1
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Espeland M, Chazot N, Condamine FL, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Pringle E, Heath A, Collins S, Tiren W, Mutiso M, Lees DC, Fisher S, Murphy R, Woodhall S, Tropek R, Ahlborn SS, Cockburn K, Dobson J, Bouyer T, Kaliszewska ZA, Baker CCM, Talavera G, Vila R, Gardiner AJ, Williams M, Martins DJ, Sáfián S, Edge DA, Pierce NE. Rapid radiation of ant parasitic butterflies during the Miocene aridification of Africa. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10046. [PMID: 37193112 PMCID: PMC10182571 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa has undergone a progressive aridification during the last 20 My that presumably impacted organisms and fostered the evolution of life history adaptations. We test the hypothesis that shift to living in ant nests and feeding on ant brood by larvae of phyto-predaceous Lepidochrysops butterflies was an adaptive response to the aridification of Africa that facilitated the subsequent radiation of butterflies in this genus. Using anchored hybrid enrichment we constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny for Lepidochrysops and its closest, non-parasitic relatives in the Euchrysops section (Poloyommatini). We estimated ancestral areas across the phylogeny with process-based biogeographical models and diversification rates relying on time-variable and clade-heterogeneous birth-death models. The Euchrysops section originated with the emerging Miombo woodlands about 22 million years ago (Mya) and spread to drier biomes as they became available in the late Miocene. The diversification of the non-parasitic lineages decreased as aridification intensified around 10 Mya, culminating in diversity decline. In contrast, the diversification of the phyto-predaceous Lepidochrysops lineage proceeded rapidly from about 6.5 Mya when this unusual life history likely first evolved. The Miombo woodlands were the cradle for diversification of the Euchrysops section, and our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aridification during the Miocene selected for a phyto-predaceous life history in species of Lepidochrysops, with ant nests likely providing caterpillars a safe refuge from fire and a source of food when vegetation was scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Espeland
- Centre for Taxonomy and MorphologyLeibniz Institute for the Analysis of Evolutionary Change – Museum KoenigBonnGermany
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRSUMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Alan R. Lemmon
- Department of Scientific ComputingFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | | | | | - Alan Heath
- Lepidopterists' Society of AfricaKnysnaSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | - David C. Lees
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Robert Tropek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzechia
- Institute of Entomology, Biology CentreCzech Academy of SciencesCeske BudejoviceCzechia
| | - Svenja S. Ahlborn
- Centre for Taxonomy and MorphologyLeibniz Institute for the Analysis of Evolutionary Change – Museum KoenigBonnGermany
| | | | | | | | - Zofia A. Kaliszewska
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christopher C. M. Baker
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC‐Ajuntament de Barcelona)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Dino J. Martins
- Turkana Basin InstituteStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Szabolcs Sáfián
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest ProtectionUniversity of SopronSopronHungary
| | | | - Naomi E. Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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2
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Wu SS, Jiang MT, Miao JL, Li MH, Wang JY, Shen LM, Peng DH, Lan SR, Zhai JW, Liu ZJ. Origin and diversification of a Himalayan orchid genus Pleione. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 184:107797. [PMID: 37086913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Pleione is an orchid endemically distributed in high mountain areas across the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), Himalayas, Southeast Asia and South of China. The unique flower shapes, rich colors and immense medicinal importance of Pleione are valuable ornamental and economic resources. However, the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the genus have not yet been comprehensively resolved. Here, the evolutionary history of Pleione was investigated using single-copy gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and chloroplast genome datasets. The data revealed that Pleione could be divided into five clades. Discordance in topology between the two phylogenetic trees and network and D-statistic analyses indicated the occurrence of reticulate evolution in the genus. The evolution could be attributed to introgression and incomplete lineage sorting. Ancestral area reconstruction suggested that Pleione was originated from the HDM. Uplifting of the HDM drove rapid diversification by creating conditions favoring rapid speciation. This coincided with two periods of consolidation of the Asian monsoon climate, which caused the first rapid diversification of Pleione from 8.87 to 7.83 Mya, and a second rapid diversification started at around 4.05 Mya to Pleistocene. The interaction between Pleione and climate changes, especially the monsoons, led to the current distribution pattern and shaped the dormancy characteristic of the different clades. In addition to revealing the evolutionary relationship of Pleione with orogeny and climate changes, the findings of this study provide insights into the speciation and diversification mechanisms of plants in the East Asian flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ming-Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Miao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Li-Ming Shen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dong-Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jun-Wen Zhai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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3
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Moein F, Jamzad Z, Rahiminejad M, Landis JB, Mirtadzadini M, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Towards a global perspective for Salvia L.: Phylogeny, diversification and floral evolution. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:589-604. [PMID: 36759951 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Salvia is the most species-rich genus in Lamiaceae, encompassing approximately 1000 species distributed all over the world. We sought a new evolutionary perspective for Salvia by employing macroevolutionary analyses to address the tempo and mode of diversification. To study the association of floral traits with speciation and extinction, we modelled and explored the evolution of corolla length and the lever-mechanism pollination system across our Salvia phylogeny. We reconstructed a multigene phylogeny for 366 species of Salvia in the broad sense including all major recognized lineages and 50 species from Iran, a region previously overlooked in studies of the genus. Our comprehensive sampling of Iranian species of Salvia provides higher phylogenetic resolution for southwestern Asian species than obtained in previous studies. Our phylogenetic data in combination with divergence time estimates were used to examine the evolution of corolla length, woody versus herbaceous habit, and presence versus absence of a lever mechanism. We investigated the timing and dependence of Salvia diversification related to corolla length evolution through a disparity test and BAMM analysis. A HiSSE model was used to evaluate the dependency of diversification on the lever-mechanism pollination system in Salvia. A medium corolla length (15-18 mm) was reconstructed as the ancestral state for Salvia with multiple shifts to shorter and longer corollas. Macroevolutionary model analyses indicate that corolla length disparity is high throughout Salvia evolution, significantly different from expectations under a Brownian motion model during the last 28 million years of evolution. Our analyses show evidence of a higher diversification rate of corolla length for some Andean species of Salvia compared to other members of the genus. Based on our tests of diversification models, we reject the hypothesis of a direct effect of the lever mechanism on Salvia diversification. Therefore, we suggest caution in considering the lever-mechanism pollination system as one of the main drivers of speciation in Salvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moein
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ziba Jamzad
- Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rahiminejad
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Qin SY, Zuo ZY, Guo C, Du XY, Liu SY, Yu XQ, Xiang XG, Rong J, Liu B, Liu ZF, Ma PF, Li DZ. Phylogenomic insights into the origin and evolutionary history of evergreen broadleaved forests in East Asia under Cenozoic climate change. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2850-2868. [PMID: 36847615 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The evergreen versus deciduous leaf habit is an important functional trait for adaptation of forest trees and has been hypothesized to be related to the evolutionary processes of the component species under paleoclimatic change, and potentially reflected in the dynamic history of evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) in East Asia. However, knowledge about the shift of evergreen versus deciduous leaf with the impact of paleoclimatic change using genomic data remains rare. Here, we focus on the Litsea complex (Lauraceae), a key lineage with dominant species of EBLFs, to gain insights into how evergreen versus deciduous trait shifted, providing insights into the origin and historical dynamics of EBLFs in East Asia under Cenozoic climate change. We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of the Litsea complex using genome-wide single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) with eight clades resolved. Fossil-calibrated analyses, diversification rate shifts, ancestral habit, ecological niche modelling and climate niche reconstruction were employed to estimate its origin and diversification pattern. Taking into account studies on other plant lineages dominating EBLFs of East Asia, it was revealed that the prototype of EBLFs in East Asia probably emerged in the Early Eocene (55-50 million years ago [Ma]), facilitated by the greenhouse warming. As a response to the cooling and drying climate in the Middle to Late Eocene (48-38 Ma), deciduous habits were evolved in the dominant lineages of the EBLFs in East Asia. Up to the Early Miocene (23 Ma), the prevailing of East Asian monsoon increased the extreme seasonal precipitation and accelerated the emergence of evergreen habits of the dominant lineages, and ultimately shaped the vegetation resembling that of today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yuan Qin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Zuo
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yu Du
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shui-Yin Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Qin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Xiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Centre for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Rong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, Centre for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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5
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Rodríguez-Flores P, Macpherson E, Schnabel K, Ahyong S, Corbari L, Machordom A. Depth as a driver of evolution and diversification of ancient squat lobsters (Decapoda, Galatheoidea, Phylladiorhynchus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 171:107467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Hu AQ, Gale SW, Liu ZJ, Fischer GA, Saunders RMK. Diversification Slowdown in the Cirrhopetalum Alliance ( Bulbophyllum, Orchidaceae): Insights From the Evolutionary Dynamics of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:794171. [PMID: 35185977 PMCID: PMC8851032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.794171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary slowdowns in diversification have been inferred in various plant and animal lineages. Investigation based on diversification models integrated with environmental factors and key characters could provide critical insights into this diversification trend. We evaluate diversification rates in the Cirrhopetalum alliance (Bulbophyllum, Orchidaceae subfam. Epidendroideae) using a time-calibrated phylogeny and assess the role of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a hypothesised key innovation promoting the spectacular diversity of orchids, especially those with an epiphytic habit. An explosive early speciation in the Cirrhopetalum alliance is evident, with the origin of CAM providing a short-term advantage under the low atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2) associated with cooling and aridification in the late Miocene. A subsequent slowdown of diversification in the Cirrhopetalum alliance is possibly explained by a failure to keep pace with pCO2 dynamics. We further demonstrate that extinction rates in strong CAM lineages are ten times higher than those of C3 lineages, with CAM not as evolutionarily labile as previously assumed. These results challenge the role of CAM as a "key innovation" in the diversification of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Hu
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephan W. Gale
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Richard M. K. Saunders
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Maturana CS, Rosenfeld S, Biersma EM, Segovia NI, González‐Wevar CA, Díaz A, Naretto J, Duggan IC, Hogg ID, Poulin E, Convey P, Jackson JA. Historical biogeography of the Gondwanan freshwater genus
Boeckella
(Crustacea): Timing and modes of speciation in the Southern Hemisphere. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S. Maturana
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas Chile
| | - Elisabeth M. Biersma
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
- Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nicolás I. Segovia
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Diversidad Molecular Departamento de Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile
| | - Claudio A. González‐Wevar
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Angie Díaz
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Marina Departamento de Zoología Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Javier Naretto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Costa Humboldt Peñalolén Chile
| | - Ian C. Duggan
- School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
- Polar Knowledge Canada Canadian High Arctic Research Station Cambridge Bay Vic. Canada
| | - Elie Poulin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Jennifer A. Jackson
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
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9
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Hu Y, Li S, Liu H, Kim ST, Kurenshchikov DK, Hou Z. Ancient volcanos as species pumps: A case study of freshwater amphipods in Northeast Asia. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:343-355. [PMID: 34657344 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Volcano-tectonic processes have been viewed as primary drivers in the formation of present-day diversity. Volcanos associated with mountain uplifts drive allopatric speciation through vicariance and may impact the surrounding areas like species pump or species attractor. However, the application of these hypotheses to aquatic fauna has rarely been tested explicitly. We tested these hypotheses in the Changbai Mountains (Mts), which are one of the most typical, active volcanic ranges in Northeast (NE) Asia with a long and turbulent geological history. The Gammarus nekkensis species complex of amphipod crustaceans, widely distributed throughout NE Asia with poor dispersal abilities and a long evolutionary history, is a suitable model for testing hypotheses of species pump or species attractor. Phylogenetic and ancestral range reconstructions demonstrated that the studied amphipod originated from the Changbai Mts ~27 Ma and diverged into eastern (Clade I) and western (Clade II) clades, which corresponds well with the initial volcanic eruption of the Changbai Mts in the Late Oligocene. The subsequent diversifications of subclades CI-3, CII-1a and CII-2a were probably driven by second and third eruptions of the Changbai Mts during the Miocene. In particular, the Changbai lineages had spread to the Russian Far East multiple times since the Early Miocene, and widely colonized the region during the Pleistocene. Our discoveries suggest that the ancient volcanos of the Changbai Mts act as species pumps in NE Asia, resulted in burst of diversification around the Changbai Mts and subsequent dispersals into adjacent regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Seung-Tae Kim
- Life and Environment Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry K Kurenshchikov
- Laboratory of the Animal Ecology, Institute of Water and Ecology Problems, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia
| | - Zhonge Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Du XY, Lu JM, Zhang LB, Wen J, Kuo LY, Mynssen CM, Schneider H, Li DZ. Simultaneous diversification of Polypodiales and angiosperms in the Mesozoic. Cladistics 2021; 37:518-539. [PMID: 34570931 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprising about 82% of the extant fern species diversity, Polypodiales are generally believed to have diversified in the Late Cretaceous. We estimated the divergence times of Polypodiales using both penalized likelihood and Bayesian methods, based on a dataset consisting of 208 plastomes representing all 28 families and 14 fossil constraints reflecting current interpretations of fossil record. Our plastome phylogeny recovered the same six major lineages as a recent nuclear phylogeny, but the position of Dennstaedtiineae was different. The present phylogeny showed high resolution of relationships among the families of Polypodiales, especially among those forming the Aspleniineae. The divergence time estimates supported the most recent common ancestor of Polypodiales and its closest relative dating back to the Triassic, establishment of the major lineages in the Jurassic, and a likely accelerated radiation during the late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. The estimated divergence patterns of Polypodiales and angiosperms converge to a scenario in which their main lineages were established simultaneously shortly before the onset of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, and further suggest a pre-Cretaceous hidden history for both lineages. The pattern of simultaneous diversifications shown here elucidate an important gap in our understanding of the Terrestrial Revolution that shaped today's ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Du
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.,Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Qingsong Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jin-Mei Lu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.,Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Li-Yaung Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Claudine M Mynssen
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Harald Schneider
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666000, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.,Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Qingsong Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
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Biogeographic diversification of Mahonia (Berberidaceae): Implications for the origin and evolution of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 151:106910. [PMID: 32702526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) inhabit large areas of East Asia and harbor rich biodiversity and high endemism. However, the origin and evolution of biodiversity of East Asian subtropical EBLFs remain poorly understood. Here, we used Mahonia (Berberidaceae), an eastern Asian-western North American disjunct evergreen genus, to obtain new insights into the historical assembly of this biome. We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Mahonia do date based on six nuclear and plastid loci. Using the phylogenetic framework, we estimated divergence times, reconstructed ancestral ranges, inferred evolutionary shift of habitats, and estimated diversification rates. Mahonia and each of its two groups (Orientales and Occidentales) are strongly supported as monophyletic. Mahonia originated in western North America during the late Eocene (c. 40.41 Ma) and subsequently dispersed into East Asia prior to the early Oligocene (c. 32.65 Ma). The North Atlantic Land Bridge might have played an important role in population exchanges of Mahonia between East Asia and western North America. The western North American Occidentales began to diversify in summer-dry climates and open landscapes in the early Miocene, whereas the eastern Asian Orientales began to diversify in subtropical EBLFs in the early Miocene and furthermore had a rapid lineage accumulation since the late Miocene. The net diversification rate of Mahonia in eastern Asia appeared to be higher than that in western North America, which is ascribed to lower extinction rates and ecological opportunity. Our findings suggest that western North America is a source of biodiversity of East Asian subtropical EBLFs. This biome in eastern Asia began to rise in the early Miocene and further diversified in the late Miocene, driven by the intensifying East Asian summer monsoon during these two periods.
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Li J, Han LH, Liu XB, Zhao ZW, Yang ZL. The saprotrophic Pleurotus ostreatus species complex: late Eocene origin in East Asia, multiple dispersal, and complex speciation. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:10. [PMID: 32617259 PMCID: PMC7325090 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pleurotus ostreatus species complex is saprotrophic and of significant economic and ecological importance. However, species delimitation has long been problematic because of phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis. In addition, the evolutionary history is poorly understood due to limited sampling and insufficient gene fragments employed for phylogenetic analyses. Comprehensive sampling from Asia, Europe, North and South America and Africa was used to run phylogenetic analyses of the P. ostreatus species complex based on 40 nuclear single-copy orthologous genes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses. Here, we present a robust phylogeny of the P. ostreatus species complex, fully resolved from the deepest nodes to species level. The P. ostreatus species complex was strongly supported as monophyletic, and 20 phylogenetic species were recognized, with seven putatively new species. Data from our molecular clock analyses suggested that divergence of the genus Pleurotus probably occurred in the late Jurassic, while the most recent common ancestor of the P. ostreatus species complex diversified about 39 Ma in East Asia. Species of the P. ostreatus complex might migrate from the East Asia into North America across the North Atlantic Land Bridge or the Bering Land Bridge at different times during the late Oligocene, late Miocene and late Pliocene, and then diversified in the Old and New Worlds simultaneously through multiple dispersal and vicariance events. The dispersal from East Asia to South America in the middle Oligocene was probably achieved by a long-distance dispersal event. Intensification of aridity and climate cooling events in the late Miocene and Quaternary glacial cycling probably had a significant influence on diversification patterns of the complex. The disjunctions among East Asia, Europe, North America and Africa within Clade IIc are hypothesized to be a result of allopatric speciation. Substrate transitions to Apiaceae probably occurred no earlier than 6 Ma. Biogeographic analyses suggested that the global cooling of the late Eocene, intensification of aridity caused by rapid uplift of the QTP and retreat of the Tethys Sea in the late Miocene, climate cooling events in Quaternary glacial cycling, and substrate transitions have contributed jointly to diversification of the species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan China
| | - Li-Hong Han
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011 Yunnan China
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan China
| | - Zhu L. Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
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Li C, Ashworth MP, Mackiewicz P, Dąbek P, Witkowski J, Górecka E, Krzywda M, Witkowski A. Morphology, phylogeny, and molecular dating in Plagiogrammaceae family focused on Plagiogramma-Dimeregramma complex (Urneidophycidae, Bacillariophyceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106808. [PMID: 32243996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that the araphid diatom family Plagiogrammaceae is monophyletic, there is still not a clear understanding of relationships among the genera, and the taxonomy of several genera--Dimeregramma and Plagiogramma--remains questionable in light of paraphyly for both genera using molecular and morphological data. We have expanded the available DNA for molecular work for dozens of plagiogrammacean clones and analyzed 29 morphological characters from plagiogrammarian taxa and closely related genera, to increase understanding of the evolutionary history and systematics of the family and re-evaluate the current taxonomical classification of plagiogrammacean genera. The addition of more taxa and more data confirm the results from previous molecular phylogenies: most plagiogrammacean genera are monophyletic, except for Dimeregramma and Plagiogramma. Interestingly, the morphological analysis resolves only Talaroneis and Glyphodesmis as monophyletic. Given these results, we feel there is limited support for retaining Dimeregramma and Plagiogramma as distinct genera, and formally propose amending Plagiogramma and transferring six Dimeregramma species. As the Plagiogrammaceae is also one of the first-diverging clades of pennate diatoms, we also used these molecular data to estimate the age of the family, based on multiple calibration points derived from fossil taxa within or close to the Plagiogrammaceae. The results indicated that the Plagiogrammaceae evolved more than 114 million year ago and its diversification appears to correspond to a time of climate cooling. Additionally, we described a new monotypic genus (Coccinelloidea) with one new species C. gracilis, and five new species within established genera, e.g. Plagiogramma marginalis, Plagiogramma harenae, Plagiogramma porcipellis, Neofragilaria montgomeryii and Psammogramma anacarae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Li
- Institute of Ecological Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China; Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, PL-70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Matt P Ashworth
- UTEX Culture Collection of Algae, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 205 W. 24th St. MS A6700, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, PL-50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Dąbek
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, PL-70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Witkowski
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, PL-70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Górecka
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, PL-70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Krzywda
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, PL-70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, PL-70-383 Szczecin, Poland.
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Musher LJ, Ferreira M, Auerbach AL, McKay J, Cracraft J. Why is Amazonia a 'source' of biodiversity? Climate-mediated dispersal and synchronous speciation across the Andes in an avian group (Tityrinae). Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182343. [PMID: 30940057 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonia is a 'source' of biodiversity for other Neotropical ecosystems, but which conditions trigger in situ speciation and emigration is contentious. Three hypotheses for how communities have assembled include (1) a stochastic model wherein chance dispersal events lead to gradual emigration and species accumulation, (2) diversity-dependence wherein successful dispersal events decline through time due to ecological limits, and (3) barrier displacement wherein environmental change facilitates dispersal to other biomes via transient habitat corridors. We sequenced thousands of molecular markers for the Neotropical Tityrinae (Aves) and applied a novel filtering protocol to identify loci with high utility for dated phylogenomics. We used these loci to estimate divergence times and model Tityrinae's evolutionary history. We detected a prominent role for speciation driven by barriers including synchronous speciation across the Andes and found that dispersal increased toward the present. Because diversification was continuous but dispersal was non-random over time, we show that barrier displacement better explains Tityrinae's history than stochasticity or diversity-dependence. We propose that Amazonia is a source of biodiversity because (1) it is a relic of a biome that was once more extensive, (2) environmentally mediated corridors facilitated emigration and (3) constant diversification is attributed to a spatially heterogeneous landscape that is perpetually dynamic through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Musher
- 1 Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA.,2 The Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
| | - Mateus Ferreira
- 3 Programa Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, INPA , Manaus, AM , Brazil
| | - Anya L Auerbach
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago , 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA
| | - Jessica McKay
- 1 Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
| | - Joel Cracraft
- 1 Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
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15
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Ye Z, Damgaard J, Yang H, Hebsgaard MB, Weir T, Bu W. Phylogeny and diversification of the true water bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha). Cladistics 2020; 36:72-87. [PMID: 34618947 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate fluctuations and tectonic reconfigurations associated with environmental changes play large roles in determining patterns of adaptation and diversification, but studies documenting how such drivers have shaped the evolutionary history and diversification dynamics of limnic organisms during the Mesozoic are scarce. Members of the heteropteran infraorder Nepomorpha, or aquatic bugs, are ideal for testing the effects of these determinants on their diversification pulses because most species are confined to aquatic environments during their entire life. The group has a relatively mature taxonomy and is well represented in the fossil record. We investigated the evolution of Nepomorpha based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular characters sampled from 115 taxa representing all 13 families and approximately 40% of recognized genera. Our results were largely congruent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from morphology. A divergence dating analysis indicated that Nepomorpha began to diversify in the late Permian (approximately 263 Ma), and diversification analyses suggested that palaeoecological opportunities probably promoted lineage diversification in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jakob Damgaard
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, Kobenhavn, 2100 Ø, Denmark
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 264025, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Martin B Hebsgaard
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, Kobenhavn, 2100 Ø, Denmark
| | - Tom Weir
- CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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16
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Diversification of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae, Pseudophilautus) in Sri Lanka – Timing and geographic context. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 132:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Magallón S, Sánchez-Reyes LL, Gómez-Acevedo SL. Thirty clues to the exceptional diversification of flowering plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:491-503. [PMID: 30376040 PMCID: PMC6377106 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS As angiosperms became one of the megadiverse groups of macroscopic eukaryotes, they forged modern ecosystems and promoted the evolution of extant terrestrial biota. Unequal distribution of species among lineages suggests that diversification, the process that ultimately determines species richness, acted differentially through angiosperm evolution. METHODS We investigate how angiosperms became megadiverse by identifying the phylogenetic and temporal placement of exceptional radiations, by combining the most densely fossil-calibrated molecular clock phylogeny with a Bayesian model that identifies diversification shifts among evolutionary lineages and through time. We evaluate the effect of the prior number of expected shifts in the phylogenetic tree. KEY RESULTS Major diversification increases took place over 100 Ma, from the Early Cretaceous to the end of the Paleogene, and are distributed across the angiosperm phylogeny. The long-term diversification trajectory of angiosperms shows moderate rate variation, but is underlain by increasing speciation and extinction, and results from temporally overlapping, independent radiations and depletions in component lineages. CONCLUSIONS The identified deep time diversification shifts are clues to the identification of ultimate drivers of angiosperm megadiversity, which probably involve multivariate interactions among intrinsic traits and extrinsic forces. An enhanced understanding of angiosperm diversification will involve a more precise phylogenetic location of diversification shifts, and integration of fossil information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magallón
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luna L Sánchez-Reyes
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra L Gómez-Acevedo
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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18
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Burress ED, Wainwright PC. Adaptive radiation in labrid fishes: A central role for functional innovations during 65 My of relentless diversification. Evolution 2019; 73:346-359. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Burress
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616
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19
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Lambert JW, Reichard M, Pincheira-Donoso D. Live fast, diversify non-adaptively: evolutionary diversification of exceptionally short-lived annual killifishes. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:10. [PMID: 30626330 PMCID: PMC6327596 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive radiations are triggered by ecological opportunity – the access to novel niche domains with abundant available resources that facilitate the formation of new ecologically divergent species. Therefore, as new species saturate niche space, clades experience a diversity-dependent slowdown of diversification over time. At the other extreme of the radiation continuum, non-adaptively radiating lineages undergo diversification with minimal niche differentiation when ‘spatial opportunity’ (i.e. areas with suitable ‘ancestral’ ecological conditions) is available. Traditionally, most research has focused on adaptive radiations, while empirical studies on non-adaptive radiations remain lagging behind. A prolific clade of African fish with extremely short lifespan (Nothobranchius killifish), show the key evolutionary features of a candidate non-adaptive radiation – primarily allopatric species with minimal niche and phenotypic divergence. Here, we test the hypothesis that Nothobranchius killifish have non-adaptively diversified. We employ phylogenetic modelling to investigate the tempo and mode of macroevolutionary diversification of these organisms. Results Nothobranchius diversification has proceeded with minor niche differentiation and minimal morphological disparity among allopatric species. Additionally, we failed to identify evidence for a role of body size or biogeography in influencing diversification rates. Diversification has been homogeneous within this genus, with the only hotspot of species-richness not resulting from rapid diversification. However, species in sympatry show higher disparity, which may have been caused by character displacement among coexisting species. Conclusions Nothobranchius killifish have proliferated following the tempo and mode of a non-adaptive radiation. Our study confirms that this exceptionally short-lived group have diversified with minimal divergent niche adaptation, while one group of coexisting species seems to have facilitated spatial overlap among these taxa via the evolution of ecological character displacement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1344-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Lambert
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Brayford Campus, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Martin Reichard
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
- MacroBiodiversity Lab, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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20
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Adeoba MI, Yessoufou K. Analysis of temporal diversification of African Cyprinidae (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). Zookeys 2018:141-161. [PMID: 30588160 PMCID: PMC6302146 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.806.25844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence that freshwater fishes diversify faster than marine fishes signifies that the evolutionary history of biodiversity in freshwater system is of particular interest. Here, the evolutionary diversification events of African Cyprinidae, a freshwater fish family with wide geographic distribution, were reconstructed and analysed. The overall diversification rate of African Cyprinidae is 0.08 species per million year (when extinction rate is very high, i.e., ε = 0.9) and 0.11 species per million year (when ε = 0). This overall rate is lower than the rate reported for African Cichlids, suggesting that African freshwaters might be less conducive for a rapid diversification of Cyprinidae. However, the observed diversification events of African Cyprinidae occurred in the last 10 million years. The temporal pattern of these events follows a non-constant episodic birth-death model (Bayes Factor > 28) and the rate-constant model never outperformed any of the non-constant models tested. The fact that most diversification events occurred in the last 10 million years supports the pattern reported for Cyprinidae in other continent, e.g., Asia, perhaps pointing to concomitant diversification globally. However, the diversification events coincided with major geologic and paleo-climatic events in Africa, suggesting that geological and climatic events may have mediated the diversification patterns of Cyprinidae on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam I Adeoba
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kowiyou Yessoufou
- Department of Geography, Environmental management and Energy studies, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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Caetano DS, O'Meara BC, Beaulieu JM. Hidden state models improve state-dependent diversification approaches, including biogeographical models. Evolution 2018; 72:2308-2324. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Caetano
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Brian C. O'Meara
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996-1610
| | - Jeremy M. Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
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Waddell EH, Crotti M, Lougheed SC, Cannatella DC, Elmer KR. Hierarchies of evolutionary radiation in the world’s most species rich vertebrate group, the Neotropical Pristimantis leaf litter frogs. SYST BIODIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2018.1503202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Waddell
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Marco Crotti
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephen C. Lougheed
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David C. Cannatella
- Section of Integrative Biology and Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Recent radiation and dispersal of an ancient lineage: The case of Fouquieria (Fouquiericeae, Ericales) in North American deserts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 126:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abdelkrim J, Aznar-Cormano L, Fedosov AE, Kantor YI, Lozouet P, Phuong MA, Zaharias P, Puillandre N. Exon-Capture-Based Phylogeny and Diversification of the Venomous Gastropods (Neogastropoda, Conoidea). Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:2355-2374. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Abdelkrim
- Outils et Méthodes de la Systématique Intégrative (OMSI) UMS 2700, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Aznar-Cormano
- Outils et Méthodes de la Systématique Intégrative (OMSI) UMS 2700, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander E Fedosov
- A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri I Kantor
- A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pierre Lozouet
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Direction des Collections, 55, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mark A Phuong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul Zaharias
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Puillandre
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
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Adams NE, Inoue K, Seidel RA, Lang BK, Berg DJ. Isolation drives increased diversification rates in freshwater amphipods. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:746-757. [PMID: 29908996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vicariance and dispersal events affect current biodiversity patterns in desert springs. Whether major diversification events are due to environmental changes leading to radiation or due to isolation resulting in relict species is largely unknown. We seek to understand whether the Gammarus pecos species complex underwent major diversification events due to environmental changes in the area leading either to radiation into novel habitats, or formation of relicts due to isolation. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that Gammarus in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico and Texas, USA are descendants of an ancient marine lineage now containing multiple undescribed species. We sequenced a nuclear (28S) and two mitochondrial (16S, COI) genes from gammarid amphipods representing 16 desert springs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. We estimated phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and diversification rates of the Gammarus pecos complex. Our results revealed that the region contained two evolutionarily independent lineages: a younger Freshwater Lineage that shared a most-recent-common-ancestor with an older Saline Lineage ∼66.3 MYA (95.6-42.4 MYA). Each spring system generally formed a monophyletic clade based on the concatenated dataset. Freshwater Lineage diversification rates were 2.0-9.8 times higher than rates of the Saline Lineage. A series of post-Cretaceous colonizations by ancestral Gammarus taxa was likely followed by isolation. Paleo-geological, hydrological, and climatic events in the Neogene-to-Quaternary periods (23.03 MYA - present) in western North America promoted allopatric speciation of both lineages. We suggest that Saline Lineage populations include two undescribed Gammarus species, while the Freshwater Lineage shows repetition of fine-scale genetic structure in all major clades suggesting incipient speciation. Such ongoing speciation suggests that this region will continue to be a biodiversity hotspot for amphipods and other freshwater taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Adams
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Richard A Seidel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Brian K Lang
- New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM 87507, United States
| | - David J Berg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, OH 45011, United States
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Evolution of Hypolimnas butterflies (Nymphalidae): Out-of-Africa origin and Wolbachia-mediated introgression. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 123:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M, Westerman M. Bursts of morphological and lineage diversification in modern dasyurids, a ‘classic’ adaptive radiation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Michael Westerman
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Reaney AM, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Pincheira-Donoso D. Macroevolutionary diversification with limited niche disparity in a species-rich lineage of cold-climate lizards. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:16. [PMID: 29409440 PMCID: PMC5801843 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life diversifies via adaptive radiation when natural selection drives the evolution of ecologically distinct species mediated by their access to novel niche space, or via non-adaptive radiation when new species diversify while retaining ancestral niches. However, while cases of adaptive radiation are widely documented, examples of non-adaptively radiating lineages remain rarely observed. A prolific cold-climate lizard radiation from South America (Phymaturus), sister to a hyper-diverse adaptive radiation (Liolaemus), has extensively diversified phylogenetically and geographically, but with exceptionally minimal ecological and life-history diversification. This lineage, therefore, may offer unique opportunities to investigate the non-adaptive basis of diversification, and in combination with Liolaemus, to cover the whole spectrum of modes of diversification predicted by theory, from adaptive to non-adaptive. Using phylogenetic macroevolutionary modelling performed on a newly created 58-species molecular tree, we establish the tempo and mode of diversification in the Phymaturus radiation. RESULTS Lineage accumulation in Phymaturus opposes a density-dependent (or 'niche-filling') process of diversification. Concurrently, we found that body size diversification is better described by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck evolutionary model, suggesting stabilizing selection as the mechanism underlying niche conservatism (i.e., maintaining two fundamental size peaks), and which has predominantly evolved around two major adaptive peaks on a 'Simpsonian' adaptive landscape. CONCLUSIONS Lineage diversification of the Phymaturus genus does not conform to an adaptive radiation, as it is characterised by a constant rate of species accumulation during the clade's history. Their strict habitat requirements (rocky outcrops), predominantly invariant herbivory, and especially the constant viviparous reproduction across species have likely limited their opportunities for adaptive diversifications throughout novel environments. This mode of diversification contrasts dramatically with its sister lineage Liolaemus, which geographically overlaps with Phymaturus, but exploits all possible microhabitats in these and other bioclimatic areas. Our study contributes importantly to consolidate these lizards (liolaemids) as promising model systems to investigate the entire spectrum of modes of species formations, from the adaptive to the non-adaptive extremes of the continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Reaney
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7DL UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY UK
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7DL UK
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Phylogeny and biogeography of East Asian evergreen oaks (Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis; Fagaceae): Insights into the Cenozoic history of evergreen broad-leaved forests in subtropical Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:170-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Diversification dynamics and transoceanic Eurasian-Australian disjunction in the genus Picris (Compositae) induced by the interplay of shifts in intrinsic/extrinsic traits and paleoclimatic oscillations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:182-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sánchez-Reyes LL, Morlon H, Magallón S. Uncovering Higher-Taxon Diversification Dynamics from Clade Age and Species-Richness Data. Syst Biol 2018; 66:367-378. [PMID: 28003532 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between clade age and species richness has been increasingly used in macroevolutionary studies as evidence for ecologically versus time-dependent diversification processes. However, theory suggests that phylogenetic structure, age type (crown or stem age), and taxonomic delimitation can affect estimates of the age-richness correlation (ARC) considerably. We currently lack an integrative understanding of how these different factors affect ARCs, which in turn, obscures further interpretations. To assess its informative breadth, we characterize ARC behavior with simulated and empirical phylogenies, considering phylogenetic structure and both crown and stem ages. First, we develop a two-state birth-death model to simulate phylogenies including the origin of higher taxa and a hierarchical taxonomy to determine ARC expectations under ecologically and time-dependent diversification processes. Then, we estimate ARCs across various taxonomic ranks of extant amphibians, squamate reptiles, mammals, birds, and flowering plants. We find that our model reproduces the general ARC trends of a wide range of biological systems despite the particularities of taxonomic practice within each, suggesting that the model is adequate to establish a framework of ARC null expectations for different diversification processes when taxa are defined with a hierarchical taxonomy. ARCs estimated with crown ages were positive in all the scenarios we studied, including ecologically dependent processes. Negative ARCs were only found at less inclusive taxonomic ranks, when considering stem age, and when rates varied among clades. This was the case both in ecologically and time-dependent processes. Together, our results warn against direct interpretations of single ARC estimates and advocate for a more integrative use of ARCs across age types and taxonomic ranks in diversification studies. [Birth-Death models; crown age; diversity dependence; extinction; phylogenetic structure; speciation; stem age; taxonomy; time dependence; tree simulations.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna L Sánchez-Reyes
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Hélène Morlon
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8197 CNRS, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Susana Magallón
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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Ingram T, Harrison A, Mahler DL, Castañeda MDR, Glor RE, Herrel A, Stuart YE, Losos JB. Comparative tests of the role of dewlap size in Anolis lizard speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2199. [PMID: 28003450 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic traits may be linked to speciation in two distinct ways: character values may influence the rate of speciation or diversification in the trait may be associated with speciation events. Traits involved in signal transmission, such as the dewlap of Anolis lizards, are often involved in the speciation process. The dewlap is an important visual signal with roles in species recognition and sexual selection, and dewlaps vary among species in relative size as well as colour and pattern. We compile a dataset of relative dewlap size digitized from photographs of 184 anole species from across the genus' geographical range. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to test two hypotheses: that larger dewlaps are associated with higher speciation rates, and that relative dewlap area diversifies according to a speciational model of evolution. We find no evidence of trait-dependent speciation, indicating that larger signals do not enhance any role the dewlap has in promoting speciation. Instead, we find a signal of mixed speciational and gradual trait evolution, with a particularly strong signal of speciational change in the dewlaps of mainland lineages. This indicates that dewlap size diversifies in association with the speciation process, suggesting that divergent selection may play a role in the macroevolution of this signalling trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Ingram
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexis Harrison
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, 3031, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - María Del Rosario Castañeda
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Yoel E Stuart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station C0990, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Carneiro L, Bravo GA, Aristizábal N, Cuervo AM, Aleixo A. Molecular systematics and biogeography of lowland antpittas (Aves, Grallariidae): The role of vicariance and dispersal in the diversification of a widespread Neotropical lineage. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 120:375-389. [PMID: 29233706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We infer phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and the diversification history of the avian Neotropical antpitta genera Hylopezus and Myrmothera (Grallariidae), based on sequence data (3,139 base pairs) from two mitochondrial (ND2 and ND3) and three nuclear nuclear introns (TGFB2, MUSK and FGB-I5) from 142 individuals of the 12 currently recognized species in Hylopezus and Myrmothera and 5 outgroup species. Phylogenetic analyses recovered 19 lineages clustered into two major clades, both distributed in Central and South America. Hylopezus nattereri, previously considered a subspecies of H. ochroleucus, was consistently recovered as the most divergent lineage within the Grallaricula/Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade. Ancestral range estimation suggested that modern lowland antpittas probably originated in the Amazonian Sedimentary basin during the middle Miocene, and that most lineages within the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade appeared in the Plio-Pleistocene. However, the rate of diversification in the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade appeared to have remained constant through time, with no major shifts over the 20 million years. Although the timing when most modern lineages of the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade coincides with a period of intense landscape changes in the Neotropics (Plio-Pleistocene), the absence of any significant shifts in diversification rates over the last 20 million years challenges the view that there is a strict causal relationship between intensification of landscape changes and cladogenesis. The relative old age of the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade coupled with an important role ascribed to dispersal for its diversification, favor an alternative scenario whereby long-term persistence and dispersal across an ever-changing landscape might explain constant rates of cladogenesis through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Carneiro
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará-Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil; Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo A Bravo
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Natalia Aristizábal
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Andrés M Cuervo
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia.
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, CEP 66040-170 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Cyriac VP, Kodandaramaiah U. Paleoclimate determines diversification patterns in the fossorial snake family Uropeltidae Cuvier, 1829. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 116:97-107. [PMID: 28867076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how and why diversification rates vary across evolutionary time is central to understanding how biodiversity is generated and maintained. Recent mathematical models that allow estimation of diversification rates across time from reconstructed phylogenies have enabled us to make inferences on how biodiversity copes with environmental change. Here, we explore patterns of temporal diversification in Uropeltidae, a diverse fossorial snake family. We generate a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis for Uropeltidae and show a significant correlation between diversification rate and paleotemperature during the Cenozoic. We show that the temporal diversification pattern of this group is punctuated by one rate shift event with a decrease in diversification and turnover rate between ca. 11Ma to present, but there is no strong support for mass extinction events. The analysis indicates higher turnover during periods of drastic climatic fluctuations and reduced diversification rates associated with contraction and fragmentation of forest habitats during the late Miocene. Our study highlights the influence of environmental fluctuations on diversification rates in fossorial taxa such as uropeltids, and raises conservation concerns related to present rate of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Philip Cyriac
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) and School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) and School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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36
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Duchêne DA, Hua X, Bromham L. Phylogenetic estimates of diversification rate are affected by molecular rate variation. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1884-1897. [PMID: 28758282 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenies are increasingly being used to investigate the patterns and mechanisms of macroevolution. In particular, node heights in a phylogeny can be used to detect changes in rates of diversification over time. Such analyses rest on the assumption that node heights in a phylogeny represent the timing of diversification events, which in turn rests on the assumption that evolutionary time can be accurately predicted from DNA sequence divergence. But there are many influences on the rate of molecular evolution, which might also influence node heights in molecular phylogenies, and thus affect estimates of diversification rate. In particular, a growing number of studies have revealed an association between the net diversification rate estimated from phylogenies and the rate of molecular evolution. Such an association might, by influencing the relative position of node heights, systematically bias estimates of diversification time. We simulated the evolution of DNA sequences under several scenarios where rates of diversification and molecular evolution vary through time, including models where diversification and molecular evolutionary rates are linked. We show that commonly used methods, including metric-based, likelihood and Bayesian approaches, can have a low power to identify changes in diversification rate when molecular substitution rates vary. Furthermore, the association between the rates of speciation and molecular evolution rate can cause the signature of a slowdown or speedup in speciation rates to be lost or misidentified. These results suggest that the multiple sources of variation in molecular evolutionary rates need to be considered when inferring macroevolutionary processes from phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Duchêne
- Macroevolution & Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - X Hua
- Macroevolution & Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - L Bromham
- Macroevolution & Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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37
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Sahoo RK, Warren AD, Collins SC, Kodandaramaiah U. Hostplant change and paleoclimatic events explain diversification shifts in skipper butterflies (Family: Hesperiidae). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:174. [PMID: 28768477 PMCID: PMC5541431 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skippers (Family: Hesperiidae) are a large group of butterflies with ca. 4000 species under 567 genera. The lack of a time-calibrated higher-level phylogeny of the group has precluded understanding of its evolutionary past. We here use a 10-gene dataset to reconstruct the most comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of the group, and explore factors that affected the diversification of these butterflies. RESULTS Ancestral state reconstructions show that the early hesperiid lineages utilized dicots as larval hostplants. The ability to feed on monocots evolved once at the K-Pg boundary (ca. 65 million years ago (Mya)), and allowed monocot-feeders to diversify much faster on average than dicot-feeders. The increased diversification rate of the monocot-feeding clade is specifically attributed to rate shifts in two of its descendant lineages. The first rate shift, a four-fold increase compared to background rates, happened ca. 50 Mya, soon after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, in a lineage of the subfamily Hesperiinae that mostly fed on forest monocots. The second rate shift happened ca. 40 Mya in a grass-feeding lineage of Hesperiinae when open-habitat grasslands appeared in the Neotropics owing to gradual cooling of the atmospheric temperature. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of monocot feeding strongly influenced diversification of skippers. We hypothesize that although monocot feeding was an intrinsic trait that allowed exploration of novel niches, the lack of extensive availability of monocots comprised an extrinsic limitation for niche exploration. The shifts in diversification rate coincided with paleoclimatic events during which grasses and forest monocots were diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 551, India.
| | - Andrew D Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, PO Box 112710, 3215 Hull Rd., UF Cultural Plaza, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2710, USA
| | - Steve C Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), PO Box 14308 0800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 551, India
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Yu XQ, Gao LM, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Yang JB, Fang L, Yang SX, Li DZ. Insights into the historical assembly of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests revealed by the temporal history of the tea family. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1235-1248. [PMID: 28695680 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) inhabit large areas of East Asia. Although paleovegetation reconstructions have revealed that the subtropical EBLFs existed in Southwest China during the Miocene, the historical construction of these forests remains poorly known. Here, we used the tea family (Theaceae), a characteristic component of the subtropical EBLFs, to gain new insights into the assembly of this important biome. Using a robust phylogenetic framework of Theaceae based on plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data, the temporal history of the family was reconstructed. Data from other characteristic components of subtropical EBLFs, including Fagaceae, Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae, were also integrated. Most of the essential elements of the subtropical EBLFs appear to have originated around the Oligocene-Miocene (O-M) boundary. However, small woody lineages (e.g. Camellia, Hartia) from Theaceae were dated to the late Miocene. Accelerated net diversification rates within Theaceae were also detected near the O-M transition period and the late Miocene. Our results suggest that two independent intensifications of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) around the O-M boundary and the late Miocene may have facilitated the historical assembly of the subtropical EBLFs in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qin Yu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Liang Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Shi-Xiong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
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García-Navas V, Noguerales V, Cordero PJ, Ortego J. Ecological drivers of body size evolution and sexual size dimorphism in short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1592-1608. [PMID: 28609564 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread and variable in nature. Although female-biased SSD predominates among insects, the proximate ecological and evolutionary factors promoting this phenomenon remain largely unstudied. Here, we employ modern phylogenetic comparative methods on eight subfamilies of Iberian grasshoppers (85 species) to examine the validity of different models of evolution of body size and SSD and explore how they are shaped by a suite of ecological variables (habitat specialization, substrate use, altitude) and/or constrained by different evolutionary pressures (female fecundity, strength of sexual selection, length of the breeding season). Body size disparity primarily accumulated late in the history of the group and did not follow a Brownian motion pattern, indicating the existence of directional evolution for this trait. We found support for the converse of Rensch's rule (i.e. females are proportionally bigger than males in large species) across all taxa but not within the two most speciose subfamilies (Gomphocerinae and Oedipodinae), which showed an isometric pattern. Our results do not provide support for the fecundity or sexual selection hypotheses, and we did not find evidence for significant effects of habitat use. Contrary to that expected, we found that species with narrower reproductive window are less dimorphic in size than those that exhibit a longer breeding cycle, suggesting that male protandry cannot solely account for the evolution of female-biased SSD in Orthoptera. Our study highlights the need to consider alternatives to the classical evolutionary hypotheses when trying to explain why in certain insect groups males remain small.
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Affiliation(s)
- V García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - V Noguerales
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P J Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
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Silva T, Guzmán A, Urantówka AD, Mackiewicz P. A new parrot taxon from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico-its position within genus Amazona based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3475. [PMID: 28674651 PMCID: PMC5490482 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parrots (Psittaciformes) are a diverse group of birds which need urgent protection. However, many taxa from this order have an unresolved status, which makes their conservation difficult. One species-rich parrot genus is Amazona, which is widely distributed in the New World. Here we describe a new Amazona form, which is endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula. This parrot is clearly separable from other Amazona species in eleven morphometric characters as well as call and behavior. The clear differences in these features imply that the parrot most likely represents a new species. In contrast to this, the phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial markers shows that this parrot groups with strong support within A. albifrons from Central America, which would suggest that it is a subspecies of A. albifrons. However, taken together tree topology tests and morphometric analyses, we can conclude that the new parrot represents a recently evolving species, whose taxonomic status should be further confirmed. This lineage diverged from its closest relative about 120,000 years ago and was subjected to accelerated morphological and behavioral changes like some other representatives of the genus Amazona. Our phylogenies, which are so far the most comprehensive for Amazona taxa enabled us to consider the most feasible scenarios about parrot colonization of the Greater and Lesser Antilles and Central America from South America mainland. The molecular dating of these migrations and diversification rate were correlated with climatic and geological events in the last five million years, giving an interesting insight into Amazon parrot phylogeography and their evolution in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Silva
- IFAS/TREC Advisory Committee, University of Florida, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Antonio Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adam D. Urantówka
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Mackiewicz P, Moska M, Wierzbicki H, Gagat P, Mackiewicz D. Evolutionary history and phylogeographic relationships of shrews from Sorex araneus group. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179760. [PMID: 28650986 PMCID: PMC5484494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrews of the Sorex genus are an evolutionarily successful group that includes more than 77 species widely distributed in Eurasia and North America. The genus is one of the rare cases where karyotypic changes reflect well the evolutionary relationships among its species. The taxa showing the greatest variation in karyotype are usually classified into the Sorex araneus group. Its evolution was associated with chromosomal rearrangements, which could have promoted fast diversification of this group into many chromosomal races and species. These processes were additionally complicated by introgressions of mitochondrial DNA, which made the evolutionary history of this group quite complex and difficult to infer. To tackle the problem, we performed multi-method phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome b that is considered a good molecular marker available for many representatives of Sorex. The results were compared with phylogenies based on chromosomal rearrangement data and put into temporal and spatial context using molecular dating and historical biogeography methods. We complemented the study with the estimation of diversification rates within the S. araneus group as well as comparing the results with paleontological records and climatic oscillations within the last 4 million years. Based on the gathered data, we proposed a hypothetical scenario for the evolution and geographic dispersion of species belonging to the S. araneus group. The shrews began to diversify about 2.7 million years ago in Eurasia and then migrated at least twice to North America. The evolution of shrews was driven by Pleistocene glacial and interglacial cycles, which increased their speciation rate and the emergence of new lineages. The migrations of populations were accompanied by introgressions of mitochondrial DNA into native shrews and occurred at least twice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Moska
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Heliodor Wierzbicki
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Gagat
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Valcárcel V, Guzmán B, Medina NG, Vargas P, Wen J. Phylogenetic and paleobotanical evidence for late Miocene diversification of the Tertiary subtropical lineage of ivies (Hedera L., Araliaceae). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28641575 PMCID: PMC5480257 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedera (ivies) is one of the few temperate genera of the primarily tropical Asian Palmate group of the Araliaceae, which extends its range out of Asia to Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic results suggested Asia as the center of origin and the western Mediterranean region as one of the secondary centers of diversification. The bird-dispersed fleshy fruits of ivies suggest frequent dispersal over long distances (e.g. Macaronesian archipelagos), although reducing the impact of geographic barriers to gene flow in mainland species. Genetic isolation associated with geographic barriers and independent polyploidization events have been postulated as the main driving forces of diversification. In this study we aim to evaluate past and present diversification patterns in Hedera within a geographic and temporal framework to clarify the biogeographic history of the genus. RESULTS Phylogenetic (biogeographic, time divergence and diversification) and phylogeographic (coalescence) analyses using four DNA regions (nrITS, trnH-psbA, trnT-trnL, rpl32) revealed a complex spatial pattern of lineage divergence. Scarce geographic limitation to gene flow and limited diversification are observed during the early-mid Miocene, followed by a diversification rate increase related to geographic divergence from the Tortonian/Messinian. Genetic and palaeobotanical evidence points the origin of the Hedera clade in Asia, followed by a gradual E-W Asian extinction and the progressive E-W Mediterranean colonization. The temporal framework for the E Asia - W Mediterranean westward colonization herein reported is congruent with the fossil record. Subsequent range expansion in Europe and back colonization to Asia is also inferred. Uneven diversification among geographic areas occurred from the Tortonian/Messinian onwards with limited diversification in the newly colonized European and Asian regions. Eastern and western Mediterranean regions acted as refugia for Miocene and post-Miocene lineages, with a similar role as consecutive centers of centrifugal dispersal (including islands) and speciation. CONCLUSIONS The Miocene Asian extinction and European survival of Hedera question the general pattern of Tertiary regional extinction of temperate angiosperms in Europe while they survived in Asia. The Tortonian/Messinian diversification increase of ivies in the Mediterranean challenges the idea that this aridity period was responsible for the extinction of the Mediterranean subtropical Tertiary flora. Differential responses of Hedera to geographic barriers throughout its evolutionary history, linked to spatial isolation related to historical geologic and climatic constraints may have shaped diversification of ivies in concert with recurrent polyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valcárcel
- Department of Biology (Botany), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Guzmán
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - N G Medina
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - P Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Wen
- Department of Botany/MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Jurado-Rivera JA, Pons J, Alvarez F, Botello A, Humphreys WF, Page TJ, Iliffe TM, Willassen E, Meland K, Juan C, Jaume D. Phylogenetic evidence that both ancient vicariance and dispersal have contributed to the biogeographic patterns of anchialine cave shrimps. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2852. [PMID: 28588246 PMCID: PMC5460120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cave shrimps from the genera Typhlatya, Stygiocaris and Typhlopatsa (Atyidae) are restricted to specialised coastal subterranean habitats or nearby freshwaters and have a highly disconnected distribution (Eastern Pacific, Caribbean, Atlantic, Mediterranean, Madagascar, Australia). The combination of a wide distribution and a limited dispersal potential suggests a large-scale process has generated this geographic pattern. Tectonic plates that fragment ancestral ranges (vicariance) has often been assumed to cause this process, with the biota as passive passengers on continental blocks. The ancestors of these cave shrimps are believed to have inhabited the ancient Tethys Sea, with three particular geological events hypothesised to have led to their isolation and divergence; (1) the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, (2) the breakup of Gondwana, and (3) the closure of the Tethys Seaway. We test the relative contribution of vicariance and dispersal in the evolutionary history of this group using mitochondrial genomes to reconstruct phylogenetic and biogeographic scenarios with fossil-based calibrations. Given that the Australia/Madagascar shrimp divergence postdates the Gondwanan breakup, our results suggest both vicariance (the Atlantic opening) and dispersal. The Tethys closure appears not to have been influential, however we hypothesise that changing marine currents had an important early influence on their biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Jurado-Rivera
- Dept. of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears. Ctra. Valldemossa km 7'5, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Joan Pons
- IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies. C/ Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Colección Nacional de Crustáceos, Dpto. de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, UNAM. Tercer circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A.P. 70-153, México D.F. CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Botello
- Dept. de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Anillo del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juarez, 32300, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - William F Humphreys
- Western Australian Museum, Collections and Research, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA, 6986, Australia
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy J Page
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Water Planning Ecology, Queensland Dept. of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas M Iliffe
- Dept. of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, OCSB #251, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA
| | - Endre Willassen
- Dept. of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Postboks 7800, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Meland
- University of Bergen, Department of Biology, PO Box 7800, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Juan
- Dept. of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears. Ctra. Valldemossa km 7'5, Palma, 07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
- IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies. C/ Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Damià Jaume
- IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies. C/ Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Verheye ML, Backeljau T, d'Udekem d'Acoz C. Locked in the icehouse: Evolution of an endemic Epimeria (Amphipoda, Crustacea) species flock on the Antarctic shelf. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 114:14-33. [PMID: 28528744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Antarctic shelf's marine biodiversity has been greatly influenced by the climatic and glacial history of the region. Extreme temperature changes led to the extinction of some lineages, while others adapted and flourished. The amphipod genus Epimeria is an example of the latter, being particularly diverse in the Antarctic region. By reconstructing a time-calibrated phylogeny based on mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (28S and H3) markers and including Epimeria species from all oceans, this study provides a temporal and geographical framework for the evolution of Antarctic Epimeria. The monophyly of this genus is not supported by Bayesian Inference, as Antarctic and non-Antarctic Epimeria form two distinct well-supported clades, with Antarctic Epimeria being a sister clade to two stilipedid species. The monophyly of Antarctic Epimeria suggests that this clade evolved in isolation since its origin. While the precise timing of this origin remains unclear, it is inferred that the Antarctic lineage arose from a late Gondwanan ancestor and hence did not colonize the Antarctic region after the continent broke apart from the other fragments of Gondwanaland. The initial diversification of the clade occurred 38.04Ma (95% HPD [48.46Ma; 28.36Ma]) in a cooling environment. Adaptation to cold waters, along with the extinction of cold-intolerant taxa and resulting ecological opportunities, likely led to the successful diversification of Epimeria on the Antarctic shelf. However, there was neither evidence of a rapid lineage diversification early in the clade's history, nor of any shifts in diversification rates induced by glacial cycles. This suggests that a high turnover rate on the repeatedly scoured Antarctic shelf could have masked potential signals of diversification bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Verheye
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve, Department of Biology, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3 bte L7.06.04, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Universiteitsplein 1, 2160 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Pinpointing cryptic borders: Fine-scale phylogeography and genetic landscape analysis of the Hormogaster elisae complex (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 112:185-193. [PMID: 28487260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal aspects of the evolution of cryptic species complexes have received less attention than species delimitation within them. The phylogeography of the cryptic complex Hormogaster elisae (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae) lacks knowledge on several aspects, including the small-scale distribution of its lineages or the palaeogeographic context of their diversification. To shed light on these topics, a dense specimen collection was performed in the center of the Iberian Peninsula - resulting in 28 new H. elisae collecting points, some of them as close as 760m from each other- for a higher resolution of the distribution of the cryptic lineages and the relationships between the populations. Seven molecular regions were amplified: mitochondrial subunit 1 of cytochrome c oxidase (COI), 16S rRNA and tRNA Leu, Ala, and Ser (16S t-RNAs), one nuclear ribosomal gene (a fragment of 28S rRNA) and one nuclear protein-encoding gene (histone H3) in order to infer their phylogenetic relationships. Different representation methods of the pairwise divergence in the cytochrome oxidase I sequence (heatmap and genetic landscape graphs) were used to visualize the genetic structure of H. elisae. A nested approach sensu Mairal et al. (2015) (connecting the evolutionary rates of two datasets of different taxonomic coverage) was used to obtain one approximation to a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree based on external Clitellata fossils and a wide molecular dataset. Our results indicate that limited active dispersal ability and ecological or biotic barriers could explain the isolation of the different cryptic lineages, which never co-occur. Rare events of long distance dispersal through hydrochory appear as one of the possible causes of range expansion.
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Zhang SD, Jin JJ, Chen SY, Chase MW, Soltis DE, Li HT, Yang JB, Li DZ, Yi TS. Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1355-1367. [PMID: 28186635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae have long been problematic because of frequent hybridisation, apomixis and presumed rapid radiation, and their historical diversification has not been clarified. With 87 genera representing all subfamilies and tribes of Rosaceae and six of the other eight families of Rosales (outgroups), we analysed 130 newly sequenced plastomes together with 12 from GenBank in an attempt to reconstruct deep relationships and reveal temporal diversification of this family. Our results highlight the importance of improving sequence alignment and the use of appropriate substitution models in plastid phylogenomics. Three subfamilies and 16 tribes (as previously delimited) were strongly supported as monophyletic, and their relationships were fully resolved and strongly supported at most nodes. Rosaceae were estimated to have originated during the Late Cretaceous with evidence for rapid diversification events during several geological periods. The major lineages rapidly diversified in warm and wet habits during the Late Cretaceous, and the rapid diversification of genera from the early Oligocene onwards occurred in colder and drier environments. Plastid phylogenomics offers new and important insights into deep phylogenetic relationships and the diversification history of Rosaceae. The robust phylogenetic backbone and time estimates we provide establish a framework for future comparative studies on rosaceous evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Dong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Mark W Chase
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7800, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ting-Shuang Yi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Smith BT, Seeholzer GF, Harvey MG, Cuervo AM, Brumfield RT. A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001073. [PMID: 28406905 PMCID: PMC5390966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High tropical species diversity is often attributed to evolutionary dynamics over long timescales. It is possible, however, that latitudinal variation in diversification begins when divergence occurs within species. Phylogeographic data capture this initial stage of diversification in which populations become geographically isolated and begin to differentiate genetically. There is limited understanding of the broader implications of intraspecific diversification because comparative analyses have focused on species inhabiting and evolving in restricted regions and environments. Here, we scale comparative phylogeography up to the hemisphere level and examine whether the processes driving latitudinal differences in species diversity are also evident within species. We collected genetic data for 210 New World bird species distributed across a broad latitudinal gradient and estimated a suite of metrics characterizing phylogeographic history. We found that lower latitude species had, on average, greater phylogeographic diversity than higher latitude species and that intraspecific diversity showed evidence of greater persistence in the tropics. Factors associated with species ecologies, life histories, and habitats explained little of the variation in phylogeographic structure across the latitudinal gradient. Our results suggest that the latitudinal gradient in species richness originates, at least partly, from population-level processes within species and are consistent with hypotheses implicating age and environmental stability in the formation of diversity gradients. Comparative phylogeographic analyses scaled up to large geographic regions and hundreds of species can show connections between population-level processes and broad-scale species-richness patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tilston Smith
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Glenn F. Seeholzer
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Harvey
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrés M. Cuervo
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robb T. Brumfield
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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48
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Brennan IG, Oliver PM. Mass turnover and recovery dynamics of a diverse Australian continental radiation. Evolution 2017; 71:1352-1365. [PMID: 28213971 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trends in global and local climate history have been linked to observed macroevolutionary patterns across a variety of organisms. These climatic pressures may unilaterally or asymmetrically influence the evolutionary trajectory of clades. To test and compare signatures of changing global (Eocene-Oligocene boundary cooling) and continental (Miocene aridification) environments on a continental fauna, we investigated the macroevolutionary dynamics of one of Australia's most diverse endemic radiations, pygopodoid geckos. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny (>90% taxon coverage) to test whether (i) asymmetrical pygopodoid tree shape may be the result of mass turnover deep in the group's history, and (ii) how Miocene aridification shaped trends in biome assemblages. We find evidence of mass turnover in pygopodoids following the isolation of the Australian continental plate ∼30 million years ago, and in contrast, gradual aridification is linked to elevated speciation rates in the young arid zone. Surprisingly, our results suggest that invasion of arid habitats was not an evolutionary end point. Instead, arid Australia has acted as a source for diversity, with repeated outward dispersals having facilitated diversification of this group. This pattern contrasts trends in richness and distribution of other Australian vertebrates, illustrating the profound effects historical biome changes have on macroevolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Brennan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul M Oliver
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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49
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Grabowski M, Mamos T, Bącela-Spychalska K, Rewicz T, Wattier RA. Neogene paleogeography provides context for understanding the origin and spatial distribution of cryptic diversity in a widespread Balkan freshwater amphipod. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3016. [PMID: 28265503 PMCID: PMC5333542 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Balkans are a major worldwide biodiversity and endemism hotspot. Among the freshwater biota, amphipods are known for their high cryptic diversity. However, little is known about the temporal and paleogeographic aspects of their evolutionary history. We used paleogeography as a framework for understanding the onset of diversification in Gammarus roeselii: (1) we hypothesised that, given the high number of isolated waterbodies in the Balkans, the species is characterised by high level of cryptic diversity, even on a local scale; (2) the long geological history of the region might promote pre-Pleistocene divergence between lineages; (3) given that G. roeselii thrives both in lakes and rivers, its evolutionary history could be linked to the Balkan Neogene paleolake system; (4) we inspected whether the Pleistocene decline of hydrological networks could have any impact on the diversification of G. roeselii. MATERIAL AND METHODS DNA was extracted from 177 individuals collected from 26 sites all over Balkans. All individuals were amplified for ca. 650 bp long fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). After defining molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) based on COI, 50 individuals were amplified for ca. 900 bp long fragment of the nuclear 28S rDNA. Molecular diversity, divergence, differentiation and historical demography based on COI sequences were estimated for each MOTU. The relative frequency, geographic distribution and molecular divergence between COI haplotypes were presented as a median-joining network. COI was used also to reconstruct time-calibrated phylogeny with Bayesian inference. Probabilities of ancestors' occurrence in riverine or lacustrine habitats, as well their possible geographic locations, were estimated with the Bayesian method. A Neighbour Joining tree was constructed to illustrate the phylogenetic relationships between 28S rDNA haplotypes. RESULTS We revealed that G. roeselii includes at least 13 cryptic species or molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), mostly of Miocene origin. A substantial Pleistocene diversification within-MOTUs was observed in several cases. We evidenced secondary contacts between very divergent MOTUs and introgression of nDNA. The Miocene ancestors could live in either lacustrine or riverine habitats yet their presumed geographic localisations overlapped with those of the Neogene lakes. Several extant riverine populations had Pleistocene lacustrine ancestors. DISCUSSION Neogene divergence of lineages resulting in substantial cryptic diversity may be a common phenomenon in extant freshwater benthic crustaceans occupying areas that were not glaciated during the Pleistocene. Evolution of G. roeselii could be associated with gradual deterioration of the paleolakes. The within-MOTU diversification might be driven by fragmentation of river systems during the Pleistocene. Extant ancient lakes could serve as local microrefugia during that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mamos
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Rewicz
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Remi A. Wattier
- Laboratoire Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282, Dijon, France
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Ye Z, Chen P, Bu W. Terrestrial mountain islands and Pleistocene climate fluctuations as motors for speciation: A case study on the genus Pseudovelia (Hemiptera: Veliidae). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33625. [PMID: 27650911 PMCID: PMC5030487 DOI: 10.1038/srep33625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influences of geographic isolation and climate fluctuation on the genetic diversity, speciation, and biogeography of the genus Pseudovelia (Hemiptera: Veliidae) in subtropical China and tropic Indo-China Peninsula. Species nucleotide and haplotype diversities decreased with reduction in species distribution limits. The gene tree was congruent with the taxonomy of monophyly, except for four species, P. contorta, P. extensa, P. tibialis tibialis, and P. vittiformis. The conflicts between the genes and species tree could be due to long-term isolation and incomplete lineage sorting. Diversification analysis showed that the diversification rate (0.08 sp/My shifted to 0.5 sp/My) changed at 2.1 Ma, which occurred in the early Pleistocene period. Ancestral area reconstruction suggested that subtropical species possibly evolved from the tropics region (i.e., Indo-China Peninsula). Results implied that narrow endemics harbored relatively low genetic diversity because of small effective population and genetic drift. Radiation of subtropical Pseudovelia species was rapidly promoted by Pleistocene climate fluctuations and geographic isolation. The acute rising of the Hengduan Mountain with the entire uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau induced the initial differentiation of Pseudovelia species. These results highlighted the importance of geographical isolation and climate changes in promoting speciation in mountain habitat islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ye
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071,China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Netherlands Biodiversity Centre – Naturalis, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071,China
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