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Deng A, Zarrett N, Sweeney AM. The mediating effects of motivation on the relations between occupational stress and physical activity among underresourced afterschool program staff. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:327. [PMID: 38291408 PMCID: PMC10826063 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guided by Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to examine the potential mediating effects of autonomous and controlled motivations on physical activity (PA) experiences of afterschool program (ASP) staff with occupational stress. METHOD A total of 58 ASP staff provided full data. Staff occupational stress and self-determination motivations for PA were assessed. Participants' daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using accelerometer wear. A path analysis was used to address the research purpose. RESULTS Occupational stress negatively and indirectly predicted daily MVPA which was mediated by controlled motivation (β = - 4.15, p <.05). Autonomous motivation directly and positively predicted daily MVPA across all types and levels of ASP staff occupational stress (β = 9.93, p =.01). CONCLUSIONS Autonomous motivation is a powerful predictor of staff PA levels despite the degree to which they experience stress. In contrast, controlled motivations are more vulnerable to occupational stress, and can lead to lower MVPA. TRIAL REGISTRATION Connect Through PLAY: A Staff-based Physical Activity Intervention for Middle School Youth (Connect). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03732144 . Registered 11/06/2018. REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03732144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Deng
- Behavioral Medicine Research Group, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, 1330 Lady Street, Suite 400, 29201, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Nicole Zarrett
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Allison M Sweeney
- Department of Biobehavioral and Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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Wong JP, Bachman J, Griggs S, Hartz J. Decreasing Sedentary Behaviors in Youth to Prevent and Manage Childhood Obesity: Is It Realistic? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:479-485. [PMID: 37378698 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Decreasing sedentary behaviors has been proposed as one approach to reduce the rate of obesity in youth. This review summarizes the contemporary literature examining the efficacy of these interventions in the school and community along with an additional focus on the role of socioeconomic status in these interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Studies that focus on decreasing sedentary behavior have utilized a wide variety of strategies in a number of settings. The effects of these interventions are often hindered by non-standard outcome measures, study infidelity, and subjective measures of sedentary time. However, interventions that incorporate engaged stakeholders and include younger subjects appear to be the most likely to succeed. Promising interventions to decrease sedentary behaviors have been shown in recent clinical trials; however, replicating and sustaining these results is challenging. From the available literature, school-based interventions have the potential of reaching the largest group of children. In contrast, interventions in younger children, particularly those with invested parents, seem to be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Wong
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bachman
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne Griggs
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jacob Hartz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Ojedoyin OO, Nadasan T, Govender P, Olagbegi OM. A scoping review on the implementation of Global Observatory on Physical Activity recommendations for school children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Health Promot Perspect 2022; 12:336-344. [PMID: 36852201 PMCID: PMC9958234 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2022.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Promoting physical activity (PA) is a critical first step in preventing and lowering the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases across all age groups. The Global Observatory on Physical Activity (GoPA) of the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested country-specific guidelines for promoting PA across all age categories to achieve this. However, despite an increase in obesity, there is no information on their compliance for pre-secondary school children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We mapped evidence in the literature and described the available evidence on implementing GoPA recommendations for presecondary school children in SSA. Methods: This scoping review included a search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library with the dates 2013-2020, using keywords and the terms (Physical activity OR exercise AND (GoPA recommendations OR Guidelines) AND ((presecondary school children) OR (primary school children) OR (basic school children) OR (children)). The most important data were tabulated. Results: Twenty-three studies were identified of which ten were eligible for data extraction. Of these ten studies, 2 (20%) were conducted in Nigeria, 4 (40%) in South Africa, 2 (20%) in Ghana and 1(10%) each in Kenya and Senegal were extracted. None of these nations has a national plan or strategy to promote PA and reduce sedentary behaviors (SB). Conclusion: A gap in the formulation of PA guidelines exists in SSA. Urgent action is needed for a national plan or strategy by individual country in SSA to reduce the burden of physical inactivity among school children in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Olatunji Ojedoyin
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Harvard Medical Rehabilitation Hospital, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria,Corresponding Author: Olusegun Olatunji Ojedoyin,
| | - Thayananthee Nadasan
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pragashnie Govender
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oladapo Michael Olagbegi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Woods AJ, Probst YC, Norman J, Wardle K, Ryan ST, Patel L, Crowe RK, Okely AD. Correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children attending before and after school care: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2364. [PMID: 36527045 PMCID: PMC9758811 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out of School Hours Care (OSHC) offers structured care to elementary/primary-aged children before and after school, and during school holidays. The promotion of physical activity in OSHC is important for childhood obesity prevention. The aim of this systematic review was to identify correlates of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in before and after school care. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, ERIC, MEDLINE (EBSCO), PsycINFO and Web of Science databases up to December 2021. Study inclusion criteria were: written in English; from a peer-reviewed journal; data from a centre-based before and/or after school care service; children with a mean age < 13 years; an objective measure of physical activity or sedentary behaviour; reported correlations and significance levels; and if an intervention study design these correlates were reported at baseline. Study quality was assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. The PRISMA guidelines informed the reporting, and data were synthesised according to shared correlations and a social ecological framework. RESULTS Database searches identified 4559 papers, with 18 cross-sectional studies meeting the inclusion criteria.There were a total of 116 physical activity correlates and 64 sedentary behaviour correlates identified. The most frequently reported correlates of physical activity were child sex (males more active), staff engaging in physical activity, an absence of elimination games, and scheduling physical activity in daily programming (all more positively associated). The most frequently reported correlates of sedentary behaviour were child sex (females more sedentary) and age (older children more sedentary). CONCLUSIONS Encouraging physical activity engagement of female children, promoting positive staff behaviours, removing elimination elements from games, and scheduling more time for physical activity should be priorities for service providers. Additional research is needed in before school care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Woods
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XEarly Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Yasmine C. Probst
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Medical Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XIllawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Jennifer Norman
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XIllawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.508553.e0000 0004 0587 927XHealth Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW 2502 Australia
| | - Karen Wardle
- grid.410692.80000 0001 2105 7653Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
| | - Sarah T. Ryan
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XEarly Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Linda Patel
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XEarly Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Ruth K. Crowe
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XEarly Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Medical Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XEarly Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XIllawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
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Zarrett N, Wilson DK, Sweeney A, Bell B, Fairchild A, Pinto B, Miller C, Thames T. An overview of the Connect through PLAY trial to increase physical activity in underserved adolescents. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 114:106677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crowe RK, Probst YC, Stanley RM, Ryan ST, Weaver RG, Beets MW, Norman JA, Furber SE, Vuong C, Hammersley ML, Wardle K, Franco L, Davies M, Innes-Hughes C, Okely AD. Physical activity in out of school hours care: an observational study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:127. [PMID: 34530853 PMCID: PMC8447698 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opportunities for physical activity within out of school
hours care (OSHC) are not well documented in Australia. This study explored factors associated with children (5–12 years) meeting 30 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while attending OSHC in the afternoon period. Methods A cross-sectional study, conducted in 89 OSHC services in New South Wales, Australia, serving 4,408 children. Each service was visited twice between 2018–2019. Physical activity promotion practices were captured via short interviews and System for Observing Staff Promotion of Physical Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN). Physical activity spaces was measured (m2) and physical activity of 3,614 child days (42% girls), were collected using Acti-Graph accelerometers. Association between program practices and children accumulation of MVPA was tested using mixed effects logistic regression, adjusted by OSHC service and child. Results Twenty-six percent of children (n = 925) accumulated 30 min or more of MVPA. Factors associated with children reaching MVPA recommendations included: services scheduling greater amounts of child-led free play, both 30–59 min (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.70, 3.98) and ≥ 60 min (OR 6.4, 95%CI 3.90, 10.49); opportunities for staff-led organised play of ≥ 30 min (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.47, 3.83); and active games that engaged the majority of children (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.11, 2.61). Children were less likely to meet MVPA recommendations if services played games with elimination components (OR 0.56, 95%CI 0.37, 0.86). Conclusion Improvements to service-level physical activity promotion practices, specifically the type of physical activity scheduled and the structure of games, may be an effective strategy to increase MVPA of children attending OSHC afterschool in NSW, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth K Crowe
- Early Start, Building 21, Ring Road, Keiraville, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW, Wollongong, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yasmine C Probst
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah T Ryan
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Norman
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan E Furber
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW, Australia
| | - Cecilia Vuong
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L Hammersley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Wardle
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Franco
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Davies
- Centre for Population Health, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anthony D Okely
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Kuritz A, Mall C, Schnitzius M, Mess F. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior of Children in Afterschool Programs: An Accelerometer-Based Analysis in Full-Day and Half-Day Elementary Schools in Germany. Front Public Health 2020; 8:463. [PMID: 32984249 PMCID: PMC7492590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Regular physical activity (PA) and reduced sedentary behavior (SB) are positively related to children's health and considered as pillars of a healthy lifestyle. Full-day schools with their afterschool programs (ASPs) have an impact on children's daily PA and SB. Studies investigating PA and SB in ASPs, which compare PA and SB between the organizational forms full-day and half-day schools, are rare. The aim of this study is to describe elementary school children's PA and SB during ASPs and to compare the results to other time periods of the day, e.g., teaching hours and leisure time. Additionally, PA and SB of children in full-day and half-day schools are compared. Further, relevant factors influencing the achievement of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) PA guidelines for children, e.g., time spent in ASPs, are investigated. Methods: PA and SB of 332 German students (n = 198 full-day school children; n = 134 half-day school children) from 11 different elementary schools were measured via accelerometry for 5 consecutive days within one school week in 2017. PA and SB during ASPs and other times of the day were analyzed via one-way and factorial ANOVA, correlation, and logistic regression. Results: Children attending full-day schools show the highest percentage of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (13.7%) and the lowest percentage of SB (49.5%) during ASPs, in comparison with teaching hours and leisure time. In the afternoon hours, full-day school children show 20 min less SB than half-day school children. Children spending more time in ASPs obtain significantly more SB (r = 0.23) and less MVPA (r = -0.15). Further, they less likely reach WHO's PA guidelines odds ratio (OR = 0.98). Conclusion: Peers and the choice as well as offer of extracurricular activities promote PA in ASPs. Media availability leads to higher SB in leisure time. ASPs help to be more active and less sedentary. Time spent in ASPs should be limited, so that full-day school children still have the possibility to join other PA offers in leisure time. ASP time should contain a certain minimum amount of MVPA in line with ASP guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Kuritz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christoph Mall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melina Schnitzius
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Mess
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Crowe R, Probst Y, Norman J, Furber S, Franco L, Stanley RM, Vuong C, Wardle K, Davies M, Ryan S, Okely AD. Healthy eating and physical activity environments in out-of-school hours care: an observational study protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036397. [PMID: 32988940 PMCID: PMC7523195 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childcare settings have been widely identified as important venues for promoting healthy lifestyles to children. Out-of-school hours care (OSHC) is a rapidly growing childcare service, yet there has been limited research reported on healthy eating and physical activity (HEPA) environments within the Australian OSHC setting. This research aims to describe the HEPA environments related to foods and beverages served, staff behaviours and child physical activity levels across two local health districts within New South Wales, Australia. This study will provide evidence to support future interventions and policies in Australian OSHC settings. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A cross-sectional study design will be used to describe the food and beverages provided and child activity levels, and report on environmental correlates. OSHC programmes will be visited on non-consecutive weekdays between 2018 and 2020. The frequency of foods and beverages offered will be observed and categorised into food groups aligned to the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Children's physical activity will be measured using ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers. Staff behaviour will be captured via direct observation and the System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition. Short interviews with programme directors will gather contextual information about OSHC practices and policies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific journals, conference presentations and individualised feedback to each participating service. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Wollongong Human Research Ethics Committee (HE17/490).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Crowe
- School of Medicine, Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasmine Probst
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Norman
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Furber
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Franco
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecilia Vuong
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Wardle
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marc Davies
- NSW Healthy Children Initiative, NSW Office of Preventive Health, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Ryan
- Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Promoting Physical Activity and Executive Functions Among Children: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of an After-School Program in Australia. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:940-946. [PMID: 32858523 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of an embedded after-school intervention, on promoting physical activity and academic achievement in primary-school-aged children. METHODS This 6-month, 2-arm cluster randomized controlled trial involved 4 after-school centers. Two centers were randomly assigned to the intervention, which involved training the center staff on and implementing structured physical activity (team sports and physical activity sessions for 75 min) and academic enrichment activities (45 min). The activities were implemented 3 afternoons per week for 2.5 hours. The control centers continued their usual after-school care practice. After-school physical activity (accelerometry) and executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility) were assessed pre- and postintervention. RESULTS A total of 60 children were assessed (7.7 [1.8] y; 50% girls) preintervention and postintervention (77% retention rate). Children in the intervention centers spent significantly more time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (adjusted difference = 2.4%; 95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 4.2; P = .026) and scored higher on cognitive flexibility (adjusted difference = 1.9 units; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 3.0; P = .009). About 92% of the intervention sessions were implemented. The participation rates varied between 51% and 94%. CONCLUSION This after-school intervention was successful at increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and enhancing cognitive flexibility in children. As the intervention was implemented by the center staff and local university students, further testing for effectiveness and scalability in a larger trial is required.
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Barriers and Facilitators to Leisure Physical Activity in Children: A Qualitative Approach Using the Socio-Ecological Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093033. [PMID: 32349290 PMCID: PMC7246675 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the benefits of engaging in physical activity during their leisure time, children do not meet the recommendations on physical activity. Following the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework, the aim of this study was to determine the barriers and facilitators that influence physical activity participation in children's leisure time. Data collection was conducted through focus groups and individual drawings in a sample of 98 eight- to eleven-year-olds from six schools in Cuenca (Spain). Following the socio-ecological model, individual characteristics (age and sex), as well as the microsystem (parents and friends), mesosystem (timing and out-of-school schedule) and exosystem (safety and weather) influence physical activity participation. The relationships between these levels of the socio-ecological model reveal that opportunities for leisure physical activity are determined by children's schedules. This schedule is negotiated by the family and is influenced by parents' worries and necessities. This is the main barrier to physical activity participation due to the creation of more restrictive, sedentary schedules, especially for girls. Our results show the elements required to develop successful strategies to increase physical activity opportunities, namely, focusing on giving children the opportunity to choose activities, raising parents' awareness of the importance of physical activity and improving the perceived safety of parks, taking into consideration the gender perspective.
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Biggs BK, Tolleson E, Millerbernd J, Bronars C, Meiers SJ, Slowiak K, Olson M, Lebow J, Ridgeway JL, Patten CA, Clark MM, Sia IG, Wieland ML. Identifying Opportunities to Promote Physical Activity in a Diverse Low-Income Population: A Mixed-Method Study at a Boys & Girls Club Site. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020; 49:171-200. [PMID: 33833490 PMCID: PMC8025775 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence and consequences of obesity and sedentary lifestyle are well-documented public health concerns for youth in the United State of America (U.S.A) that disproportionally affect children from low income and minority families. OBJECTIVE This mixed-method study focused on estimating levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior and prevalence of overweight and obesity among the child members served in one Boys and Girls Club in the Midwest U.S.A. We aimed to better understand opportunities for improving children's engagement in physical activity through focus groups with members, staff, and parents/caregivers of members. METHODS Social cognitive learning theory, the ecological model of health behavior, and community based participatory research principles provided the study framework. Members completed assessments of physical activity, sedentary activity, height, and weight. Focus groups with members, staff, and parents/caregivers identified barriers, facilitators, and opportunities for promoting physical activity. RESULTS: Nearly 50% of members were overweight or obese. Most (87%) participants reported at least 60 minutes physical activity every day across the 3-day recall. Fewer than half (41%) reported 2 hours or less of sedentary screen time every day across the 3 day recall. Focus group themes identified opportunities for addressing needs associated with health disparities in physical activity and pediatric obesity. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest stakeholder interest in physical activity promotion through afterschool programs. We discuss study implications regarding needs specific to individuals from diverse, low-income households that may not be adequately addressed with existing empirically-supported treatments and opportunities to address health disparities in physical activity and pediatric obesity through afterschool programs.
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Structure of Physical Activity Opportunities Contribution to Children's Physical Activity Levels in After-School Programs. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:512-517. [PMID: 31154895 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary purpose of this study was to determine which physical activity (PA) opportunity elicits the most moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in after-school programs. This study used a 3-group cross-over design in which participants were exposed to 3 variations of activity structures: free play, organized, or a mixture. METHODS PA was measured using ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. All data were transformed into percentage of time spent sedentary or in MVPA. Repeated-measures mixed-effects models were used to examine differences in MVPA and sedentary among the 3 activity sessions. Participants included 197 unique children, aged 5-12 years, and were 53% male and 55% white. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed in the percentage of time boys spent in MVPA during free play and mixed compared with organized only sessions (35.8% and 34.8% vs 29.4%). No significant difference was observed in the percentage of time girls spent in MVPA during free play compared with organized or mixed (27.2% and 26.1% vs 26.1%). Both boys and girls experienced ∼10% less time sedentary during free play compared with the others. CONCLUSION Offering free play during PA opportunities can help children attain as much if not more MVPA compared with only offering organized, adult-led games.
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Messing S, Rütten A, Abu-Omar K, Ungerer-Röhrich U, Goodwin L, Burlacu I, Gediga G. How Can Physical Activity Be Promoted Among Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review of Reviews Across Settings. Front Public Health 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 30941342 PMCID: PMC6433781 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A vast majority of children and adolescents are physically inactive. As a result, high obesity rates and related diseases have made physical activity promotion a politically relevant topic. In order to form the basis for political decision making, evidence is required regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions for physical activity promotion. In contrast to previous research, this systematic review of reviews targets three key settings (family and home, childcare, school), and is among the largest to have been conducted. Methods: A systematic review of reviews was conducted as part of a large-scale project to develop national recommendations for physical activity promotion in Germany. Six electronic databases were searched and inclusion criteria were defined. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of potentially relevant literature. 213 reviews were identified and categorised by target group. A total of 74 reviews were identified dealing with children and adolescents. Each review underwent a quality assessment. Results: 39 reviews with the highest quality and relevance were analysed. Three reviews focused on the family and home setting, 4 on the childcare setting, 28 on the school setting and 4 on other settings. Evidence revealed the key role played by parents in promoting physical activity in children within each setting. Furthermore, evidence pointed toward the efficacy of multi-component interventions in the childcare and school setting. Several evidence-based intervention strategies were identified for childcare facilities and schools. Discussion: The review of reviews identified a number of promising strategies for PA promotion among children and adolescents. Among reviews, multi-component interventions in childcare facilities and schools stand out prominently. At the same time, the review of reviews indicated that there is still a lack of studies on the efficacy of interventions that go beyond the individual level. We recommend that future research should also target community and policy level interventions and interventions other than the school setting. In order to make more specific recommendations regarding the scale-up of promising intervention strategies, further knowledge about the effectiveness, health equity and cost effectiveness of interventions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Messing
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfred Rütten
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karim Abu-Omar
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Lee Goodwin
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ionuţ Burlacu
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Gediga
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Aske DB, Chomitz VR, Liu X, Arsenault L, Bhalotra S, Acevedo-Garcia D. Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Weight Status, and Academic Performance: Longitudinal Evidence From 1 School District. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:560-568. [PMID: 29992606 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the longitudinal relationship between cardiovascular fitness (CRF) and academic performance (AP) among students in a diverse public school district. Furthermore, we determined whether the relationship between CRF and AP varied by student sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS This study used data from 2005-2006 to 2008-2009. AP was assessed by Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) math (N = 1224) and English Language Arts (ELA) (N = 1248) z-scores. CRF was assessed by an age- and sex-adjusted 20-yard shuttle run (pass/fail). Multilevel growth models were used to estimate the relationship between MCAS z-scores and changes in grade, CRF, and weight status, controlling for student sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Students who passed the fitness test performed better on MCAS tests (ELA: .159, p < .001; Math: 0.346, p < .001) at each study wave relative to those who did not pass. The relationship between AP and fitness was attenuated for low socioeconomic status(ELA: -.111, p < .05) and minority (Math: black -0.249, p < .01; Latino -0.216, p < .01) students. CONCLUSIONS These results add to the literature highlighting the role of CRF as an important predictor of performance on standardized tests. More research is needed to understand the disparities experienced by low-income and minority students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Burke Aske
- Brandeis University, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, 415 South St. Mailstop 035, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Virginia Rall Chomitz
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Brown Social Science Center, 415 South St. Mailstop, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Lisa Arsenault
- Health Resources in Action, Inc., 95 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116
| | - Sarita Bhalotra
- Brandeis University, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, 415 South St. Mailstop 035, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Dolores Acevedo-Garcia
- Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, Brandeis University, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, 415 South St. Mailstop 035, Waltham, MA 02453
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15
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Annesi JJ, Smith AE, Walsh SM, Mareno N, Smith KR. Effects of an after-school care-administered physical activity and nutrition protocol on body mass index, fitness levels, and targeted psychological factors in 5- to 8-year-olds. Transl Behav Med 2017; 6:347-57. [PMID: 27528524 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-015-0372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over one third of U.S. youth are overweight or obese. Treatments typically have had unreliable effects, inconsistently incorporating behavior-change theory. After-school care might be a viable setting for health behavior-change programs. We evaluated effects of two consecutive 12-week segments of a revised self-efficacy/social cognitive theory-based physical activity and nutrition treatment on fitness levels, body mass index (BMI), and targeted psychosocial factors in after-school care participants, ages 5-8 years. Changes in physiological measures, exercise self-efficacy (ESE), and physical self-concept over 9 months were contrasted in experimental (n = 72) vs. typical-care (n = 42) groups. Mediation of the group-BMI change relationship by the psychosocial factors was also assessed. Improvements in physiological measures and ESE were significantly greater in the experimental group. ESE change completely mediated the association of treatment type with BMI change. The experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in the physiological measures, with its treatment's theoretical basis and application within after-school care supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Annesi
- YMCA of Metropolitan Atlanta, 100 Edgewood Avenue, NE, Suite 1100, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA. .,Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA.
| | - Alice E Smith
- YMCA of Metropolitan Atlanta, 100 Edgewood Avenue, NE, Suite 1100, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Stephanie M Walsh
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA.,Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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16
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Jago R, Macdonald-Wallis C, Solomon-Moore E, Thompson JL, Lawlor DA, Sebire SJ. Associations between participation in organised physical activity in the school or community outside school hours and neighbourhood play with child physical activity and sedentary time: a cross-sectional analysis of primary school-aged children from the UK. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017588. [PMID: 28912195 PMCID: PMC5640140 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the extent to which participation in organised physical activity in the school or community outside school hours and neighbourhood play was associated with children's physical activity and sedentary time. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Children were recruited from 47 state-funded primary schools in South West England. PARTICIPANTS 1223 children aged 8-9 years old. OUTCOME MEASURES Accelerometer-assessed moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time. METHODS Children wore an accelerometer, and the mean minutes of MVPA and sedentary time per day were derived. Children reported their attendance at organised physical activity in the school or community outside school hours and neighbourhood play using a piloted questionnaire. Cross-sectional linear and logistic regression were used to examine if attendance frequency at each setting (and all settings combined) was associated with MVPA and sedentary time. Multiple imputation methods were used to account for missing data and increase sample size. RESULTS Children who attended clubs at school 3-4 days per week obtained an average of 7.58 (95% CI 2.7 to 12.4) more minutes of MVPA per day than children who never attended. Participation in the three other non-school-based activities was similarly associated with MVPA. Evidence for associations with sedentary time was generally weaker. Associations were similar in girls and boys. When the four different contexts were combined, each additional one to two activities participated in per week increased participants' odds (OR: 1.18, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.25) of meeting the government recommendations for 60 min of MVPA per day. CONCLUSION Participating in organised physical activity at school and in the community is associated with greater physical activity and reduced sedentary time among both boys and girls. All four types of activity contribute to overall physical activity, which provides parents with a range of settings in which to help their child be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Corrie Macdonald-Wallis
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Solomon-Moore
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Janice, L. Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Debbie, A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at theUniversity of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon, J. Sebire
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kim Y, Lochbaum M. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Levels among Ethnic Minority Children Attending School-Based Afterschool Programs in a High-Poverty Neighborhood. J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16:350-356. [PMID: 28912652 PMCID: PMC5592286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethnic minority children living in high poverty neighborhoods are at high risk of having insufficient physical activity (PA) during school days and, thus, the importance of school as a place to facilitate PA in these underserved children has been largely emphasized. This study examined the levels and patterns of PA in minority children, with particular focus on the relative contributions of regular physical education (PE) and school-based afterschool PA program in promoting moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) during school days. PA data were repeatedly measured using a Polar Active accelerometer across multiple school days (M = 5.3 days per child), from seventy-five ethnic minority children attending a Title I public elementary school in a high-poverty neighborhood in the US. The minutes and percentage of MVPA accumulated during school, PE, and afterschool PA program were compared to the current recommendations (≥30-min of MVPA during school hours; and ≥50% of MVPA during PE or afterschool PA program) as well as by the demographic characteristics including sex, grade, ethnicity, and weight status using a general linear mixed model that accounts for repeated observations. On average, children spent 41.6 mins (SE = 1.8) of MVPA during school hours and of those, 14.1 mins (SE = 0.6) were contributed during PE. The average proportion of time spent in MVPA during PE was 31.3% (SE = 1.3), which was significantly lower than the recommendation (≥50% of MVPA), whereas 54.2% (SE = 1.2) of time in afterschool PA program were spent in MVPA. The percentage of monitoring days meeting current recommendations were 69.5% (SE = 0.03), 20.8% (SE = 0.02), and 59.6% (SE = 0.03) for during school, PE, and afterschool PA program, respectively. Our findings highlighted that school-based afterschool PA, in addition to regular PE classes, could be of great benefit to promote PA in minority children during school days. Further research and practice are still needed to increase MVPA during school hours, particularly during PE classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Marc Lochbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Visiting Research Professor, KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
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18
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Burns RD, Brusseau TA, Fu Y. Influence of Goal Setting on Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Low-Income Children Enrolled in CSPAP Schools. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2016.1250689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - You Fu
- University of Nevada Reno
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19
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Weaver RG, Moore JB, Turner-McGrievy B, Saunders R, Beighle A, Khan MM, Chandler J, Brazendale K, Randell A, Webster C, Beets MW. Identifying Strategies Programs Adopt to Meet Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Standards in Afterschool Programs. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2016; 44:536-547. [PMID: 27852666 DOI: 10.1177/1090198116676252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The YMCA of USA has adopted Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (HEPA) Standards for its afterschool programs (ASPs). Little is known about strategies YMCA ASPs are implementing to achieve Standards and these strategies' effectiveness. AIMS (1) Identify strategies implemented in YMCA ASPs and (2) evaluate the relationship between strategy implementation and meeting Standards. METHOD HEPA was measured via accelerometer (moderate-to-vigorous-physical-activity [MVPA]) and direct observation (snacks served) in 20 ASPs. Strategies were identified and mapped onto a capacity building framework ( Strategies To Enhance Practice [STEPs]). Mixed-effects regression estimated increases in HEPA outcomes as implementation increased. Model-implied estimates were calculated for high (i.e., highest implementation score achieved), moderate (median implementation score across programs), and low (lowest implementation score achieved) implementation for both HEPA separately. RESULTS Programs implemented a variety of strategies identified in STEPs. For every 1-point increase in implementation score 1.45% (95% confidence interval = 0.33% to 2.55%, p ≤ .001) more girls accumulated 30 min/day of MVPA and fruits and/or vegetables were served on 0.11 more days (95% confidence interval = 0.11-0.45, p ≤ .01). Relationships between implementation and other HEPA outcomes did not reach statistical significance. Still regression estimates indicated that desserts are served on 1.94 fewer days (i.e., 0.40 vs. 2.34) in the highest implementing program than the lowest implementing program and water is served 0.73 more days (i.e., 2.37 vs. 1.64). CONCLUSIONS Adopting HEPA Standards at the national level does not lead to changes in routine practice in all programs. Practical strategies that programs could adopt to more fully comply with the HEPA Standards are identified.
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20
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Weaver RG, Moore JB, Huberty J, Freedman D, Turner-McGrievy B, Beighle A, Ward D, Pate R, Saunders R, Brazendale K, Chandler J, Ajja R, Kyryliuk B, Beets MW. Process Evaluation of Making HEPA Policy Practice: A Group Randomized Trial. Health Promot Pract 2016; 17:631-47. [PMID: 27216875 PMCID: PMC7229442 DOI: 10.1177/1524839916647331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the link between implementation of Strategies to Enhance Practice (STEPs) and outcomes. Twenty after-school programs (ASPs) participated in an intervention to increase children's accumulation of 30 minutes/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and quality of snacks served during program time. Outcomes were measured via accelerometer (MVPA) and direct observation (snacks). STEPs implementation data were collected via document review and direct observation. Based on implementation data, ASPs were divided into high/low implementers. Differences between high/low implementers' change in percentage of boys accumulating 30 minutes/day of MVPA were observed. There was no difference between high/low implementers for girls. Days fruits and/or vegetables and water were served increased in the high/low implementation groups, while desserts and sugar-sweetened beverages decreased. Effect sizes (ES) for the difference in changes between the high and low group ranged from low (ES = 0.16) to high (ES = 0.97). Higher levels of implementation led to increased MVPA for boys, whereas girls MVPA benefited from the intervention regardless of high/low implementation. ESs of the difference between high/low implementers indicate that increased implementation of STEPs increases days healthier snacks are served. Programs in the high-implementation group implemented a variety of STEPs strategies, suggesting local adoption/adaptation is key to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane Ward
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rahma Ajja
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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21
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Beets MW, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy G, Moore JB, Webster C, Brazendale K, Chandler J, Khan M, Saunders R, Beighle A. Are We There Yet? Compliance with Physical Activity Standards in YMCA Afterschool Programs. Child Obes 2016; 12:237-46. [PMID: 27096191 PMCID: PMC4964753 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011, the YMCA of the United States adopted physical activity standards for all their afterschool programs (ASPs), which call for children to accumulate 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while attending YMCA ASPs. The extent to which youth attending YMCA ASPs achieve this standard is unknown. METHODS Using a cluster-stratified design, 20 ASPs were sampled from all YMCA-operated ASPs across South Carolina (N = 102). ASPs were visited on four unannounced, nonconsecutive weekdays. Accelerometer-derived minutes spent in MVPA were dichotomized to ≥30 min/d of MVPA and <30 min/d of MVPA. Program characteristics were measured through document review and direct observation and compared to MVPA levels using random-effects quantile regression. RESULTS Boys (n = 607) and girls (n = 475) accumulated a median of 25.3 and 17.1 min/d of MVPA, respectively, which translated into 33% (range 6.2%-67.3%) and 17% (0%-42.6%) achieving the 30 min/d of MVPA standard, respectively. Increase in time scheduled for activity (10.7-11.7 min/d of MVPA), limited sedentary choices during activity time (6.9-8.9 min/d of MVPA), and staff activity-promotion training (4.8-7.9 min/d of MVPA) were associated with higher accumulated minutes of MVPA for boys and girls. Program revenue, percent activity structure that was for free play, and indoor/outdoor space were inconsistently related to meeting the MVPA standard. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable programmatic structures were associated with higher amounts of MVPA. These findings suggest that simple programmatic changes could help ASPs to achieve the MVPA standard, regardless of infrastructure or finances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | | | - Justin B. Moore
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Collin Webster
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Jessica Chandler
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Mahmud Khan
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Ruth Saunders
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Aaron Beighle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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22
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Jago R, Edwards MJ, Sebire SJ, Tomkinson K, Bird EL, Banfield K, May T, Kesten JM, Cooper AR, Powell JE, Blair PS. Effect and cost of an after-school dance programme on the physical activity of 11-12 year old girls: The Bristol Girls Dance Project, a school-based cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12:128. [PMID: 26437720 PMCID: PMC4595057 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness and cost of an after-school dance intervention at increasing the physical activity levels of Year 7 girls (age 11–12). Methods A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 18 secondary schools. Participants were Year 7 girls attending a study school. The Bristol Girls Dance Project (BGDP) intervention consisted of up to forty, 75-minute dance sessions delivered in the period immediately after school by experienced dance instructors over 20-weeks. The pre-specified primary outcome was accelerometer assessed mean minutes of weekday moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at time 2 (52 weeks are T0 baseline assessments). Secondary outcomes included accelerometer assessed mean minutes of weekday MVPA at time 1 (while the intervention was still running) and psychosocial outcomes. Intervention costs were assessed. Results 571 girls participated. Valid accelerometer data were collected from 549 girls at baseline with 508 girls providing valid accelerometer data at baseline and time 2. There were no differences between the intervention and control group for accelerometer assessed physical activity at either time 1 or time 2. Only one third of the girls in the intervention arm met the pre-set adherence criteria of attending two thirds of the dance sessions that were available to them. Instrumental variable regression analyses using complier average causal effects provided no evidence of a difference between girls who attended the sessions and the control group. The average cost of the intervention was £73 per girl, which was reduced to £63 when dance instructor travel expenses were excluded. Conclusion This trial showed no evidence that an after-school dance programme can increase the physical activity of Year 7 girls. The trial highlighted the difficulty encountered in maintaining attendance in physical activity programmes delivered in secondary schools. There is a need to find new ways to help adolescent girls to be physically active via identifying ways to support and encourage sustained engagement in physical activity over the life course. Trial registration ISRCTN52882523 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0289-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Simon J Sebire
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Keeley Tomkinson
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Emma L Bird
- Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Kathryn Banfield
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Thomas May
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK. .,Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Joanna M Kesten
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Jane E Powell
- Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Peter S Blair
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
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