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Smith JN, Jusko ML, Fosco WD, Musser ED, Raiker JS. A critical review of hot executive functioning in youth attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Methodological limitations, conceptual considerations, and future directions. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:601-615. [PMID: 36734223 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hot executive functioning (EF) - EF under emotionally or motivationally salient conditions - is a putative etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behavior problems (DBPs), and their related impairments. Despite two decades of research, the present study is the first review of the construct in youth ADHD, with a particular focus on the role of task design, age, and DBPs, as well as relevant conceptual and methodological considerations. While certain hot EF tasks have been investigated extensively (e.g., choice impulsivity), substantial inconsistency in measurement of the broader construct remains, severely limiting conclusions. Future research should a) consider the extent to which various hot EF tasks relate to one another, a higher order factor, and other related constructs; b) further investigate task design, particularly the elicitation of emotion or motivation and its anticipated effect on EF; and c) incorporate multiple levels of analysis to validate similarities and differences among tasks with regard to the affective experiences and cognitive demands they elicit. With improved measurement and conceptual clarity, hot EF has potential to advance the literature on etiological pathways to ADHD, DBPs and associated impairments and, more broadly, may represent a useful tool for understanding the influence of emotion and motivation on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica D Musser
- Florida International University (FIU), USA
- FIU Center for Children and Families, USA
- FIU Embrace, USA
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Florida International University (FIU), USA
- FIU Center for Children and Families, USA
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2
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Pratt DN, Treadway MT, Strauss GP, Mittal VA. Diminished differentiation of rewards in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01794-z. [PMID: 38598109 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Reward processing is impaired in people with schizophrenia, which may begin in the clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis period. The Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task has been important in understanding the neural correlates of reward processing deficits in various psychiatric disorders. Previous research has found that CHR individuals have an imprecise mental representation of rewards, which leads to a diminished differentiation between rewards, though this has not been observed behaviorally. A total of 19 CHR individuals and 20 controls were given a novel variant of the MID task, designed to examine how modulating reward context may impact responses to reward cues, a process often referred to as "adaptive coding." Both groups appeared to update their behavior in response to the rewards available in this adaptive task. However, when compared to controls who showed a more graded decrease in response time to increasing reward contexts, CHR individuals appeared to have a sharp decrease in response time in the low reward context that is nearly stable across higher reward contexts. This is largely driven by the exponential component of the response time distribution, which is often interpreted to be more cognitively or effortfully influenced. Response times are related to negative symptoms, but not positive symptoms, disorganized symptoms, or estimated intelligence. Although an adaptive coding effect was not observed, these results provide novel insight into the reward processing mechanisms and volitional processes in the CHR population, as this was the first study to observe the diminished differentiation of rewards behaviorally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Pratt
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - M T Treadway
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G P Strauss
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - V A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institutes for Policy Research (IPR) and Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Psychiatry, Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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3
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Liu J, Wang H, Xing S, Liu X. Sensitivity to reward and punishment in adolescents with repetitive non-suicidal self-injury: The role of inhibitory control. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100456. [PMID: 38577656 PMCID: PMC10992695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (R-NSSI) is complex and prevalent in adolescents. Although the reward system is a promising mechanism to explain R-NSSI, the specific processes of reward and punishment related to R-NSSI remain unclear. This study examined whether adolescents with R-NSSI displayed difficulties in both reward and punishment contexts, and further explored the role of inhibitory control in processing monetary reward and punishment. Methods Within a cohort from two middle schools (N = 3,475, 48.6 % female, Mage = 12.95), a total of 187 adolescents completed three novel behavioral tasks. Specifically, in Study 1, 36 adolescents with R-NSSI and 28 without NSSI completed adapted incentive-delay tasks to evaluate sensitivity to reward and punishment. In Study 2, 27 adolescents with R-NSSI and 21 without NSSI were given novel incentive delay-two choice oddball task to evaluate the interaction between reward and inhibitory control. In Study 3, 38 adolescents with R-NSSI and 35 without NSSI completed similar task to assess the interaction between punishment and inhibitory control. Results Adolescents with R-NSSI were characterized by higher levels of behavioral reward and punishment sensitivity than adolescents without NSSI. More importantly, the difference between reward and punishment in inhibitory control of R-NSSI was found. Compared to adolescents without NSSI, adolescents with R-NSSI showed lower levels of inhibitory control in response to cues depicting punishment content but not to those depicting reward content. Conclusions This study provides novel experimental evidence that heightened behavioral sensitivity to both reward and punishment may be relevant trait marker in R-NSSI among adolescents, and emphasizes that punishment not reward interact with inhibitory control in the R-NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shufen Xing
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
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Schutte I, Schutter DJLG, Kenemans JL. Individual differences in the effects of salience and reward on impulse control and action selection. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 193:112239. [PMID: 37643661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Impulse control and adequate decision making are vital functions when it comes to detection and adherence to personal goals and societal rules. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that increasing the salience of environmental cues would be most effective in improving impulse control, as assessed by a stop-signal task, in subjects with low environmental susceptibility as indexed by low pre-stimulus EEG alpha power. In addition, we anticipated that an external-reward manipulation improves performance during a Go/No go task, especially in individuals with low task-induced motivation as indexed by low theta/beta power ratios. High salience of stop signals enhanced stopping performance but there was no difference in responsivity to the salience manipulation between participants with high and low EEG alpha power. Individuals with low theta/beta power ratios responded more accurately when rewards were involved. Together these results suggest that increasing the salience of external cues may help impulse control in general, whereas the effectiveness of external-reward manipulations is higher in individuals with low task-induced motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schutte
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - D J L G Schutter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J L Kenemans
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Matyjek M, Bayer M, Dziobek I. Reward responsiveness in autism and autistic traits - Evidence from neuronal, autonomic, and behavioural levels. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103442. [PMID: 37285795 PMCID: PMC10250120 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Autism has been linked to atypicalities in reward processing, especially in the social domain. However, results are heterogeneous, and their interpretation is hindered by the use of personally non-relevant social rewards. In this study we investigated behavioural (reaction times), neuronal (event-related potentials), and autonomic (pupil sizes) responses to personally relevant social rewards, money, and neutral outcomes in 26 autistic and 53 non-autistic subjects varying in levels of autistic traits. As hypothesised and preregistered, autism and autistic traits did not differently influence responses to social, monetary, or neutral outcomes on either response level. While groups did not differ in behaviour (reaction times), autism was linked to generally enhanced brain responses in early anticipation and larger pupil constrictions in reward reception. Together, these results suggest that when using personally relevant stimuli, autism is linked to generally preserved, although less neuronally efficient processing of rewards. Considering the role of social relevance in reward processing, we propose an interpretation of contradictory evidence from clinical practice and empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matyjek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Luisenstr. 56, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mareike Bayer
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Luisenstr. 56, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Luisenstr. 56, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Grandjean A, Suarez I, Da Fonseca D, Casini L. Dissociable effects of positive feedback on the capture and inhibition of impulsive behavior in adolescents with ADHD versus typically developing adolescents. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:543-568. [PMID: 35980108 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated how enhancing motivation by delivering positive feedback (a smiley) after a successful trial could affect interference control in adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in their typically developing (TD) peers. By using a Simon task within the theoretical framework of the "activation-suppression" model, we were able to separately investigate the expression and the inhibition of impulsive motor behavior. The experiment included 19 adolescents with ADHD and 20 TD adolescents in order to explore whether data found in adolescents with ADHD were similar to those found in TD adolescents. Participants performed the Simon task in two conditions: a condition with feedback delivered after each successful trial and a condition with no feedback. The main findings were that increasing motivation by delivering positive feedback increased impulsive response in both groups of adolescents. It also improved the efficiency of impulsive motor action inhibition in adolescents with ADHD but deteriorated it in TD adolescents. We suggest that 1/increased motivation could lead adolescents to favor fast responses even if incorrect, and 2/the differential effect of feedback on the selective suppression of impulsive motor action in both groups could be due to different baseline DA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Grandjean
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Isabel Suarez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Norte, Baranquilla, Colombia
| | - David Da Fonseca
- Service de psychiatrie infanto-juvénile, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Casini
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
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Miyasaka M, Nomura M. Effect of financial and non-financial reward and punishment for inhibitory control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 134:104438. [PMID: 36701956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of inhibitory processes is disturbed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, little is known about the effect of negative punishment for inhibitory performance in this population. AIMS We investigated differences in the effects of reward and punishment, developmental changes, and response inhibition between children with and without ADHD, using financial (F-FB) and non-financial (NF-FB) feedback. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted financial and non-financial go/no-go tasks under reward and punishment conditions with 21 boys with ADHD and 21 healthy controls (HCs), in Japan. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS We found group-related significant interactions between group, feedback type, and punishment (p = .013), and group, feedback type, and age (p = .009). There were significant differences in inhibitory error under F-FB only in HCs between the punishment-absent and punishment-present conditions (p = .003). In the ADHD group, age-dependent effects were found for both feedback types (ps < .01), but only F-FB effects were found in HCs (p = .008). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Punishment for inhibitory control had different effects on the ADHD and HC groups. Children with ADHD respond differently to external motivation than HCs, leading to difficulties with peers or confusion among teachers and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyasaka
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Michio Nomura
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Hug F, Degen T, Meurs P, Fischmann T. Psychoanalytical Considerations of Emotion Regulation Disorders in Multiple Complex-Traumatized Children—A Study Protocol of the Prospective Study MuKi. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:809616. [PMID: 35558734 PMCID: PMC9086829 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.809616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in adults with mental disorders suggest that the experience of early and chronic trauma is associated with changes in reward expectancy and processing. In addition, severe childhood trauma has been shown to contribute to the development of mental disorders in general. Data on effects of early childhood trauma on reward expectancy and processing in middle childhood currently appear insufficient. The present study aims to fill this research gap by examining the effects of developmental trauma disorder (DTD) on reward expectancy and processing in children aged 8–12 years, testing the hypothesis that children with multiple complex traumas exhibit altered reward processing as a result of prior disappointing reward experiences. One main feature of developmental trauma disorder is early experiences of multiple separation from important and close relationships alongside other experiences of emotional or physical harm. In the sequel children often show affect regulation disorders. To investigate this, we have developed an adapted version of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Task, which examines children’s expectation of reward or frustration. In this first study, behavioral data will be collected from N = 40 children (n = 20 experimental group and n = 20 healthy controls) using this adapted version of the MID Task. Children in the experimental group will be recruited from youth welfare centers in Frankfurt a.M., Germany. Healthy control subjects will be recruited from after-school-care facilities. A brief trauma screening will be conducted for both groups, experimental and control. If children show signs of trauma, the presence of a developmental trauma disorder will be further delineated by a German translation of the Developmental Trauma Disorder Structured Interview for Children (DTDSI-C) which was translated the first time in German by our research group. We hypothesize that children in the experimental group will be less accurate in performing the Monetary Incentive Delay Task because of their impaired emotion regulation skills due to emotional avoidance following developmental trauma. If the results of our initial behavioral study are promising, the MID task will be used in a future study to elucidate the relationship between trauma developmental disorder, reward expectancy and processing, and neurobiological processes in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Degen
- Sigmund-Freud-Insitut, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Meurs
- Sigmund-Freud-Insitut, Frankfurt, Germany
- Clinical Psychology, Faculteit Psychologie en Pedagogische Wetenschappen, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamara Fischmann
- Sigmund-Freud-Insitut, Frankfurt, Germany
- Neuropsychoanalyse, Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Psychoanalyse, Internationale Psychoanalytische Universität, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tamara Fischmann,
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9
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Burton S, Puddephatt JA, Baines L, Sheen F, Warren JG, Jones A. Limited Evidence of Associations Between Executive Functioning and Alcohol Involvement In UK Adolescents. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:754-762. [PMID: 33836535 PMCID: PMC8557664 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Deficits in motor inhibitory control and working memory have been hypothesized to be both a cause and consequence of heavy alcohol use. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage for inhibitory control and working memory, and it is also a stage when individuals are most likely to initiate alcohol use. This study aimed to examine whether inhibitory control and working memory would predict alcohol use and involvement in a group of UK adolescents. Methods We recruited 220 (N = 178, female) adolescents, aged between 16 and 18, from eight higher education settings in the Merseyside region of the UK. Alcohol use was examined using the Timeline Follow-Back and involvement (and related problems) using the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. A reward-based inhibitory control task (Go/No-Go) was used to examine the inhibition and reward sensitivity, and a self-ordered pointing task was used to measure working memory. Results Multiple regression demonstrated that neither inhibitory control (b = 0.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.21, 0.24)) nor working memory (b = −0.12 (95% CI: −0.30, 0.07)) were significant predictors of alcohol use (units consumed). Inhibitory control (b = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.12, 1.09), specifically, in the no reward condition and school deprivation (b = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.06, 1.28) significantly predicted alcohol-related problems. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated limited evidence that deficits in specific mechanisms of executive functioning (i.e. motor inhibition and working memory) were associated with alcohol-related problems in UK adolescents. This study adds to an increasing body of literature suggesting weak or non-existent links between inhibitory control, working memory and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Burton
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Jo-Anne Puddephatt
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Laura Baines
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Florence Sheen
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Jasmine G Warren
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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Burton S, Knibb G, Jones A. A meta-analytic investigation of the role of reward on inhibitory control. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:1818-1828. [PMID: 33759636 PMCID: PMC8392762 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211008895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary theories predict that inhibitory control (IC) can be improved when rewards are available for successfully inhibiting. In non-clinical samples empirical research has demonstrated some support; however, "null" findings have also been published. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the magnitude of the effect of reward on IC and identify potential moderators. A total of 73 articles (contributing k = 80 studies) were identified from PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus, published between 1997 and 2020, using a systematic search strategy. A random effects meta-analysis was performed on effect sizes generated from IC tasks, which included rewarded and non-rewarded inhibition trials. Moderator analyses were conducted on clinical samples (vs "healthy controls"), task type (go/no-go vs stop signal vs Flanker vs Simon vs Stroop vs Anti-saccade), reward type (monetary vs points vs other), and age (adults vs children). The prospect of reward for successful inhibition significantly improved IC (SMD = 0.429, 95% CI = 0.288, 0.570, I2 = 96.7%) compared with no reward conditions/groups. This finding was robust against influential cases and outliers. The significant effect was present across all IC tasks. There was no evidence of the effect moderated by type of reward, age, or clinical samples. Moderator analyses did not resolve the considerable heterogeneity. The findings suggest that IC is a transient state that fluctuates in response to motivations driven by reward. Future research might examine the potential of improving IC through rewards as a behavioural intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Burton
- Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme Knibb
- Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Doidge JL, Flora DB, Toplak ME. A Meta-Analytic Review of Sex Differences on Delay of Gratification and Temporal Discounting Tasks in ADHD and Typically Developing Samples. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:540-561. [PMID: 30596297 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718815588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine whether males and females with ADHD differ in their preferences for delayed rewards, since there is some evidence that suggests a sex difference with typically developing (TD) samples. Method: We used meta-analyses to examine sex differences on delay of gratification and temporal discounting tasks in both TD and ADHD samples. We identified 28 papers with 52 effect sizes for children and adults, and calculated the average effect size for sex comparisons within TD and ADHD samples. Results: The estimated mean difference between TD males and TD females was negligible, but males with ADHD were more likely to choose the larger delayed rewards than females with ADHD. Meta-regressions indicated that task type, age, and reward type did not significantly predict sex differences. Conclusion: These findings suggest that females referred for ADHD may make less adaptive choices by preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards more often than males with ADHD. Implications of our findings are discussed.
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Marx I, Hacker T, Yu X, Cortese S, Sonuga-Barke E. ADHD and the Choice of Small Immediate Over Larger Delayed Rewards: A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Performance on Simple Choice-Delay and Temporal Discounting Paradigms. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:171-187. [PMID: 29806533 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718772138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Impulsive choices can lead to suboptimal decision making, a tendency which is especially marked in individuals with ADHD. We compared two different paradigms assessing impulsive choice: the simple choice paradigm (SCP) and the temporal discounting paradigm (TDP). Method: Random effects meta-analyses on 37 group comparisons (22 SCP; 15 TDP) consisting of 3.763 participants (53% ADHD). Results: Small-to-medium effect sizes emerged for both paradigms, confirming that participants with ADHD choose small immediate over large delayed rewards more frequently than controls. Moderation analyses show that offering real rewards in the SCP almost doubled the odds ratio for participants with ADHD. Conclusion: We suggest that a stronger than normal aversion toward delay interacts with a demotivating effect of hypothetical rewards, both factors promoting impulsive choice in participants with ADHD. Furthermore, we suggest the SCP as the paradigm of choice due to its larger ecological validity, contextual sensitivity, and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Marx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Hacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology, Southampton, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.,Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.,New York University Child Study Center, New York, USA.,Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Tschida JE, Yerys BE. A Systematic Review of the Positive Valence System in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 31:58-88. [PMID: 33174110 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review synthesized current literature of behavioral and cognitive studies targeting reward processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Positive Valence System (PVS) domain was used as an overarching framework. The objectives were to determine which component operations of reward processing may be atypical in ASD and consequently postulate a heuristic model of reward processing in ASD that could be evaluated with future research. 34 studies were identified from the Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases and included in the review using guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (also known as PRISMA guidelines). The extant literature suggested potential relationships between social symptoms of ASD and PVS sub-constructs of reward anticipation, probabilistic and reinforcement learning, reward prediction error, reward (probability), delay, and effort as well as between restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBIs) and PVS-sub constructs of initial response to reward, reward anticipation, reward (probability), delay, and effort. However, these findings are limited by a sparse and mixed literature for some sub-constructs. We put forward a developmentally informed heuristic model that posits how these component reward processes may be implicated in early ASD behaviors as well as later emerging and more intransigent symptoms. Future research is needed to comprehensively evaluate the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Tschida
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Center for Pediatric Research Building, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Benjamin E Yerys
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Center for Pediatric Research Building, Center for Autism Research, 2716 South Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Aldridge-Waddon L, Vanova M, Munneke J, Puzzo I, Kumari V. Atypical social reward anticipation as a transdiagnostic characteristic of psychopathology: A meta-analytic review and critical evaluation of current evidence. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 82:101942. [PMID: 33160160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several psychopathologies (e.g. schizophrenia spectrum conditions, autism spectrum disorders) are characterised by atypical interpersonal and social behaviour, and there is increasing evidence to suggest this atypical social behaviour is related to adjusted behavioural and neural anticipation of social rewards. This review brings together social reward anticipation research in psychopathology (k = 42) and examines the extent to which atypical social reward anticipation is a transdiagnostic characteristic. Meta-analyses of anticipatory reaction times revealed that, in comparison to healthy controls, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum conditions are associated with significantly reduced behavioural anticipation of social rewards. The pooled meta-analysis of anticipatory reaction times found that the full clinical sample demonstrated significant social reward hypoanticipation in comparison to the healthy control group with a medium effect size. A narrative synthesis of meta-analytically ineligible behavioural data, self-report data, and neuroimaging studies complemented the results of the meta-analysis, but also indicated that bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and sexual addiction disorders may be associated with social reward hyperanticipation. The evaluation of existing evidence suggests that future research should better account for factors that affect reward anticipation (e.g. gender, psychotropic medication) and highlights the importance of using stimuli other than happy faces as social rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Aldridge-Waddon
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK.
| | - Martina Vanova
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Jaap Munneke
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Ignazio Puzzo
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK
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15
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Yap KH, Abdul Manan H, Sharip S. Heterogeneity in brain functional changes of cognitive processing in ADHD across age: A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112888. [PMID: 32882284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hui Yap
- Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shalisah Sharip
- Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Dubey I, Georgescu AL, Hommelsen M, Vogeley K, Ropar D, Hamilton AFDC. Distinct neural correlates of social and object reward seeking motivation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4214-4229. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Dubey
- Division of Psychology School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University Leicester UK
- School of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London London UK
| | - Alexandra L. Georgescu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London London UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London Guy’s Campus, Addison House LondonSE1 1ULUK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Maximilian Hommelsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
- Computational Neurology Group Cognitive Neuroscience – Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐3) Research Center Juelich Juelich Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
- Social Cognition Group Cognitive Neuroscience – Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐3) Research Center Juelich Juelich Germany
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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17
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de Castro Paiva GC, de Souza Costa D, Malloy-Diniz LF, Marques de Miranda D, Jardim de Paula J. Temporal Reward Discounting in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:468-480. [PMID: 31539285 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2019.1667996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Children with ADHD and ASD may present differences in the affective-motivational processes. We systematically review the literature regarding temporal discounting in children up to 12 years with ADHD and ASD. Six articles were included, five studies with ADHD children (n = 231), one with ASD children (n = 21), all including typically developing children as controls (n = 210). Five studies (four with ADHD and one with ASD) found greater temporal reward discounting for clinical groups. Occurrence of ADHD appears to rush even more the decision-making process at this stage of development, but there is still a lack in the literature, especially evaluating individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz
- Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,Psychiatry, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil.,Psychology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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18
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Asymmetric developmental change regarding the effect of reward and punishment on response inhibition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12882. [PMID: 31501476 PMCID: PMC6734010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward and punishment influence inhibitory performance, but developmental changes in these effects are not well understood. Our aim was to understand the effects of potential reward gains and losses (as indices of reward and punishment) on response inhibition among children and adolescents. We conducted financial and non-financial go/no-go tasks with 40 boys (8- to 15-year-olds). Participants gained or lost money depending on their performance on the financial task, and score rankings were compared to participants on the non-financial task. We found that adolescents' inhibitory control, as reflected in their reaction times when they made inhibitory errors, was lower in the reward-present condition than in the reward-absent condition, although accuracy was higher when the reward was available for all participants. Additionally, inhibitory control, specifically among adolescents, was higher for financial feedback than for non-financial feedback. These results suggest that the effects of reward and feedback type on motor impulsivity differ as a function of developmental stage. We discuss the theoretical implications of the present findings in terms of the interaction between emotional feedback and response inhibition among children and adolescents.
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Pornpattananangkul N, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Stringaris A. Association Between Childhood Anhedonia and Alterations in Large-scale Resting-State Networks and Task-Evoked Activation. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:624-633. [PMID: 30865236 PMCID: PMC6552295 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Anhedonia can present in children and predict detrimental clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE To map anhedonia in children onto changes in intrinsic large-scale connectivity and task-evoked activation and to probe the specificity of these changes in anhedonia against other clinical phenotypes (low mood, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were from the first annual release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, collected between September 2016 and September 2017 and analyzed between April and September 2018. Cross-sectional data of children aged 9 to 10 years from unreferred, community samples during rest (n = 2878) and during reward anticipation (n = 2874) and working memory (n = 2745) were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Alterations in fMRI data during rest, reward anticipation, and working memory were examined, using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Functional MRI connectivity within large-scale networks, between networks, and between networks and subcortical regions were examined during rest. Functional MRI activation were examined during reward anticipation and working memory using the monetary incentive delayed and N-back tasks, respectively. RESULTS Among 2878 children with adequate-quality resting-state fMRI data (mean [SD] age, 10.03 [0.62] years; 1400 girls [48.6%]), children with anhedonia (261 [9.1%]), compared with those without anhedonia (2617 [90.9%]), showed hypoconnectivity among various large-scale networks and subcortical regions, including between the arousal-related cingulo-opercular network and reward-related ventral striatum area (mean [SD] with anhedonia, 0.08 [0.10] vs without anhedonia, 0.10 [0.10]; t2,876 = 3.33; P < .001; q[false discovery rate] = 0.03; ln[Bayes factor10] = 2.85). Such hypoconnectivity did not manifest among children with low mood (277 of 2878 [9.62%]), anxiety (109 of 2878 [3.79%]), or ADHD (459 of 2878 [15.95%]), suggesting specificity. Similarly, among 2874 children (mean [SD] age, 10.03 [0.62] years; 1414 girls [49.2%]) with high-quality task-evoked fMRI data, children with anhedonia (248 of 2874 [8.63%]) demonstrated hypoactivation during reward anticipation in various areas, including the dorsal striatum and areas of the cingulo-opercular network. This hypoactivity was not found among children with low mood (268 of 2874 [9.32%]), anxiety (90 of 2874 [3.13%]), or ADHD (473 of 2874 [16.46%]). Moreover, we also found context- and phenotype-specific double dissociations; while children with anhedonia showed altered activation during reward anticipation (but not working memory), those with ADHD showed altered activation during working memory (but not reward anticipation). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study data set, phenotype-specific alterations were found in intrinsic large-scale connectivity and task-evoked activation in children with anhedonia. The hypoconnectivity at rest and hypoactivation during reward anticipation complementarily map anhedonia onto aberrations in neural-cognitive processes: lack of intrinsic reward-arousal integration during rest and diminishment of extrinsic reward-arousal activity during reward anticipation. These findings help delineate the pathophysiological underpinnings of anhedonia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narun Pornpattananangkul
- Emotion & Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion & Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion & Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Emotion & Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Davis GL, Stewart A, Stanwood GD, Gowrishankar R, Hahn MK, Blakely RD. Functional coding variation in the presynaptic dopamine transporter associated with neuropsychiatric disorders drives enhanced motivation and context-dependent impulsivity in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 337:61-69. [PMID: 28964912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic analyses have provided evidence that clinical commonalities associated with different psychiatric diagnoses often have shared mechanistic underpinnings. The development of animal models expressing functional genetic variation attributed to multiple disorders offers a salient opportunity to capture molecular, circuit and behavioral alterations underlying this hypothesis. In keeping with studies suggesting dopaminergic contributions to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BPD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), subjects with these diagnoses have been found to express a rare, functional coding substitution in the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT), Ala559Val. We developed DAT Val559 knock-in mice as a construct valid model of dopaminergic alterations that drive multiple clinical phenotypes, and here evaluate the impact of lifelong expression of the variant on impulsivity and motivation utilizing the 5- choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and Go/NoGo as well as tests of time estimation (peak interval analysis), reward salience (sucrose preference), and motivation (progressive ratio test). Our findings indicate that the DAT Val559 variant induces impulsivity behaviors that are dependent upon the reward context, with increased impulsive action observed when mice are required to delay responding for a reward, whereas mice are able to withhold responding if there is a probability of reward for a correct rejection. Utilizing peak interval and progressive ratio tests, we provide evidence that impulsivity is likely driven by an enhanced motivational phenotype that also may drive faster task acquisition in operant tasks. These data provide critical validation that DAT, and more generally, DA signaling perturbations can drive impulsivity that can manifest in specific contexts and not others, and may rely on motivational alterations, which may also drive increased maladaptive reward seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwynne L Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, United States; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, United States.
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Maureen K Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, United States; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, United States; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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von Rhein D, Beckmann CF, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Luman M, Faraone SV, Cools R, Buitelaar JK, Mennes M. Network-level assessment of reward-related activation in patients with ADHD and healthy individuals. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2359-2369. [PMID: 28176434 PMCID: PMC6584954 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reward processing is a key aspect of cognitive control processes, putatively instantiated by mesolimbic and mesocortical brain circuits. Deficient signaling within these circuits has been associated with psychopathology. We applied a network discovery approach to assess specific functional networks associated with reward processing in participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS To describe task-related processes in terms of integrated functional networks, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) to task response maps of 60 healthy participants who performed a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. The resulting components were interpreted on the basis of their similarity with group-level task responses as well as their similarity with brain networks derived from resting state fMRI analyses. ADHD-related effects on network characteristics including functional connectivity and communication between networks were examined in an independent sample comprising 150 participants with ADHD and 48 healthy controls. RESULTS We identified 23 components to be associated with 4 large-scale functional networks: the default-mode, visual, executive control, and salience networks. The salience network showed a specific association with reward processing as well as the highest degree of within-network integration. ADHD was associated with decreased functional connectivity between the salience and executive control networks as well as with peripheral brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Reward processing as measured with the MID task involves one reward-specific and three general functional networks. Participants with ADHD exhibited alterations in connectivity of both the salience and executive control networks and associated brain regions during task performance. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2359-2369, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Rhein
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Christian F. Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Functional MRI of the BrainUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Section of Clinical NeuropsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Section of Clinical NeuropsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Luman
- Section of Clinical NeuropsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and PhysiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Roshan Cools
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Dekkers TJ, Agelink van Rentergem JA, Koole A, van den Wildenberg WPM, Popma A, Bexkens A, Stoffelsen R, Diekmann A, Huizenga HM. Time-on-task effects in children with and without ADHD: depletion of executive resources or depletion of motivation? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1471-1481. [PMID: 28536846 PMCID: PMC5701950 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by deficits in their executive functioning and motivation. In addition, these children are characterized by a decline in performance as time-on-task increases (i.e., time-on-task effects). However, it is unknown whether these time-on-task effects should be attributed to deficits in executive functioning or to deficits in motivation. Some studies in typically developing (TD) adults indicated that time-on-task effects should be interpreted as depletion of executive resources, but other studies suggested that they represent depletion of motivation. We, therefore, investigated, in children with and without ADHD, whether there were time-on-task effects on executive functions, such as inhibition and (in)attention, and whether these were best explained by depletion of executive resources or depletion of motivation. The stop-signal task (SST), which generates both indices of inhibition (stop-signal reaction time) and attention (reaction time variability and errors), was administered in 96 children (42 ADHD, 54 TD controls; aged 9-13). To differentiate between depletion of resources and depletion of motivation, the SST was administered twice. Half of the participants was reinforced during second task performance, potentially counteracting depletion of motivation. Multilevel analyses indicated that children with ADHD were more affected by time-on-task than controls on two measures of inattention, but not on inhibition. In the ADHD group, reinforcement only improved performance on one index of attention (i.e., reaction time variability). The current findings suggest that time-on-task effects in children with ADHD occur specifically in the attentional domain, and seem to originate in both depletion of executive resources and depletion of motivation. Clinical implications for diagnostics, psycho-education, and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J. Dekkers
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Rijksstraatweg 145, 1115 AP Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost A. Agelink van Rentergem
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alette Koole
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000084992262grid.7177.6Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Rijksstraatweg 145, 1115 AP Duivendrecht, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0435 165Xgrid.16872.3aDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2312 1970grid.5132.5Faculty of Law, Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Bexkens
- 0000 0001 2312 1970grid.5132.5Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ Delfland, Center for Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reino Stoffelsen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Rijksstraatweg 145, 1115 AP Duivendrecht, The Netherlands ,0000 0004 0435 165Xgrid.16872.3aDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Diekmann
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Rijksstraatweg 145, 1115 AP Duivendrecht, The Netherlands ,Practice for Individual, Couple, and Family Therapy and Center for Training, De Kontekst, Van Breestraat 147HS, 1071 ZL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M. Huizenga
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000084992262grid.7177.6Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000084992262grid.7177.6Research priority Area Yield, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gardiner CK, Karoly HC, Bryan AD. Commentary: Differential associations between obesity and behavioral measures of impulsivity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:949. [PMID: 27444563 PMCID: PMC4914830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Casey K Gardiner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
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Choice-impulsivity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 43:162-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pankert A, Pankert K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, Kohls G. Responsivity to familiar versus unfamiliar social reward in children with autism. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1199-210. [PMID: 24728874 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In autism spectrum disorders (ASD), social motivation theories suggest that the core social communication problems seen in children with ASD arise from diminished responsiveness to social reward. Although clinical and experimental data support these theories, the extent to which the reward deficit in ASD is unique for social rewards remains unclear. With the present investigation, we aimed to provide insight into the degree to which sociality as well as familiarity of reward incentives impact motivated goal-directed behavior in children with ASD. To do so, we directly compared the influence of familiar versus unfamiliar social reward relative to nonsocial, monetary reward in children with ASD relative to age- and IQ-matched typically developing controls (TDC) using a visual and auditory incentive go/nogo task with reward contingencies for successful response inhibitions. We found that children with ASD responded stronger to visual familiar and unfamiliar social reward as well as to nonsocial, monetary reward than TDC. While the present data are at odds with predictions made by social motivation theories, individual variations beyond clinical diagnosis, such as reward exposure across various social settings, help explain the pattern of results. The findings of this study stress the necessity for additional research on intra-individual as well as environmental factors that contribute to social reward responsiveness in individuals with ASD versus other neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD or conduct disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azarakhsh Pankert
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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