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Abstract
A considerable amount of human behavior occurs within the context of sports. In recent years there have been notable advances in psychological science research applied to understanding athletic endeavor. This work has utilized a number of novel theoretical, methodological, and data analytic approaches. We review the current evidence related to developmental considerations, intrapersonal athlete factors, group processes, and the role of the coach in explaining how athletes function within the sport domain. This body of work sheds light on the diverse ways in which psychological processes contribute to athletic strivings. It also has the potential to spark interest in domains of psychology concerned with achievement as well as to encourage cross-domain fertilization of ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
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Li YM, Hachenberger J, Lemola S. The Role of the Context of Physical Activity for Its Association with Affective Well-Being: An Experience Sampling Study in Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710468. [PMID: 36078182 PMCID: PMC9518586 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity and being outdoors both improve affective well-being. However, little is known about the synergistic effects between them and the influences of contextual factors such as the life domain of physical activity (work-, chores-, leisure, or sports-related) or the type of the outdoor environment (green space, blue space, or city area) on mood. This study investigates the synergistic effects of physical activity and being outdoors as well as the potential role of contextual factors on mood. A total of 158 individuals aged 18-25 years (133 females) participated in a 14-day experience sampling study. Participants received seven prompts per day and answered questions about their physical activity, contextual factors, and affective well-being. Physical activity and being outdoors were associated with concurrent higher levels of positive and lower levels of negative affect compared to being physically inactive or being indoors, respectively. However, no synergistic effects were found. Being outdoors in a city area was associated with a less positive and more negative affect than being in nature. Work- and chores-related physical activity was associated with less positive affect and more negative affect compared to sports- or leisure-related physical activity. To foster positive affect, people should schedule leisure-related physical activity in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Justin Hachenberger
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sakari Lemola
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Hosťovecký M, Riegert J, Pazda A, Prokop P. Skin Conductivity Responses to Images of War and Sports in Men and Women: An Evolutionary Perspective. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nahon RL, Silva APSD, Muniz-Santos R, Novaes RCTD, Pedroso LSPL. SPORTS AND PERFORMANCE IN THE TRANSGENDER POPULATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127062021_0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The debate surrounding the regulations on the participation of transgender individuals in sports is not recent, but it is still ongoing. Some sports organizations are more flexible in this regard, while others are more conservative. Objective: Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, this study summarizes the scientific evidence of the effects of cross-sex hormone therapy on muscle strength, hematocrit, and hemoglobin measurements, parameters that seem to be linked to sports performance. Methods: We conducted electronic searches for manuscripts published before November 20th, 2020. Studies published in three different databases (PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs) were included, without any time or language restriction, and using keywords such as “transgender”, “gender dysphoria”, “strength”, “hematocrit”, and “hemoglobin”. The PRISMA systematization was used for the elaboration of this review, while a meta-analysis was conducted to mathematically evidence the results. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effect model, to find the pooled estimate effect of cross-sex hormone therapy on the parameters analyzed. Results: The electronic search retrieved 21 articles that were eligible for inclusion. Cross-sex hormone therapy influenced the three parameters analyzed in almost all the studies. Overall, there was a significant increase in muscle strength in female-to-males (FtMs), per muscle group analyzed: +17.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]14.9;20.6). In male-to-females (MtFs) the results of the muscle strength analysis were more controversial, but the pooled estimate effect showed a decrease: −3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] −6.6; −0.6). Conclusion: Muscle strength, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were altered as a result of cross-sex hormone therapy in both FtMs and MtFs. However, there was a lack of studies comparing the transgender individuals to the population of the same desired gender. Such studies are needed, to better infer rules for the participation of transgender athletes in Olympic sports. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
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Individual vs. Team Sports-What's the Better Strategy for Meeting PA Guidelines in Children? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212074. [PMID: 34831826 PMCID: PMC8620740 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is insufficient evidence from previous studies dealing with structure of sport preferences referring to the interconnection between individual factors (socio-economic status, organized/structured physical activity (PA), location, etc.), although these factors can considerably influence total level of PA as well as the structure of sport preferences. The study investigated associations between PA frequency and specific sports activities according to the intensity with the impact on leisure, sport, and education domain, using data from an international health behavior in school-aged children survey. Participants were fifth and ninth grade students in the Czech Republic (seven schools) and Slovakia (nine schools). The results showed a significant association between intensity in team sports and PA frequency per week. Those who participated in high-intensity team sports were 2.5 times more likely to be more physically active.
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Home advantage mediated (HAM) by referee bias and team performance during covid. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21558. [PMID: 34732742 PMCID: PMC8566522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The fans' importance in sports is acknowledged by the term 'the 12th man', a figurative extra player for the home team. Sport teams are indeed more successful when they play in front of their fans than when they play away. The supposed mechanism behind this phenomenon, termed Home Advantage (HA), is that fans' support spurs home players to better performance and biases referees, which in turn determines the outcome. The inference about the importance of fans' support is, however, indirect as there is normally a 12th man of this kind, even if it is an opponent's. The current pandemic, which forced sporting activities to take place behind closed doors, provides the necessary control condition. Here we employ a novel conceptual HA model on a sample of over 4000 soccer matches from 12 European leagues, some played in front of spectators and some in empty stadia, to demonstrate that fans are indeed responsible for the HA. However, the absence of fans reduces the HA by a third, as the home team's performance suffers and the officials' bias disappears. The current pandemic reveals that the figurative 12th man is no mere fan hyperbole, but is in fact the most important player in the home team.
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Nonverbal pre-performance expressions of professional darts players distinguish between good and poor performance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20147. [PMID: 34635761 PMCID: PMC8505661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research attempted to extend prior research that showed that thin-slices of pre-performance nonverbal behavior (NVB) of professional darts players gives valid information to observers about subsequent performance tendencies. Specifically, we investigated what kind of nonverbal cues were associated with success and informed thin-slice ratings. Participants (N = 61) were first asked to estimate the performance of a random sample of videos showing the preparatory NVB of professional darts players (N = 47) either performing well (470 clips) or poorly (470 clips). Preparatory NVB was assessed via preparation times and Active Appearance Modeling using Noldus FaceReader. Results showed that observers could distinguish between good and poor performance based on thin-slices of preparatory NVB (p = 0.001, d = 0.87). Further analyses showed that facial expressions prior to poor performance showed more arousal (p = 0.011, ƞ2p = 0.10), sadness (p = 0.040, ƞ2p = 0.04), and anxiety (p = 0.009, ƞ2p = 0.09) and preparation times were shorter (p = 0.001, ƞ2p = 0.36) prior to poor performance than good performance. Lens model analyses showed preparation times (p = 0.001, rho = 0.18), neutral (p = 0.001, rho = 0.13), sad (rho = 0.12), and facial expressions of arousal (p = 0.001, rho = 0.11) to be correlated with observers’ performance ratings. Hence, preparation times and facial cues associated with a player’s level of arousal, neutrality, and sadness seem to be valid nonverbal cues that observers utilize to infer information about subsequent perceptual-motor performance.
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Latinjak AT, Hatzigeorgiadis A. The Knowledge Map of Sport and Exercise Psychology: An Integrative Perspective. Front Psychol 2021; 12:661824. [PMID: 34220635 PMCID: PMC8242169 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work contains a personal perspective on what sport and exercise psychology (SEP) is today. It is a global synthesis of research about psychological aspects related to the context and practice of sport and exercise. The intended impact was to positively influence teaching SEP to students, to promote interdisciplinary research and practice, and to assist the development of SEP as an applied science by helping experts develop a more holistic view of the field. Over 650 theoretical and review articles about psychological concepts in connection to sport and exercise were read in the process of creating a conceptual model that reflects the essence of SEP and leads to a conceptualization of SEP based on research topics. The result was a knowledge map of SEP made up of four main research clusters: biopsychological descriptors, external variables, psychological skills, and applied SEP practice. In terms of interdisciplinarity, the present perspective on SEP suggests that sport and exercise can be used as a research paradigm or natural laboratory to study psychological aspects relevant to various scientific fields, and that sport and exercise can be used as a therapeutic framework in response to challenges that researchers and practitioners in these fields are typically addressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Latinjak
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Escola Universitària de la Salut i de l’Esport (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Salt, Spain
| | - Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
- Department of Physiological Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Allen MS, Robson DA, Vella SA, Laborde S. Extraversion development in childhood, adolescence and adulthood: Testing the role of sport participation in three nationally-representative samples. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2258-2265. [PMID: 34013834 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1930672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This research sought to test whether sport participation relates to the development of trait extraversion across three life phases. Sport participation and extraversion were measured in children aged 10.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 3600), in adolescents aged 14.5 ± 0.5 years (n = 3463), and in adults with a mean age of 49.4 ± 18.0 years (n = 12,280), with corresponding data collected four years earlier. There were small mean-level decreases in extraversion during childhood and adulthood, and a large decrease in extraversion during adolescence. Four-year rank-order stability in extraversion was .58 in childhood, .61 in adolescence and .76 in adulthood. Sport participation was associated with higher extraversion in all three samples. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, children and adolescents who dropped out of sport showed greater decreases in extraversion than those who continued participation in sport. Sport participation was unrelated to mean-level change in extraversion during adulthood. Sport participation was also associated with greater intra-individual stability in extraversion for children, adolescents and adults. There were no significant sex moderation effects for mean-level change or individual-level stability. These findings provide evidence that sport participation might have an important role in trait extraversion stability and change across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Davina A Robson
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart A Vella
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of performance psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Martial Arts Routine Training Method Based on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data of Lactate Measurement. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5522899. [PMID: 34055273 PMCID: PMC8133864 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5522899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese sport, competitive martial arts routines have a long history. The competition rules are the unified norms and standards formulated for sports competitions. They are a yardstick for referees to judge the technical level and competitive ability of athletes and an essential basis for coaches during training. In particular, the new rules increase the difficulty of martial arts routines training and score, improve the balance movement of various groups, highlight the action specifications, increase the proportion of the score, and strengthen the scoring measures for the performance level. Subsequently, this puts higher requirements for the exceptional technical level of routine athletes. Therefore, it is vital to formulate scientific martial arts systematic training methods. This paper considers the above problem and current popular artificial intelligence technology and constructs a neural network algorithm to solve it. In addition, since lactic acid is a good monitoring indicator of the training load intensity and effect of martial arts routine exercises, this article also considers extensive lactate measurement data to construct martial arts systematic training methods. Through simulations, our experimental verification and the obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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Furley P, Roth A. Coding Body Language in Sports: The Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:140-154. [PMID: 33730693 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonverbal behavior (NVB) plays an important role in sports. However, it has been difficult to measure, as no coding schemes exist to objectively measure NVB in sports. Therefore, the authors adapted the Body Action and Posture Coding System to the context of soccer penalties, validated it, and initially used this system (Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties [NBCSP]) to explore NVB in penalties. Study 1 demonstrated that the NBCSP had good to excellent intercoder reliability regarding the occurrence and temporal precision of NVBs. It also showed that the coding system could differentiate certain postures and behaviors as a function of emotional valence (i.e., positive vs. negative emotional states). Study 2 identified differences in NVB for successful and missed shots in a sample of penalties (time spent looking toward the goal, toward the ground, right arm movement, and how upright the body posture was). The authors discuss the utility of the coding system for different sport contexts.
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The Expression of Success: Are Thin-Slices of Pre-performance Nonverbal Behavior Prior to Throwing Darts Predictive of Performance in Professional Darts? JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-020-00342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present research attempted to test how skilled people are at predicting perceptual-motor performance of professional darts players based on short observations of pre-performance nonverbal behavior. In four thin-slices experiments (total N = 490) we randomly sampled stimulus material from the 2017 World Championships of Darts showing short video recordings of the players immediately before throwing darts. Participants were asked to estimate the points scored for the respective throws. Results across four experiments, all of which were successfully replicated in direct replication attempts, supported the hypothesis that pre-performance nonverbal behavior of professional darts players gives valid information to observers about subsequent performance tendencies. The present research is the first to show that highly skilled individuals seem to display nonverbal cues that observers can pick up to draw inferences about how these individuals are likely to perform.
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Laborde S, Kauschke D, Hosang TJ, Javelle F, Mosley E. Performance Habits: A Framework Proposal. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1815. [PMID: 32973599 PMCID: PMC7466569 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Daniela Kauschke
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Florian Javelle
- Department of Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emma Mosley
- Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Allen MS, Robson DA, Martin LJ, Laborde S. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Self-Serving Attribution Biases in the Competitive Context of Organized Sport. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:1027-1043. [PMID: 31874593 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219893995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis explored the magnitude of self-serving attribution biases for real-world athletic outcomes. A comprehensive literature search identified 69 studies (160 effect sizes; 10,515 athletes) that were eligible for inclusion. Inverse-variance weighted random-effects meta-analysis showed that sport performers have a tendency to attribute personal success to internal factors and personal failure to external factors (k = 40, standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.62), a tendency to attribute team success to factors within the team and team failure to factors outside the team (k = 23, SMD = 0.63), and a tendency to claim more personal responsibility for team success and less personal responsibility for team failure (k = 4, SMD = 0.28). There was some publication bias and heterogeneity in computed averages. Random effects meta-regression identified sample sex, performance level, and world-region as important moderators of pooled mean effects. These findings provide a foundation for theoretical development of self-serving tendencies in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Allen
- University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Furley P, Schweizer G, Wegner M. The power motive as a predictor of receptiveness to nonverbal behavior in sport. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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