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Demirbas YS, Pereira JS, De Jaeger X, Meppiel L, Endersby S, da Graça Pereira G. Evaluating undesired scratching in domestic cats: a multifactorial approach to understand risk factors. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1403068. [PMID: 39021412 PMCID: PMC11251885 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite being a natural feline behavior, scratching can become undesirable from a human perspective when directed at household items. This complex behavior can stem from various motivations, ranging from individual cat characteristics to environmental factors. This study investigates the factors influencing the increased level of undesirable scratching behavior in domestic cats, considering both cat-related and environmental aspects. Methods Data from 1,211 cats were collected for this study. An online questionnaire comprising three sections was utilized. The first section gathered caregiver demographics, while the subsequent section examined aspects of cats' daily routines, social interactions, environments, behaviours, and temperaments. The final section assessed the frequency and intensity of undesirable scratching behavior in cats. Scratching behavior was evaluated based on a combined scratching index. Results The study suggests that the presence of a child may be associated with scratching episodes in the home environment. Additionally, factors such as play duration, playfulness, and nocturnal activity were identified as significant contributors to heightened scratching levels (p ≤ 0.05). Aggressiveness and disruptiveness also played significant roles in increased scratching behavior (p ≤ 0.05). The location of scratching posts emerged as a significant factor, with posts placed in areas frequented by the cat being more effective in redirecting scratching behavior (p ≤ 0.05). Discussion This study reveals several significant associations between cat characteristics, nocturnal activity and play, as well as the environment. It underscores the multifaceted nature of undesirable scratching behavior and emphasizes the importance of comprehensively understanding both the individual characteristics of the cat and its environment to effectively address this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Salgirli Demirbas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Psychology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Joana Soares Pereira
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Almada, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Gonçalo da Graça Pereira
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Almada, Portugal
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Rodan I, Ramos D, Carney H, DePorter T, Horwitz DF, Mills D, Vitale K. 2024 AAFP intercat tension guidelines: recognition, prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241263465. [PMID: 39012263 PMCID: PMC11292941 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241263465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Social tension or conflict between household cats is common but, because it often manifests as subtle behavioral changes, it can go unnoticed; it is precisely because most signs are subtle and unrecognized that the term 'tension' is used. Where associated tension-related chronic fear-anxiety leads to more overt behavioral concerns and stress-associated disease, cats may face relinquishment by caregivers or even euthanasia if the tension is not relieved. The '2024 AAFP intercat tension guidelines: recognition, prevention and management' have been authored by a Task Force of board-certified veterinary and applied behaviorists and clinical experts in feline medicine and behavior convened by the American Association of Feline Practitioners. The aim is to support veterinary professionals in understanding social behavior between cats and, more specifically, in recognizing intercat tension, preventing or minimizing its occurrence and managing the stressors. In developing the Guidelines, the Task Force has modified the five pillars of a healthy feline environment to provide a framework to assist the prevention or management of intercat tension in households with two or more cats. Because feline social behavior is often misunderstood, the Guidelines debunk 10 common myths that have the potential to negatively impact the wellbeing of companion cats. Extensively illustrated with visual examples of intercat tension and an Appendix detailing a number of case studies, the Guidelines also include a comprehensive table of psychotherapeutic medications, and a detailed algorithm that outlines a systematic approach to preventing, recognizing and resolving intercat tension. A step-by-step approach to introducing a new cat into a household with one or more resident cats is included to further support veterinarians, and a range of management tools to promote client education accompany the Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rodan
- Co-Chair Cat Behavior Solutions, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniela Ramos
- Co-Chair PSICOVET Veterinary Behavior Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hazel Carney
- Feline Behavior Medicine at Gem Veterinary Center, Emmett, ID, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Mills
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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Westropp JL, Stella JL, Buffington CAT. Interstitial cystitis-an imbalance of risk and protective factors? FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1405488. [PMID: 38784787 PMCID: PMC11112028 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1405488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) presents as a chronic pain condition with variable combinations of symptoms depending on the species and individual patient. It is diagnosed by the presence of lower urinary tract signs and symptoms in combination with a variety of comorbid health problems, a history of life adversities, and the absence of other conditions that could cause the lower urinary tract signs. IC occurs naturally in humans and cats as a dimensional condition, with patients presenting with mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. Most patients appear to recover without specific treatment. A number of rodent models of IC have been used to study its causes and treatments. Unfortunately, current therapies generally fail to ameliorate IC symptoms long-term. The recent classification of IC as a chronic primary pain disorder calls for a rethinking of current clinical and research approaches to it. Beginning when a patient encounters a clinician, precipitating, perpetuating, and palliating risk factors can be addressed until a cause or reliably effective therapy is identified, and identifying predisposing and preventive factors can inform epidemiological studies and health promotion interventions. Predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating risk factors, including environmental, psychological, and biological, increase the activity of the central threat response system (CTRS), which plays a clinically important role in IC symptoms. Studies in cats and rodent models have revealed that environmental enrichment (EE), in the absence of bladder-directed therapies, leads to amelioration of IC symptoms, implying a central role for the CTRS in symptom precipitation and perpetuation. Conceptually moving the source of IC pain to the brain as a motivational state rather than one resulting from peripheral nociceptive input offers both clinicians and researchers novel opportunities to improve care for patients with IC and for researchers to use more ecologically valid rodent models. It may even be that IC results from an excess of risk to protective factors, making this imbalance a targetable cause rather than a consequence of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. Westropp
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Judith L. Stella
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, W. Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. A. Tony Buffington
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
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Rusbridge C. Neuropathic pain in cats: Mechanisms and multimodal management. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241246518. [PMID: 38710218 PMCID: PMC11156241 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241246518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Chronic pain is a significant welfare concern in cats, and neuropathic pain, which arises from aberrant processing of sensory signals within the nervous system, is a subcategory of this type of pain. To comprehend this condition and how multimodal pharmacotherapy plays a central role in alleviating discomfort, it is crucial to delve into the anatomy of nociception and pain perception. In addition, there is an intricate interplay between emotional health and chronic pain in cats, and understanding and addressing the emotional factors that contribute to pain perception, and vice versa, is essential for comprehensive care.Clinical approach:Neuropathic pain is suspected if there is abnormal sensation in the area of the distribution of pain, together with a positive response to trial treatment with drugs effective for neuropathic pain. Ideally, this clinical suspicion would be supported by confirmation of a lesion at this neurolocalisation using diagnostic modalities such as MRI and neuroelectrophysiology. Alternatively, there may be a history of known trauma at that site. A variety of therapies, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory and adjuvant drugs, and neuromodulation (eg, TENS or acupuncture), can be employed to address different facets of pain pathways.Aim:This review article, aimed at primary care/ general practitioners, focuses on the identification and management of neuropathic pain in cats. Three case vignettes are included and a structured treatment algorithm is presented to guide veterinarians in tailoring interventions.Evidence base:The review draws on current literature, where available, along with the author's extensive experience and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- BVMS, PhD, DipECVN, FRCVS School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK; and Wear Referrals Veterinary Specialist & Emergency Hospital, Bradbury, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
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Grigg EK, Kogan LR. Associations between Laser Light Pointer Play and Repetitive Behaviors in Companion Cats: Does Participant Recruitment Method Matter? J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2024; 27:250-265. [PMID: 35435787 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2022.2065880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One common form of play between companion cat guardians and cats involves the use of laser light pointers (LLPs). Although viewed by many as an enjoyable shared interaction, experts have suggested that it may increase the risk of compulsive behaviors. Our earlier study recruited participants through social media to examine the relationship between LLPs and potential abnormal repetitive behaviors (pARBs). Because of possible biases in this form of recruitment, this study was conducted utilizing Amazon Mechanical Turk. A total of 468 responses (54.5% female, 44.0% male, 1.5% nonbinary) were analyzed. Significant associations between the frequency of LLPs and the occurrence of spins or tail chases, chasing lights or shadows, staring "obsessively" at lights or reflections, and fixating on a specific toy were found. Additional associations for these pARBs included declaw status, cat age, and number of cats in the household. Despite differences in recruitment method, the primary conclusions of the two studies were the same: guardians frequently using LLPs with their cats reported significantly more pARBs. These results suggest that LLPs may be associated with compulsive behaviors in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Grigg
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lori R Kogan
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2024 AAFP indoor/outdoor lifestyle position statement. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241227827. [PMID: 38408600 PMCID: PMC10911301 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241227827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
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O’Halloran C, Cerna P, Barnicoat R, Caney SMA, Gunn-Moore DA. How and why pet cats are fed the way they are: a self-reported owner survey. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231209894. [PMID: 38381461 PMCID: PMC10911312 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231209894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study used an owner-directed online questionnaire to collect data regarding their food and water provision for their pet cats. The survey was conducted in 2019. METHODS The anonymous online 30-question survey was available via vetprofessionals.com. RESULTS A total of 1172 cat owners fully completed the questionnaire. The respondents each owned a median of two cats (range 1-6). They reported being most strongly motivated to feed a particular ration because of palatability, observed and/or expected health benefits, or that the diet was/is perceived as 'natural'. The majority of owners (n = 946, 80.7%) fed their cats exclusively a commercially purchased complete wet food, dry kibble diet or mixture of both. Compared with a previous (unpublished) survey conducted by the same authors in 2013,1 there were substantial increases in the number of owners feeding therapeutic diets (26.6% vs 0.7%) and the inclusion of raw meat in cats' rations (15.6% vs 3.7%). The proportion of respondents providing at least one feeding station per cat was 83.1%, with significant use of enrichment feeding methods (29.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Veterinarians need to be aware of changing trends in cat feeding to provide owners with appropriate support. Veterinary advice was frequently sought by owners and can be used as an opportunity to improve cat health and welfare, particularly in multi-cat households, but was not often influential to client decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O’Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Petra Cerna
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Sarah MA Caney
- Vet Professionals Ltd, Midlothian Innovation Centre, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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8
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Gerken A, Lee K, Bain M, Kim SA. Correlation between aggression at the veterinary clinic and problem behaviors at home for cats in the USA. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231214907. [PMID: 38415601 PMCID: PMC10911309 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231214907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine whether cats that exhibit aggression during veterinary visits are more likely to have behavior problems at home. METHODS An online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey was developed and distributed to residents in the USA who were aged over 18 years and who were the primary owners of at least one cat. The survey collected information about cat and household factors, and utilized a validated questionnaire instrument for obtaining behavioral information of pet cats. RESULTS Aggression at the veterinary clinic was reported in 42.6% of the cats. The frequency of aggression exhibited at the veterinary clinic was lower in cats that lived in multi-cat households. Most cats did not receive medications intended to reduce fear, anxiety and/or pain before veterinary visits. Aggression at the veterinary clinic was positively associated with behavior problems at home, including stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, resistance to restraint, familiar cat aggression, dog-directed aggression, house-soiling, separation-related behaviors and scratching claws on inappropriate surfaces indoors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cats that exhibit aggression at the veterinary clinic are more likely to exhibit aggression and anxiety-related behaviors at home. Veterinarians should screen cats that exhibit aggression at the veterinary clinic for behavior problems at home to institute prompt diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gerken
- Behavior Service, San Francisco SPCA Veterinary Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyuyoung Lee
- Institute of Viral Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Melissa Bain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sun-A Kim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
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Karn-Buehler J, Kuhne F. Advice on cat behavior in German veterinary practices:Expectations of cat owners and influencing factors on compliance. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2024; 27:124-136. [PMID: 35410560 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2022.2063022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Veterinarians play an important role in establishing and sharing the welfare of companion animals by carrying out regular health checks and informing owners about the specific needs of the animal's environment and conditions of good husbandry. A survey among German cat owners revealed which role advice about cat behavior plays in daily practice and its influence on the cat owner's compliance. Some owners (29.6%, n = 263/889) reported behavioral problems in their cat. Not all owners considered their veterinarian as their contact of choice for behavioral advice, although veterinarians who met owners' expectations for advice on cat behavior are significantly more often described as feline-friendly (P < 0.000). Owners who expected an empathetic treatment of their cat will show a better compliance (P = 0.003). Owner compliance can be improved by providing accurate and effective veterinary advice about cat behavior and behavioral problems (P = 0.003). Thus, a sound foundation in cat behavior and knowledge of current treatment recommendations for feline behavioral problems can be worthwhile to ensure good husbandry for cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Karn-Buehler
- Working Group of Applied Ethology and Animal Behavior Therapy, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kuhne
- Working Group of Applied Ethology and Animal Behavior Therapy, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Paolini A, Vignoli M, Bernabò N, Bianchi A, Tamburro R, Pincelli MC, Del Signore F, De Bonis A, Rosto M, Collivignarelli F, Distefano C, Cerasoli I. A Comparison of the Intrarectal and Intramuscular Effects of a Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine and Midazolam Mixture on Tear Production in Cats: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:145. [PMID: 38200876 PMCID: PMC10778512 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cats are often easily stressed and uncooperative. The use of sedative agents in the feline species is widely used to perform even minor clinical and diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study is to assess the impact on tear film production of the intrarectal route (IR) administration of a mixture of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and midazolam in comparison with the intramuscular (IM) one. A group of twenty cats were involved in a randomized and blinded clinical trial. A clinical and ophthalmological examination was conducted on the cats. The IR group received dexmedetomidine 0.003 mg kg-1, ketamine 4 mg kg-1 and midazolam 0.4 mg kg-1; the IM group received dexmedetomidine 0.003 mg kg-1, ketamine 2 mg kg-1 and midazolam 0.2 mg kg-1. A Shirmer tear test I (STT- I) was conducted 1 h before sedation and 2', 10', 20', 30', 40', and 80' post drug administration. The reaction to STT-I administration was also evaluated. The IM group has a lower mean tear production than the IR group for all time points evaluated. Cats in the IM group showed less reaction to STT-I administration. This study may suggest that the effect of sedative agents administered by the IR route has a lower incidence on tear production than the IM one. The use of eye lubricant is recommended in any case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paolini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Massimo Vignoli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Amanda Bianchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Roberto Tamburro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Maria Cristina Pincelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Francesca Del Signore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Andrea De Bonis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Martina Rosto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Francesco Collivignarelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Clelia Distefano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.V.); (N.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.P.); (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (F.C.); (C.D.)
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Forman J, Renner E, Leavens DA. Fetching felines: a survey of cat owners on the diversity of cat (Felis catus) fetching behaviour. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20456. [PMID: 38097597 PMCID: PMC10721921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated animals are famous for the ease with which they can accommodate to diverse human environments and roles, but less well-studied is the ease with which domestic animals can manipulate their human caregivers to their own ends. For example, domestic animals may start and end their play behaviour with humans at times of their choice. Here we present the results of a survey of 924 cat owners who report fetching behaviour in 1154 cats. The overwhelming majority (94.4%) of these owners report that fetching emerged in the absence of explicit training. Fetching was primarily first noticed when the cats were less than one year old (n = 701) or 1-7 years old (n = 415). Cats initiated and terminated fetching bouts more often than did their owners. Thus, cats who fetch demonstrate independent and co-ordinated agency in the onset and maintenance of fetching behaviour with their human partners. Additional findings highlight the diversity of objects fetched and the diversity in household demographics. Our thematic analysis reveals owners' perspectives on (a) the process of a fetching session, (b) the initial acquisition of fetching, and (c) the circumstantial factors that influence fetching patterns. In summary, cats who fetch largely determine when they engage in fetching sessions and actively influence the play behaviour of their owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Forman
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, East Sussex, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Renner
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - David A Leavens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, East Sussex, UK
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Zaini SS, Phillips C, MacKay JRD, Langford F. Perceptions of barriers to providing good cat care in Malaysian clinical practices. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e70. [PMID: 38487432 PMCID: PMC10936243 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Many veterinary practices around the world do not meet basic post-operative cat care, thereby compromising cat welfare. Understanding why the appropriate care is not always given is important. The current study used a mixed methods approach of two phases, to investigate the barriers Malaysian veterinarians face in seeking to provide good cat care in practice. Phase 1 involved a survey consisting of 14 questions which were divided into three sections (demographic details, basic management and barriers experienced by practices) and emailed to 143 Malaysian veterinarians. While for phase 2, 20 interviews were undertaken (recruited from the survey sample) to further elaborate on the results. A Thematic Analysis was conducted to extract the main barriers experienced by participants. A total of 49 veterinarians completed the survey. Over half of the respondents were senior veterinarians (i.e. those with two or more years in practice) (53.1%; n = 26) who were aware of the basic environmental provisions that cats need post-surgery such as bedding and toileting facilities (57.1%; n = 28). Cost (47%; n = 23) was the biggest restriction to good care provision. Interview findings showed that participants were aware of comfortable post-surgery environments helping recovery, but barriers were highlighted: workload factors and a lack of understanding of cat pain behaviours and associated stress. This suggested that participants had the knowledge required to provide good cat care but experienced difficulties putting this into practice. Therefore, to improve cat welfare in veterinary practice, instead of focusing purely on education, interventions to increase good cat care could include targeted elements that support behaviour change to overcome the barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamira Syazuana Zaini
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Claire Phillips
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jill R D MacKay
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, MidlothianEH25 9RG, UK
| | - Fritha Langford
- Animal Science, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Udell M, Delgado M, Ekenstedt K, Shoveller AK, Croney C. CATastrophic myths part 2: Common misconceptions about the environmental, nutritional, and genetic management of domestic cats and their welfare implications. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106029. [PMID: 37683762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the cat's popularity as a companion species, many owners and practitioners lack high quality information about important aspects of their behavior and management. Myths, anecdotes, and narratives of cats as 'low maintenance, self-sufficient' animals are pervasive, and the degree to which these may underlie complacency about fully meeting cats' needs is unknown. Several studies suggest that cat welfare and the human-cat bond may benefit from improved education about how to optimize the domestic cat's management and husbandry needs in homes and elsewhere. This paper is the second of a two-part series addressing common myths about cats. The purpose of this paper is to review and debunk common misconceptions about optimal cat care, feeding behavior, genetics, and training. Replacing these misconceptions with scientifically generated information could have a significant impact on the behavioral management of cats, positively influencing their physical health, mental stimulation, and well-being, and reducing stress for both cats and the people caring for them. Areas where further research is required to address ambiguities, and to better meet cats' needs in homes and other environments, are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Udell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 2921 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Kari Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anna Kate Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Candace Croney
- Center for Animal Welfare Science, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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14
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Eigner DR, Breitreiter K, Carmack T, Cox S, Downing R, Robertson S, Rodan I. 2023 AAFP/IAAHPC feline hospice and palliative care guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231201683. [PMID: 37768060 PMCID: PMC10812026 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231201683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The '2023 AAFP/IAAHPC Feline Hospice and Palliative Care Guidelines' are authored by a Task Force of experts in feline hospice and palliative care convened by the American Association of Feline Practitioners and the International Association for Animal Hospice and Palliative Care. They emphasize the specialized communication skills and ethical considerations that are associated with feline hospice and palliative care, with references to other feline practice guidelines for a more complete discussion of specific diseases, feline pain management best practices and cat friendly interactions. A comprehensive, multi-step hospice consultation allows for tailoring the approach to both the cat and the family involved in the care. The consultation includes establishing 'budgets of care', a concept that greatly influences what can be done for the individual cat. The Guidelines acknowledge that each cat and caregiver will be different in this regard; and establishing what is reasonable, practical and ethical for the individual cat and caregiver is important. A further concept of the 'care unit' is introduced, which is extrapolated from human hospice and palliative care, and encourages and empowers the caregiver to become a part of the cat's care every step of the way. Ethical considerations include a decision-making framework. The importance of comfort care is emphasized, and the latest information available about how to assess the quality of a cat's life is reviewed. Emotional health is as equally important as physical health. Hence, it is fundamental to recognize that compromised physical health, with pain and/or illness, impairs emotional health. A limited discussion on euthanasia is included, referring to the AAFP's End of Life Educational Toolkit for recommendations to help the caregiver and the veterinary professional ensure a peaceful passing and transition - one that reflects the best interests of the individual cat and caregiver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tyler Carmack
- Caring Pathways USA, Hampton Roads Veterinary Hospice, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Shea Cox
- BluePearl Pet Hospice, Mars Veterinary Health, Temecula, CA, USA
| | - Robin Downing
- The Downing Center for Animal Pain Management, Windsor, CO, USA
| | | | - Ilona Rodan
- Cat Behavior Solutions, Cat Care Clinic, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Dalais RJ, Calver MC, Farnworth MJ. Piloting an International Comparison of Readily Accessible Online English Language Advice Surrounding Responsible Cat Ownership. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2434. [PMID: 37570243 PMCID: PMC10416957 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cats are popular companion animals globally. While the general academic definition of responsible cat ownership is agreed upon, committing to responsible cat ownership is multifaceted, often reflecting regional priorities and values. Utilising a virtual private network (VPN), an English-language online search for 'responsible cat ownership' was applied from major cities in 10 different nations, accounting for five different geographic regions and nine different geographic sub-regions. Data were extracted from the first 20 webpages of each search and included author affiliation, country of webpage origin, and all recommendations towards responsible cat ownership. Searches identified 58 different webpages, 142 duplicate results, and 16 different recommendations. Both before (60.5%) and after (58.6%) duplicate exclusion, irrespective of region, most webpages originated from Australia, so recommendations may lack local nuance in other countries. Similarly, local government webpages were the most common author affiliation both before (35.5%) and after (37.9%) duplicate exclusion-moreover, most Australian webpages were authored by local government (55.9%). More than half of all webpages recommended registration and microchipping (65.5%), desexing (65.5%), and containment (60.3%), probably due to the predominance of local government and Australian webpages online-reflecting Australia's strong legislative stance. Both Australia and New Zealand showed majority recommendations for containment but not for environmental and behavioural enrichment in households. This may be partially explained by the significantly higher agreement in Australia and New Zealand that cats threaten valued wildlife in cities, towns, and rural areas. Unlike the Oceanian nations, other countries clearly recommended improved understanding and provision for cat needs, but with little evidence of support for containment. Thus, divergent welfare considerations inform major webpages associated with attitudes towards cat ownership internationally. Encouraging containment, a responsible cat ownership practice with benefits for cats and wildlife, may be more likely to succeed outside Oceania if cat welfare is emphasised instead of wildlife protection. Within Oceania, more attention could be given to enhancing the well-being of contained cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece J. Dalais
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Michael C. Calver
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mark J. Farnworth
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
- The Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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16
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Ma GC, McLeod LJ. Understanding the Factors Influencing Cat Containment: Identifying Opportunities for Behaviour Change. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101630. [PMID: 37238060 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 5 million pet cats in Australia managed on a spectrum from fully indoors to completely outdoor free roaming. Roaming cats threaten biodiversity, can create a nuisance and are at risk of accidents and injury. Hence, there is substantial interest in behaviour change interventions to increase cat containment. An online questionnaire collected information on cat owner demographics, the number of cats owned, current containment behaviours and an agreement with 15 capability, opportunity and motivation (COM) items. Responses were received from 4482 cat owners. More than half (65%) indicated that they currently keep their cat(s) fully contained. Another 24% practiced a night curfew. Owners' psychological capability had the greatest influence on containment behaviour. Motivation (community- and cat welfare-framed), living in an apartment and renting were also associated with a greater likelihood of containment. Cat owners not currently containing their cats could be divided into six profiles who differed on agreement with COM themes, age, future intentions, current behaviour, location and gender. Understanding differences between cat owner segments can assist with designing behaviour change interventions. Increasing cat owners' psychological capability to contain their cats and encouraging the adoption of a night curfew as a first step towards 24 h containment are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Ma
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals New South Wales, Yagoona, NSW 2199, Australia
| | - Lynette J McLeod
- School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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17
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Khoddami S, Kiser MC, Moody CM. Why can't we be friends? Exploring factors associated with cat owners' perceptions of the cat-cat relationship in two-cat households. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1128757. [PMID: 37051515 PMCID: PMC10083434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1128757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Most research examining cat behavior in multi-cat households lacks focus on one group size. This gap in knowledge reduces generalizability of research findings to specific compositions of cats in multi-cat households. Given that many cat-owning households in Canada and the US are comprised of two cats, the following study used a cross-sectional survey to explore cat owners' perceptions of the cat-cat relationship in two-cat households in Canada and the US. A total of 6,529 owners of two cats completed the online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and a logistic regression model used to assess various explanatory variables (i.e., household, management, and cat-specific factors) associated with participants perceiving their cats' relationship as negative. The logistic regression model showed that owners of two-cat households are more likely to perceive their cats' relationship as negative if both cats are spayed females, adult or mature, have a large gap in age, not related, one or both have access to the outdoors, or show aggression toward people or other animals in the home. Having multiple litterbox and feeding areas were also associated with a more negative cat-cat relationship. Overall, the complex interplay, directionality, and temporality of these factors requires further investigation for a full understanding of how to improve the cat-cat relationship in two-cat households. More research is needed to provide evidence-based recommendations for managing and supporting a positive cat-cat relationship in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Khoddami
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Makayla C. Kiser
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carly M. Moody
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Carly M. Moody
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18
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Henning J, Nielsen T, Fernandez E, Hazel S. Cats just want to have fun: Associations between play and welfare in domestic cats. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e9. [PMID: 38487456 PMCID: PMC10936385 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Play is often considered an indicator and promotor of animal welfare and may facilitate closer cat-human relationships. However, few studies have empirically investigated these associations. The current study aimed to investigate play-related factors associated with four welfare outcome measures in cats (Felis catus) including: cat quality of life; cat-guardian relationship quality; problem behaviour prevalence; and behavioural changes. An online survey was developed using demographic information, questions related to play and resources, free text sections and the following validated measures: cat quality of life (QOL), the cat owner relationship scale, and the adult playfulness trait scale. Responses were completed by 1,591 cat guardians from 55 countries. Higher cat playfulness scores and a greater number of games played were significantly associated with higher cat QOL scores while longer amounts of daily play, greater number of games, both cat and guardian initiating play and higher guardian playfulness scores were all significantly associated with higher cat-guardian relationship scores. Exclusively indoor housing was significantly associated with both higher cat QOL and higher cat-guardian relationships scores compared to cats with outdoor access. Behavioural changes associated with distress in cats were reported when play was absent. Play may be an important factor in assessing and maintaining cat welfare. Further research into the mechanisms of how play impacts welfare and cat-guardian relationships is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Henning
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, RoseworthySA5371, Australia
| | - Torben Nielsen
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, RoseworthySA5371, Australia
| | - Eduardo Fernandez
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, RoseworthySA5371, Australia
| | - Susan Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra Rd, RoseworthySA5371, Australia
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19
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Jahn K, DePorter T, Seksel K. Human-directed aggression and pica in a 1-year-old cat, which worsened following international relocation. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231178443. [PMID: 37441538 PMCID: PMC10334008 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231178443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 14-month-old female spayed Arabian Mau cat was presented for preparation for international air travel and relocation. It was also showing aggressive behaviours towards its owners and visitors to the home, with daily episodes of jumping at, scratching and biting the owners' hands and legs. In addition, the cat was chewing on and ingesting wool and fabric items. Diagnoses of aggression occurring as misplaced play/predatory behaviour, fear-based aggression towards visitors and pica were made, and recommendations were given for both the behavioural presentations as well as to prepare for the family's relocation to a new country and home. These recommendations included the use of long-acting psychotropic medications, which were declined at the time. After arrival in the new home, the cat's aggression and pica worsened, so the owners requested a follow-up appointment. At this point, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine was initiated and after 6 weeks of medication, the owners reported a significant improvement in all behavioural signs. Relevance and novel information There is limited published information on the development and/or worsening of behaviour problems after stressful or traumatic events, such as international relocation. Furthermore, the management of concurrent behavioural presentations, such as, in this case, human-directed aggression and pica, can be challenging. This case provides an example of how this may be achieved. Finally, this case shows how the use of long-acting psychotropic medication, such as the SSRI fluoxetine, can be important and effective in managing feline behaviour problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kersti Seksel
- Kersti Seksel and Associates Ltd, Seaforth,
NSW, Australia
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20
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Oliveira IDA, Viana-Junior AB, de Azevedo CS. Indoor and outdoor management for cats: inferences on the welfare and cat-caretaker relationship. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Cheang A, Westman ME, Green J. Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Test Kit (RapidSTATUS™ FIV) to Determine the FIV Status of FIV-Vaccinated and FIV-Unvaccinated Pet Cats in Australia. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110618. [PMID: 36356095 PMCID: PMC9695518 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated a commercial point-of-care (PoC) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) test kit (RapidSTATUS™ FIV) for its accuracy in determining the FIV status of FIV-vaccinated and FIV-unvaccinated pet cats in Australia. In countries where FIV vaccination is used, veterinarians need a PoC kit that will produce a negative result for a FIV-uninfected cat, even if the cat is FIV-vaccinated or the FIV vaccination history is unknown, since incorrect diagnoses can impact negatively on the welfare of cats. FIV PoC kits also need to produce positive results in FIV-infected cats to help with appropriate management and to enable strategies to be implemented to prevent other cats from becoming FIV-infected. Results presented here show RapidSTATUS™ FIV to be highly accurate (98.8−100%) in a range of FIV-vaccinated and FIV-unvaccinated scenarios. Therefore, Australian veterinarians can reliably use RapidSTATUS™ FIV to rapidly and accurately determine the FIV status of all cats. Abstract Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus that can cause immunosuppression, co-morbidities, and neoplasia in infected cats, and is commonly tested for in veterinary clinics and animal shelters in Australia. FIV diagnosis using point-of-care (PoC) kits to detect FIV antibodies in Australia is complicated by the commercial availability of an inactivated whole-FIV vaccine. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the RapidSTATUS™ FIV antibody test kit in FIV-vaccinated and FIV-unvaccinated cats in Australia. Plasma from pet cats of known FIV vaccination and FIV infection statuses (n = 361), comprised of 57 FIV-uninfected cats annually vaccinated against FIV, 10 FIV-uninfected cats with lapsed FIV vaccination histories, 259 FIV-unvaccinated/FIV-uninfected cats, and 35 FIV-infected cats, was tested. RapidSTATUS™ FIV testing had sensitivity of 97.1% (34/35) and specificity of 100% (326/326), with an overall accuracy of 99.7% (360/361). Additional testing was undertaken using plasma from FIV-uninfected cats recently administered a primary FIV vaccination course (n = 12) or an annual booster FIV vaccination (n = 10). RapidSTATUS™ FIV was 98.8% (81/82) accurate and 100% (32/32) accurate in cats recently administered primary or annual FIV vaccinations, respectively. The high level of accuracy of RapidSTATUS™ FIV (98.8–100%) therefore establishes this PoC kit as a DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) test. RapidSTATUS™ FIV is recommended to aid animal shelters, veterinarians, and researchers in Australia to accurately determine FIV infection status, irrespective of FIV vaccination history.
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22
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Taylor S, St Denis K, Collins S, Dowgray N, Ellis SLH, Heath S, Rodan I, Ryan L. 2022 ISFM/AAFP Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1133-1163. [PMID: 36259498 PMCID: PMC10845436 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221128763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The '2022 ISFM/AAFP Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines' (hereafter the 'Cat Friendly Veterinary Environment Guidelines') describe how the veterinary clinic environment can be manipulated to minimise feline patient distress. Many components of a veterinary clinic visit or stay may result in negative experiences for cats. However, much can be done to improve a cat's experience by making the veterinary clinic more cat friendly. Exposure to other cats and other species can be reduced, and adjustments made with consideration of the feline senses and species-specific behaviour. Caregivers can prepare cats for a clinic visit with appropriate advice. Waiting rooms, examination rooms, hospital wards and other clinic areas can be designed and altered to reduce stress and hence encourage positive emotions. Changes need not be structural or expensive in order to be effective and make a difference to the cats and, in turn, to cat caregivers and the veterinary team. Moreover, by improving the all-round experience at the veterinary clinic, there are positive effects on preventive healthcare, identification of and recovery from illness, and compliance with treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Good feline healthcare necessitates visiting the veterinary clinic, which, simply by being outside of a cat's territory and familiar surroundings, may lead to negative experiences. Such experiences can trigger negative (protective) emotions and associated physiological stress, which can result in misleading clinical findings, patient distress, prolonged recovery from illness, further difficulties with handling at subsequent visits and potential veterinary personnel injury. There may be a mistaken belief that veterinary clinics must undergo significant renovation or building work to become cat friendly, and that, if species cannot be separated, then clinics cannot improve their care of cats. These Guidelines aim to dispel any such misconceptions and provide detailed practical advice. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a Task Force of experts convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine and American Association of Feline Practitioners, based on an extensive literature review and, where evidence is lacking, the authors' experience. Endorsements: These Guidelines have been endorsed by a number of groups and organisations, as detailed on page 1161 and at icatcare.org/cat-friendly-guidelines and catvets.com/environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Taylor
- International Society of Feline Medicine, International Cat Care, Tisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kelly St Denis
- St Denis Veterinary Professional Corporation, Powassan, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Collins
- International Society of Feline Medicine, International Cat Care, Tisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathalie Dowgray
- International Society of Feline Medicine, International Cat Care, Tisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Sarah Heath
- Behavioural Referrals Veterinary Practice, Chester, UK
| | - Ilona Rodan
- Cat Behavior Solutions, Cat Care Clinic, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda Ryan
- Inspiring Pet Teaching, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, UK
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23
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Bessant C, Dowgray N, Ellis SL, Taylor S, Collins S, Ryan L, Halls V. ISFM'S Cat Friendly Principles for Veterinary Professionals. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1087-1092. [PMID: 36259499 PMCID: PMC10845435 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221128750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Henning JSL, Fernandez EJ, Nielsen T, Hazel S. Play and welfare in domestic cats: Current knowledge and future directions. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.4.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Play and welfare have long been linked within animal research literature, with play considered as both a potential indicator and promoter of welfare. An indicator due to observations that play is exhibited most frequently in times when an animal's fitness is not under threat and when
immediate needs such as food, water and adequate space are met. And a promoter, because of observations that animals who play more also have better welfare outcomes. However, limited research has been undertaken to investigate this link, especially in companion animals. The domestic cat (
Felis catus) is one of the most popular companion animals in the world, yet little is known about the impact of play behaviour on cat welfare. We review the current literature on play and welfare in cats. This includes examining the role of cat play in mitigating negative welfare outcomes,
such as reducing problem behaviours, one of the leading reasons for guardian dissatisfaction and cat relinquishment to shelters. Play is also discussed as a potential tool to provide environmental enrichment and to improve cat-human relationships. Future areas for research are suggested. We
find that further research is needed that uses a multifaceted approach to assess how quantity, type and quality of play impact subsequent cat behaviour and welfare. Future research could also assess cat play needs and preferences as well as investigate the role of play in mitigating threats
to cat welfare such as reducing problem behaviour and improving human-cat relationships. If play is an indicator and promoter of welfare, studies into the impact of play may offer an accessible approach for monitoring and improving domestic cat welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- JSL Henning
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, Australia
| | - EJ Fernandez
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, Australia
| | - T Nielsen
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Hazel
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, Australia
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25
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Owner-ascribed personality profiles distinguish domestic cats that capture and bring home wild animal prey. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Arhant C, Lesch R, Heizmann V, Schauberger G, Windschnurer I. Risks associated with free-roaming and collar use in cats – an online survey. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Rupasinghe R, Smith WA, Harvey DJ, Wickramasinghe S, Rajapaksha E. Response of adult domestic cats in Sri Lanka to Acalypha indica root embedded toys and the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in olfactory receptor genes on the elicited behavior. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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29
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Taylor S, Chan DL, Villaverde C, Ryan L, Peron F, Quimby J, O’Brien C, Chalhoub S. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on Management of the Inappetent Hospitalised Cat. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:614-640. [PMID: 35775307 PMCID: PMC11107985 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Inappetence may have many origins and, as a presenting sign or observation in the hospitalised patient, is common in feline practice. Nutritional assessment of every patient is encouraged, to identify the need for, and appropriate type of, intervention indicated. The impact of malnutrition may be significant on the feline patient, perpetuating illness, delaying recovery, slowing wound healing and negatively impacting gut health and immunity. Delayed intervention may result in the cat's deterioration; hence prompt control of contributing factors such as the underlying illness, pain, nausea, ileus and stress is vital to optimise voluntary food intake. Management is multimodal, comprising reduction of stress, medications and assisted nutrition in the form of tube feeding or parenteral nutrition. Use of antiemetic, analgesic, prokinetic and appetite stimulant medications may restore appetite, but placement of feeding tubes should not be delayed. Feeding tubes are generally well tolerated and allow provision of food, water and medication with minimal stress, although clinicians must be aware of complications such as stoma site infections and refeeding syndrome. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Cats are vulnerable to malnutrition owing to their unique metabolism and specific nutritional requirements. Moreover, their nature as a species means they are susceptible to stress in the hospital environment, which may result in reduced food intake; previous negative experiences may compound the problem. In particular, an inappropriate clinic environment and/or handling may cause or exacerbate inappetence in hospitalised patients, with negative impacts on recovery. Postponing interventions such as feeding tube placement to await improvement, owing to clinician or caregiver apprehension, may hinder recovery and worsen nutritional deficits. EVIDENCE BASE The 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on Management of the Inappetent Hospitalised Cat have been created by a panel of experts brought together by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM). Information is based on the available literature, expert opinion and the panel members' experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Taylor
- International Society of Feline Medicine, Tisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Daniel L Chan
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Linda Ryan
- Inspiring Pet Teaching, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carolyn O’Brien
- Melbourne Cat Vets, 157 Westgarth Street, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Serge Chalhoub
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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30
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He C, Fan K, Hao Z, Tang N, Li G, Wang S. Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Potential Biomarkers and Management of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis: An Update Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:900847. [PMID: 35812890 PMCID: PMC9257190 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.900847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline idiopathic cystitis is a widespread disease in small animal clinics, which mainly presents with urinary signs like dysuria, stranguria, hematuria, pollakiuria, and periuria. The etiopathogenesis of the disease may involve interactions between the environmental stressors, neuroendocrine system and bladder of affected cats. Diagnostic biomarkers have not been tested in clinical studies though they are theoretically feasible, and since the clinical signs of the disease assemble those of other feline lower urinary diseases, its diagnosis is a procedure of exclusion. The primary treatment of the disease is long-term multimodal environmental modification (or enrichment) while anti-anxiety drugs and nutritional supplements are recommended for chronic recurrent cases. Still, many medicines need to be evaluated for their efficacy and safety. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of feline idiopathic cystitis by summarizing and updating studies concerning the prevalence, risk factors, etiological hypotheses, diagnostic procedures, possible treatments, and prognosis of the disease.
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Kim SA, Bain MJ. Animal Behavior Case of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1797-1799. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.05.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Kim
- Clinical Animal Behavior Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, Korea
| | - Melissa J. Bain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Westman ME, Coggins SJ, van Dorsselaer M, Norris JM, Squires RA, Thompson M, Malik R. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in domestic pet cats in Australia and New Zealand: Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and management. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:345-359. [PMID: 35578381 PMCID: PMC9546031 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the passage of over 30 years since its discovery, the importance of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) on the health and longevity of infected domestic cats is hotly debated amongst feline experts. Notwithstanding the absence of good quality information, Australian and New Zealand (NZ) veterinarians should aim to minimise the exposure of cats to FIV. The most reliable way to achieve this goal is to recommend that all pet cats are kept exclusively indoors, or with secure outdoor access (e.g., cat enclosures, secure gardens), with FIV testing of any in‐contact cats. All animal holding facilities should aim to individually house adult cats to limit the spread of FIV infection in groups of animals that are stressed and do not have established social hierarchies. Point‐of‐care (PoC) FIV antibody tests are available in Australia and NZ that can distinguish FIV‐infected and uninfected FIV‐vaccinated cats (Witness™ and Anigen Rapid™). Although testing of whole blood, serum or plasma remains the gold standard for FIV diagnosis, PoC testing using saliva may offer a welfare‐friendly alternative in the future. PCR testing to detect FIV infection is not recommended as a screening procedure since a negative PCR result does not rule out FIV infection and is only recommended in specific scenarios. Australia and NZ are two of three countries where a dual subtype FIV vaccine (Fel‐O‐Vax® FIV) is available and offers a further avenue for disease prevention. Since FIV vaccination only has a reported field effectiveness of 56% in Australia, and possibly lower in NZ, FIV‐vaccinated cats should undergo annual FIV testing prior to annual FIV re‐vaccination using a suitable PoC kit to check infection has not occurred in the preceding year. With FIV‐infected cats, clinicians should strive to be even more thorough than usual at detecting early signs of disease. The most effective way to enhance the quality of life and life expectancy of FIV‐infected cats is to optimise basic husbandry and to treat any concurrent conditions early in the disease course. Currently, no available drugs are registered for the treatment of FIV infection. Critically, the euthanasia of healthy FIV‐infected cats, and sick FIV‐infected cats without appropriate clinical investigations, should not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S J Coggins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R A Squires
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Windschnurer I, Häusler A, Waiblinger S, Coleman GJ. Relationships between owner and household characteristics and enrichment and cat behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bouma EMC, Reijgwart ML, Dijkstra A. Family Member, Best Friend, Child or 'Just' a Pet, Owners' Relationship Perceptions and Consequences for Their Cats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:193. [PMID: 35010452 PMCID: PMC8750854 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Describing the relationship with one's cat in human terms might reflect an underlying anthropomorphic view of the relationship which might be associated with an owner's behavior towards their cat and the cat's living environment. Owners self-categorized the relationship with their cat as either a 'member of the family', 'as a child', 'best friend', or 'a pet animal'. The extent to which owner- and cat-related factors influence these four relationship descriptions are examined in survey data of approximately 1800 cat owners. Differences in outdoor access, care during absence of the owner, and access to the bedroom are examined between the four relationship perceptions. The owner's age and household composition, ideas about their cat's equality, support, and dependency, and whether their cat is a pedigree were significantly associated with relationship description and explained 46% of the variance. Owners who perceive their cat as a child or best friend see their cat as loyal, empathetic, equal to family, and dependent on them for love and care. Their cats are less often left in the care of others, are allowed more often in the bedroom and have less often (unrestricted) outdoor access. Moreover, cats perceived as children are more likely to live in a multi-cat household. Our results provide insight in the factors that are related to different (anthropomorphic) perceptions of the human-cat relationship and how perceptions relate to the living environment of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M. C. Bouma
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Arie Dijkstra
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, Wilson‐Aggarwal J, Nelli L, McDonald RA. Spatial behavior of domestic cats and the effects of outdoor access restrictions and interventions to reduce predation of wildlife. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Sarah L. Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | | | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Tan SML, Jajou S, Stellato AC, Niel L. Perspectives of Canadian and American Cat Owners on Provision of Uncontrolled Outdoor Access for Owned Domestic Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742245. [PMID: 34765667 PMCID: PMC8576323 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While uncontrolled outdoor access can increase opportunities for cat physical and mental stimulation, it can also increase risks of injury and illness, and result in predation of wild birds and small animals. In Canada and the United States, it is often recommended to keep cats indoors, but many owners still provide some level of outdoor access. The objectives of this study were to use a cross-sectional survey to explore the attitudes and practices of cat owners in Canada and the United States toward outdoor access and to identify factors that influence the provision of uncontrolled outdoor access. A convenience sample of cat owners (N = 7,838) were recruited to complete an online survey, and a mixed logistic regression model was used to examine associations between cat and owner-related factors, and uncontrolled outdoor access for cats, with province/state included as a random effect. In total, 57% of owners kept their cats indoors, and 43% provided some form of outdoor access, with 21% of total owners providing uncontrolled outdoor access. Provision of uncontrolled outdoor access was associated with factors related to cat characteristics (e.g., sex, breed, presence of health, and behavioral issues), the home environment (e.g., living with other pets, types of enrichment provided), owner perspectives on outdoor access (e.g., level of agreement with potential benefits and consequence of outdoor access), and owner demographics (e.g., gender, education, area of residence). For cats with uncontrolled outdoor access, few owners reported their cats having a collar or a microchip, suggesting a need to increase education about precautionary measures to protect the welfare of outdoor cats. Results reveal how owners are caring for their cats in terms of providing outdoor access and generate hypotheses for future research to examine the influence of the owner-pet bond and educational programs on owner practices around providing outdoor access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M L Tan
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Jajou
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anastasia C Stellato
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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General principles of feline well-being. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:1072-1073. [PMID: 34693809 PMCID: PMC10996893 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211051608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sordo L, Gunn-Moore DA. Cognitive Dysfunction in Cats: Update on Neuropathological and Behavioural Changes Plus Clinical Management. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e3. [PMID: 34651755 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is an established condition in cats that shares many similarities with human Alzheimer's disease (AD), where cognitive decline ultimately results in dementia. Cats with CDS display behavioural abnormalities, including excessive Vocalisation, altered Interaction with owners (increased affection/attention), altered Sleep-wake cycles, House-soiling, Disorientation (spatial and/or temporal), alterations in Activity, Anxiety, and/or Learning/memory deficits (i.e., VISHDAAL). These cats develop neuropathologies, such as accumulation of β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau deposits. Because of its similarities to those in the brains of people with cognitive impairment and AD, the domestic cat could be a natural model for human dementia studies. It is important to diagnose CDS promptly in cats, ruling out other causes for these behavioural changes, to provide effective management. Interventions include environmental enrichment (e.g., easy access to key resources, calming pheromones), dietary supplementations (e.g., Senilife, Aktivait for cats, SAMe), specific diets (e.g., containing antioxidants, medium-chain triglycerides) and, potentially, medication (e.g., selegiline or propentofylline). This article reviews the literature about CDS in cats, its causes, neuropathology, clinical signs, diagnosis and potential management options. By doing so, it furthers our understanding of this condition and allows improved health, welfare and quality of life of affected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sordo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
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Challenges and Solutions Surrounding Environmental Enrichment for Dogs and Cats in a Scientific Environment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102980. [PMID: 34679999 PMCID: PMC8532686 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental enrichment is the provision of equipment or enhancement to an animal’s living area with the goal to improve animal welfare. Equipment is often provided without assessment of suitability or continuous revision. Enrichment constraints can vary between different animal settings and include limited space, budget and lack of opportunity for enhancement. Simple improvements and attention to the animal’s individual needs and preferences can allow further enrichment optimisation. Abstract Dogs and cats housed in research-, kennel- and cattery-type settings are reliant on caregivers to optimise their day-to-day experiences and welfare. The goal is to provide enriching environments for physical, social and environmental control; behavioural choice and opportunities to live as varied a life as possible. However, there are numerous challenges in these environments such as lack of appropriate enrichment for group housing, budget for equipment/training, study controls, time and space to make improvements. In addition, research settings are required to comply with legislation for care, husbandry and housing, and as standards differ between regions, conditions will vary between settings. Sharing knowledge in this field can only help drive a wider culture of care by helping improve the lives and welfare of animals cared for. This article presents some of the environmental enrichment strategies effective at the Waltham Petcare Science Institute, UK.
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, Goodwin CED, Cole H, McDonald J, Bearhop S, McDonald RA. Contributions of wild and provisioned foods to the diets of domestic cats that depredate wild animals. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Sarah L. Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Cecily E. D. Goodwin
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Holly Cole
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
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Arena L, Menchetti L, Diverio S, Guardini G, Gazzano A, Mariti C. Overweight in Domestic Cats Living in Urban Areas of Italy: Risk Factors for an Emerging Welfare Issue. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2246. [PMID: 34438704 PMCID: PMC8388420 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight is common in cats and has health and welfare implications. This study aimed to assess potential predictive/protective factors for feline overweight associated with owner management and their relationship with cat behavior and welfare. A questionnaire was administered to 197 owners to collect information about cat demographics, management, environment, dietary habits and behavior. The feline Body Mass Index was recorded for each cat. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of parameters with overweight cats. Variables with a p-value < 0.10 at univariable analyses were selected for the multivariable model. Most cats were mixed- breed, 1-7 years old and neutered; 51.3% were overweight. Age higher than 7 years, neutering, being alone all day and being stressed were predictive for overweight (p < 0.05). Conversely, the presence of other animals had a protective effect (p < 0.05). A general disagreement between owners' perception and clinical evaluation of cats' body condition was a common and significant risk factor for overweight (OR = 8.532, 95% CI = 4.073-17.875; p < 0.001). According to the owners, many veterinarians did not inform them about their cat being overweight nor about the risks (p < 0.001). This study provides helpful information on the influence of management and environment on cats' body condition and its relationship with cat welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arena
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Silvana Diverio
- Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare (LEBA), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Giovanna Guardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (C.M.)
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Laser Light Pointers for Use in Companion Cat Play: Association with Guardian-Reported Abnormal Repetitive Behaviors. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082178. [PMID: 34438636 PMCID: PMC8388446 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Use of laser light pointers for feline play is popular with many cat guardians. It can be an enjoyable shared interaction and provide an easy way to encourage cats to exercise. Laser light play alone, however, does not allow cats to complete the hunting sequence; cats cannot ‘catch’ the prey. It has been suggested that this might trigger frustration and stress, both of which can contribute to compulsive behaviors. This study examined the potential relationship between the use of laser light pointers for play and the occurrence of excessive or abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) often linked to diagnosis of feline compulsive disorders. Using an online, anonymous survey, we explored cat guardians’ use of laser light toys (e.g., reasons for and frequency of use) and reported ARBs. A total of 618 responses, primarily female participants from the United States, were analyzed. Nearly half (45.5%) of the respondents in our study reported using laser light toys to play with their cats, although frequency of use was low for many survey respondents. Although the statement “Laser pointers can make cats frustrated if they do not get to ‘catch’ something at the end of play” was familiar to over half of respondents (52.1%), only 35.6% of respondents reported following this advice. We found significant associations between the frequency of laser light play and the occurrence of all surveyed ARBs, apart from overgrooming. Overall, the more frequently LLP toys were used, the more likely guardians were to report ARBs in their cats. Provision of outdoor access and cat age were also significant predictors of reported ARBs: indoor-only cats, and young (1–2 years) cats were more likely to display ARBs. The strongest associations were seen for behaviors which may be connected to laser light play: chasing lights or shadows, staring “obsessively” at lights or reflections, and fixating on a specific toy. These results, although correlational, suggest that laser light toys may be associated with the development of compulsive behaviors in cats, warranting further research into their use and potential risks. Abstract Use of laser light pointers for feline play is popular with many companion cat guardians. It can be an enjoyable shared interaction and provide an opportunity for feline exercise. Laser light play alone, however, does not allow cats to complete the hunting sequence and it has been suggested that this may trigger frustration and stress, common contributors to compulsive behaviors. This study examined the potential relationship between the use of laser light pointers for play and excessive or abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) often linked to diagnosis of feline compulsive disorders. Using an online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey, we explored cat guardians’ use of laser toys and reported ARBs in their cats. A total of 618 responses were analyzed, primarily female participants from the United States. We found significant associations between the frequency of laser light play and the occurrence of all surveyed ARBs, apart from overgrooming. Provision of outdoor access and cat age were also significant predictors of reported ARBs: indoor-only cats, and young (1–2 years) cats were more likely to display ARBs. The strongest patterns were seen for behaviors which may be connected to laser light play: chasing lights or shadows, staring “obsessively” at lights or reflections, and fixating on a specific toy. Although correlational, these results suggest that laser light toys may be associated with the development of compulsive behaviors in cats, warranting further research into their use and potential risks.
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Ray M, Carney HC, Boynton B, Quimby J, Robertson S, St Denis K, Tuzio H, Wright B. 2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:613-638. [PMID: 34167339 PMCID: PMC10812122 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The '2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines' are authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine and serve as an update and extension of those published in 2009. They emphasize the individual patient evaluation and the process of aging, with references to other feline practice guidelines for a more complete discussion of specific diseases. Focusing on each cat encourages and empowers the owner to become a part of the cat's care every step of the way. A comprehensive discussion during the physical examination and history taking allows for tailoring the approach to both the cat and the family involved in the care. Videos and analysis of serial historical measurements are brought into the assessment of each patient. These Guidelines introduce the emerging concept of frailty, with a description and methods of its incorporation into the senior cat assessment. Minimum database diagnostics are discussed, along with recommendations for additional investigative considerations. For example, blood pressure assessment is included as a minimum diagnostic procedure in both apparently healthy and ill cats. Cats age at a much faster rate than humans, so practical timelines for testing frequency are included and suggest an increased frequency of diagnostics with advancing age. The importance of nutrition, as well as senior cat nutritional needs and deficiencies, is considered. Pain is highlighted as its own syndrome, with an emphasis on consideration in every senior cat. The Task Force discusses anesthesia, along with strategies to allow aging cats to be safely anesthetized well into their senior years. The medical concept of quality of life is addressed with the latest information available in veterinary medicine. This includes end of life considerations like palliative and hospice care, as well as recommendations on the establishment of 'budgets of care', which greatly influence what can be done for the individual cat. Acknowledgement is given that each cat owner will be different in this regard; and establishing what is reasonable and practical for the individual owner is important. A discussion on euthanasia offers some recommendations to help the owner make a decision that reflects the best interests of the individual cat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel C Carney
- WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, ID, USA
| | - Beth Boynton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Quimby
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sheilah Robertson
- Senior Medical Director, Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice, Lutz, FL, USA
| | | | - Helen Tuzio
- Forest Hills Cat Hospital, Middle Village, NY, USA
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Use of the Milan Pet Quality of Life Instrument (MPQL) to Measure Pets' Quality of Life during COVID-19. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051336. [PMID: 34066721 PMCID: PMC8151849 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 caused unprecedented lifestyle changes, with unknown effects on pets’ quality of life. We studied the role of personality, the human–animal relationship, COVID-19-related factors, and demographics on feline and canine quality of life (QoL). We used the novel Milan Pet Quality of Life instrument (MPQL), derived from previous scales, which summarises four QoL domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental. Our findings indicate that pets’ demographics, life experience, and personality could explain a large part of the physical QoL. Conversely, the owners’ demographics, COVID-19-related changes, and the owners’ personality mostly explained the pets’ psychological QoL. Predictably, outdoor access in the home environment and the country of residence mostly explained the pets’ environmental QoL. Finally, the pets’ social QoL was explained by all previous aspects: pets’ characteristics and personality, environment and COVID-19-related changes, and the pet–human relationship. We suggest that these results may be explained by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the owners’ psychological state and lifestyle, which in turn alter the way the owners interact with their pets and look after them. However, the owners’ personality and mood may also influence the way they interpret and report their pets’ behavior and emotional state. These findings highlight the importance of the One Health–One Welfare perspective. Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused lifestyle changes, with unknown effect on pets’ quality of life (QoL). Between May and July 2020, we distributed an online survey to investigate the role of several factors on feline and canine QoL, including lockdown-related factors. We used existing scales to measure human and pets’ personalities (Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire, RST-PQ; RST-Dog; RST-Cat) and the human–animal relationship (Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale, LAPS) and the Milan Pet Quality of Life instrument (MPQL). Overall, 235 participants reported about 242 adult pets (Ncats = 78, Ndogs = 164). Factor analysis confirmed the structure and internal reliability of the existing scales (RST-PQ, RST-Dog, RST-Cat, LAPS) and suggested a four-factor structure for the MPQL (physical, psychological, social, environmental). The results indicate that the pets’ psysical QoL was largely explained by pet-related elements (pets’ demographics and life experience, and pets’ personality). Conversely, the pets’ psychological QoL was explained mostly by owner-related elements, such as the owners’ demographics, COVID-19-related changes, and the owners’ personality. Predictably, the pets’ environmental QoL is mostly explained by environmental factors, such as the outdoor access in the home environment and the country. Finally, the pets’ social QoL was explained by the larger combination of models: pets’ characteristics and personality, environment and COVID-19-related changes, and the pet–human relationship. These findings can be explained by two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms. The reported changes may be a by-product of the COVID-19 pandemic’s psychological and lifestyle effects on the owners, which in turn alter the way the owners interact with their pets and look after them. However, the owners’ characteristics and mood may bias their answers regarding their pets.
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Hanås S, Holst BS, Ljungvall I, Tidholm A, Olsson U, Häggström J, Höglund K. Influence of clinical setting and cat characteristics on indirectly measured blood pressure and pulse rate in healthy Birman, Norwegian Forest, and Domestic Shorthair cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:801-811. [PMID: 33675246 PMCID: PMC7995443 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measured indirect blood pressure (BP) results in cats in a clinical environment might be affected by stress and characteristics of the cats. HYPOTHESIS To investigate the influence of clinical setting, cat characteristics, and life situation on BP and pulse rate (PR) in healthy cats. ANIMALS Ninety-four healthy Domestic Shorthair, Birman and Norwegian Forest cats. METHODS Blood pressure measured by high-definition oscillometry in 3 settings: cat placed in its own carrier with veterinarian present; cat placed in carrier with owner alone present; and cat placed on table with veterinarian present. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed linear models. RESULTS Systolic BP (SBP) did not differ among settings. Higher mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic BP (DBP), and PR were found when measurements were performed with cat placed on table, rather than in carrier. Coefficients of variation (CVs) higher for SBP, MAP, DBP, and PR when measured with cat placed on table than in carrier. Birman cats had lower BP than other breeds. Systolic BP, MAP, DBP, and PR increased with age. Cats allowed outdoors had lower PR than cats living strictly indoors. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE No difference in SBP was found among settings, but measuring BP with the cat placed on the examination table gave higher MAP, DBP, PR, and CV than measuring BP with the cat in its carrier. Breed affected BP, with lower BP in Birman cats than other breeds. Blood pressure increased with age. Pulse rate was lower in cats allowed outdoors than cats living strictly indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Hanås
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | - Bodil S Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Tidholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Anicura Albano Animal Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katja Höglund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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46
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Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:211-233. [PMID: 33627003 PMCID: PMC10812130 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21993657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211-233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51-72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat's lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat's maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat's life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gowland
- DVM, DABVP, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force OVC Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hazel C Carney
- DVM, MS, DABVP, WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, Idaho, USA
| | - Theresa DePorter
- DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Plummer
- LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi Westropp
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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47
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Quimby J, Gowland S, Carney HC, DePorter T, Plummer P, Westropp J. 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021. [PMID: 33627003 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP-AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211-233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51-72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat's lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat's maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat's life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quimby
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon Gowland
- DVM, DABVP, Co-Chair of 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines Task Force OVC Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hazel C Carney
- DVM, MS, DABVP, WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, Idaho, USA
| | - Theresa DePorter
- DVM, MRCVS, DACVB, DECAWBM, Oakland Veterinary Referral Services, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Plummer
- LVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM), Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jodi Westropp
- DVM, PhD, DACVIM, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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48
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, Goodwin CED, McDonald RA. Provision of High Meat Content Food and Object Play Reduce Predation of Wild Animals by Domestic Cats Felis catus. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1107-1111.e5. [PMID: 33577746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Predation by domestic cats Felis catus can be a threat to biodiversity conservation,1-3 but its mitigation is controversial.4 Confinement and collar-mounted devices can impede cat hunting success and reduce numbers of animals killed,5 but some owners do not wish to inhibit what they see as natural behavior, perceive safety risks associated with collars, or are concerned about device loss and ineffectiveness.6,7 In a controlled and replicated trial, we tested novel, non-invasive interventions that aim to make positive contributions to cat husbandry, alongside existing devices that impede hunting. Households where a high meat protein, grain-free food was provided, and households where 5-10 min of daily object play was introduced, recorded decreases of 36% and 25%, respectively, in numbers of animals captured and brought home by cats, relative to controls and the pre-treatment period. Introduction of puzzle feeders increased numbers by 33%. Fitting Birdsbesafe collar covers reduced the numbers of birds captured and brought home by 42% but had no discernible effect on mammals. Cat bells had no discernible effect. Reductions in predation can be made by non-invasive, positive contributions to cat nutrition and behavior that reduce their tendency to hunt, rather than impede their hunting. These measures are likely to find support among cat owners who are concerned about the welfare implications of other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Sarah L Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Cecily E D Goodwin
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
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49
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Riemer S, Heritier C, Windschnurer I, Pratsch L, Arhant C, Affenzeller N. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010158. [PMID: 33445559 PMCID: PMC7826566 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The majority of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, and some individuals may show aggression as a result. We review ways to avoid negative experiences and promote positive emotions in animals visiting the veterinarian. Whenever an animal is in the practice, the veterinary team should endeavour to make the visit as pleasant as possible, by using non-threatening body language and by creating positive associations. High-value food (unless an animal needs to be fasted) or toys should be used generously throughout the visit. In the interaction with the animals, low-stress handling methods, brief pauses and adjusting the procedure based on the animal’s body language help them to feel secure. Distractions can be used to minimise perceived pain such as from injections. If a known painful area needs to be treated, pain killers are advised. For animals that are very fearful, several medication options are available that can be given prior to the veterinary visit to help them with their fears. With reward-based training, animals can learn to accept veterinary procedures. A stress-free veterinary visit benefits all involved parties—the animals, their owners, as well as the veterinary team. Abstract A high proportion of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, which in some cases may escalate into aggression. Here, we discuss factors that contribute to negative emotions in a veterinary setting and how these can be addressed. We briefly summarise the available evidence for the interventions discussed. The set-up of the waiting area (e.g., spatial dividers; elevated places for cat carriers), tailoring the examination and the treatment to the individual, considerate handling (minimal restraint when possible, avoiding leaning over or cornering animals) and offering high-value food or toys throughout the visit can promote security and, ideally, positive associations. Desensitisation and counterconditioning are highly recommended, both to prevent and address existing negative emotions. Short-term pain from injections can be minimised by using tactile and cognitive distractions and topical analgesics, which are also indicated for painful procedures such as ear cleanings. Recommendations for handling fearful animals to minimise aggressive responses are discussed. However, anxiolytics or sedation should be used whenever there is a risk of traumatising an animal or for safety reasons. Stress-reducing measures can decrease fear and stress in patients and consequently their owners, thus strengthening the relationship with the clients as well as increasing the professional satisfaction of veterinary staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Riemer
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ines Windschnurer
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Lydia Pratsch
- Veterinary Behaviour Consultant, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christine Arhant
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Nadja Affenzeller
- Department of Companion Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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50
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Stoneburner RM, Naughton B, Sherman B, Mathews KG. Evaluation of a stimulus attenuation strategy to reduce stress in hospitalized cats. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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