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Niri P, Saha A, Polopalli S, Kumar M, Das S, Chattopadhyay P. Role of biomarkers and molecular signaling pathways in acute lung injury. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:640-657. [PMID: 38279523 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. When pathogens invade the lungs, the immune system responds by producing cytokines, chemokines, and interferons to promote the infiltration of phagocytic cells, which are essential for pathogen clearance. Their excess production causes an overactive immune response and a pathological hyper-inflammatory state, which leads to ALI. Until now, there is no particular pharmaceutical treatment available for ALI despite known inflammatory mediators like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). OBJECTIVES Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to provide the clear overview on the mechanisms controlling NETs, ROS formation, and other relevant processes during the pathogenesis of ALI. In addition, we have discussed the significance of epithelial and endothelial damage indicators and several molecular signaling pathways associated with ALI. METHODS The literature review was done from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for ALI, NETs, ROS, inflammation, biomarkers, Toll- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, alveolar damage, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and epithelial/endothelial damage alone or in combination. RESULTS This review summarized the main clinical signs of ALI, including the regulation and distinct function of epithelial and endothelial biomarkers, NETs, ROS, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). CONCLUSION However, no particular drugs including vaccine for ALI has been established. Furthermore, there is a lack of validated diagnostic tools and a poor predictive rationality of current therapeutic biomarkers. Hence, extensive and precise research is required to speed up the process of drug testing and development by the application of artificial intelligence technologies, structure-based drug design, in-silico approaches, and drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakter Niri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, 784 001, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Subramanyam Polopalli
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, 784 001, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, 784 001, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, India
| | - Sanghita Das
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, 784 001, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tezpur, 784 001, India
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Shin J, Miaskowski C, Wong ML, Yates P, Olshen AB, Roy R, Dokiparthi V, Cooper B, Paul S, Conley YP, Levine JD, Hammer MJ, Kober K. Perturbations in inflammatory pathways are associated with shortness of breath profiles in oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:250. [PMID: 38532105 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE One plausible mechanistic hypothesis is the potential contribution of inflammatory mechanisms to shortness of breath. This study was aimed to evaluate for associations between the occurrence of shortness of breath and perturbations in inflammatory pathways. METHODS Patients with cancer reported the occurrence of shortness of breath six times over two cycles of chemotherapy. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct shortness of breath occurrence profiles (i.e., none (70.5%), decreasing (8.2%), increasing (7.8%), high (13.5%)). Using an extreme phenotype approach, whole transcriptome differential gene expression and pathway impact analyses were performed to evaluate for perturbed signaling pathways associated with shortness of breath between the none and high classes. Two independent samples (RNA-sequencing (n = 293) and microarray (n = 295) methodologies) were evaluated. Fisher's combined probability method was used to combine these results to obtain a global test of the null hypothesis. In addition, an unweighted knowledge network was created using the specific pathway maps to evaluate for interconnections among these pathways. RESULTS Twenty-nine Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes inflammatory signaling pathways were perturbed. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway node had the highest closeness, betweenness, and degree scores. In addition, five common respiratory disease-related pathways, that may share mechanisms with cancer-related shortness of breath, were perturbed. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that inflammation contribute to the occurrence of shortness of breath in patients with cancer. In addition, the mechanisms that underlie shortness of breath in oncology patients may be similar to other respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joosun Shin
- School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melisa L Wong
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patsy Yates
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam B Olshen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ritu Roy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vasuda Dokiparthi
- School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA
| | - Bruce Cooper
- School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA
| | - Steven Paul
- School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, 3500 Victoria St, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kord Kober
- School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0610, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Le J, Kulatheepan Y, Jeyaseelan S. Role of toll-like receptors and nod-like receptors in acute lung infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249098. [PMID: 37662905 PMCID: PMC10469605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system exposed to microorganisms continuously, and the pathogenicity of these microbes not only contingent on their virulence factors, but also the host's immunity. A multifaceted innate immune mechanism exists in the respiratory tract to cope with microbial infections and to decrease tissue damage. The key cell types of the innate immune response are macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Both the myeloid and structural cells of the respiratory system sense invading microorganisms through binding or activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). The recognition of microbes and subsequent activation of PRRs triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of transcription factors, induction of cytokines/5chemokines, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, recruitment of immune cells, and subsequent microbe clearance. Since numerous microbes resist antimicrobial agents and escape innate immune defenses, in the future, a comprehensive strategy consisting of newer vaccines and novel antimicrobials will be required to control microbial infections. This review summarizes key findings in the area of innate immune defense in response to acute microbial infections in the lung. Understanding the innate immune mechanisms is critical to design host-targeted immunotherapies to mitigate excessive inflammation while controlling microbial burden in tissues following lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Le
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yathushigan Kulatheepan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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4
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Stotts C, Corrales-Medina VF, Rayner KJ. Pneumonia-Induced Inflammation, Resolution and Cardiovascular Disease: Causes, Consequences and Clinical Opportunities. Circ Res 2023; 132:751-774. [PMID: 36927184 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is inflammation in the lungs, which is usually caused by an infection. The symptoms of pneumonia can vary from mild to life-threatening, where severe illness is often observed in vulnerable populations like children, older adults, and those with preexisting health conditions. Vaccines have greatly reduced the burden of some of the most common causes of pneumonia, and the use of antimicrobials has greatly improved the survival to this infection. However, pneumonia survivors do not return to their preinfection health trajectories but instead experience an accelerated health decline with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms of this association are not well understood, but a persistent dysregulated inflammatory response post-pneumonia appears to play a central role. It is proposed that the inflammatory response during pneumonia is left unregulated and exacerbates atherosclerotic vascular disease, which ultimately leads to adverse cardiac events such as myocardial infarction. For this reason, there is a need to better understand the inflammatory cross talk between the lungs and the heart during and after pneumonia to develop therapeutics that focus on preventing pneumonia-associated cardiovascular events. This review will provide an overview of the known mechanisms of inflammation triggered during pneumonia and their relevance to the increased cardiovascular risk that follows this infection. We will also discuss opportunities for new clinical approaches leveraging strategies to promote inflammatory resolution pathways as a novel therapeutic target to reduce the risk of cardiac events post-pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Stotts
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (C.S., K.J.R).,Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (C.S., V.F.C.-M.).,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (C.S., K.J.R)
| | - Vicente F Corrales-Medina
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (C.S., V.F.C.-M.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (V.F.C-M).,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (V.F.C.-M)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (C.S., K.J.R).,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (C.S., K.J.R)
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5
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Title-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Allergic and Infection-Associated Lung Diseases. ALLERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/allergies2020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation can be caused by pathogen infection alone or by allergic disease, leading to pneumonitis. Most of the allergens (antigens) that cause allergic lung diseases, including asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), are derived from microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, but some inorganic materials, such as mercury, can also cause pneumonitis. Certain allergens, including food and pollen, can also cause acute allergic reactions and lead to lung inflammation in individuals predisposed to such reactions. Pattern recognition-associated and damage-associated signaling by these allergens can be critical in determining the type of hypersensitization and allergic disease, as well as the potential for fibrosis and irreversible lung damage. This review discusses the signs, symptoms, and etiology of allergic asthma, and HP. Furthermore, we review the immune response and signaling pathways involved in pneumonitis due to both microbial infection and allergic processes. We also discuss current and potential therapeutic interventions for infection-associated and allergic lung inflammation.
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Polymyxin Induces Significant Transcriptomic Perturbations of Cellular Signalling Networks in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030307. [PMID: 35326770 PMCID: PMC8944768 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled polymyxins are increasingly used to treat pulmonary infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. We have previously shown that apoptotic pathways, autophagy and oxidative stress are involved in polymyxin-induced toxicity in human lung epithelial cells. In the present study, we employed human lung epithelial cells A549 treated with polymyxin B as a model to elucidate the complex interplay of multiple signalling networks underpinning cellular responses to polymyxin toxicity. Polymyxin B induced toxicity (1.0 mM, 24 h) in A549 cells was assessed by flow cytometry and transcriptomics was performed using microarray. Polymyxin B induced cell death was 19.0 ± 4.2% at 24 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control and polymyxin B treated cells were identified with Student’s t-test. Pathway analysis was conducted with KEGG and Reactome and key hub genes related to polymyxin B induced toxicity were examined using the STRING database. In total we identified 899 DEGs (FDR < 0.01), KEGG and Reactome pathway analyses revealed significantly up-regulated genes related to cell cycle, DNA repair and DNA replication. NF-κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NOD) signalling pathways were identified as markedly down-regulated genes. Network analysis revealed the top 5 hub genes (i.e., degree) affected by polymyxin B treatment were PLK1(48), CDK20 (46), CCNA2 (42), BUB1 (40) and BUB1B (37). Overall, perturbations of cell cycle, DNA damage and pro-inflammatory NF-κB and NOD-like receptor signalling pathways play key roles in polymyxin-induced toxicity in human lung epithelial cells. Noting that NOD-like receptor signalling represents a group of key sensors for microorganisms and damage in the lung, understanding the mechanism of polymyxin-induced pulmonary toxicity will facilitate the optimisation of polymyxin inhalation therapy in patients.
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Root-Bernstein R. Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042108. [PMID: 33672738 PMCID: PMC7924650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) due to combined infections of SARS-CoV-2 with other microbes, mainly bacterial and fungal. This proposition is based on eight linked types of evidence and their logical connections. (1) Severe cases of COVID-19 differ from healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients in exhibiting increased TLR4, TLR7, TLR9 and NLRP3 activity. (2) SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses activate TLR3, TLR7, RIG1 and NLRP3. (3) SARS-CoV-2 cannot, therefore, account for the innate receptor activation pattern (IRAP) found in severe COVID-19 patients. (4) Severe COVID-19 also differs from its mild form in being characterized by bacterial and fungal infections. (5) Respiratory bacterial and fungal infections activate TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and NLRP3. (6) A combination of SARS-CoV-2 with bacterial/fungal coinfections accounts for the IRAP found in severe COVID-19 and why it differs from mild cases. (7) Notably, TLR7 (viral) and TLR4 (bacterial/fungal) synergize, TLR9 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize and TLR2 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize with NLRP3 (viral and bacterial). (8) Thus, a SARS-CoV-2-bacterium/fungus coinfection produces synergistic innate activation, resulting in the hyperinflammation characteristic of a cytokine storm. Unique clinical, experimental and therapeutic predictions (such as why melatonin is effective in treating COVID-19) are discussed, and broader implications are outlined for understanding why other syndromes such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis display varied cytokine storm symptoms.
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8
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Liu FY, Fang BQ, Sun LM, Zhang XZ, Liu JL, Yang Y, Zhang WH, Wang XL, Ding YC. The Role of the NOD1/Rip2 Signaling Pathway in Myocardial Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924748. [PMID: 32855380 PMCID: PMC7477929 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hypertension changes the function and structure of the heart and blood vessels. This study aimed to explore the role of the NOD1/Rip2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1/receptor-interacting protein 2) signaling pathway in myocardial remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood pressure was measured using a tail cuff. The cardiac structure was observed using echocardiography. Slices of the myocardium were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The expression of NOD1 and Rip2 was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The content and distribution of collagen in the myocardium were observed using Van Gieson staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the interleukin-1 (IL-1) concentrations. SHRs were treated with the NOD1 agonist iE-DAP and NOD1 inhibitor ML130. RESULTS The NOD1 agonist increased blood pressure in SHRs, and the NOD1 inhibitor decreased blood pressure; the interventricular septum thickness (IVST) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT) of the agonist-treated group were thicker than those of the control group, and the antagonist exerted the opposite effects. The levels of the NOD1 and Rip2 mRNAs and proteins, serum IL-1 concentration, and myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF%) increased in SHRs in the NOD1 agonist group, but the levels of NOD1 and Rip2, serum IL-1 concentration, and myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF%) decreased in SHRs in the NOD1 inhibitor group. CONCLUSIONS NOD1/Rip2 expression increased during the progression of myocardial remodeling in SHRs. The NOD1 agonist increased NOD1 expression and promoted myocardial remodeling, while the NOD1 antagonist reduced NOD1/Rip2 expression and protected against myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology V, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Qian Fang
- Department of Cardiology V, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Min Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Li Liu
- Department of Cardiology V, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Ding
- Department of Cardiology V, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Kwon MY, Hwang N, Back SH, Lee SJ, Perrella MA, Chung SW. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 deficiency enhances CHOP expression and plaque necrosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. FEBS J 2020; 287:2055-2069. [PMID: 32167239 PMCID: PMC7318642 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is extensively involved in atherosclerotic plaque stabilization. We previously reported that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) participated in vascular homeostasis and tissue injury. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of NOD2 remain unknown in ER stress-induced cell death of VSMC during vascular diseases, including advanced atherosclerosis. Here, we report that NOD2 specifically interacted with ER stress sensor activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and suppressed the expression of proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) during ER stress. CHOP-positive cells were increased in neointimal lesions after femoral artery injury in NOD2-deficient mice. In particular, a NOD2 ligand, MDP, and overexpression of NOD2 decreased CHOP expression in wild-type VSMCs. NOD2 interacted with an ER stress sensor molecule, ATF6, and acted as a negative regulator for ATF6 activation and its downstream target molecule, CHOP, that regulates ER stress-induced apoptosis. Moreover, NOD2 deficiency promoted disruption of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and CHOP expression in NOD2-/- ApoE-/- mice. Our findings indicate an unsuspected critical role for NOD2 in ER stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Narae Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seon-Jin Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Su Wol Chung
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
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Evankovich J, Lear T, Baldwin C, Chen Y, White V, Villandre J, Londino J, Liu Y, McVerry B, Kitsios GD, Mallampalli RK, Chen BB. Toll-like Receptor 8 Stability Is Regulated by Ring Finger 216 in Response to Circulating MicroRNAs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:157-167. [PMID: 31385713 PMCID: PMC6993540 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0373oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses RNA in endosomes to initiate innate immune signaling through NF-κB, and mechanisms regulating TLR8 protein abundance are not completely understood. Protein degradation is a cellular process controlling protein concentrations, accomplished largely through ubiquitin transfer directed by E3 ligase proteins to substrates. In the present study, we show that TLR8 has a short half-life in THP-1 monocytes (∼1 h) and that TLR8 is ubiquitinated and degraded in the proteasome. Treatment with the TLR8 agonist R848 causes rapid depletion of TLR8 concentrations at early time points, an effect blocked by proteasomal inhibition. We show a novel role for RNF216 (ring finger protein 216), an E3 ligase that targets TLR8 for ubiquitination and degradation. RNF216 overexpression reduces TLR8 concentrations, whereas RNF216 knockdown stabilizes TLR8. We describe a potential role for TLR8 activation by circulating RNA ligands in humans with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Plasma and extracted RNA fractions from subjects with ARDS activated TLR8 in vitro. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiling revealed several circulating miRNAs from subjects with ARDS. miRNA mimics promoted TLR8 proteasomal degradation in THP-1 cells. These data show that TLR8 proteasomal disposal through RNF216 in response to RNA ligands regulates TLR8 cellular concentrations and may have implications for innate immune signaling. In addition, TLR8 activation by circulating RNA ligands may be a previously underrecognized stimulus contributing to excessive innate immune signaling characteristic of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Evankovich
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
| | - Travis Lear
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health
| | | | | | - Virginia White
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
| | - John Villandre
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
| | - James Londino
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
- Aging Institute
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Bryan McVerry
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
| | - Georgios D. Kitsios
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, and
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
- Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bill B. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
- Aging Institute
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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11
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Kolls JK. Commentary: Understanding the Impact of Infection, Inflammation and Their Persistence in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:24. [PMID: 28303241 PMCID: PMC5332367 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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12
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Danilović B, Potić V, Stamenković S, Savić D. A review of the presence of some food contaminants on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5937/savteh1702084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Jin L, Batra S, Jeyaseelan S. Deletion of Nlrp3 Augments Survival during Polymicrobial Sepsis by Decreasing Autophagy and Enhancing Phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1253-1262. [PMID: 28031338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical player in innate immunity. Neutrophil recruitment to tissues and effective neutrophil function are critical innate immune mechanisms for bacterial clearance. However, the role of NLRP3 in neutrophil-dependent bacterial clearance in polymicrobial sepsis is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the role of NLRP3 in polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Our results showed protection from death in NLRP3-deficient (Nlrp3-/-) and NLRP3 inhibitor-treated wild-type (C57BL/6) mice. Nlrp3-/- and NLRP3 inhibitor-treated mice displayed lower bacterial load but no impairment in neutrophil recruitment to peritoneum. However, neutrophil depletion abrogated protection from death in Nlrp3-/- mice in response to CLP. Intriguingly, following CLP, Nlrp3-/- peritoneal cells (primarily neutrophils) demonstrate decreased autophagy, augmented phagocytosis, and enhanced scavenger receptor (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) and mannose-binding leptin expression. These findings enhance our understanding of the critical role of NLRP3 in modulating autophagy and phagocytosis in neutrophils and suggest that therapies should be targeted to modulate autophagy and phagocytosis in neutrophils to control bacterial burden in tissues during CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliang Jin
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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14
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Yu X, Feng L, Han Z, Wu B, Wang S, Xiao Y, Li F, Zhang L, Cao B, Di X, Lu D, Li X, Jiang W, Zhang K, Cheng S. Crosstalk of dynamic functional modules in lung development of rhesus macaques. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1342-9. [PMID: 26923754 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00881f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung development follows a complex series of dynamic histogenic events that depend on the fluctuation of gene expression, and the disruption of gene regulation could lead to devastating consequences, such as diseases in adulthood. In order to investigate the mechanism of lung development, we performed RNA sequencing by Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 to measure mRNA expression in lung tissues of nine rhesus macaques spanning from foetuses at gestation of 45 days to postnatal at 7 days. This development period was divided into three developmental stages, including the early stage (45-100 gestational days), the middle stage (137-163 gestational days) and the late stage (after birth at 4-7 days). Firstly, we identified stage-specific genes, based on which we found that the principle biological processes of the early stage were mainly associated with internal growth signalling, while the middle and late stage-specific genes controlled the external stress signalling. Then, we constructed a stage-specific protein-protein interaction (PPI) subnetwork, extracted dynamic modules, and identified crosstalk between modules. Moreover, we found four active pathways that could mediate the crosstalk, including the Notch signalling pathway, cell cycle, NOD-like receptor signalling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signalling pathway. These pathways not only played crucial roles in lung development, but also were implicated in lung diseases. Finally, some important bridgers, such as PSEN2, HSP90AA1 and CASP8, were discovered to explain the potential mechanism of crosstalk. Therefore, our study presents the landscape of gene expression of lung development of rhesus macaques, and provides an extended insight into the lung development mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
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15
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Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:137357. [PMID: 26063967 PMCID: PMC4430664 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inflammatory conditions affecting the global adult population. In the pathogenesis of PD, subgingival complex bacterial biofilm induces inflammation that leads to connective tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption around the teeth. In health, junctional epithelium seals the gingiva to the tooth enamel, thus preventing bacteria from entering the gingivae. Chronic PD involves major pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) which have an immune armoury that can circumvent host's immune surveillance to create and maintain an inflammatory mediator rich and toxic environment to grow and survive. The neurodegenerative condition, AD, is characterised by poor memory and specific hallmark proteins; periodontal pathogens are increasingly being linked with this dementing condition. It is therefore becoming important to understand associations of periodontitis with relevance to late-onset AD. The aim of this review is to discuss the relevance of finding the keystone periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis in AD brains and its plausible contribution to the aetiological hypothesis of this dementing condition.
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16
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Baral P, Batra S, Zemans RL, Downey GP, Jeyaseelan S. Divergent functions of Toll-like receptors during bacterial lung infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:722-32. [PMID: 25033332 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1101pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections caused by bacteria are a major cause of death in humans irrespective of sex, race, or geography. Indeed, accumulated data indicate greater mortality and morbidity due to these infections than cancer, malaria, or HIV infection. Successful recognition of, followed by an appropriate response to, bacterial pathogens in the lungs is crucial for effective pulmonary host defense. Although the early recruitment and activation of neutrophils in the lungs is key in the response against invading microbial pathogens, other sentinels, such as alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and CD4(+) T cells, also contribute to the elimination of the bacterial burden. Pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, are important for recognizing and responding to microbes during pulmonary infections. However, bacterial pathogens have acquired crafty evasive strategies to circumvent the pattern recognition receptor response and thus establish infection. Increased understanding of the function of TLRs and evasive mechanisms used by pathogens during pulmonary infection will deepen our knowledge of immunopathogenesis and is crucial for developing effective therapeutic and/or prophylactic measures. This review summarizes current knowledge of the multiple roles of TLRs in bacterial lung infections and highlights the mechanisms used by pathogens to modulate or interfere with TLR signaling in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Baral
- 1 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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17
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Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Marques Neto LM, Kipnis A. Role of Fused Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunogens and Adjuvants in Modern Tuberculosis Vaccines. Front Immunol 2014; 5:188. [PMID: 24795730 PMCID: PMC4005953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have been developed to improve or replace the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin). The development of subunit protein vaccines is a promising strategy because it combines specificity and safety. In addition, subunit protein vaccines can be designed to have selected immune epitopes associated with immunomodulating components to drive the appropriate immune response. However, the limited antigens present in subunit vaccines reduce their capacity to stimulate a complete immune response compared with vaccines composed of live attenuated or killed microorganisms. This deficiency can be compensated by the incorporation of adjuvants in the vaccine formulation. The fusion of adjuvants with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins or immune epitopes has the potential to become the new frontier in the TB vaccine development field. Researchers have addressed this approach by fusing the immune epitopes of their vaccines with molecules such as interleukins, lipids, lipoproteins, and immune stimulatory peptides, which have the potential to enhance the immune response. The fused molecules are being tested as subunit vaccines alone or within live attenuated vector contexts. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to discuss the association of Mtb fusion proteins with adjuvants; Mtb immunogens fused with adjuvants; and cytokine fusion with Mtb proteins and live recombinant vectors expressing cytokines. The incorporation of adjuvant molecules in a vaccine can be complex, and developing a stable fusion with proteins is a challenging task. Overall, the fusion of adjuvants with Mtb epitopes, despite the limited number of studies, is a promising field in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás , Goiânia , Brazil
| | - Lázaro Moreira Marques Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás , Goiânia , Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás , Goiânia , Brazil
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18
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Kulkarni R, Jeyaseelan S. Editorial: Strangers with candy: policing the lungs with C-type lectins. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:387-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0413227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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Wu X, Song X, Li N, Zhan L, Meng Q, Xia Z. Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on blunt chest trauma–induced pulmonary contusion in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74:524-30. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31827d5de3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Balamayooran T, Cai S, Pacher P, Jeyaseelan S. Intrapulmonary G-CSF rescues neutrophil recruitment to the lung and neutrophil release to blood in Gram-negative bacterial infection in MCP-1-/- mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5849-59. [PMID: 23129755 PMCID: PMC3518636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that MCP-1 is important for E. coli-induced neutrophil migration to the lungs. However, E. coli neither disseminates nor induces death in mice. Furthermore, the cell types and the host defense mechanisms that contribute to MCP-1-dependent neutrophil trafficking have not been defined. In this study, we sought to explore the cell types and the mechanisms associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae-mediated MCP-1-dependent neutrophil influx. MCP-1(-/-) mice are more susceptible to pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection and show higher bacterial burden in the lungs and dissemination. MCP-1(-/-) mice also display attenuated neutrophil influx, cytokine/chemokine production, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs following intratracheal K. pneumoniae infection. rMCP-1 treatment in MCP-1(-/-) mice following K. pneumoniae infection rescued impairment in survival, bacterial clearance, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Neutrophil numbers in the blood of MCP-1(-/-) mice were associated with G-CSF concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood. Bone marrow or resident cell-derived MCP-1 contributed to bacterial clearance, neutrophil accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine production in the lungs following infection. Furthermore, exogenous MCP-1 dose dependently increased neutrophil counts and G-CSF concentrations in the blood. Intriguingly, administration of intratracheal rG-CSF to MCP-1(-/-) mice after K. pneumoniae infection rescued survival, bacterial clearance and dissemination, and neutrophil influx in MCP-1(-/-) mice. Collectively, these novel findings unveil an unrecognized role of MCP-1 in neutrophil-mediated host immunity during K. pneumoniae pneumonia and illustrate that G-CSF could be used to rescue impairment in host immunity in individuals with absent or malfunctional MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Theivanthiran Balamayooran
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Abstract
Immunological investigations need to be considered in any child presenting with chronic wet cough. Not infrequently, such children are subjected to a detailed, expensive battery of immune function tests, without consideration as to whether such extensive testing is necessary or indeed helpful. The main aim of this review is to discuss which immune function tests are and are not particularly helpful when investigating a child with persistent wet cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Mehr
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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22
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Eddens T, Kolls JK. Host defenses against bacterial lower respiratory tract infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:424-30. [PMID: 22841348 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies have shown that lung epithelia signal through pattern recognition receptors to initiate the innate immune response. Other mediators of innate immunity against bacterial pneumonia include transepithelial dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, and innate produces of IL-17. CD4+ T cells and B cells play a key role in eliminating and preventing the development of bacterial pneumonias. B cell development and maturation can be modulated by the lung epithelia through BAFF and APRIL, furthering our current understanding of the role of epithelial cells in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Livraghi-Butrico A, Kelly EJ, Klem ER, Dang H, Wolfgang MC, Boucher RC, Randell SH, O'Neal WK. Mucus clearance, MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent immunity modulate lung susceptibility to spontaneous bacterial infection and inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:397-408. [PMID: 22419116 PMCID: PMC3377774 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been postulated that mucus stasis is central to the pathogenesis of obstructive lung diseases. In Scnn1b-transgenic (Scnn1b-Tg⁺ mice, airway-targeted overexpression of the epithelial Na⁺ channel β subunit causes airway surface dehydration, which results in mucus stasis and inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage from neonatal Scnn1b-Tg⁺ mice, but not wild-type littermates, contained increased mucus, bacteria, and neutrophils, which declined with age. Scnn1b-Tg⁺ mice lung bacterial flora included environmental and oropharyngeal species, suggesting inhalation and/or aspiration as routes of entry. Genetic deletion of the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor adapter molecule MyD88 in Scnn1b-Tg⁺ mice did not modify airway mucus obstruction, but caused defective neutrophil recruitment and increased bacterial infection, which persisted into adulthood. Scnn1b-Tg⁺ mice derived into germ-free conditions exhibited mucus obstruction similar to conventional Scnn1b-Tg⁺ mice and sterile inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest that dehydration-induced mucus stasis promotes infection, compounds defects in other immune mechanisms, and alone is sufficient to trigger airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Livraghi-Butrico
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a clinically defined, highly pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin disease. In AD patients, the combination of a genetic predisposition for skin barrier dysfunction and dysfunctional innate and adaptive immune responses leads to a higher frequency of bacterial and viral skin infections. The innate immune system quickly mobilizes an unspecific, standardized first-line defense against different pathogens. Defects in this system lead to barrier dysfunction which results in increased protein allergen penetration through the epidermis and predisposes to secondary skin infections. Two loss-of-function mutations in the epidermal filaggrin gene are associated with AD. Also, inducible endogenous antibiotics such as the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and the beta-defensins may show defective function in lesional AD skin. Eczema herpeticum is a disseminated viral infection almost exclusively diagnosed in AD patients, which is based on unmasking of the viral entry receptor nectin-1, lack of cathelicidin production by keratinocytes, and depletion of Type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells from AD skin. Future therapeutic approaches to AD may include enhancement of impaired innate in addition to downregulation of dysfunctional adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Germany.
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25
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Cai S, Batra S, Wakamatsu N, Pacher P, Jeyaseelan S. NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated production of IL-1β modulates mucosal immunity in the lung against gram-negative bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5623-35. [PMID: 22547706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin is critical to mediate NLRC4 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation. However, Shigella flexneri, a nonflagellated bacterium, and a flagellin (fliC) knockout strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to activate NLRC4 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the flagellin-deficient fliC strain of P. aeruginosa was used in a mouse model of peritonitis to show the requirement of NLRC4. In a model of pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection, flagellin was shown to be essential for the induction of NLRC4-dependent caspase-1 activation. Moreover, in all P. aeruginosa studies, IL-1β production was attenuated in NLRC4(-/-) mice; however, the role of IL-1β in NLRC4-mediated innate immunity in the lungs against a nonflagellated bacterium was not explored. In this article, we report that NLRC4 is important for host survival and bacterial clearance, as well as neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the lungs following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. NLRC4 is essential for K. pneumoniae-induced production of IL-1β, IL-17A, and neutrophil chemoattractants (keratinocyte cell-derived chemokines, MIP-2, and LPS-induced CXC chemokines) in the lungs. NLRC4 signaling in hematopoietic cells contributes to K. pneumoniae-induced lung inflammation. Furthermore, exogenous IL-1β, but not IL-18 or IL-17A, partially rescued survival, neutrophil accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine expression in the lungs of NLRC4(-/-) mice following infectious challenge. Furthermore, IL-1R1(-/-) mice displayed a decrease in neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs postinfection. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the role of NLRC4 in host defense against K. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Cai
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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26
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Cai S, Mei J, Worthen GS, Penn AL, Jeyaseelan S. Role of CXCL5 in leukocyte recruitment to the lungs during secondhand smoke exposure. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:104-11. [PMID: 22362385 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0260oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of mortality in the United States. The major cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Extensive leukocyte influx into the lungs, mediated by chemokines, is a critical event leading to COPD. Although both resident and myeloid cells secrete chemokines in response to inflammatory stimuli, little is known about the role of epithelial-derived chemokines, such as CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)5, in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. To explore the role of CXCL5, we generated CXCL5 gene-deficient mice and exposed them to secondhand smoke (SHS) for 5 hours/day for 5 days/week up to 3 weeks (subacute exposure). We observed a reduced recruitment of leukocytes to the lungs of CXCL5(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts, and noted that macrophages comprised the predominant leukocytes recruited to the lungs. Irradiation experiments performed on CXCL5(-/-) or WT mice transplanted with WT or CXCL5(-/-) bone marrow revealed that resident but not hematopoietic cell-driven CXCL5 is important for mediating SHS-induced lung inflammation. Interestingly, we observed a significant reduction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CC chemokine ligand 2) concentrations in the lungs of CXCL5(-/-) mice. The instillation of recombinant MCP-1 in CXCL5(-/-) mice reversed macrophage recruitment. Our results also show the reduced activation of NF-κB/p65 in the lungs, as well as the attenuated activation of C-Jun N-terminal kinase, p42/44, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the lungs of SHS-exposed CXCL5(-/-) mice. Our findings suggest an important role for CXCL5 in augmenting leukocyte recruitment in SHS-induced lung inflammation, and provide novel insights into CXCL5-driven pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
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27
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Baron RM, Choi AJS, Owen CA, Choi AMK. Genetically manipulated mouse models of lung disease: potential and pitfalls. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L485-97. [PMID: 22198907 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00085.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting in mice (transgenic and knockout) has provided investigators with an unparalleled armamentarium in recent decades to dissect the cellular and molecular basis of critical pathophysiological states. Fruitful information has been derived from studies using these genetically engineered mice with significant impact on our understanding, not only of specific biological processes spanning cell proliferation to cell death, but also of critical molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of human disease. This review will focus on the use of gene-targeted mice to study various models of lung disease including airways diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and parenchymal lung diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, and acute lung injury. We will attempt to review the current technological approaches of generating gene-targeted mice and the enormous dataset derived from these studies, providing a template for lung investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Atochina-Vasserman EN. S-nitrosylation of surfactant protein D as a modulator of pulmonary inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:763-9. [PMID: 22183030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a member of the family of proteins termed collagen-like lectins or "collectins" that play a role in non-antibody-mediated innate immune responses [1]. The primary function of SP-D is the modulation of host defense and inflammation [2]. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will discuss recent findings on the physiological importance of SP-D S-nitrosylation in biological systems and potential mechanisms that govern SP-D mediated signaling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS SP-D appears to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling functions. SP-D multimerization is a critical feature of its function and plays an important role in efficient innate host defense. Under baseline conditions, SP-D forms a multimer in which the N-termini are hidden in the center and the C-termini are on the surface. This multimeric form of SP-D is limited in its ability to activate inflammation. However, NO can modify key cysteine residues in the hydrophobic tail domain of SP-D resulting in a dissociation of SP-D multimers into trimers, exposing the S-nitrosylated N-termini. The exposed S-nitrosylated tail domain binds to the calreticulin/CD91 receptor complex and initiates a pro-inflammatory response through phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB activation [3,4]. In addition, the disassembled SP-D loses its ability to block TLR4, which also results in activation of NF-κB. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Recent studies have highlighted the capability of NO to modify SP-D through S-nitrosylation, causing the activation of a pro-inflammatory role for SP-D [3]. This represents a novel mechanism both for the regulation of SP-D function and NO's role in innate immunity, but also demonstrates that the S-nitrosylation can control protein function by regulating quaternary structure. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Vernon and Shirley Hill Pavilion, #H410C, 380 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA.
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Eisele NA, Anderson DM. Host Defense and the Airway Epithelium: Frontline Responses That Protect against Bacterial Invasion and Pneumonia. J Pathog 2011; 2011:249802. [PMID: 22567325 PMCID: PMC3335569 DOI: 10.4061/2011/249802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against invading microbes, and they protect themselves through the production of carbohydrate and protein matrices concentrated with antimicrobial products. In addition, they act as sentinels, expressing pattern recognition receptors that become activated upon sensing bacterial products and stimulate downstream recruitment and activation of immune cells which clear invading microbes. Bacterial pathogens that successfully colonize the lungs must resist these mechanisms or inhibit their production, penetrate the epithelial barrier, and be prepared to resist a barrage of inflammation. Despite the enormous task at hand, relatively few virulence factors coordinate the battle with the epithelium while simultaneously providing resistance to inflammatory cells and causing injury to the lung. Here we review mechanisms whereby airway epithelial cells recognize pathogens and activate a program of antibacterial pathways to prevent colonization of the lung, along with a few examples of how bacteria disrupt these responses to cause pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Eisele
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- The Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Deborah M. Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- The Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Receptor-interacting protein 2 controls pulmonary host defense to Escherichia coli infection via the regulation of interleukin-17A. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4588-99. [PMID: 21844230 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05641-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of microbial patterns by host receptors is the first step in a multistep sequence leading to neutrophil-dependent host resistance. Although the role of membrane-bound sensors in bacterial recognition has been examined in detail, the importance of cytosolic sensors in the lungs is largely unexplored. In this context, there is a major lack of understanding related to the downstream signaling mediators, such as cells and/or molecules, during acute extracellular Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. In order to determine the role of NOD-like receptors (NLRs), we used an experimental Escherichia coli infection model using mice deficient in the gene coding for the NLR adaptor, receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2). RIP2(-/-) mice with E. coli infection displayed higher bacterial burden and reduced neutrophil recruitment and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), and CXCL5/LIX expression, along with attenuated histopathological changes in the lungs. Decreased IL-17A levels were observed, along with lower numbers of IL-17A-producing T cells, in RIP2(-/-) mice after infection. RIP2(-/-) mice also show reduced IL-6 and IL-23 levels in the lungs, along with decreased activation of STAT3 after infection. Furthermore, activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in the lungs of infected RIP2(-/-) mice were attenuated following infection. Although neutrophil mobilization to the blood was impaired in RIP2(-/-) mice following infection, the expression of CD62P, CD11a/18, CD11b, and CXCR2 on blood and lung neutrophils was not altered between infected wild-type (WT) and RIP2(-/-) mice. Thus, RIP2 contributes to neutrophil-dependent host defense against an extracellular Gram-negative pathogen via (i) IL-17A regulation and (ii) neutrophil mobilization to the blood.
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Abstract
The mechanical forces generated during the ventilation of patients with acute lung injury causes significant lung damage and inflammation. Low-volume ventilation protocols are commonly used to prevent stretch-related injury that occurs at high lung volumes. However, the cyclic closure and reopening of pulmonary airways at low lung volumes, i.e., derecruitment and recruitment, also causes significant lung damage and inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of how biomedical engineering techniques are being used to elucidate the complex physiological and biomechanical mechanisms responsible for cellular injury during recruitment/derecruitment. We focus on the development of multiscale, multiphysics computational models of cell deformation and injury during airway reopening. These models, and the corresponding in vitro experiments, have been used to both elucidate the basic mechanisms responsible for recruitment/derecruitment injury and to develop alternative therapies that make the epithelium more resistant to injury. For example, models and experiments indicate that fluidization of the cytoskeleton is cytoprotective and that changes in cytoskeletal structure and cell mechanics can be used to mitigate the mechanotransduction of oscillatory pressure into inflammatory signaling. The continued application of biomedical engineering techniques to the problem of recruitment/derecruitment injury may therefore lead to novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA.
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Palaniyar N. Antibody equivalent molecules of the innate immune system: parallels between innate and adaptive immune proteins. Innate Immun 2010; 16:131-7. [PMID: 20529970 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910370498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble pattern-recognition innate immune proteins functionally resemble the antibodies of the adaptive immune system. Two major families of such proteins are ficolins and collectins or collagenous lectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin [MBL], surfactant proteins [SP-A and SP-D] and conglutinin). In general, subunits of ficolins and collectins recognize the carbohydrate arrays of their targets via globular trimeric carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) whereas IgG, IgM and other antibody isotypes recognize proteins via dimeric antigen-binding domains (Fab). Considering the structure and functions of these proteins, ficolins and MBL are analogous to molecules with the complement activating functions of C1q and the target recognition ability of IgG. Although the structure of SP-A is similar to MBL, it does not activate the complement system. Surfactant protein-D and conglutinin could be considered as the collagenous non-complement activating giant IgMs of the innate immune system. Proteins such as peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, pentraxins and agglutinin gp-340/DMBT1 are also pattern-recognition proteins. These proteins may be considered as different isotypes of antibody-like molecules. Proteins such as defensins, cathelicidins and lactoferrins directly or indirectly alter microbes or microbial growth. These proteins may not be considered as antibodies of the innate immune system. Hence, ficolins and collectins could be considered as specialized 'antibodies of the innate immune system' instead of 'ante-antibody' innate immune molecules. The discovery, structure, functions and future research directions of many of these soluble proteins and receptors such as Toll-like and NOD-like receptors are discussed in this special issue of Innate Immunity.
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