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Roy K, Kozłowski HM, Jędrzejewski T, Sobocińska J, Maciejewski B, Dzialuk A, Wrotek S. Endotoxin Tolerance Creates Favourable Conditions for Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5113. [PMID: 37894480 PMCID: PMC10605812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance (ET) is an adaptive phenomenon of the immune system that protects the host from clinical complications due to repeated exposure of the body to endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since ET is an immunosuppressive mechanism in which a significant reprogramming of macrophages is observed, we hypothesized that it could influence cancer development by modifying the tumour environment. This study aimed to explore whether ET influences cancer progression by altering the tumour microenvironment. Endotoxin-tolerant macrophages (MoET) were examined for their impact on breast and colon cancer cells via direct interaction and conditioned media exposure. We characterized cancer cell behaviour by viability, clonogenic potential, motility, scratch assays, and 3D spheroidal assays. MoET-derived factors increased cancer cell viability, motility, and clonogenicity, suggesting a conducive environment for cancer development. Remarkably, despite reduced TNFα and IL-6 levels, MoET exhibited M1 polarization. These findings uncover an ET-associated macrophage reprogramming that fosters a favourable context for cancer progression across diverse tumours. Targeting ET could emerge as a promising avenue for cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konkonika Roy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Henryk Mikołaj Kozłowski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 10 Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave., 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Justyna Sobocińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bartosz Maciejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Artur Dzialuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 10 Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave., 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Gudgeon J, Marín-Rubio JL, Trost M. The role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012002. [PMID: 36325338 PMCID: PMC9618966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1), also named CD204, holds key inflammatory roles in multiple pathophysiologic processes. Present primarily on the surface of various types of macrophage, this receptor variably affects processes such as atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, lung and liver disease, and more recently, cancer. As highlighted throughout this review, the role of MSR1 is often dichotomous, being either host protective or detrimental to the pathogenesis of disease. We will discuss the role of MSR1 in health and disease with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing MSR1 expression, how altered expression affects disease process and macrophage function, the limited cell signalling pathways discovered thus far, the emerging role of MSR1 in tumour associated macrophages as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting MSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Marín-Rubio
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Drp1/Fis1-Dependent Pathologic Fission and Associated Damaged Extracellular Mitochondria Contribute to Macrophage Dysfunction in Endotoxin Tolerance. Crit Care Med 2022; 50:e504-e515. [PMID: 35067534 PMCID: PMC9133053 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent publications have shown that mitochondrial dynamics can govern the quality and quantity of extracellular mitochondria subsequently impacting immune phenotypes. This study aims to determine if pathologic mitochondrial fission mediated by Drp1/Fis1 interaction impacts extracellular mitochondrial content and macrophage function in sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. DESIGN Laboratory investigation. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS C57BL/6 and BALB/C mice. INTERVENTIONS Using in vitro and murine models of endotoxin tolerance (ET), we evaluated changes in Drp1/Fis1-dependent pathologic fission and simultaneously measured the quantity and quality of extracellular mitochondria. Next, by priming mouse macrophages with isolated healthy mitochondria (MC) and damaged mitochondria, we determined if damaged extracellular mitochondria are capable of inducing tolerance to subsequent endotoxin challenge. Finally, we determined if inhibition of Drp1/Fis1-mediated pathologic fission abrogates release of damaged extracellular mitochondria and improves macrophage response to subsequent endotoxin challenge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS When compared with naïve macrophages (NMs), endotoxin-tolerant macrophages (ETM) demonstrated Drp1/Fis1-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and higher levels of damaged extracellular mitochondria (Mitotracker-Green + events/50 μL: ETM = 2.42 × 106 ± 4,391 vs NM = 5.69 × 105 ± 2,478; p < 0.001). Exposure of NMs to damaged extracellular mitochondria (MH) induced cross-tolerance to subsequent endotoxin challenge, whereas MC had minimal effect (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α [pg/mL]: NM = 668 ± 3, NM + MH = 221 ± 15, and NM + Mc = 881 ± 15; p < 0.0001). Inhibiting Drp1/Fis1-dependent mitochondrial fission using heptapeptide (P110), a selective inhibitor of Drp1/Fis1 interaction, improved extracellular mitochondrial function (extracellular mitochondrial membrane potential, JC-1 [R/G] ETM = 7 ± 0.5 vs ETM + P110 = 19 ± 2.0; p < 0.001) and subsequently improved immune response in ETMs (TNF-α [pg/mL]; ETM = 149 ± 1 vs ETM + P110 = 1,150 ± 4; p < 0.0001). Similarly, P110-treated endotoxin tolerant mice had lower amounts of damaged extracellular mitochondria in plasma (represented by higher extracellular mitochondrial membrane potential, TMRM/MT-G: endotoxin tolerant [ET] = 0.04 ± 0.02 vs ET + P110 = 0.21 ± 0.02; p = 0.03) and improved immune response to subsequent endotoxin treatment as well as cecal ligation and puncture. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of Drp1/Fis1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation improved macrophage function and immune response in both in vitro and in vivo models of ET. This benefit is mediated, at least in part, by decreasing the release of damaged extracellular mitochondria, which contributes to endotoxin cross-tolerance. Altogether, these data suggest that alterations in mitochondrial dynamics may play an important role in sepsis-induced immunoparalysis.
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Liang Y, Zha S, Tentaku M, Okimura T, Jiang Z, Ueno M, Hirasaka K, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Suppressive effects of sulfated polysaccharide ascophyllan isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum on the production of NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:882-889. [PMID: 33580696 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, ascophyllan, showed suppressive effects on stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Ascophyllan significantly inhibited expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the viability of RAW264.7 cells. Ascophyllan also reduced the elevated level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, preincubation with ascophyllan resulted in concentration-dependent decrease in ROS production in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Our results suggest that ascophyllan can exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on stimulated macrophages mainly through the attenuation of NO and ROS productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shijiao Zha
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tentaku
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takasi Okimura
- Research and Development Division, Hayashikane Sangyo Co., Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen, China
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Hitchcock JK, Mkwanazi N, Barnett C, Graham LM, Katz AA, Hunter R, Schäfer G, Kaschula CH. The Garlic Compound Z-Ajoene, S-Thiolates COX2 and STAT3 and Dampens the Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000854. [PMID: 33274836 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used for centuries as a prophylactic and therapeutic medicinal agent to control inflammation-associated pathologies. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, an in vitro inflammatory model is established using RAW264.7 murine macrophages exposed to low-doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of garlic compounds allicin and Z-ajoene (ZA), mimicking regular garlic consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS Both allicin and Z-ajoene dampen both transcript and protein expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL6, and IL12β, and upregulate the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10. Protein arrays of selected secreted inflammatory mediators confirm that Z-ajoene has a pronounced down-regulatory effect on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Many of these proteins are known targets of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); and indeed, Z-ajoene or its analogue dansyl-ajoene is found to decrease phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, and to covalently modify the protein by S-thiolation at Cys108, Cys367, and Cys687. Z-Ajoene dose-dependently and non-competitively inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), possibly attributed to S-thiolation at Cys9 and Cys299. CONCLUSION The characterization of Z-ajoene's activity of targeting and covalently modifying STAT3 and COX2, both important regulators of inflammation, may contribute to the health benefits of regular dietary garlic consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Hitchcock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Mkwanazi
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Christopher Barnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Lisa M Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7530, South Africa
| | - Arieh A Katz
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Catherine H Kaschula
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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Pycnogenol Reduces Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Atherosclerosis Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:292-303. [PMID: 27322603 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pycnogenol (PYC) is an extract from French maritime pine bark. Its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to be beneficial for atherosclerosis. Here, we tested whether PYC could suppress high cholesterol and fat diet (HCD)-induced atherosclerosis formation in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. In our study, PYC suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced lipid accumulation in peritoneal macrophages. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were orally administered PYC or a control solvent for ten weeks, and these mice were fed a standard diet or high cholesterol and fat diet during the latter eight weeks. Pycnogenol markedly decreased the size of atherosclerotic lesions induced by high cholesterol and fat diet compared with the nontreated controls. In addition, TLR4 expression in aortic sinus was stimulated by high cholesterol and fat diet feeding and was significantly reduced by PYC. A mechanistic analysis indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased expression of fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), which were blocked by a JNK inhibitor. Furthermore, PYC inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of aP2 and scavenger receptor class A via the JNK pathway. In conclusion, PYC administration effectively attenuates atherosclerosis through the TLR4-JNK pathway. Our results suggest that PYC could be a potential prophylaxis or treatment for atherosclerosis in humans.
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Desai J, Steiger S, Anders HJ. Molecular Pathophysiology of Gout. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:756-768. [PMID: 28732688 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three contradictory clinical presentations of gout have puzzled clinicians and basic scientists for some time: first, the crescendo of sterile inflammation in acute gouty arthritis; second, its spontaneous resolution, despite monosodium urate (MSU) crystal persistence in the synovium; and third, immune anergy to MSU crystal masses observed in tophaceous or visceral gout. Here, we provide an update on the molecular pathophysiology of these gout manifestations, namely, how MSU crystals can trigger the auto-amplification loop of necroinflammation underlying the crescendo of acute gouty arthritis. We also discuss new findings, such as how aggregating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) might drive the resolution of arthritis and how these structures, together with granuloma formation, might support immune anergy, but yet promote tissue damage and remodeling during tophaceous gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyaysi Desai
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Sigola LB, Fuentes AL, Millis LM, Vapenik J, Murira A. Effects of Toll-like receptor ligands on RAW 264.7 macrophage morphology and zymosan phagocytosis. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:389-96. [PMID: 27157550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study we compared the effects of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, the synthetic bacterial triacylated lipopeptide Pam3-Cys-Ser-Lys4 (Pam3CSK4), Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), and macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), which are TLR4, TLR5, TLR1/2, TLR3, and TLR2/6 agonists, respectively, on cell morphology and phagocytosis of zymosan particles, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and rich in fungal PAMPs including beta-glucan, mannose, and chitin. LPS, Pam3CSK4, and MALP-2 induced an activated macrophage phenotype and enhanced zymosan phagocytosis. In contrast, flagellin and Poly I:C, respectively, had little effect on cell morphology and phagocytosis. We examined the role of scavenger receptor A (SR-A) on zymosan phagocytosis. Cells cultured in medium alone expressed SR-A, and LPS induced further expression of the receptor. We also observed inhibitory effects of scavenger receptor antagonists fucoidan, dextran sulphate, and Polyinosinic (Poly I), respectively, on zymosan phagocytosis of cells in medium alone and those pre-treated with LPS. We conclude that exposure to specific TLR ligands impacts both cellular morphology and phagocytic capacity, and that scavenger receptors contribute to zymosan ingestion as well as LPS-induced augmentation of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette B Sigola
- Biology Department, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada.
| | - Ana-Lucía Fuentes
- Biology Department, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada
| | - Leonard M Millis
- Biology Department, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Vapenik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada
| | - Armstrong Murira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada
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Biedroń R, Peruń A, Józefowski S. CD36 Differently Regulates Macrophage Responses to Smooth and Rough Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153558. [PMID: 27073833 PMCID: PMC4830570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major pathogen-associated molecular pattern of Gram-negative bacterial infections, and includes smooth (S-LPS) and rough (R-LPS) chemotypes. Upon activation by LPS through CD14, TLR4/MD-2 heterodimers sequentially induce two waves of intracellular signaling for macrophage activation: the MyD88-dependent pathway from the plasma membrane and, following internalization, the TRIF-dependent pathway from endosomes. We sought to better define the role of scavenger receptors CD36 and CD204/SR-A as accessory LPS receptors that can contribute to pro-inflammatory and microbicidal activation of macrophages. We have found that CD36 differently regulates activation of mouse macrophages by S-LPS versus R-LPS. The ability of CD36 to substitute for CD14 in loading R-LPS, but not S-LPS onto TLR4/MD-2 allows CD14-independent macrophage responses to R-LPS. Conversely, S-LPS, but not R-LPS effectively stimulates CD14 binding to CD36, which favors S-LPS transfer from CD14 onto TLR4/MD-2 under conditions of low CD14 occupancy with S-LPS in serum-free medium. In contrast, in the presence of serum, CD36 reduces S-LPS binding to TLR4/MD-2 and the subsequent MyD88-dependent signaling, by mediating internalization of S-LPS/CD14 complexes. Additionally, CD36 positively regulates activation of TRIF-dependent signaling by both S-LPS and R-LPS, by promoting TLR4/MD-2 endocytosis. In contrast, we have found that SR-A does not function as a S-LPS receptor. Thus, by co-operating with CD14 in both R- and S-LPS loading onto TLR4/MD-2, CD36 can enhance the sensitivity of tissue-resident macrophages in detecting infections by Gram-negative bacteria. However, in later phases, following influx of serum to the infection site, the CD36-mediated negative regulation of MyD88-dependent branch of S-LPS-induced TLR4 signaling might constitute a mechanism to prevent an excessive inflammatory response, while preserving the adjuvant effect of S-LPS for adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Biedroń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Angelika Peruń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szczepan Józefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Sakharwade SC, Mukhopadhaya A. Vibrio cholerae porin OmpU induces LPS tolerance by attenuating TLR-mediated signaling. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:312-24. [PMID: 26454478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porins can act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, can be recognized by the host immune system and modulate immune responses. Vibrio choleraeporin OmpU aids in bacterial survival in the human gut by increasing resistance against bile acids and anti-microbial peptides. V. choleraeOmpU is pro-inflammatory in nature. However, interestingly, it can also down-regulate LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory responses. In this study, we have explored how OmpU-pretreatment affects LPS-mediated responses. Our study indicates that OmpU-pretreatment followed by LPS-activation does not induce M2-polarization of macrophages/monocytes. Further, OmpU attenuates LPS-mediated TLR2/TLR6 signaling by decreasing the association of TLRs along with recruitment of MyD88 and IRAKs to the receptor complex. This results in decreased translocation of NFκB in the nucleus. Additionally, OmpU-pretreatment up-regulates expression of IRAK-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells upon LPS-stimulation. Suppressor cytokine IL-10 is partially involved in OmpU-induced down-regulation of LPS-mediated TNFα production in human PBMCs. Furthermore, OmpU-pretreatment also affects macrophage function, by enhancing phagocytosis in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, and down-regulates LPS-induced cell surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Altogether, OmpU causes suppression of LPS-mediated responses by attenuating the LPS-mediated TLR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanica C Sakharwade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, 140306 Punjab, India.
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11
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Kelley JL, Ozment TR, Li C, Schweitzer JB, Williams DL. Scavenger receptor-A (CD204): a two-edged sword in health and disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2015; 34:241-61. [PMID: 24941076 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor A (SR-A), also known as the macrophage scavenger receptor and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204), plays roles in lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and a number of metabolic processes. However, recent evidence points to important roles for SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, and ischemic injury. Herein, we review the role of SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury, Alzheimer's disease, virus recognition and uptake, bone metabolism, and pulmonary injury. Interestingly, SR-A is reported to be host protective in some disease states, but there is also compelling evidence that SR-A plays a role in the pathophysiology of other diseases. These observations of both harmful and beneficial effects of SR-A are discussed here in the framework of inflammation, innate immunity, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim L Kelley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Tammy R Ozment
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Departments of Pathology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - David L Williams
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
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12
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Class A scavenger receptor deficiency augments angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:254-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Liu FF, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jiang F. TRAIL/DR5 signaling promotes macrophage foam cell formation by modulating scavenger receptor expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87059. [PMID: 24466325 PMCID: PMC3899365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) has been shown to have protective effects against atherosclerosis. However, whether TRAIL has any effects on expression of macrophage scavenger receptors and lipid uptake has not yet been studied. Macrophage lines RAW264.7 and THP-1, and mouse primary peritoneal macrophages, were cultured in vitro and treated with recombinant human TRAIL. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to measure mRNA and protein expressions. Foam cell formation was assessed by internalization of acetylated and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. We found that TRAIL treatment increased expression of scavenger receptor (SR)-AI and SR-BI in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and this effect was accompanied by increased foam cell formation. These effects of TRAIL were abolished by a TRAIL neutralizing antibody or in DR5 receptor-deficient macrophages. The increased LDL uptake by TRAIL was blocked by SR-AI gene silencing or the SR-AI inhibitor poly(I:C), while SR-BI blockade with BLT-1 had no effect. TRAIL-induced SR-AI expression was blocked by the inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, but not by inhibitors of ERK1/2 or JNK. TRAIL also induced apoptosis in macrophages. In contrast to macrophages, TRAIL showed little effects on SR expression or apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TRAIL promotes macrophage lipid uptake via SR-AI upregulation through activation of the p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FJ); (YW)
| | - Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail: (FJ); (YW)
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14
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Liu M, John CM, Jarvis GA. Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance by PathogenicNeisseriaIs Correlated with the Inflammatory Potential of Lipooligosaccharides and Regulated by MicroRNA-146a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1768-77. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Prediction of novel genes associated with negative regulators of toll-like receptors-induced inflammation based on endotoxin tolerance. Inflammation 2013; 35:1889-99. [PMID: 22843012 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior exposure of innate immune cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has caused them to be refractory to further endotoxin stimulation, also termed endotoxin tolerance (ET). Bacterial LPS signals through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which was thought to enable the innate immune system to deal with invasive pathogens and to restrain systemic inflammation efficiently. We established a robust model of ET and determined the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in cultured human monocytes. Then, microarray assay was applied to assess gene expression in this model. The results showed that 356 non-tolerizable genes were differentially expressed at a high level in tolerant monocytes. The genes selected were classified into several categories based on gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway database. And then literature annotations, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and functional consistency were applied to analyze the non-tolerizable genes. Finally, the microarray results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR of seven representative genes, including the two candidate genes, Spry2 and Smurf2, which were supposed to play a critical role in TLRs-induced inflammation based on literature retrieval. Our results would provide useful information for further analysis of regulating TLRs-induced inflammation, and would facilitate the study of associated mechanisms.
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16
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Miyata R, van Eeden SF. The innate and adaptive immune response induced by alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:209-26. [PMID: 21951342 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular events but the exact mechanism by which PM has adverse effects is still unclear. Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a major role in clearing and processing inhaled PM. This comprehensive review of research findings on immunological interactions between AM and PM provides potential pathophysiological pathways that interconnect PM exposure with adverse cardiovascular effects. Coarse particles (10 μm or less, PM(10)) induce innate immune responses via endotoxin-toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway while fine (2.5 μm or less, PM(2.5)) and ultrafine particles (0.1 μm or less, UFP) induce via reactive oxygen species generation by transition metals and/or polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The innate immune responses are characterized by activation of transcription factors [nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein-1] and the downstream proinflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α] production. In addition to the conventional opsonin-dependent phagocytosis by AM, PM can also be endocytosed by an opsonin-independent pathway via scavenger receptors. Activation of scavenger receptors negatively regulates the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Internalized particles are subsequently subjected to adaptive immunity involving major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression, recruitment of costimulatory molecules, and the modulation of the T helper (Th) responses. AM show atypical antigen presenting cell maturation in which phagocytic activity decreases while both MHC II and costimulatory molecules remain unaltered. PM drives AM towards a Th1 profile but secondary responses in a Th1- or Th-2 up-regulated milieu drive the response in favor of a Th2 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Miyata
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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