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Tao R, Cheng X, Gu L, Zhou J, Zhu X, Zhang X, Guo R, Wang W, Li B. Lipidomics reveals the significance and mechanism of the cellular ceramide metabolism for rotavirus replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0006424. [PMID: 38488360 PMCID: PMC11019908 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00064-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important causative agents of severe gastroenteritis in children, piglets, and other young animals, species A rotaviruses have adversely impacted both human health and the global swine industry. Vaccines against rotaviruses (RVs) are insufficiently effective, and no specific treatment is available. To understand the relationships between porcine RV (PoRV) infection and enterocytes in terms of the cellular lipid metabolism, we performed an untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) lipidomics analysis of PoRV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Herein, a total of 451 lipids (263 upregulated lipids and 188 downregulated lipids), spanning sphingolipid, glycerolipid, and glycerophospholipids, were significantly altered compared with the mock-infected group. Interestingly, almost all the ceramides among these lipids were upregulated during PoRV infection. LC-MS analysis was used to validated the lipidomics data and demonstrated that PoRV replication increased the levels of long-chain ceramides (C16-ceramide, C18-ceramide, and C24-ceramide) in cells. Furthermore, we found that these long-chain ceramides markedly inhibited PoRV infection and that their antiviral actions were exerted in the replication stage of PoRV infection. Moreover, downregulation of endogenous ceramides with the ceramide metabolic inhibitors enhanced PoRV propagation. Increasing the levels of ceramides by the addition of C6-ceramide strikingly suppressed the replication of diverse RV strains. We further found that the treatment with an apoptotic inhibitor could reverse the antiviral activity of ceramide against PoRV replication, demonstrating that ceramide restricted RV infection by inducing apoptosis. Altogether, this study revealed that ceramides played an antiviral role against RV infection, providing potential approaches for the development of antiviral therapies.IMPORTANCERotaviruses (RVs) are among the most important zoonosis viruses, which mainly infected enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium causing diarrhea in children and the young of many mammalian and avian species. Lipids play an essential role in viral infection. A comprehensive understanding of the interaction between RV and lipid metabolism in the enterocytes will be helpful to control RV infection. Here, we mapped changes in enterocyte lipids following porcine RV (PoRV) infection using an untargeted lipidomics approach. We found that PoRV infection altered the metabolism of various lipid species, especially ceramides (derivatives of the sphingosine). We further demonstrated that PoRV infection increased the accumulation of ceramides and that ceramides exerted antiviral effects on RV replication by inducing apoptosis. Our findings fill a gap in understanding the alterations of lipid metabolism in RV-infected enterocytes and highlight the antiviral effects of ceramides on RV infection, suggesting potential approaches to control RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laqiang Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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2
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Asensio-Cob D, Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Rotavirus Particle Disassembly and Assembly In Vivo and In Vitro. Viruses 2023; 15:1750. [PMID: 37632092 PMCID: PMC10458742 DOI: 10.3390/v15081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are non-enveloped multilayered dsRNA viruses that are major etiologic agents of diarrheal disease in humans and in the young in a large number of animal species. The viral particle is composed of three different protein layers that enclose the segmented dsRNA genome and the transcriptional complexes. Each layer defines a unique subparticle that is associated with a different phase of the replication cycle. Thus, while single- and double-layered particles are associated with the intracellular processes of selective packaging, genome replication, and transcription, the viral machinery necessary for entry is located in the third layer. This modular nature of its particle allows rotaviruses to control its replication cycle by the disassembly and assembly of its structural proteins. In this review, we examine the significant advances in structural, molecular, and cellular RV biology that have contributed during the last few years to illuminating the intricate details of the RV particle disassembly and assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Asensio-Cob
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada;
| | - Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit UCCT/ISCIII, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Hartal-Benishay LH, Saadi E, Toubiana S, Shaked L, Lalzar M, Abu Hatoum O, Tal S, Selig S, Barki-Harrington L. MBTPS1 regulates proliferation of colorectal cancer primarily through its action on sterol regulatory element-binding proteins. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1004014. [PMID: 36300096 PMCID: PMC9592115 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the main metabolic pathways implicated in cancer cell proliferation are those of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, both of which are tightly regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). SREBPs are activated through specific cleavage by membrane-bound transcription factor protease 1 (MBTPS1), a serine protease that cleaves additional substrates (ATF6, BDNF, CREBs and somatostatin), some of which are also implicated in cell proliferation. The goal of this study was to determine whether MBTPS1 may serve as a master regulator in proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumors from CRC patients showed variable levels of MBTPS1 mRNA, which were in positive correlation with the levels of SREBPs and ATF6, and in reverse correlation with BDNF levels. Chemical inhibition of MBTPS1 activity in two CRC-derived cell lines resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of SREBPs, but not of its other substrates and a marked decrease in cell proliferation, which suggested that MBTPS1 activity is critical for proliferation of these cells. In accordance, CRISPR/Cas9 targeted knockout (KO) of the MBTPS1 gene resulted in the survival of only a single clone that presented a phenotype of severely attenuated proliferation and marked downregulation of several energy metabolism pathways. We further showed that survival of the MBTPS1 KO clone was dependent upon significant upregulation of the type-1 interferon pathway, the inhibition of which halted proliferation entirely. Finally, rescue of the MBTPS1 KO cells, resulted in partial restoration of MBTPS1 levels, which was in accordance with partial recovery in proliferation and in SREBP levels. These finding suggest that MBTPS1 plays a critical role in regulating colon cancer proliferation primarily through SREBP-associated lipid metabolism, and as such may serve as a possible therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat H. Hartal-Benishay
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esraa Saadi
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shir Toubiana
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lior Shaked
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Lalzar
- Bioinformatics Service Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ossama Abu Hatoum
- Department of Surgery, Ha’emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sharon Tal
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sara Selig
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liza Barki-Harrington
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Liza Barki-Harrington,
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Huang L, Jia W, Lian X, Weng C, Zhang G, Qi W, Chen J. Toosendanin suppresses African swine fever virus replication through upregulating interferon regulatory factor 1 in porcine alveolar macrophage cultures. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970501. [PMID: 36110293 PMCID: PMC9468581 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal swine pathogen that causes severe socio-economic consequences in affected countries. Unfortunately, effective vaccine for combating ASF is unavailable so far, and the prevention and control strategies for ASFV are still very limited. Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the medicinal herb Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc, has been demonstrated to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-botulism and anti-microbial activities, and was used clinically as an anthelmintic, while the antiviral effect of TSN on ASFV has not been reported. In this study, we revealed that TSN exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on ASFV GZ201801-38 strain in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs; EC50 = 0.085 μM, SI = 365) in a dose-dependent manner. TSN showed robust antiviral activity in different doses of ASFV infection and reduced the transcription and translation levels of ASFV p30 protein, viral genomic DNA quantity as well as viral titer at 24 and 48 h post-infection. In addition, TSN did not affect virion attachment and release but intervened in its internalization in PAMs. Further investigations disclosed that TSN played its antiviral role by upregulating the host IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) IRF1 rather than by directly inactivating the virus particles. Overall, our results suggest that TSN is an effective antiviral agent against ASFV replication in vitro and may have the potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlei Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guihong Zhang,
| | - Wenbao Qi
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Wenbao Qi,
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jianxin Chen,
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5
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Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA), one of the leading pathogens causing severe acute gastroenteritis in children and a wide variety of young animals worldwide, induces apoptosis upon infecting cells. Though RVA-induced apoptosis mediated via the dual modulation of its NSP4 and NSP1 proteins is relatively well studied, the nature and signaling pathway(s) involved in RVA-induced necroptosis are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate the nature of RVA-induced necroptosis, the signaling cascade involved, and correlation with RVA-induced apoptosis. Infection with the bovine NCDV and human DS-1 RV strains was shown to activate receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)/RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), the key necroptosis molecules in virus-infected cells. Using immunoprecipitation assay, RIPK1 was found to bind phosphorylated RIPK3 (pRIPK3) and pMLKL. pMLKL, the major executioner molecule in the necroptotic pathway, was translocated to the plasma membrane of RVA-infected cells to puncture the cell membrane. Interestingly, transfection of RVA NSP4 also induced necroptosis through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway. Blockage of each key necroptosis molecule in the RVA-infected or NSP4-transfected cells resulted in decreased necroptosis but increased cell viability and apoptosis, thereby resulting in decreased viral yields in the RVA-infected cells. In contrast, suppression of RVA-induced apoptosis increased necroptosis and virus yields. Our findings suggest that RVA NSP4 also induces necroptosis via the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway. Moreover, necroptosis and apoptosis-which have proviral and antiviral effects, respectively-exhibited a crosstalk in RVA-infected cells. These findings significantly increase our understanding of the nature of RVA-induced necroptosis and the crosstalk between RVA-induced necroptosis and apoptosis. IMPORTANCE Viral infection usually culminates in cell death through apoptosis, necroptosis, and rarely, pyroptosis. Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis that is mediated by signaling complexes of the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Although apoptosis induction by rotavirus and its NSP4 protein is well known, rotavirus-induced necroptosis is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that rotavirus and also its NSP4 protein can induce necroptosis in cultured cells through the activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway. Moreover, rotavirus-induced necroptosis and apoptosis have opposite effects on viral yield, i.e., they function as proviral and antiviral processes, respectively, and counterbalance each other in rotavirus-infected cells. Our findings provide important insights for understanding the nature of rotavirus-induced necroptosis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies against infection with rotavirus and other RNA viruses.
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Neurath MF, Überla K, Ng SC. Gut as viral reservoir: lessons from gut viromes, HIV and COVID-19. Gut 2021; 70:1605-1608. [PMID: 33903146 PMCID: PMC8076629 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus F Neurath
- First Department of Medicine & Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology & Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siew C Ng
- Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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7
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Crawford SE, Ramani S, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus-Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Viruses 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34071878 PMCID: PMC8230193 DOI: 10.3390/v13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, knowledge of human host-enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host-microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Chen Y, Shen J. Mucosal immunity and tRNA, tRF, and tiRNA. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:47-56. [PMID: 33200232 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity has crucial roles in human diseases such as respiratory tract infection, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies suggest that the mononuclear phagocyte system, cancer cells, bacteria, and viruses induce the mucosal immune reaction by various pathways, and can be major factors in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Transfer RNA (tRNA) and its fragments, including tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs (tiRNAs), have emerged as a hot topic in recent years. They not only are verified as essential for transcription and translation but also play roles in cellular homeostasis and functions, such as cell metastasis, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, the specific relationship between their biological regulation and mucosal immunity remains unclear to date. In the present review, we carry out a comprehensive discussion on the specific roles of tRNA, tRFs, and tiRNAs relevant to mucosal immunity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 160# Pu Jian Ave, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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9
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Guerrero R, Guerrero C, Acosta O. Induction of Cell Death in the Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line Reh by Infection with Rotavirus Isolate Wt1-5. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E242. [PMID: 32722005 PMCID: PMC7460319 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem that poses a great challenge to health care systems worldwide. Tools for cancer treatment have rapidly advanced in recent years, resulting in therapeutic strategies which are alternative and complementary to conventional treatment. To identify the cell surface receptors used by a tumor cell-adapted rotavirus and the cell death markers induced by its infection, we use Wt1-5, a rotavirus isolate recently adapted to tumor cells, to infect the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, Reh. The expression of cell surface receptors used by Wt1-5 was determined using flow cytometry and an antibody blocking assay to test for their implication in virus infection. Viral antigens and cell death markers induced by rotavirus infection were followed by flow cytometric analysis. The present study showed that rotavirus Wt1-5 was able to use cell surface proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) 90, 70, 60 and 40, Hsc70, PDI and integrin β3. Rotavirus Wt1-5 induced cytotoxic effects including changes in cell membrane permeability, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation and activation of cell death signaling. Wt1-5 deserves to be further studied as a candidate oncolytic agent due to its ability to induce apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukemia-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Guerrero
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03 Bloque 47, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (R.G.); (O.A.)
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10
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Segrist E, Cherry S. Using Diverse Model Systems to Define Intestinal Epithelial Defenses to Enteric Viral Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:329-344. [PMID: 32164844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is an essential physical and immunological barrier comprised of a monolayer of diverse and specialized epithelial cells that perform functions ranging from nutrient absorption to pathogen sensing and intestinal homeostasis. The intestinal barrier prevents translocation of intestinal microbes into internal compartments. The microbiota is comprised of a complex community largely populated by diverse bacterial species that provide metabolites, nutrients, and immune stimuli that promote intestinal and organismal health. Although commensal organisms promote health, enteric pathogens, including a diverse plethora of enteric viruses, cause acute and chronic diseases. The barrier epithelium plays fundamental roles in immune defenses against enteric viral infections by integrating diverse signals, including those from the microbiota, to prevent disease. Importantly, many model systems have contributed to our understanding of this complex interface. This review will focus on the antiviral mechanisms at play within the intestinal epithelium and how these responses are shaped by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Segrist
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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11
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Immunogenicity and Efficacy Evaluation of Subunit Astrovirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030079. [PMID: 31382451 PMCID: PMC6789684 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the immune response to astrovirus (AstV) infection is required to treat and control AstV-induced gastroenteritis. Relative contributions of each arm of the immune system in restricting AstV infection remain unknown. In this study, two novel subunit AstV vaccines derived from capsid protein (CP) of mink AstV (MAstV) such as CPΔN (spanning amino acids 161–775) and CPΔC (spanning amino acids 1–621) were evaluated. Their immunogenicity and cytokine production in mice, as well as protective efficacy in mink litters via maternal immunization, were studied. Truncated CPs induced higher levels of serum anti-CP antibodies than CP, with the highest level for CPΔN. No seronegativity was detected after booster immunization with either AstV CP truncates in both mice and mink. All mink moms stayed seropositive during the entire 104-day study. Furthermore, lymphoproliferation responses and Th1/Th2 cytokine induction of mice splenocytes ex vivo re-stimulated by truncated CPs were significantly higher than those by CP, with the highest level for CPΔN. Immunization of mink moms with truncated CPs could suppress virus shedding and clinical signs in their litters during a 51-day study after challenge with a heterogeneous MAstV strain. Collectively, AstV truncated CPs exhibit better parameters for protection than full-length CP.
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12
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Chen S, Ding S, Yin Y, Xu L, Li P, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q, Wang W. Suppression of pyrimidine biosynthesis by targeting DHODH enzyme robustly inhibits rotavirus replication. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:35-44. [PMID: 30974126 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection remains a great health burden worldwide especially in some developing countries. It causes severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants, young children, as well as immunocompromised and organ transplanted patients. Viral replication heavily relies on the host to supply nucleosides. Thus, host enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis represent potential targets for antiviral development. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis pathway of pyrimidines. In this study, we demonstrated that two specific DHODH enzyme inhibitors, brequinar (BQR) and leflunomide (LFM) robustly inhibited rotavirus replication in conventional human intestinal Caco2 cell line as well as in human primary intestinal organoids. The antiviral effect is conserved in both laboratory strain SA11 and rotavirus strain 2011K isolated from clinical sample. Mechanistic study indicated that BQR and LFM exerted their anti-rotavirus effect through targeting DHODH to deplete pyrimidine nucleotide pool. Therefore, targeting pyrimidine biosynthesis represents a potential approach for developing antiviral strategies against rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunrui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shihao Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Yin N, Yang FM, Qiao HT, Zhou Y, Duan SQ, Lin XC, Wu JY, Xie YP, He ZL, Sun MS, Li HJ. Neonatal rhesus monkeys as an animal model for rotavirus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5109-5119. [PMID: 30568388 PMCID: PMC6288652 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a rotavirus (RV)-induced diarrhea model using RV SA11 in neonatal rhesus monkeys for the study of the pathogenic and immune mechanisms of RV infection and evaluation of candidate vaccines.
METHODS Neonatal rhesus monkeys with an average age of 15-20 d and an average weight of 500 g ± 150 g received intragastric administration of varying doses of SA11 RV ( 107 PFUs/mL, 106 PFUs/mL, or 105 PFUs/mL, 10 mL/animal) to determine whether the SA11 strain can effectively infect these animals by observing their clinical symptoms, fecal shedding of virus antigen by ELISA, distribution of RV antigen in the organs by immunofluorescence, variations of viral RNA load in the organs by qRT-PCR, histopathological changes in the small intestine by HE staining, and apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells by TUNEL assay.
RESULTS The RV monkey model showed typical clinical diarrhea symptoms in the 108 PFUs SA11 group, where we observed diarrhea 1-4 d post infection (dpi) and viral antigen shed in the feces from 1-7 dpi. RV was found in jejunal epithelial cells. We observed a viral load of approximately 5.85 × 103 copies per 100 mg in the jejunum at 2 dpi, which was increased to 1.09 × 105 copies per 100 mg at 3 dpi. A relatively high viral load was also seen in mesenteric lymph nodes at 2 dpi and 3 dpi. The following histopathological changes were observed in the small intestine following intragastric administration of SA11 RV: vacuolization, edema, and atrophy. Apoptosis in the jejunal villus epithelium was also detectable at 3 dpi.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that we have successfully established a RV SA11 strain diarrhea model in neonatal rhesus monkeys. Future studies will elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of RV infection, and we will use the model to evaluate the protective effect of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Feng-Mei Yang
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Tu Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Su-Qin Duan
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhan-Long He
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
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14
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Kanmani P, Albarracin L, Kobayashi H, Hebert EM, Saavedra L, Komatsu R, Gatica B, Miyazaki A, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Suda Y, Aso H, Egusa S, Mishima T, Salas-Burgos A, Takahashi H, Villena J, Kitazawa H. Genomic Characterization of Lactobacillus delbrueckii TUA4408L and Evaluation of the Antiviral Activities of its Extracellular Polysaccharides in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2178. [PMID: 30319634 PMCID: PMC6165883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In lactic acid bacteria, the synthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS) has been associated with some favorable technological properties as well as health-promoting benefits. Research works have shown the potential of EPS produced by lactobacilli to differentially modulate immune responses. However, most studies were performed in immune cells and few works have concentrated in the immunomodulatory activities of EPS in non-immune cells such as intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the immunoregulatory effects of EPS have not been studied in detail. In this work, we have performed a genomic characterization of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L and evaluated the immunomodulatory and antiviral properties of its acidic (APS) and neutral (NPS) EPS in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells. Whole genome sequencing allowed the analysis of the general features of L. delbrueckii TUA4408L genome as well as the characterization of its EPS genes. A typical EPS gene cluster was found in the TUA4408L genome consisting in five highly conserved genes epsA-E, and a variable region, which includes the genes for the polymerase wzy, the flippase wzx, and seven glycosyltransferases. In addition, we demonstrated here for the first time that L. delbrueckii TUA4408L and its EPS are able to improve the resistance of PIE cells against rotavirus infection by reducing viral replication and regulating inflammatory response. Moreover, studies in PIE cells demonstrated that the TUA4408L strain and its EPS differentially modulate the antiviral innate immune response triggered by the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). L. delbrueckii TUA4408L and its EPS are capable of increasing the activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways leading to an improved expression of the antiviral factors interferon (IFN)-β, Myxovirus resistance gene A (MxA) and RNaseL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulraj Kanmani
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Leonardo Albarracin
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina.,Scientific Computing Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, National University of Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Hisakazu Kobayashi
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Lucila Saavedra
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Ryoya Komatsu
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Brian Gatica
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Viral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wakako Ikeda-Ohtsubo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food, Agriculture, and Environment, Miyagi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shintaro Egusa
- Research & Development Division, Marusan-Ai Co., Ltd., Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Mishima
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Jiménez-Zaragoza M, Yubero MP, Martín-Forero E, Castón JR, Reguera D, Luque D, de Pablo PJ, Rodríguez JM. Biophysical properties of single rotavirus particles account for the functions of protein shells in a multilayered virus. eLife 2018; 7:37295. [PMID: 30201094 PMCID: PMC6133545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions performed by the concentric shells of multilayered dsRNA viruses require specific protein interactions that can be directly explored through their mechanical properties. We studied the stiffness, breaking force, critical strain and mechanical fatigue of individual Triple, Double and Single layered rotavirus (RV) particles. Our results, in combination with Finite Element simulations, demonstrate that the mechanics of the external layer provides the resistance needed to counteract the stringent conditions of extracellular media. Our experiments, in combination with electrostatic analyses, reveal a strong interaction between the two outer layers and how it is suppressed by the removal of calcium ions, a key step for transcription initiation. The intermediate layer presents weak hydrophobic interactions with the inner layer that allow the assembly and favor the conformational dynamics needed for transcription. Our work shows how the biophysical properties of the three shells are finely tuned to produce an infective RV virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jiménez-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pl Yubero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Reguera
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Basal interferon signaling and therapeutic use of interferons in controlling rotavirus infection in human intestinal cells and organoids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8341. [PMID: 29844362 PMCID: PMC5974418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) primarily infects enterocytes and results in severe diarrhea, particularly in children. It is known that the host immune responses determine the outcome of viral infections. Following infections, interferons (IFNs) are produced as the first and the main anti-viral cytokines to combat the virus. Here we showed that RV predominantly induced type III IFNs (IFN-λ1), and to a less extent, type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) in human intestinal cells. However, it did not produce detectable IFN proteins and thus, was not sufficient to inhibit RV replication. In contrast, we revealed the essential roles of the basal IFN signaling in limiting RV replication by silencing STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9 genes. In addition, exogenous IFN treatment demonstrated that RV replication was able to be inhibited by all types of IFNs, both in human intestinal Caco2 cell line and in primary intestinal organoids. In these models, IFNs significantly upregulated a panel of well-known anti-viral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Importantly, inhibition of the JAK-STAT cascade abrogated ISG induction and the anti-RV effects of IFNs. Thus, our study shall contribute to better understanding of the complex RV-host interactions and provide rationale for therapeutic development of IFN-based treatment against RV infection.
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17
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Ramani S, Crawford SE, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Human organoid cultures: transformative new tools for human virus studies. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:79-86. [PMID: 29656244 PMCID: PMC5944856 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human infectious diseases have been limited by the paucity of functional models that mimic normal human physiology and pathophysiology. Recent advances in the development of multicellular, physiologically active organotypic cultures produced from embryonic and pluripotent stem cells, as well as from stem cells isolated from biopsies and surgical specimens are allowing unprecedented new studies and discoveries about host-microbe interactions. Here, we summarize recent developments in the use of organoids for studying human viral pathogens, including intestinal infections with human rotavirus, norovirus, enteroviruses and adenoviruses (intestinal organoids and enteroids), neuronal infections with Zika virus (cerebral organoids) and respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus in (lung bud organoids). Biologic discovery of host-specific genetic and epigenetic factors affecting infection, and responses to infection that lead to disease are possible with the use of organoid cultures. Continued development to increase the complexity of these cultures by including components of the normal host tissue microenvironment such as immune cells, blood vessels and microbiome, will facilitate studies on human viral pathogenesis, and advance the development of platforms for pre-clinical evaluation of vaccines, antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Abstract
In infected cells rotavirus (RV) replicates in viroplasms, cytosolic structures that require a stabilized microtubule (MT) network for their assembly, maintenance of the structure and perinuclear localization. Therefore, we hypothesized that RV could interfere with the MT-breakdown that takes place in mitosis during cell division. Using synchronized RV-permissive cells, we show that RV infection arrests the cell cycle in S/G2 phase, thus favoring replication by improving viroplasms formation, viral protein translation, and viral assembly. The arrest in S/G2 phase is independent of the host or viral strain and relies on active RV replication. RV infection causes cyclin B1 down-regulation, consistent with blocking entry into mitosis. With the aid of chemical inhibitors, the cytoskeleton network was linked to specific signaling pathways of the RV-induced cell cycle arrest. We found that upon RV infection Eg5 kinesin was delocalized from the pericentriolar region to the viroplasms. We used a MA104-Fucci system to identify three RV proteins (NSP3, NSP5, and VP2) involved in cell cycle arrest in the S-phase. Our data indicate that there is a strong correlation between the cell cycle arrest and RV replication.
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19
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A paradox of transcriptional and functional innate interferon responses of human intestinal enteroids to enteric virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E570-E579. [PMID: 28069942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium can limit enteric pathogens by producing antiviral cytokines, such as IFNs. Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) and type III IFN (IFN-λ) function at the epithelial level, and their respective efficacies depend on the specific pathogen and site of infection. However, the roles of type I and type III IFN in restricting human enteric viruses are poorly characterized as a result of the difficulties in cultivating these viruses in vitro and directly obtaining control and infected small intestinal human tissue. We infected nontransformed human intestinal enteroid cultures from multiple individuals with human rotavirus (HRV) and assessed the host epithelial response by using RNA-sequencing and functional assays. The dominant transcriptional pathway induced by HRV infection is a type III IFN-regulated response. Early after HRV infection, low levels of type III IFN protein activate IFN-stimulated genes. However, this endogenous response does not restrict HRV replication because replication-competent HRV antagonizes the type III IFN response at pre- and posttranscriptional levels. In contrast, exogenous IFN treatment restricts HRV replication, with type I IFN being more potent than type III IFN, suggesting that extraepithelial sources of type I IFN may be the critical IFN for limiting enteric virus replication in the human intestine.
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20
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Villena J, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Kitazawa H. Intestinal Innate Antiviral Immunity and Immunobiotics: Beneficial Effects against Rotavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:563. [PMID: 27994593 PMCID: PMC5136547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract are the main portal entry of pathogens such as rotavirus (RV), which is a leading cause of death due to diarrhea among young children across the globe and a major cause of severe acute intestinal infection in livestock animals. The interactions between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells with RVs have been studied for several years, and now, it is known that the innate immune responses triggered by this virus can have both beneficial and detrimental effects for the host. It was demonstrated that natural RV infection in infants and experimental challenges in mice result in the intestinal activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and striking secretion of proinflammatory mediators that can lead to increased local tissue damage and immunopathology. Therefore, modulating desregulated intestinal immune responses triggered by PRRs activation are a significant promise for reducing the burden of RV diseases. The ability of immunoregulatory probiotic microorganisms (immunobiotics) to protect against intestinal infections, such as those caused by RVs, is among the oldest effects studied for these important group of beneficial microbes. In this review, we provide an update of the current status on the modulation of intestinal antiviral innate immunity by immunobiotics and their beneficial impact on RV infection. In addition, we describe the research of our group that demonstrated the capacity of immunobiotic strains to beneficially modulated TLR3-triggered immune response in IECs, reduce the disruption of intestinal homeostasis caused by intraepithelial lymphocytes, and improve the resistance to RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, INSIBIO (UNT-CONICET), National University of Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Jarry A, Malard F, Bou-Hanna C, Meurette G, Mohty M, Mosnier JF, Laboisse CL, Bossard C. Interferon-Alpha Promotes Th1 Response and Epithelial Apoptosis via Inflammasome Activation in Human Intestinal Mucosa. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:72-81. [PMID: 28174758 PMCID: PMC5247398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND & AIMS Several lines of investigation suggest that interferon (IFN) alpha can alter human intestinal mucosa homeostasis. These include the endogenous production of IFN alpha in celiac disease or inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as the occurrence of intestinal side effects of exogenous IFN alpha used as a therapeutic tool. Here, we present an ex vivo translational approach to investigate the effects of IFN alpha on the human normal intestinal mucosa, as well as its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human normal colonic mucosa explants were cultured in the presence or absence of IFN alpha 2a. Epithelial homeostasis was assessed using the immunohistochemical marker of apoptosis M30. The Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-Homolog-1 (DKK1) was assayed in the supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Activation of the inflammasome (caspase-1/interleukin [IL]18) and of a Th1 response was determined by in situ detection of active caspase-1, as well as by measurement of mature IL18 production and the prototype Th1 cytokine IFN gamma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, mechanistic studies were performed using the specific caspase-1 inhibitor Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (YVAD-FMK), IL18-binding protein, neutralizing anti-IFN gamma, and anti-DKK1 antibodies. RESULTS IFN alpha 2a elicited a rapid (24 hours) disruption of surface and crypt colonic epithelial cells via apoptosis that was variable in intensity among the 20 individuals studied. This apoptotic effect was dependent on the initiation of an IFN gamma response elicited by resident T box expressed in T cells-positive lamina propria cells. Both apoptosis and Th1 response were subordinated to active caspase-1 and IL18 production. Finally, neutralization of IFN gamma-induced DKK1 partially protected against IFN alpha-induced epithelial apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS By using an ex vivo model, we show an interindividual heterogeneity of IFN alpha effects. We show that IFN alpha is able to disrupt both epithelial and immune homeostasis in the human intestine, by activation of an innate immunity platform, the inflammasome, which drives a Th1 response and leads to epithelial barrier disruption.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- Caspase-1
- DKK1
- DKK1, Dickkopf-Homolog-1
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FLICA, fluorescent-labeled inhibitor of caspases
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IL18-BP, interleukin 18-binding protein
- Mucosal Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Roferon
- T-bet, T box expressed in T cells
- Tc1, cytotoxic T cells type 1
- Th, T-helper
- YVAD-FMK, Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jarry
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Anne Jarry, PhD, or Céline Bossard, MD, PhD, EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France. fax: (33) 2-40-08-47-02.EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1France
| | - Florent Malard
- Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, INSERM UMR1064, Nantes, France,Service d’Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France,Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Bou-Hanna
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Meurette
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France,Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christian L. Laboisse
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France,Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bossard
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France,Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Anne Jarry, PhD, or Céline Bossard, MD, PhD, EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France. fax: (33) 2-40-08-47-02.EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1France
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Huang Y, Chen Y, Sun H, Lan D. Stability of Reference Gene Expression After Porcine Sapelovirus Infection in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:343-9. [PMID: 27092424 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells, which serve as the first physical barrier to protect intestinal tract from external antigens, have an important role in the local innate immunity. Screening of reference genes that have stable expression levels after viral infection in porcine intestinal epithelial cells is critical for ensuring the reliability of the expression analysis on anti-infection genes in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, nine common reference genes in pigs, including ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HMBS, SDHA, HPRT1, TBP, YWHAZ, and RPL32, were chosen as the candidate reference genes. Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) was used as a model virus to infect porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The expression stability of the nine genes was assessed by the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software. Moreover, RefFinder program was used to evaluate the analytical results of above three softwares, and a relative expression experiment of selected target gene was used to verify the analysis results. The comprehensive results indicated that the gene combination of TBP and RPL32 has the most stable expression, which could be considered as an appropriate reference gene for research on gene expression after PSV infection in IPEC-J2cells. The results provided essential data for expression analysis of anti-infection genes in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Sun
- 2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Daoliang Lan
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu, China .,3 Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu, China
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23
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Type I Interferon Response Limits Astrovirus Replication and Protects against Increased Barrier Permeability In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 90:1988-96. [PMID: 26656701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02367-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Little is known about intrinsic epithelial cell responses against astrovirus infection. Here we show that human astrovirus type 1 (HAstV-1) infection induces type I interferon (beta interferon [IFN-β]) production in differentiated Caco2 cells, which not only inhibits viral replication by blocking positive-strand viral RNA and capsid protein synthesis but also protects against HAstV-1-increased barrier permeability. Excitingly, we found similar results in vivo using a murine astrovirus (MuAstV) model, providing new evidence that virus-induced type I IFNs may protect against astrovirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo. IMPORTANCE Human astroviruses are a major cause of pediatric diarrhea, yet little is known about the immune response. Here we show that type I interferon limits astrovirus infection and preserves barrier permeability both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we characterized a new mouse model for studying astrovirus replication and pathogenesis.
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Wang S, Liu D, Jin R, Zhu Y, Xu A. Differential responses of normal human melanocytes to intra- and extracellular dsRNA. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:391-9. [PMID: 25803620 PMCID: PMC4485883 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral factor has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. To elucidate the effects of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on melanocytes and to explore the underlying mechanisms, primary cultured normal human melanocytes were treated with synthetic viral dsRNA analog poly(I:C). The results demonstrated that poly(I:C)-triggered apoptosis when transfected into melanocytes, while extracellular poly(I:C) did not have that effect. Intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death was decreased by RIG-I or MDA5 siRNA, but not by TLR3 siRNA. Both intracellular and extracellular poly(I:C) induced the expression of IFNB, TNF, IL6, and IL8. However, extracellular poly(I:C) demonstrated a much weaker induction capacity of cytokine genes than intracellular poly(I:C). Further analysis revealed that phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3, IRF7, and TAK1 was differentially induced by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). NFκB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 decreased the induction of all the cytokines by poly(I:C), suggesting the ubiquitous role of NFκB in the process. Poly(I:C) treatment also induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melanocytes. Both JNK and p38 inhibitors showed suppression on the cytokine induction by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). However, only the JNK inhibitor decreased the intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death. Taken together, this study provides the possible mechanism of viral factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiquan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongyin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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25
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Honeyman MC, Laine D, Zhan Y, Londrigan S, Kirkwood C, Harrison LC. Rotavirus infection induces transient pancreatic involution and hyperglycemia in weanling mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106560. [PMID: 25181416 PMCID: PMC4152295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a ubiquitous double-stranded RNA virus responsible for most cases of infantile gastroenteritis. It infects pancreatic islets in vitro and is implicated as a trigger of autoimmune destruction of islet beta cells leading to type 1 diabetes, but pancreatic pathology secondary to rotavirus infection in vivo has not been documented. To address this issue, we inoculated 3 week-old C57Bl/6 mice at weaning with rhesus rotavirus, which is closely related to human rotaviruses and known to infect mouse islets in vitro. Virus was quantified in tissues by culture-isolation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A requirement for viral double stranded RNA was investigated in toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-deficient mice. Cell proliferation and apoptosis, and insulin expression, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Following rotavirus inoculation by gavage, two phases of mild, transient hyperglycemia were observed beginning after 2 and 8 days. In the first phase, widespread apoptosis of pancreatic cells was associated with a decrease in pancreas mass and insulin production, without detectable virus in the pancreas. These effects were mimicked by injection of the double-stranded RNA mimic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and were TLR3-dependent. By the second phase, the pancreas had regenerated but islets were smaller than normal and viral antigen was then detected in the pancreas for several days. These findings directly demonstrate pathogenic effects of rotavirus infection on the pancreas in vivo, mediated initially by the interaction of rotavirus double-stranded RNA with TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo C. Honeyman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Laine
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl Kirkwood
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonard C. Harrison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Villena J, Chiba E, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Tomosada Y, Takahashi T, Ishizuka T, Aso H, Salva S, Alvarez S, Kitazawa H. Immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains differentially modulate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial and antigen presenting cells. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:126. [PMID: 24886142 PMCID: PMC4035899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous findings suggested that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 is able to increase resistance of children to intestinal viral infections. However, the intestinal cells, cytokines and receptors involved in the immunoregulatory effect of this probiotic strain have not been fully characterized. Results We aimed to gain insight into the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory effect of the CRL1505 strain and therefore evaluated in vitro the crosstalk between L. rhamnosus CRL1505, porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and antigen presenting cells (APCs) from swine Peyer’s patches in order to deepen our knowledge about the mechanisms, through which this strain may help preventing viral diarrhoea episodes. L. rhamnosus CRL1505 was able to induce IFN–α and –β in IECs and improve the production of type I IFNs in response to poly(I:C) challenge independently of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 or TLR9 signalling. In addition, the CRL1505 strain induced mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α via TLR2 in IECs. Furthermore, the strain significantly increased surface molecules expression and cytokine production in intestinal APCs. The improved Th1 response induced by L. rhamnosus CRL1505 was triggered by TLR2 signalling and included augmented expression of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in APCs. IL-10 was also significantly up-regulated by CRL1505 in APCs. Conclusions It was recently reviewed the emergence of TLR agonists as new ways to transform antiviral treatments by introducing panviral therapeutics with less adverse effects than IFN therapies. The use of L. rhamnosus CRL1505 as modulator of innate immunity and inductor of antiviral type I IFNs, IFN-γ, and regulatory IL-10 clearly offers the potential to overcome this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Taylor KE, Mossman KL. Recent advances in understanding viral evasion of type I interferon. Immunology 2013; 138:190-7. [PMID: 23173987 PMCID: PMC3573272 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) system mediates a wide variety of antiviral effects and represents an important first barrier to virus infection. Consequently, viruses have developed an impressive diversity of tactics to circumvent IFN responses. Evasion strategies can involve preventing initial virus detection, via the disruption of the Toll‐like receptors or the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG‐I) ‐like receptors, or by avoiding the initial production of the ligands recognized by these receptors. An alternative approach is to preclude IFN production by disarming or degrading the transcription factors involved in the expression of IFN, such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), or ATF‐2/c‐jun, or by inducing a general block on host cell transcription. Viruses also oppose IFN signalling, both by disturbing the type I IFN receptor and by impeding JAK/STAT signal transduction upon IFN receptor engagement. In addition, the global expression of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) can be obstructed via interference with epigenetic signalling, and specific ISGs can also be selectively targeted for inhibition. Finally, some viruses disrupt IFN responses by co‐opting negative regulatory systems, whereas others use antiviral mechanisms to their own advantage. Here, we review recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne E Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Eichwald C, Arnoldi F, Laimbacher AS, Schraner EM, Fraefel C, Wild P, Burrone OR, Ackermann M. Rotavirus viroplasm fusion and perinuclear localization are dynamic processes requiring stabilized microtubules. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47947. [PMID: 23110139 PMCID: PMC3479128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus viroplasms are cytosolic, electron-dense inclusions corresponding to the viral machinery of replication responsible for viral template transcription, dsRNA genome segments replication and assembly of new viral cores. We have previously observed that, over time, those viroplasms increase in size and decrease in number. Therefore, we hypothesized that this process was dependent on the cellular microtubular network and its associated dynamic components. Here, we present evidence demonstrating that viroplasms are dynamic structures, which, in the course of an ongoing infection, move towards the perinuclear region of the cell, where they fuse among each other, thereby gaining considerably in size and, simultaneouly, explaining the decrease in numbers. On the viral side, this process seems to depend on VP2 for movement and on NSP2 for fusion. On the cellular side, both the temporal transition and the maintenance of the viroplasms are dependent on the microtubular network, its stabilization by acetylation, and, surprisingly, on a kinesin motor of the kinesin-5 family, Eg5. Thus, we provide for the first time deeper insights into the dynamics of rotavirus replication, which can explain the behavior of viroplasms in the infected cell.
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