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Yang X, Zhu X, Sheng J, Fu Y, Nie D, You X, Chen Y, Yang X, Ling Q, Zhang H, Li X, Hu S. RNF213 promotes Treg cell differentiation by facilitating K63-linked ubiquitination and nuclear translocation of FOXO1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5961. [PMID: 39013878 PMCID: PMC11252262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells are critical players that orchestrate the immune response both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in other neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational protein modification involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. However, only a limited number of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been characterized in terms of their biological functions, particularly in CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. In this study, we found that the RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) specifically promoted regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in CD4+ T cells and attenuated autoimmune disease development in an FOXO1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, RNF213 interacts with Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) and promotes nuclear translocation of FOXO1 by K63-linked ubiquitination. Notably, RNF213 expression in CD4+ T cells was induced by IFN-β and exerts a crucial role in the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-β for MS. Together, our study findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of RNF213 in modulating adaptive immune responses. RNF213 holds potential as a promising therapeutic target for addressing disorders associated with Treg cells.
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MESH Headings
- Ubiquitination
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Animals
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/metabolism
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/genetics
- Mice
- Humans
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Female
- Mice, Knockout
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junli Sheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingnai Nie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong You
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Ling
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cui Sun M, Otálora-Alcaraz A, Prenderville JA, Downer EJ. Toll-like receptor signalling as a cannabinoid target. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116082. [PMID: 38438052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have become a focus in biomedicine and biomedical research given the roles of this unique family of innate immune proteins in immune activation, infection, and autoimmunity. It is evident that TLR dysregulation, and subsequent alterations in TLR-mediated inflammatory signalling, can contribute to disease pathogenesis, and TLR targeted therapies are in development. This review highlights evidence that cannabinoids are key regulators of TLR signalling. Cannabinoids include component of the plant Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa), synthetic and endogenous ligands, and overall represent a class of compounds whose therapeutic potential and mechanism of action continues to be elucidated. Cannabinoid-based medicines are in the clinic, and are furthermore under intense investigation for broad clinical development to manage symptoms of a range of disorders. In this review, we present an overview of research evidence that signalling linked to a range of TLRs is targeted by cannabinoids, and such cannabinoid mediated effects represent therapeutic avenues for further investigation. First, we provide an overview of TLRs, adaptors and key signalling events, alongside a summary of evidence that TLRs are linked to disease pathologies. Next, we discuss the cannabinoids system and the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics. Finally, for the bulk of this review, we systematically outline the evidence that cannabinoids (plant-derived cannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous cannabinoid ligands) can cross-talk with innate immune signalling governed by TLRs, focusing specifically on each member of the TLR family. Cannabinoids should be considered as key regulators of signalling controlled by TLRs, and such regulation should be a major focus in terms of the anti-inflammatory propensity of the cannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Cui Sun
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Almudena Otálora-Alcaraz
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jack A Prenderville
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Transpharmation Ireland Limited, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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3
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Prakash P, Erdjument-Bromage H, O'Dea MR, Munson CN, Labib D, Fossati V, Neubert TA, Liddelow SA. Proteomic profiling of interferon-responsive reactive astrocytes in rodent and human. Glia 2024; 72:625-642. [PMID: 38031883 PMCID: PMC10843807 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of central nervous system glial cells that respond to pathological insults and injury by undergoing a transformation called "reactivity." Reactive astrocytes exhibit distinct and context-dependent cellular, molecular, and functional state changes that can either support or disturb tissue homeostasis. We recently identified a reactive astrocyte sub-state defined by interferon-responsive genes like Igtp, Ifit3, Mx1, and others, called interferon-responsive reactive astrocytes (IRRAs). To further this transcriptomic definition of IRRAs, we wanted to define the proteomic changes that occur in this reactive sub-state. We induced IRRAs in immunopanned rodent astrocytes and human iPSC-differentiated astrocytes using TNF, IL1α, C1Q, and IFNβ and characterized their proteomic profile (both cellular and secreted) using unbiased quantitative proteomics. We identified 2335 unique cellular proteins, including IFIT2/3, IFITM3, OASL1/2, MX1/2/3, and STAT1. We also report that rodent and human IRRAs secrete PAI1, a serine protease inhibitor which may influence reactive states and functions of nearby cells. Finally, we evaluated how IRRAs are distinct from neurotoxic reactive astrocytes (NRAs). While NRAs are described by expression of the complement protein C3, it was not upregulated in IRRAs. Instead, we found ~90 proteins unique to IRRAs not identified in NRAs, including OAS1A, IFIT3, and MX1. Interferon signaling in astrocytes is critical for the antiviral immune response and for regulating synaptic plasticity and glutamate transport mechanisms. How IRRAs contribute to these functions is unknown. This study provides the basis for future experiments to define the functional roles of IRRAs in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael R O'Dea
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christy N Munson
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Amoriello R, Memo C, Ballerini L, Ballerini C. The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology. Mol Brain 2024; 17:4. [PMID: 38263055 PMCID: PMC10807071 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is finely protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Immune soluble factors such as cytokines (CKs) are normally produced in the CNS, contributing to physiological immunosurveillance and homeostatic synaptic scaling. CKs are peptide, pleiotropic molecules involved in a broad range of cellular functions, with a pivotal role in resolving the inflammation and promoting tissue healing. However, pro-inflammatory CKs can exert a detrimental effect in pathological conditions, spreading the damage. In the inflamed CNS, CKs recruit immune cells, stimulate the local production of other inflammatory mediators, and promote synaptic dysfunction. Our understanding of neuroinflammation in humans owes much to the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common autoimmune and demyelinating disease, in which autoreactive T cells migrate from the periphery to the CNS after the encounter with a still unknown antigen. CNS-infiltrating T cells produce pro-inflammatory CKs that aggravate local demyelination and neurodegeneration. This review aims to recapitulate the state of the art about CKs role in the healthy and inflamed CNS, with focus on recent advances bridging the study of adaptive immune system and neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Amoriello
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Christian Memo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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5
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Chen BY, Salas JR, Trias AO, Rodriguez AP, Tsang JE, Guemes M, Le TM, Galic Z, Shepard HM, Steinman L, Nathanson DA, Czernin J, Witte ON, Radu CG, Schultz KA, Clark PM. Targeting deoxycytidine kinase improves symptoms in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2023; 168:152-169. [PMID: 35986643 PMCID: PMC9844239 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease driven by lymphocyte activation against myelin autoantigens in the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway with the rate-limiting enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) captures extracellular deoxyribonucleosides for use in intracellular deoxyribonucleotide metabolism. Previous studies have shown that deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is enriched in lymphocytes and required for early lymphocyte development. However, specific roles for the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway and dCK in autoimmune diseases such as MS are unknown. Here we demonstrate that dCK activity is necessary for the development of clinical symptoms in the MOG35-55 and MOG1-125 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. During EAE disease, deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is elevated in the spleen and lymph nodes. Targeting dCK with the small molecule dCK inhibitor TRE-515 limits disease severity when treatments are started at disease induction or when symptoms first appear. EAE mice treated with TRE-515 have significantly fewer infiltrating leukocytes in the spinal cord, and TRE-515 blocks activation-induced B and T cell proliferation and MOG35-55 -specific T cell expansion without affecting innate immune cells or naïve T and B cell populations. Our results demonstrate that targeting dCK limits symptoms in EAE mice and suggest that dCK activity is required for MOG35-55 -specific lymphocyte activation-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ying Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica R. Salas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa O. Trias
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arely Perez Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Tsang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Guemes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thuc M. Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zoran Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A. Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Czernin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter M. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Transplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing LIF/IFN-β promotes recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Sci Rep 2022; 12:17835. [PMID: 36284106 PMCID: PMC9596436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease with inflammatory demyelination in the central nerve system. Besides the defect in the myelin repair process, the balance change in inflammatory and anti- inflammatory cytokines is one of the most significant factors in MS pathogenesis. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of co-overexpressing beta interferon (IFN-β) and Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in human adipose-derived stem cells (IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs) on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 12 days after the induction of EAE on female mice C57Bl/6 with MOG35-55 and the emergence of primary clinical signs, the IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs were injected into the mice tail vein of the EAE mice. The mice were sacrificed after 32 days and the spinal cords of the experimental groups were dissected out for the histopathologic and real-time RT-PCR studies. Here, we showed that the clinical scores and infiltration of mononuclear cells of treated mice with IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs were decreased significantly. Demyelination and the number of Olig2+ and MBP+ cells were significantly increased in the test (IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs) group. The findings revealed that the pattern of inflammatory and anti- inflammatory cytokines gene expression in the IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs group was reversed compared to the control group. Overexpression of LIF as a neurotrophic and IFN-β as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in hADSCs increases the immunomodulatory effect of hADSCs reduces the extent of demyelination, improves the number of Olig2+ cells, and also increases the amount of MBP protein which can increase the production of myelin in EAE model. This, besides hADSCs capacity for proliferation and differentiation, might enhance the treatment efficacy and provide a promising candidate for stem cell-based gene therapy of MS therapy in the future.
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Dei Zotti F, Moriconi C, Qiu A, Miller A, Hudson KE. Distinct CD4+ T cell signature in ANA-positive young adult patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972127. [PMCID: PMC9608560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of immune tolerance can lead to autoantibody production resulting in autoimmune diseases, a broad spectrum of organ-specific or systemic disorders. Immune tolerance mechanisms regulate autoreactive T and B cells, yet some lymphocytes escape and promote autoantibody production. CD4+ T cell dysregulation, characterized by decreased or impaired regulatory cells (Tregs) and/or accumulation of memory and effector T cells such as TH17, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Antinuclear antibody (ANAs) testing is used as a first step for the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders, although most ANA-positive individuals do not have nor will develop an autoimmune disease. Studying the differences of T cell compartment among healthy blood donors, ANA-negative patients and ANA-positive patients, in which loss of tolerance have not led to autoimmunity, may improve our understanding on how tolerance mechanisms fail. Herein, we report that ANA-positive patients exhibit a distinct distribution of T cell subsets: significantly reduced frequencies of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and naïve T cells, and significantly increased frequencies of central memory T cells, TH2 and TH17 cells; modulations within the T cell compartment are most profound within the 18-40 year age range. Moreover, CD4+ T cells in ANA-positive patients are metabolically active, as determined by a significant increase in mTORC1 and mTORC2 signals, compared to ANA-negative patients and healthy blood donors. No significant impairment of Treg numbers or pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed. These results identify a unique T cell signature associated with autoantibody production in the absence of autoimmune disease.
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Fitzpatrick JM, Hackett B, Costelloe L, Hind W, Downer EJ. Botanically-Derived Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol, and Their 1:1 Combination, Modulate Toll-like Receptor 3 and 4 Signalling in Immune Cells from People with Multiple Sclerosis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061763. [PMID: 35335126 PMCID: PMC8951523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response to bacterial and viral molecules involves the coordinated production of cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons (IFNs), which is orchestrated by toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs, and their intracellular signalling intermediates, are closely associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Recent data from our laboratory reported that the plant-derived cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), regulate viral and bacterial inflammatory signalling pathways controlled by TLR3 and TLR4 in macrophages. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of THC and CBD, when delivered in isolation and in combination (1:1), on TLR3- and TLR4-dependent signalling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from people with MS (pwMS; n = 21) and healthy controls (HCs; n = 26). We employed the use of poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce viral TLR3 and bacterial TLR4 signalling, and PBMCs were pre-exposed to plant-derived highly purified THC (10 μM), CBD (10 μM), or a combination of both phytocannabinoids (1:1 ratio, 10:10 μM), prior to LPS/poly(I:C) exposure. TLR3 stimulation promoted the protein expression of the chemokine CXCL10 and the type I IFN-β in PBMCs from both cohorts. THC and CBD (delivered in 1:1 combination at 10 μM) attenuated TLR3-induced CXCL10 and IFN-β protein expression in PBMCs from pwMS and HCs, and this effect was not seen consistently when THC and CBD were delivered alone. In terms of LPS, TLR4 activation promoted TNF-α expression in PBMCs from both cohorts, and, interestingly, CBD when delivered alone at 10 μM, and in combination with THC (in 1:1 combination at 10 μM), exacerbated TLR4-induced TNF-α protein expression in PBMCs from pwMS and HCs. THC and CBD displayed no evidence of toxicity in primary PBMCs. No significant alteration in the relative expression of TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA, or components of the endocannabinoid system, including the cannabinoid receptor CB1 (encoded by CNR1 gene) and CB2 (encoded by CNR2 gene), and endocannabinoid metabolising enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL), was determined in PBMCs from pwMS versus HCs. Given their role in inflammation, TLRs are clinical targets, and data herein identify CBD and THC as TLR3 and TLR4 modulating drugs in primary immune cells in vitro. This offers insight on the cellular target(s) of phytocannabinoids in targeting inflammation in the context of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Mark Fitzpatrick
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.-M.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Becky Hackett
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.-M.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Lisa Costelloe
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, D09 V2N0 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - William Hind
- GW Research Ltd., Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon CB24 9BZ, UK;
| | - Eric J. Downer
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (J.-M.F.); (B.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen K, Lai C, Su Y, Bao WD, Yang LN, Xu PP, Zhu LQ. cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-I response in host defense and neuro-inflammatory diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:362-371. [PMID: 34561985 PMCID: PMC9413793 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210924110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of foreign or misplaced nucleic acids is a danger signal that triggers innate immune responses through activating cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and binding to its downstream signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Then the cGAS-STING pathway activation links nucleic acid sensing to immune responses and pathogenic entities clearance. However, overactivation of this signaling pathway leads to fatal immune disorders and contributes to the progression of many human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, optimal activation of this pathway is crucial for the elimination of invading pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize its fundamental roles in initiating host defense against invading pathogens and discuss its pathogenic roles in multiple neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuan Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Dai Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liu Nan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping-Ping Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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10
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Dieu RS, Wais V, Sørensen MZ, Marczynska J, Dubik M, Kavan S, Thomassen M, Burton M, Kruse T, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Central Nervous System-Endogenous TLR7 and TLR9 Induce Different Immune Responses and Effects on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:685645. [PMID: 34211367 PMCID: PMC8241214 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.685645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate receptors, including Toll like receptors (TLRs), are implicated in pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TLR response to pathogens or endogenous signals includes production of immunoregulatory mediators. One of these, interferon (IFN)β, a Type I IFN, plays a protective role in MS and EAE. We have previously shown that intrathecal administration of selected TLR ligands induced IFNβ and infiltration of blood-derived myeloid cells into the central nervous system (CNS), and suppressed EAE in mice. We have now extended these studies to evaluate a potential therapeutic role for CNS-endogenous TLR7 and TLR9. Intrathecal application of Imiquimod (TLR7 ligand) or CpG oligonucleotide (TLR9 ligand) into CNS of otherwise unmanipulated mice induced IFNβ expression, with greater magnitude in response to CpG. CD45+ cells in the meninges were identified as source of IFNβ. Intrathecal CpG induced infiltration of monocytes, neutrophils, CD4+ T cells and NK cells whereas Imiquimod did not recruit blood-derived CD45+ cells. CpG, but not Imiquimod, had a beneficial effect on EAE, when given at time of disease onset. This therapeutic effect of CpG on EAE was not seen in mice lacking the Type I IFN receptor. In mice with EAE treated with CpG, the proportion of monocytes was significantly increased in the CNS. Infiltrating cells were predominantly localized to spinal cord meninges and demyelination was significantly reduced compared to non-treated mice with EAE. Our findings show that TLR7 and TLR9 signaling induce distinct inflammatory responses in the CNS with different outcome in EAE and point to recruitment of blood-derived cells and IFNβ induction as possible mechanistic links between TLR9 stimulation and amelioration of EAE. The protective role of TLR9 signaling in the CNS may have application in treatment of diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthe Storgaard Dieu
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vian Wais
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Zaucha Sørensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Dubik
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Kavan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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11
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Ma C, Li S, Hu Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Wu C, Liu X, Wang B, Hu G, Zhou J, Yang S. AIM2 controls microglial inflammation to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201796. [PMID: 33710283 PMCID: PMC7961553 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the PYHIN family member absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), another important inflammasome sensor, in EAE remains unclear. In this study, we found that AIM2 negatively regulates the pathogenesis of EAE independent of inflammasome activation. AIM2 deficiency enhanced microglia activation and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, thereby promoting neuroinflammation and demyelination during EAE. Mechanistically, AIM2 negatively regulates the DNA-PK-AKT3 in microglia to control neuroinflammation synergistically induced by cGAS and DNA-PK. Administration of a DNA-PK inhibitor reduced the severity of the EAE. Collectively, these findings identify a new role for AIM2 in controlling the onset of EAE. Furthermore, delineation of the underlying inflammasome-independent mechanism highlights cGAS and DNA-PK signaling as potential targets for the treatment of heterogeneous MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/genetics
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/immunology
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Inflammasomes/genetics
- Inflammasomes/immunology
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchao Hu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Mazewski C, Perez RE, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Type I Interferon (IFN)-Regulated Activation of Canonical and Non-Canonical Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606456. [PMID: 33329603 PMCID: PMC7719805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades there has been accumulating evidence implicating type I interferons (IFNs) as key elements of the immune response. Therapeutic approaches incorporating different recombinant type I IFN proteins have been successfully employed to treat a diverse group of diseases with significant and positive outcomes. The biological activities of type I IFNs are consequences of signaling events occurring in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. Biochemical events involving JAK/STAT proteins that control transcriptional activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were the first to be identified and are referred to as "canonical" signaling. Subsequent identification of JAK/STAT-independent signaling pathways, critical for ISG transcription and/or mRNA translation, are denoted as "non-canonical" or "non-classical" pathways. In this review, we summarize these signaling cascades and discuss recent developments in the field, specifically as they relate to the biological and clinical implications of engagement of both canonical and non-canonical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Mazewski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ricardo E. Perez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eleanor N. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Wang Z, Zheng G, Li G, Wang M, Ma Z, Li H, Wang XY, Yi H. Methylprednisolone alleviates multiple sclerosis by expanding myeloid-derived suppressor cells via glucocorticoid receptor β and S100A8/9 up-regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13703-13714. [PMID: 33094923 PMCID: PMC7753844 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone is an effective drug in the treatment of autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), due to long‐acting anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic and immunosuppressant. Previous studies have noted the importance of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in MS progression. However, it is still not known whether methylprednisolone could influence the ratio and function of MDSC during MS treatment. In the current study, we found an increased ratio of MDSC at the onset of EAE in mice model; but methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MPPT) did not alter the percentage and suppressive function of MDSC during disease attenuation. However, the percentage of G‐MDSC in PBMC significantly increased in patients with MS. Surprisingly, relapsing MS patients showed a significant increase in both M‐MDSC and G‐MDSC after MPPT. The disease remission positively correlated expansion of MDSC and expression of arginase‐1. Additionally, MPPT reduced the expression of inhibitory glucocorticoid (GCs) receptor β subunit on MDSC while elevating serum levels of immune regulatory S100A8/A9 heterodimer. Thus, MDSC dynamics and function in mouse EAE differ from those in human MS during MPPT. Our study suggested that GCs treatment may help relieve the acute phase of MS by expanding MDSC through up‐regulating of GR signalling and S100A8/A9 heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Vasculocardiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ge Zheng
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangjian Li
- Neurology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengkun Wang
- Pediatric Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huanfa Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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14
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Helbi S, Ravanbakhsh B, Karimi M, Kooti W, Jivad N. Aligned Expression of IFI16 and STING Genes in RRMS Patients' Blood. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:878-886. [PMID: 31362682 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190729112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The most common disease phenotype is Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS). Beta interferons are the first line of RRMS patients' treatment. Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) as a DNA sensing molecule and its downstream complex stimulator of interferon genes (STING) play a critical role in the activation of type I interferons. Hence we aimed to evaluate the expression rate of IFI16 and STING in RRMS patients' blood under a different type of IFNβ treatment. METHODS In the present study, 99 individuals participated. The participants were divided into 4 groups: 28 control subjects, 25 new cases of RRMS patients, 25 RRMS patients treated with IFNβ-1a (B1a), 21 RRMS patients treated with IFNβ-1b (B1b). The EDTA-treated blood samples were taken and transferred at standard conditions to the Cellular and Molecular Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, RNA was extracted and converted into cDNA. To evaluate the expression of IFI16 and STING, the Real-Time PCR method using SYBR Green/ROX qPCR master mix was performed done. The level of genes expression was measured using 2-ΔΔCt method. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS v22 software. RESULTS Comparison of the IFI and STING mRNA expression in blood samples in association with gender and age showed no significant differences (p>0.05). Also, the evaluation of IFI16 mRNA level revealed that the IFI16 genes' expressions were remarkably higher in the new case group compared to the control group, however, STING expression did not show any significant difference. The mRNA levels of IFI16 and STING in IFNβ-treated groups were significantly lower than the new case group (p<0.001). Also, the genes' expressions in both the IFNβ-treated groups were significantly lower compared to the control group (p<0.001). In the assessment of the correlation of IFI16 and STING expressions with age and sex in different research groups, no statistically significant differences were seen (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Perhaps the IFNβ therapy decreases the IFI16 and STING expression in a STINGdependent pathway as a negative feedback mechanism for regulation of the immune system and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines production. The important role of DNA sensing molecules and STING-dependent pathway in MS gives a new insight into future treatment based on STING-direct therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Helbi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Behnam Ravanbakhsh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Wesam Kooti
- Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Nahid Jivad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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15
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Melero-Jerez C, Suardíaz M, Lebrón-Galán R, Marín-Bañasco C, Oliver-Martos B, Machín-Díaz I, Fernández Ó, de Castro F, Clemente D. The presence and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells are potentiated after interferon-β treatment in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:13-31. [PMID: 30798007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), mainly affecting young adults. Among the immunomodulatory disease modifying treatments approved up to date to treat MS, IFN-β remains to be one of the most widely prescribed for the Relapsing-Remitting (RR) variant of the disease, although its mechanism of action is still partially understood. RR-MS variant is characterized by phases with increasing neurological symptoms (relapses) followed by periods of total or partial recovery (remissions), which implies the existence of immunomodulatory agents to promote the relapsing-to-remitting transition. Among these agents, it has been described the immunosuppressive role of a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, namely the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during the clinical course of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most used MS model to study RRMS. However, it is still unknown how the current MS disease modifying treatments, e.g. IFN- β, affects to MDSCs number or activity. Our present results show that a single injection of IFN-β at the onset of the clinical course reduces the severity of the EAE, enhancing the presence of MDSCs within the smaller demyelinated areas. Moreover, the single dose of IFN-β promotes MDSC immunosuppressive activity both in vivo and in vitro, augmenting T cell apoptosis. Finally, we show that IFN-ß preserves MDSC immaturity, preventing their differentiation to mature and less suppressive myeloid cell subsets. Taking together, all these data add new insights into the mechanism of IFN-β treatment in EAE and point to MDSCs as a putative endogenous mediator of its beneficial role in this animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Suardíaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Marín-Bañasco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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16
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Scheu S, Ali S, Mann-Nüttel R, Richter L, Arolt V, Dannlowski U, Kuhlmann T, Klotz L, Alferink J. Interferon β-Mediated Protective Functions of Microglia in Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E190. [PMID: 30621022 PMCID: PMC6337097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination and axonal damage. It often affects young adults and can lead to neurological disability. Interferon β (IFNβ) preparations represent widely used treatment regimens for patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) with therapeutic efficacy in reducing disease progression and frequency of acute exacerbations. In mice, IFNβ therapy has been shown to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS while genetic deletion of IFNβ or its receptor augments clinical severity of disease. However, the complex mechanism of action of IFNβ in CNS autoimmunity has not been fully elucidated. Here, we review our current understanding of the origin, phenotype, and function of microglia and CNS immigrating macrophages in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. In addition, we highlight the emerging roles of microglia as IFNβ-producing cells and vice versa the impact of IFNβ on microglia in CNS autoimmunity. We finally discuss recent progress in unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms of IFNβ-mediated effects in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ritu Mann-Nüttel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lisa Richter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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17
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Burrows DJ, McGown A, Jain SA, De Felice M, Ramesh TM, Sharrack B, Majid A. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: From rodents to zebrafish. Mult Scler 2018; 25:306-324. [PMID: 30319015 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518805246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Animal models of MS have been critical for elucidating MS pathological mechanisms and how they may be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Here we review the most commonly used animal models of MS. Although these animal models cannot fully replicate the MS disease course, a number of models have been developed to recapitulate certain stages. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used to explore neuroinflammatory mechanisms and toxin-induced demyelinating models to further our understanding of oligodendrocyte biology, demyelination and remyelination. Zebrafish models of MS are emerging as a useful research tool to validate potential therapeutic candidates due to their rapid development and amenability to genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David John Burrows
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexander McGown
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Saurabh A Jain
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Milena De Felice
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tennore M Ramesh
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Basil Sharrack
- Academic Department of Neuroscience, The Sheffield NIHR Translational Neuroscience Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arshad Majid
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK/Academic Department of Neuroscience, The Sheffield NIHR Translational Neuroscience Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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18
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Suramin potently inhibits cGAMP synthase, cGAS, in THP1 cells to modulate IFN-β levels. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1301-1317. [PMID: 29558821 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Persistent activation of STING pathway is the basis for several autoimmune diseases. STING is activated by cGAMP, which is produced by cGAS in the presence of DNA. Results/methodology: HPLC-based medium throughput screening for inhibitors of cGAS identified suramin as a potent inhibitor. Unlike other reported cGAS inhibitors, which bind to the ATP/GTP binding site, suramin displaced the bound DNA from cGAS. Addition of suramin to THP1 cells reduced the levels of IFN-β mRNA and protein. Suramin did not inhibit lipopolysaccharide- or Pam3CSK4-induced IL-6 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Suramin inhibits STING pathway via the inhibition of cGAS enzymatic activity. Suramin or analogs thereof that displace DNA from cGAS could be used as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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19
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Combined Treatment with Methylprednisolone and Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:183-194. [PMID: 30603546 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although advances have been made in the treatment of MS, such as the use of IFN-β, glucocorticoids and stem cells, the therapeutic effects of these treatments are not sufficient. In the present study, we evaluated whether the combination of methylprednisolone (MP) and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could enhance the therapeutic effectiveness in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS. EAE was induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG 35-55). The immunized mice received an intraperitoneal injection of MP (20 mg/kg), an intravenous injection of BM-MSCs (1 × 106 cells) or both on day 14 after immunization. Combination treatment significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms, along with attenuating inflammatory infiltration and demyelination, compared to either treatment alone. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17) was significantly reduced, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) was significantly increased by the combination treatment as compared to either treatment alone. Flow cytometry analysis of MOG-reactivated T cells in spleen showed that combination treatment reduced the number of CD4+CD45+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, combination treatment enhanced apoptosis in MOG-reactivated CD4+ T cells, a key cellular subset in MS pathogenesis. Combination treatment with MP and BM-MSCs provides a novel treatment protocol for enhancing therapeutic effects in MS.
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Pennell LM, Fish EN. Interferon-β regulates dendritic cell activation and migration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunology 2017. [PMID: 28646573 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) exert a critical role as antigen-presenting cells in regulating pathogenic T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS). To determine whether the therapeutic benefit of interferon-β (IFN-β) treatment for MS is in part influenced by IFN regulation of DC function, we examined the immunophenotype of DCs derived from IFN-β+/+ and IFN-β-/- mice using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-induced mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our earlier work identified that IFN-β-/- mice exhibit earlier onset and more rapid progression of neurological impairment compared with IFN-β+/+ mice. In this study we show that lipopolysaccharide-/MOG peptide-stimulated IFN-β-/- DCs secrete cytokines associated with pathological T helper type 17 rather than regulatory T-cell polarization and exhibit increased CD80 and MHCII expression when compared with stimulated IFN-β+/+ DCs. IFN-β-/- DCs from mice immunized to develop EAE induce greater proliferation of MOG-transgenic CD4+ T cells and promote interleukin-17 production by these T cells. Adoptive transfer of MOG peptide-primed IFN-β-/- DCs into IFN-β+/+ and IFN-β-/- mice immunized to develop EAE resulted in their rapid migration into the central nervous system of recipient mice, before onset of disease, which we attribute to failed signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-mediated inhibition of CCR7. Taken together, our data support immunoregulatory roles for IFN-β in the activation and migration of DCs during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa M Pennell
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Marin‐Bañasco C, Benabdellah K, Melero‐Jerez C, Oliver B, Pinto‐Medel MJ, Hurtado‐Guerrero I, de Castro F, Clemente D, Fernández O, Martin F, Leyva L, Suardíaz M. Gene therapy with mesenchymal stem cells expressing IFN-ß ameliorates neuroinflammation in experimental models of multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:238-253. [PMID: 27882538 PMCID: PMC5241389 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recombinant IFN-ß is one of the first-line treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS), despite its lack of efficacy in some patients. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapeutic alternative due to their immunomodulatory properties and multipotency. Moreover, by taking advantage of their pathotropism, these cells can be genetically modified to be used as carriers for delivering or secreting therapeutic drugs into injured tissues. Here, we report the therapeutic effect of systemic delivery of adipose-derived MSCs (AdMSCs), transduced with the IFN-β gene, into mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Relapsing-remitting and chronic progressive EAE were induced in mice. Cells were injected i.v. Disease severity, inflammation and tissue damage were assessed clinically, by flow cytometry of spleens and histopathological evaluation of the CNS respectively. KEY RESULTS Genetic engineering did not modify the biological characteristics of these AdMSCs (morphology, growth rate, immunophenotype and multipotency). Furthermore, the transduction of IFN-ß to AdMSCs maintained and, in some cases, enhanced the functional properties of AdMSCs by ameliorating the symptoms of MS in EAE models and by decreasing indications of peripheral and central neuro-inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Gene therapy was found to be more effective than cell therapy in ameliorating several clinical parameters in both EAE models, presumably due to the continuous expression of IFN-β. Furthermore, it has significant advantages over AdMSC therapy, and also over systemic IFN-ß treatment, by providing long-term expression of the cytokine at therapeutic concentrations and reducing the frequency of injections, while minimizing dose-limiting side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/therapy
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marin‐Bañasco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
| | - K Benabdellah
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Genomic Medicine DepartmentGENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer‐University of Granada‐Andalusian Regional GovernmentGranadaSpain
| | - C Melero‐Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo‐GNDeInstituto Cajal‐CSIC28002MadridSpain
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno‐ReparaciónHospital Nacional de Parapléjicos45071ToledoSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - B Oliver
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - M J Pinto‐Medel
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - I Hurtado‐Guerrero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
| | - F de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo‐GNDeInstituto Cajal‐CSIC28002MadridSpain
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo‐GNDeHospital Nacional de Parapléjicos45071ToledoSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - D Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno‐ReparaciónHospital Nacional de Parapléjicos45071ToledoSpain
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo‐GNDeHospital Nacional de Parapléjicos45071ToledoSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - O Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - F Martin
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Genomic Medicine DepartmentGENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer‐University of Granada‐Andalusian Regional GovernmentGranadaSpain
| | - L Leyva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - M Suardíaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter‐centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaUniversidad de MálagaSpain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)BarcelonaSpain
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Wang D, Ghosh D, Islam SMT, Moorman CD, Thomason AE, Wilkinson DS, Mannie MD. IFN-β Facilitates Neuroantigen-Dependent Induction of CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells That Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:2992-3007. [PMID: 27619998 PMCID: PMC5101178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces a flexible format for tolerogenic vaccination that incorporates IFN-β and neuroantigen (NAg) in the Alum adjuvant. Tolerogenic vaccination required all three components, IFN-β, NAg, and Alum, for inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induction of tolerance. Vaccination with IFN-β + NAg in Alum ameliorated NAg-specific sensitization and inhibited EAE in C57BL/6 mice in pretreatment and therapeutic regimens. Tolerance induction was specific for the tolerogenic vaccine Ag PLP178-191 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 in proteolipid protein- and MOG-induced models of EAE, respectively, and was abrogated by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD25 mAb. IFN-β/Alum-based vaccination exhibited hallmarks of infectious tolerance, because IFN-β + OVA in Alum-specific vaccination inhibited EAE elicited by OVA + MOG in CFA but not EAE elicited by MOG in CFA. IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicited elevated numbers and percentages of FOXP3+ T cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs in 2D2 MOG-specific transgenic mice, and repeated boosters facilitated generation of activated CD44high CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. IFN-β and MOG35-55 elicited suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs in vitro in the absence of Alum via a mechanism that was neutralized by anti-TGF-β and that resulted in the induction of an effector CD69+ CTLA-4+ IFNAR+ FOXP3+ Treg subset. In vitro IFN-β + MOG-induced Tregs inhibited EAE when transferred into actively challenged recipients. Unlike IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccines, vaccination with TGF-β + MOG35-55 in Alum did not increase Treg percentages in vivo. Overall, this study indicates that IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicits NAg-specific, suppressive CD25+ Tregs that inhibit CNS autoimmune disease. Thus, IFN-β has the activity spectrum that drives selective responses of suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Ashton E Thomason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
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23
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Mohammadzadeh A, Pourfathollah AA, Shahrokhi S, Fallah A, Tahoori MT, Amari A, Forouzandeh M, Soleimani M. Evaluation of AD-MSC (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells) as a vehicle for IFN-β delivery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2016; 169:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Kavrochorianou N, Markogiannaki M, Haralambous S. IFN-β differentially regulates the function of T cell subsets in MS and EAE. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Fitzpatrick JMK, Downer EJ. Toll-like receptor signalling as a cannabinoid target in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:618-626. [PMID: 27079840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the sensors of pathogen-associated molecules that trigger tailored innate immune intracellular signalling responses to initiate innate immune reactions. Data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model indicates that TLR signalling machinery is a pivotal player in the development of murine EAE. To compound this, data from human studies indicate that complex interplay exists between TLR signalling and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Cannabis-based therapies are in clinical development for the management of a variety of medical conditions, including MS. In particular Sativex®, a combination of plant-derived cannabinoids, is an oromucosal spray with efficacy in MS patients, particularly those with neuropathic pain and spasticity. Despite this, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of Sativex® in MS patients remains unclear. This review will highlight evidence that novel interplay exists between the TLR and cannabinoid systems, both centrally and peripherally, with relevance to the pathogenesis of MS. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Lipid Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the CNS'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Mark K Fitzpatrick
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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26
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Inácio AR, Liu Y, Clausen BH, Svensson M, Kucharz K, Yang Y, Stankovich T, Khorooshi R, Lambertsen KL, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Deierborg T. Endogenous IFN-β signaling exerts anti-inflammatory actions in experimentally induced focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:211. [PMID: 26581581 PMCID: PMC4652356 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN)-β exerts anti-inflammatory effects, coupled to remarkable neurological improvements in multiple sclerosis, a neuroinflammatory condition of the central nervous system. Analogously, it has been hypothesized that IFN-β, by limiting inflammation, decreases neuronal death and promotes functional recovery after stroke. However, the core actions of endogenous IFN-β signaling in stroke are unclear. Methods To address this question, we used two clinically relevant models of focal cerebral ischemia, transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, and two genetically modified mouse lines, lacking either IFN-β or its receptor, the IFN-α/β receptor. Subsets of inflammatory and immune cells isolated from the brain, blood, and spleen were studied using flow cytometry. Sensorimotor deficits were assessed by a modified composite neuroscore, the rotating pole and grip strength tests, and cerebral infarct volumes were given by lack of neuronal nuclei immunoreactivity. Results Here, we report alterations in local and systemic inflammation in IFN-β knockout (IFN-βKO) mice over 8 days after induction of focal cerebral ischemia. Notably, IFN-βKO mice showed a higher number of infiltrating leukocytes in the brain 2 days after stroke. Concomitantly, in the blood of IFN-βKO mice, we found a higher percentage of total B cells but a similar percentage of mature and activated B cells, collectively indicating a higher proliferation rate. The additional differential regulation of circulating cytokines and splenic immune cell populations in wild-type and IFN-βKO mice further supports an important immunoregulatory function of IFN-β in stroke. Moreover, we observed a significant weight loss 2–3 days and a reduction in grip strength 2 days after stroke in the IFN-βKO group, while endogenous IFN-β signaling did not affect the infarct volume. Conclusions We conclude that endogenous IFN-β signaling attenuates local inflammation, regulates peripheral immune cells, and, thereby, may contribute positively to stroke outcome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0427-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Inácio
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden. .,Present Address: INMED, INSERM U901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 163 route de Luminy, BP13, 13273, Marseille cedex 09, France. .,Present Address: Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Yawei Liu
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloewsvej 21, st + 25, 2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martina Svensson
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B11, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Kucharz
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,7Present Address: Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B11, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Totte Stankovich
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloewsvej 21, st + 25, 2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloewsvej 21, st + 25, 2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B11, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden
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Ng D, Maître B, Cummings D, Lin A, Ward LA, Rahbar R, Mossman KL, Ohashi PS, Gommerman JL. A Lymphotoxin/Type I IFN Axis Programs CD8+T Cells To Infiltrate a Self-Tissue and Propagate Immunopathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4650-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kavrochorianou N, Evangelidou M, Markogiannaki M, Tovey M, Thyphronitis G, Haralambous S. IFNAR signaling directly modulates T lymphocyte activity, resulting in milder experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:175-88. [PMID: 26232452 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1214-598r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although interferon-β is used as first-line therapy for multiple sclerosis, the cell type-specific activity of type I interferons in multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, remains obscure. In this study, we have elucidated the in vivo immunomodulatory role of type I interferon signaling in T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by use of a novel transgenic mouse, carrying a cd2-ifnar1 transgene on a interferon-α/β receptor 1 null genetic background, thus allowing expression of the interferon-α/β receptor 1 and hence, a functional type I interferon receptor exclusively on T cells. These transgenic mice exhibited milder experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with reduced T cell infiltration, demyelination, and axonal damage in the central nervous system. It is noteworthy that interferon-β administration in transgenic mice generated a more pronounced, protective effect against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis compared with untreated littermates. In vivo studies demonstrated that before experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis onset, endogenous type I interferon receptor signaling in T cells led to impaired T-helper 17 responses, with a reduced fraction of CCR6(+) CD4(+) T cells in the periphery. At the acute phase, an increased proportion of interleukin-10- and interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells was detected in the periphery of the transgenic mice, accompanied by up-regulation of the interferon-γ-induced gene Irgm1 in peripheral T cells. Together, these results reveal a hitherto unknown T cell-associated protective role of type I interferon in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that may provide valuable clues for designing novel therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kavrochorianou
- *Inflammation Research Group, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evangelidou
- †Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Melina Markogiannaki
- *Inflammation Research Group, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Tovey
- ‡Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Pharmacology Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - George Thyphronitis
- §Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece,Correspondence: G.T., Dept. of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece. E-mail:
| | - Sylva Haralambous
- *Inflammation Research Group, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece,Correspondence: S.H., Inflammation Research Group, Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece. E-mail:
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29
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Börnsen L, Romme Christensen J, Ratzer R, Hedegaard C, Søndergaard HB, Krakauer M, Hesse D, Nielsen CH, Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F. Endogenous interferon-β-inducible gene expression and interferon-β-treatment are associated with reduced T cell responses to myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118830. [PMID: 25738751 PMCID: PMC4349448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4+ T-cells are considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, exogenous and endogenous type I interferons restrict disease severity. Recombinant interferon-β is used for treatment of multiple sclerosis, and some untreated multiple sclerosis patients have increased expression levels of type I interferon-inducible genes in immune cells. The role of endogenous type I interferons in multiple sclerosis is controversial: some studies found an association of high expression levels of interferon-β-inducible genes with an increased expression of interleukin-10 and a milder disease course in untreated multiple sclerosis patients, whereas other studies reported an association with a poor response to treatment with interferon-β. In the present study, we found that untreated multiple sclerosis patients with an increased expression of interferon-β-inducible genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and interferon-β-treated multiple sclerosis patients had decreased CD4+ T-cell reactivity to the autoantigen myelin basic protein ex vivo. Interferon-β-treated multiple sclerosis patients had increased IL10 and IL27 gene expression levels in monocytes in vivo. In vitro, neutralization of interleukin-10 and monocyte depletion increased CD4+ T-cell reactivity to myelin basic protein while interleukin-10, in the presence or absence of monocytes, inhibited CD4+ T-cell reactivity to myelin basic protein. Our findings suggest that spontaneous expression of interferon-β-inducible genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from untreated multiple sclerosis patients and treatment with interferon-β are associated with reduced myelin basic protein-induced T-cell responses. Reduced myelin basic protein-induced CD4+ T-cell autoreactivity in interferon-β-treated multiple sclerosis patients may be mediated by monocyte-derived interleukin-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Börnsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Ratzer
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Hedegaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle B. Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Krakauer
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Hesse
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H. Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per S. Sorensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Haghikia A, Faissner S, Pappas D, Pula B, Akkad DA, Arning L, Ruhrmann S, Duscha A, Gold R, Baranzini SE, Malhotra S, Montalban X, Comabella M, Chan A. Interferon-beta affects mitochondrial activity in CD4+ lymphocytes: Implications for mechanism of action in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 21:1262-70. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514561909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Whereas cellular immune function depends on energy supply and mitochondrial function, little is known on the impact of immunotherapies on cellular energy metabolism. Objective: The objective of this paper is to assess the effects of interferon-beta (IFN-β) on mitochondrial function of CD4+ T cells. Methods: Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (iATP) in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated CD4+ cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with IFN-β and controls were analyzed in a luciferase-based assay. Mitochondrial-transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in IFN-β-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by flow cytometry. Expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in CD4+ cells of IFN-β-treated individuals and correlations between genetic variants in the key metabolism regulator PGC-1α and IFN-β response in MS were analyzed. Results: IFN-β-treated MS patients exhibited a dose-dependent reduction of iATP levels in CD4+ T cells compared to controls ( p < 0.001). Mitochondrial effects were reflected by depolarization of ΔΨm. Expression data revealed changes in the transcription of OXPHOS-genes. iATP levels in IFN-β-responders were reduced compared to non-responders ( p < 0.05), and the major T allele of the SNP rs7665116 of PGC-1α correlated with iATP-levels. Conclusion: Reduced iATP-synthesis ex vivo and differential expression of OXPHOS-genes in CD4+ T cells point to unknown IFN-β effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, adding to potential pleiotropic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Derek Pappas
- Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis A Akkad
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Duscha
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Receca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Receca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Receca Vall d’Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Harari D, Kuhn N, Abramovich R, Sasson K, Zozulya AL, Smith P, Schlapschy M, Aharoni R, Köster M, Eilam R, Skerra A, Schreiber G. Enhanced in vivo efficacy of a type I interferon superagonist with extended plasma half-life in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29014-29. [PMID: 25193661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IFNβ is a common therapeutic option to treat multiple sclerosis. It is unique among the family of type I IFNs in that it binds to the interferon receptors with high affinity, conferring exceptional biological properties. We have previously reported the generation of an interferon superagonist (dubbed YNSα8) that is built on the backbone of a low affinity IFNα but modified to exhibit higher receptor affinity than even for IFNβ. Here, YNSα8 was fused with a 600-residue hydrophilic, unstructured N-terminal polypeptide chain comprising proline, alanine, and serine (PAS) to prolong its plasma half-life via "PASylation." PAS-YNSα8 exhibited a 10-fold increased half-life in both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assays in a transgenic mouse model harboring the human receptors, notably without any detectable loss in biological potency or bioavailability. This long-lived superagonist conferred significantly improved protection from MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis compared with IFNβ, despite being injected with a 4-fold less frequency and at an overall 16-fold lower dosage. These data were corroborated by FACS measurements showing a decrease of CD11b(+)/CD45(hi) myeloid lineage cells detectable in the CNS, as well as a decrease in IBA(+) cells in spinal cord sections determined by immunohistochemistry for PAS-YNSα8-treated animals. Importantly, PAS-YNSα8 did not induce antibodies upon repeated administration, and its biological efficacy remained unchanged after 21 days of treatment. A striking correlation between increased levels of CD274 (PD-L1) transcripts from spleen-derived CD4(+) cells and improved clinical response to autoimmune encephalomyelitis was observed, indicating that, at least in this mouse model of multiple sclerosis, CD274 may serve as a biomarker to predict the effectiveness of IFN therapy to treat this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Kuhn
- the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | | | - Alla L Zozulya
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, Geneva, GE 1279 Switzerland, and
| | - Paul Smith
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, Geneva, GE 1279 Switzerland, and
| | - Martin Schlapschy
- the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Mario Köster
- the Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Raya Eilam
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Arne Skerra
- the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, XL-protein GmbH, 85354 Freising, Germany
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32
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Macrophages: a double-edged sword in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:17-22. [PMID: 24698730 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by activation and infiltration of leukocytes and dendritic cells into the CNS. In the initial phase of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), peripheral macrophages infiltrate into the CNS, where, together with residential microglia, they participate in the induction and development of disease. During the early phase, microglia/macrophages are immediately activated to become classically activated macrophages (M1 cells), release pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage CNS tissue. During the later phase, microglia/macrophages in the inflamed CNS are less activated, present as alternatively activated macrophage phenotype (M2 cells), releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by inflammation resolution and tissue repair. The balance between activation and polarization of M1 cells and M2 cells in the CNS is important for disease progression. Pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-12 drive M1 cell polarization, while IL-4 and IL-13 drive M2 cell polarization. Given that polarized macrophages are reversible in a well-defined cytokine environment, macrophage phenotypes in the CNS can be modulated by molecular intervention. This review summarizes the detrimental and beneficial roles of microglia and macrophages in the CNS, with an emphasis on the role of M2 cells in EAE and MS patients.
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Owens T, Khorooshi R, Wlodarczyk A, Asgari N. Interferons in the central nervous system: A few instruments play many tunes. Glia 2013; 62:339-55. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Vejle Hospital; Denmark
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Pennell LM, Fish EN. Immunoregulatory effects of interferon-β in suppression of Th17 cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:330-41. [PMID: 24175628 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the immunoregulatory effects of interferon (IFN)-β on CD4+ T cells, we examined the response of CD4+ T cells from IFN-β(+/+) and IFN-β(-/-) mice to CD3/CD28 activation and to differentiation to Th17 lineage, analyzing the expression of signaling effectors, cell surface receptors, production of IL-17, and gene expression profiles. We provide evidence of increased phosphorylation of the membrane proximal kinase associated with TCR activation, ZAP-70, in IFN-β(-/-) T cells compared with IFN-β(+/+) T cells. Anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibody stimulation of whole splenocytes or CD4+ T cells from IFN-β(-/-) mice results in secretion of IL-17A, in contrast to identical stimulation of cells from IFN-β(+/+) mice, which fails to increase IL-17A production. After CD3/CD28 activation, IFN-β(-/-) CD4+ T cells express higher levels of IRF-4, required for Th17 differentiation, and increased expression of CCR6, IL-23R, IL-6R, and CXCR4, compared with activated IFN-β(+/+) T cells. Notably, cell surface expression of IL-6R and IL-23R is significantly higher in the IFN-β(-/-) CD4+ T cells, with an increased number of double-positive CCR6+IL-23R+ and IL-6R+IL-23R+ CD4+ T cells. On polarization to Th17 lineage, CD4+ T cells from IFN-β(-/-) mice exhibit a more Th17-primed transcriptome compared with CD4+ T cells from IFN-β(+/+) mice. Indeed, when CD4+ T cells from IFN-β(+/+) mice are polarized to Th17 lineage in the presence of IFN-β, many Th17-associated genes are down-regulated. Employing a MOG-peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis, we identify a greater proportion of Th17 cells in the lymph nodes of IFN-β(-/-) mice compared with IFN-β(+/+) mice, and increased numbers of CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system of IFN-β(-/-) mice, regardless of the stage of disease. Taken together, our data indicate an immunoregulatory role for IFN-β in the suppression of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa M Pennell
- 1 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada
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35
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Fitzgerald DC, Fonseca-Kelly Z, Cullimore ML, Safabakhsh P, Saris CJM, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Independent and interdependent immunoregulatory effects of IL-27, IFN-β, and IL-10 in the suppression of human Th17 cells and murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3225-34. [PMID: 23455508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IFN-β, IL-27, and IL-10 have been shown to exert a range of similar immunoregulatory effects in murine and human experimental systems, particularly in Th1- and Th17-mediated models of autoimmune inflammatory disease. In this study we sought to translate some of our previous findings in murine systems to human in vitro models and delineate the interdependence of these different cytokines in their immunoregulatory effects. We demonstrate that human IL-27 upregulates IL-10 in T cell-activated PBMC cultures and that IFN-β drives IL-27 production in activated monocytes. IFN-β-driven IL-27 is responsible for the upregulation of IL-10, but not IL-17 suppression, by IFN-β in human PBMCs. Surprisingly, IL-10 is not required for the suppression of IL-17 by either IL-27 or IFN-β in this model or in de novo differentiating Th17 cells, nor is IL-27 signaling required for the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by IFN-β in vivo. Furthermore, and even more surprisingly, IL-10 is not required for the suppression of Th17-biased EAE by IL-27, in sharp contrast to Th1-biased EAE. In conclusion, IFN-β and IL-27 both induce human IL-10, both suppress human Th17 responses, and both suppress murine EAE. However, IL-27 signaling is not required for the therapeutic effect of IFN-β in EAE. Suppression of Th17-biased EAE by IL-27 is IL-10-independent, in contrast to its mechanism of action in Th1-biased EAE. Taken together, these findings delineate a complex set of interdependent and independent immunoregulatory mechanisms of IFN-β, IL-27, and IL-10 in human experimental models and in murine Th1- and Th17-driven autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Fitzgerald
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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36
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Galligan CL, Fish EN. Circulating fibrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of collagen antibody-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3583-93. [PMID: 22729466 DOI: 10.1002/art.34589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease resulting in joint inflammation. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes in affected joints are responsible for pannus formation and cytokine/chemokine production, resulting in leukocyte recruitment and bone/cartilage destruction. Previously, we identified a multipotent stem cell population of activated fibrocytes in the blood of patients with RA that may have a role in disease pathogenesis, perhaps as fibroblast-like synoviocyte precursors. The aim of this study was to further characterize the contribution of circulating fibrocytes to the pathogenesis of RA. METHODS Circulating fibrocytes were isolated from mice with collagen-induced arthritis and transferred intravenously into recipient mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA). The activation status of circulating fibrocytes was determined using multidimensional phosphoflow cytometric analysis of the signaling effectors STAT-5, STAT-1, AKT, and JNK. Circulating fibrocyte trafficking and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were assessed in real time using fluorescence molecular tomography, specifically labeling circulating fibrocytes with CellVue Maroon and measuring MMP activity using MMPSense 680. RESULTS The numbers of circulating fibrocytes were increased early during the onset of CAIA, concomitant with their activation, as measured by phosphorylation of STAT-5. Adoptive transfer of circulating fibrocytes augmented disease scores and increased class II major histocompatibility complex expression and peripheral blood phosphoactivation profiles in recipient mice with CAIA. Notably, adoptively transferred fluorescence-labeled circulating fibrocytes rapidly migrated into the affected joints of recipient mice with CAIA, and this was associated with augmented neutrophil recruitment into affected joints and MMP activation. CONCLUSION Circulating fibrocytes migrate to joints and influence the onset of disease processes in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Galligan
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Murphy RP, Murphy KJ, Pickering M. The development of myelin repair agents for treatment of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges. Bioengineered 2012; 4:140-6. [PMID: 23147071 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder which affects the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis treatment has traditionally focused on preventing inflammatory damage to the myelin sheath. Indeed, all currently available disease modifying agents are immunomodulators. However, the limitations of this approach are becoming increasingly clear, leading to the exploration of other potential therapeutic strategies. In particular, targeting the endogenous remyelination system to promote replacement of the lost myelin sheath has shown much promise. As our understanding of remyelination biology advances, the realization of a remyelinating therapeutic comes closer to fruition. In our review, we aim to summarize the limitations of the current immune focused treatment strategy and discuss the potential of remyelination as a new treatment method. Finally, we aim to highlight the challenges in the identification and development of such therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Murphy
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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38
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Berry CM, Hertzog PJ, Mangan NE. Interferons as biomarkers and effectors: lessons learned from animal models. Biomark Med 2012; 6:159-76. [PMID: 22448790 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) comprise type I, II and III families with multiple subtypes. Via transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFNs can exert multiple biological effects on the cell. In infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases, the IFNs and their ISG sets can be potentially utilized as biomarkers of disease outcome. Animal models allow investigations into disease pathogenesis and gene knockout models have proved cause and effect relationships of molecules related to the IFN response. Sets of IFN subtypes and their ISG products provide immunological signature patterns for different viral and other diseases. In this article, we give an overview of IFNs in several virus infection models and autoimmune diseases of medical relevance. Lessons learned from animal models inform us of IFN system parameters as indicators of disease outcome and whether clinical research is warranted. Moreover, validated IFN biomarkers for prognosis enhance our understanding of therapeutic and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Berry
- Centre for Innate Immunity & Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Juknat A, Pietr M, Kozela E, Rimmerman N, Levy R, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Vogel Z. Differential transcriptional profiles mediated by exposure to the cannabinoids cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in BV-2 microglial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2512-28. [PMID: 21542829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apart from their effects on mood and reward, cannabinoids exert beneficial actions such as neuroprotection and attenuation of inflammation. The immunosuppressive activity of cannabinoids has been well established. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We previously showed that the psychoactive cannabinoid Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) differ in their anti-inflammatory signalling pathways. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To characterize the transcriptional effects of CBD and THC, we treated BV-2 microglial cells with these compounds and performed comparative microarray analysis using the Illumina MouseRef-8 BeadChip platform. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed to identify functional subsets of genes and networks regulated by CBD and/or THC. KEY RESULTS Overall, CBD altered the expression of many more genes; from the 1298 transcripts found to be differentially regulated by the treatments, 680 gene probe sets were up-regulated by CBD and 58 by THC, and 524 gene products were down-regulated by CBD and only 36 by THC. CBD-specific gene expression profile showed changes associated with oxidative stress and glutathione depletion, normally occurring under nutrient limiting conditions or proteasome inhibition and involving the GCN2/eIF2α/p8/ATF4/CHOP-TRIB3 pathway. Furthermore, CBD-stimulated genes were shown to be controlled by nuclear factors known to be involved in the regulation of stress response and inflammation, mainly via the (EpRE/ARE)-Nrf2/ATF4 system and the Nrf2/Hmox1 axis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These observations indicated that CBD, but much less than THC, induced a cellular stress response in microglial cells and suggested that this effect could underlie its anti-inflammatory activity. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juknat
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, type I interferon (IFN) is considered immune-modulatory, and recombinant forms of IFN-β are the most prescribed treatment for this disease. This is in contrast to most other autoimmune disorders, because type I IFN contributes to the pathologies. Even within the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) population, 30-50% of MS patients are non-responsive to this treatment, and it consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica, a disease similar to RRMS. In this article, we discuss the recent advances in the field of autoimmunity and introduce the theory explain how type I IFNs can be pro-inflammatory in disease that is predominantly driven by a Th17 response and are therapeutic when disease is predominantly Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Axtell
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5316, USA.
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Salem M, Mony JT, Løbner M, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Interferon regulatory factor-7 modulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:181. [PMID: 22196084 PMCID: PMC3260126 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Interferon-β (IFN-β), a member of the type I IFN family, is used as a therapeutic for MS and the IFN signaling pathway is implicated in MS susceptibility. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is critical for the induction and positive feedback regulation of type I IFN. To establish whether and how endogenous type I IFN signaling contributes to disease modulation and to better understand the underlying mechanism, we examined the role of IRF7 in the development of MS-like disease in mice. Methods The role of IRF7 in development of EAE was studied by immunizing IRF7-KO and C57BL/6 (WT) mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein using a standard protocol for the induction of EAE. We measured leukocyte infiltration and localization in the CNS using flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical procedures. We determined levels of CD3 and selected chemokine and cytokine gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Results IRF7 gene expression increased in the CNS as disease progressed. IRF7 message was localized to microglia and infiltrating leukocytes. Furthermore, IRF7-deficient mice developed more severe disease. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the extent of leukocyte infiltration into the CNS was higher in IRF7-deficient mice with significantly higher number of infiltrating macrophages and T cells, and the distribution of infiltrates within the spinal cord was altered. Analysis of cytokine and chemokine gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR showed significantly greater increases in CCL2, CXCL10, IL-1β and IL17 gene expression in IRF7-deficient mice compared with WT mice. Conclusion Together, our findings suggest that IRF7 signaling is critical for regulation of inflammatory responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Current status of the immunomodulation and immunomediated therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:970789. [PMID: 22203863 PMCID: PMC3235500 DOI: 10.1155/2012/970789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and CD4(+) T cells form the core immunopathogenic cascade leading to chronic inflammation. Traditionally, Th1 cells (interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells) driven by interleukin 12 (IL12) were considered to be the encephalitogenic T cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Currently, Th17 cells (Il17-producing CD4(+) T cells) are considered to play a fundamental role in the immunopathogenesis of EAE. This paper highlights the growing evidence that Th17 cells play the core role in the complex adaptive immunity of EAE/MS and discusses the roles of the associated immune cells and cytokines. These constitute the modern immunological basis for the development of novel clinical and preclinical immunomodulatory therapies for MS discussed in this paper.
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Finsen B, Owens T. Innate immune responses in central nervous system inflammation. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3806-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Axtell RC, Raman C, Steinman L. Interferon-β exacerbates Th17-mediated inflammatory disease. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:272-7. [PMID: 21530402 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-β is the treatment most often prescribed for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). 30-50% of MS patients, however, do not respond to IFN-β. In some cases, IFN-β exacerbates MS, and it consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica (NMO). To eliminate unnecessary treatment for patients who are non-responsive to IFN-β, and to avoid possible harm, researchers are identifying biomarkers that predict treatment outcome before treatment is initiated. These biomarkers reveal insights into the mechanisms of disease. Recent discoveries on human samples from patients with RRMS, NMO, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis, indicate that IFN-β is ineffective and might worsen clinical status in diverse diseases when a Th17 immune response is prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Axtell
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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