484. [PMID: 31872155 PMCID: PMC6915751 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent dating violence (ADV) is a pressing public health problem in North America. Strategies to prevent perpetration are needed, and a substantial body of research demonstrates the importance of applying a gender lens to target root causes of adolescent dating violence as part of effective prevention. To date, however, there has been limited research on how to specifically engage boys in adolescent dating violence prevention. In this short communication, we describe the protocol for a longitudinal, quasi-experimental outcome evaluation of a program called WiseGuyz. WiseGuyz is a community-facilitated, gender-transformative healthy relationships program for mid-adolescent male-identified youth that aims to reduce male-perpetrated dating violence and improve mental and sexual health, by allowing participants to critically examine and deconstruct male gender role expectations. The primary goal of this evaluation is to explore the impact of WiseGuyz on adolescent dating violence outcomes at one-year follow-up among participants, as compared to a risk- and demographically-matched comparison group. Knowledge generated and shared from this project will provide evidence on if and for whom WiseGuyz works, with important implications for adolescent health and well-being.
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