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Wang Q, Wu Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Li L, Wu J, Lu Y, Han L. Genomic correlation, shared loci, and causal relationship between insomnia and psoriasis: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:425. [PMID: 38904754 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis and insomnia have co-morbidities, however, their common genetic basis is still unclear. We analyzed psoriasis and insomnia with summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. We first quantified overall genetic correlations, then ascertained multiple effector loci and expression-trait associations, and lastly, we analyzed the causal effects between psoriasis and insomnia. A prevalent genetic link between psoriasis and insomnia was found, four pleiotropic loci affecting psoriasis and insomnia were identified, and 154 genes were shared, indicating a genetic link between psoriasis and insomnia. Yet, there is no causal relationship between psoriasis and insomnia by two-sample Mendelian randomization. We discovered a genetic connection between insomnia and psoriasis driven by biological pleiotropy and unrelated to causation. Cross-trait analysis indicates a common genetic basis for psoriasis and insomnia. The results of this study highlight the importance of sleep management in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Research Team of bio-molecular and system biology of Chinese medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Research Team of bio-molecular and system biology of Chinese medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Research Team of bio-molecular and system biology of Chinese medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Research Team of bio-molecular and system biology of Chinese medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yue Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Research Team of bio-molecular and system biology of Chinese medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ling Han
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Research Team of bio-molecular and system biology of Chinese medicine, Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Shao W, Liu X, Li J, Sheng T, Li Y, Gu Y, Deng B, Wang J, Yang W, Yu H, Zhang X, Chen X. Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal band in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24742. [PMID: 38434296 PMCID: PMC10907529 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the immune parameters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and oligoclonal band (OCB) type in patients with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated diseases (MOGAD). Methods Patients who were seropositive for MOG-IgG and diagnosed with MOGAD according to the diagnosis criteria in the Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from December 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively included in this study. Complete clinical data, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from all the participants. Paired serum and CSF MOG-IgG and autoimmune encephalitis antibody were assayed by Cell Based Assay (CBA) based on transfected target antigens. Paired serum and CSF albumin and IgG were detected by turbidimetric scattering method, and OCB was detected by standard operation procedure as described. Results A total of 86 patients (44 males and 42 females) with MOGAD were included in this study, with a median age of 30 years (range: 5-82 years). Among all the patients, 73 patients showed OCB type I, 12 patients showed OCB type II, and one patient showed OCB type III. The overall positive rate of CSF-OCB in MOGAD patients was 15.1 %. The 24-h intrathecal synthesis rate of CSF in the OCB-positive group (n = 13) was higher than that in the OCB-negative group [n = 73, 0.62 (0.26) vs 5.11 (13.67), P = 0.003]. Subgroup analysis revealed that the positive rates of CSF-OCB in the single MOG group (n = 61) and the group combined with other antibodies (n = 25) were 14.8 % and 16.0 %, respectively. The incidence of meningoencephalitis (13/61 vs 13/25, P = 0.011) was significantly different between the two groups. The proportion of patients with high (≥1:32) or low (≤1:10) CSF MOG-IgG also showed significant difference in the group combined with other antibodies (P = 0.032). Optic neuritis was more common in the relapse course group (n = 49) than the monophasic course group (n = 37, P < 0.001) No significant diferences of CSF immune parameters were found in the MOG-IgGserum+/CSF- group and the MOG-IgGserum+/CSF + group, and the titer of MOG-IgG in the serum or CSF did not influence CSF immune parameters in different subgroups. Conclusion The overall positive rate of CSF-OCB in MOGAD patients was 15.1 %. The 24-h intrathecal synthesis rate of cerebrospinal fluid in the OCB-positive group was higher than that in the OCB-negative group. This study illustrated OCB characterization in MOGAD patients, and will shed light on the standardization of OCB test in the study of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Shao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Tianyang Sheng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Yarong Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Yuehua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Jingguo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chang X, Jiao K, Wang D, Zhou Y, Zhao Z, Xing Y, Zhangbao J, Lu C, Wang J, Quan C. The immune imbalance between follicular regulatory and helper T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG-associated disease. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109734. [PMID: 37572951 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a newly defined inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Currently, no immuno-modulatory treatment has been approved for MOGAD. We explored the function of follicular regularoty T (Tfr) and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in patients with MOGAD. The number of circulating Tfr and Tfh cells and their expression of functional markers were accessed by flow cytometry. Circulating Tfr, Tfh, and B cells were further sorted and co-cultured in vitro to examine the influence of Tfr on Tfh-mediated B cell differentiation. In patients with MOGAD, the percentage of circulating PD-1hi Tfh cells elevated while the frequency of circulating activated Tfr cells decreased significantly. The Tfh/Tfr ratios positively correlated with the percentage of plasmblasts. In vitro, Tfh cells from patients with MOGAD exhibited a stronger capacity to promote the differentiation of plasmablasts through producing interleukin (IL)-21 than non-Tfh cells from patients, whereas Tfr cells suppressed this Tfh-mediated plasmablasts expansion, to a similar extent of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). In conclusion, we revealed an immune imbalance of Tfr and Tfh cells in MOGAD. Tfr and IL-1Ra could be potential therapeutic targets in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Chang
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Kexin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Danjie Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jingzi Zhangbao
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chuanzhen Lu
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (Mid), Shanghai 200040, China.
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Bazzi SA, Maguire C, Mayfield RD, Melamed E. Alcohol induces concentration-dependent transcriptomic changes in oligodendrocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.559075. [PMID: 37790537 PMCID: PMC10542481 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.559075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are a key cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) that generate the myelin sheath covering axons, enabling fast propagation of neuronal signals. Alcohol consumption is known to affect oligodendrocytes and white matter in the CNS. However, most studies have focused on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and severe alcohol use disorder. Additionally, the impact of alcohol dosage on oligodendrocytes has not been previously investigated. In this study, we evaluated transcriptomic changes in C57BL6/J cultured mature oligodendrocytes following exposure to moderate and high concentrations of alcohol. We found that high concentrations of alcohol elicited gene expression changes across a wide range of biological pathways, including myelination, protein translation, integrin signaling, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation. Further, our results demonstrate that transcriptomic changes are indeed dependent on alcohol concentration, with moderate and high concentrations of alcohol provoking distinct gene expression profiles. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that alcohol-induced transcriptomic changes in oligodendrocytes are concentration-dependent and may have critical downstream impacts on myelin production. Targeting alcohol-induced changes in cell cycle regulation, integrin signaling, inflammation, or protein translation regulation may uncover mechanisms for modulating myelin production or inhibition. Furthermore, gaining a deeper understanding of alcohol's effects on oligodendrocyte demyelination and remyelination could help uncover therapeutic pathways that can be utilized independent of alcohol to aid in remyelinating drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A Bazzi
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Cole Maguire
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Eliseeva DD, Zakharova MN. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein as an Autoantigen in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:551-563. [PMID: 37080940 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system are caused by an autoimmune attack on the myelin sheath surrounding axons. Myelin structural proteins become antigenic, leading to the development of myelin lesions. The use of highly specialized laboratory diagnostic techniques for identification of specific antibodies directed against myelin components can significantly improve diagnostic approaches. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) currently includes demyelinating syndromes with known antigens. Based on the demonstrated pathogenic role of human IgG against MOG, MOGAD was classified as a distinct nosological entity. However, generation of multiple MOG isoforms by alternative splicing hinders antigen detection even with the most advanced immunofluorescence techniques. On the other hand, MOG conformational changes ensure the structural integrity of other myelin proteins and maintain human-specific mechanisms of immune autotolerance.
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Poppell M, Hammel G, Ren Y. Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5925. [PMID: 36982999 PMCID: PMC10059890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiators of adaptive immune response in various CNS diseases by offering evidence of: (1) the types of immune responses and the processes of antigen presentation in each disease, (2) receptors involved in macrophage/microglial phagocytosis of disease-related cell debris or molecules, and, finally, (3) the implications of macrophages/microglia on the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Carta S, Cobo Calvo Á, Armangué T, Saiz A, Lechner C, Rostásy K, Breu M, Baumann M, Höftberger R, Ayzenberg I, Schwake C, Sepulveda M, Martínez-Hernández E, Olivé-Cirera G, Arrambide G, Tintoré M, Bernard-Valnet R, Du Pasquier R, Brilot F, Ramanathan S, Schanda K, Gajofatto A, Ferrari S, Sechi E, Flanagan EP, Pittock SJ, Redenbaugh V, Reindl M, Marignier R, Mariotto S. Significance of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies in CSF: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Neurology 2023; 100:e1095-e1108. [PMID: 36526426 PMCID: PMC10074465 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although the diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is based on serum MOG antibodies (MOG-Abs) positivity, patients with coexisting or restricted MOG-Abs in the CSF have been reported. The aim of this study is to characterize the relevance of CSF MOG-Abs positivity in clinical practice. METHODS Eleven medical centers retrospectively collected clinical and laboratory data of adult and pediatric patients with suspected inflammatory CNS disease and MOG-Abs positivity in serum and/or CSF using live cell-based assays. Comparisons were performed using parametric or nonparametric tests, as appropriate. Potential factors of unfavorable outcomes were explored by Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression. RESULTS The cohort included 255 patients: 139 (55%) women and 132 (52%) children (i.e., <18-year-old). Among them, 145 patients (56.8%) had MOG-Abs in both serum and CSF (MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF positive), 79 (31%) only in serum (MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF negative), and 31 (12%) only in CSF (MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive). MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive predominated in adults (22% vs 3% of children), presented more commonly with motor (n = 14, 45%) and sensory symptoms (n = 13, 42%), and all but 4 (2 multiple sclerosis, 1 polyradiculoneuritis, and 1 Susac syndrome) had a final diagnosis compatible with MOGAD. When comparing seropositive patients according to MOG-Abs CSF status, MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF positive patients had a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at nadir during the index event (median 4.5, interquartile range [IQR] 3.0-7.5 vs 3.0, IQR 2.0-6.8, p = 0.007) and presented more commonly with sensory (45.5% vs 24%, p = 0.002), motor (33.6% vs 19%, p = 0.021), and sphincter symptoms (26.9% vs 7.8%, p = 0.001) than MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF negative. At the last follow-up, MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF positive cases had more often persistent sphincter dysfunction (17.3% vs 4.3%, p = 0.008). Compared with seropositive patients, those MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive had higher disability at the last follow-up (p ≤ 0.001), and MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive status were independently associated with an EDSS ≥3.0. DISCUSSION Paired serum and CSF MOG-Abs positivity are common in MOGAD and are associated with a more severe clinical presentation. CSF-only MOG-Abs positivity can occur in patients with a phenotype suggestive of MOGAD and is associated with a worse outcome. Taken together, these data suggest a clinical interest in assessing CSF MOG-Abs in patients with a phenotype suggestive of MOGAD, regardless of the MOG-Abs serostatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carta
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Álvaro Cobo Calvo
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Thaís Armangué
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Christian Lechner
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Markus Breu
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Baumann
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Carolin Schwake
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Maria Sepulveda
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Hernández
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Gemma Olivé-Cirera
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Mar Tintoré
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Raphael Bernard-Valnet
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Gajofatto
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Elia Sechi
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sean J Pittock
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Vyanka Redenbaugh
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Markus Reindl
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sara Mariotto
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
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Wang X, Zhao R, Yang H, Liu C, Wang W, Liu T, Lu C, Chen D. Clinical analysis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated demyelination in children: A single-center cohort study in China. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jain R, Aulakh R. Measles-Associated CNS Complications: A Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMeasles virus infection is a common infectious disease of childhood, incidence of which is still high in developing countries. Other than the morbidity associated with the acute systemic infection, the measles virus can cause serious fatal neural complications. It can either enter the brain leading to acute encephalitis like primary measles encephalitis and acute post infectious measles encephalomyelitis or it may persist in brain cells (as mutated virus) leading to long-term neurodegenerative diseases like measles inclusion body encephalitis and subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis. The patho-clinical features, treatment, and the outcomes of these complications are different and should be identified in time for early diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Roosy Aulakh
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Stimmer L, Confais J, Jong A, Veth J, Fovet CM, Horellou P, Massonneau J, Perrin A, Miotello G, Avazeri E, Hart B, Deiva K, Le Grand R, Armengaud J, Bajramovic JJ, Contamin H, Serguera C. Recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein quality modifies evolution of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in macaques. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1513-1522. [PMID: 34376778 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) is a well-recognized model for the study of human acquired demyelinating diseases (ADD), a group of inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, myelin loss, and neurological impairment of variable severity. In rodents, EAE is typically induced by active immunization with a combination of myelin-derived antigen and a strong adjuvant as complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), containing components of the mycobacterial wall, while myelin antigen alone or associated with other bacterial components, as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), often fails to induce EAE. In contrast to this, EAE can be efficiently induced in non-human primates by immunization with the recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rhMOG), produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli), purified and formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), which lacks bacterial elements. Here, we provide evidence indicating how trace amounts of bacterial contaminants within rhMOG may influence the course and severity of EAE in the cynomolgus macaque immunized with rhMOG/IFA. The residual amount of E. coli contaminants, as detected with mass spectrometry within rhMOG protein stocks, were found to significantly modulate the severity of clinical, radiological, and histologic hallmarks of EAE in macaques. Indeed, animals receiving the purest rhMOG showed milder disease severity, increased numbers of remissions, and reduced brain damage. Histologically, these animals presented a wider diversity of lesion types, including changes in normal-appearing white matter and prephagocytic lesions. Non-human primates EAE model with milder histologic lesions reflect more accurately ADD and permits to study of the pathogenesis of disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Stimmer
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. .,INSERM, UMR 1127, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.
| | | | - Anke't Jong
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Veth
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Claire-Maëlle Fovet
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Horellou
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julie Massonneau
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Perrin
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Emilie Avazeri
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Bert't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands and University of Groningen, Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-immune Brain and Spinal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jeffrey J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ché Serguera
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR 1127, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.,Asfalia Biologics, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
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11
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Ducloyer JB, Marignier R, Wiertlewski S, Lebranchu P. Optic neuritis classification in 2021. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:11206721211028050. [PMID: 34218696 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211028050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) can be associated with inflammatory disease of the central nervous system or can be isolated, with or without relapse. It can also be associated with infectious or systemic disease. These multiple associations based on a variety of clinical, radiological, and biological criteria that have changed over time have led to overlapping phenotypes: a single ON case can be classified in several ways simultaneously or over time. As early, intensive treatment is often required, its diagnosis should be rapid and precise. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge about diagnostic criteria for ON aetiologies in adults and children, we discuss overlapping phenotypes, and we propose a homogeneous classification scheme. Even if distinctions between typical and atypical ON are relevant, their phenotypes are largely overlapping, and clinical criteria are neither sensitive enough, nor specific enough, to assure a diagnosis. For initial cases of ON, clinicians should perform contrast enhanced MRI of the brain and orbits, cerebral spinal fluid analysis, and biological analyses to exclude secondary infectious or inflammatory ON. Systematic screening for MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG IgG is recommended in children but is still a matter of debate in adults. Early recognition of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, MOG-IgG-associated disorder, and chronic relapsing idiopathic optic neuritis is required, as these diagnoses require therapies for relapse prevention that are different from those used to treat multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Marignier
- Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle (MIRCEM), Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | | | - Pierre Lebranchu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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12
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Horellou P, de Chalus A, Giorgi L, Leroy C, Chrétien P, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Bourgeois C, Mariette X, Serguera C, Le Grand R, Deiva K. Regulatory T Cells Increase After rh-MOG Stimulation in Non-Relapsing but Decrease in Relapsing MOG Antibody-Associated Disease at Onset in Children. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679770. [PMID: 34220827 PMCID: PMC8243969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelin oligodendrocytes glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represent 25% of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndrome (ADS); 40% of them may relapse, mimicking multiple sclerosis (MS), a recurrent and neurodegenerative ADS, which is MOG-Abs negative. Aims To identify MOG antigenic immunological response differences between MOGAD, MS and control patients, and between relapsing versus non-relapsing subgroups of MOGAD. Methods Three groups of patients were selected: MOGAD (n=12 among which 5 relapsing (MOGR) and 7 non-relapsing (MOGNR)), MS (n=10) and control patients (n=7). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected at the time of the first demyelinating event were cultured for 48 h with recombinant human (rh)-MOG protein (10 μg/ml) for a specific stimulation or without stimulation as a negative control. The T cells immunophenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4+ T cells, T helper (Th) cells including Th1, Th2, and Th17 were analyzed by intracellular staining of cytokines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs, Foxp3+), CD45RA-Foxp3+ Tregs and subpopulation naive Tregs (CD45RA+Foxp3int), effector Tregs (CD45RA-Foxp3high) and non-suppressive Tregs (CD45RA-Foxp3int) proportions were determined. Results The mean onset age of each group, ranging from 9.9 to 13.8, and sex ratio, were similar between MOGR, MOGNR, MS and control patients as analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Chi-square test. When comparing unstimulated to rh-MOG stimulated T cells, a significant increase in the proportion of Th2 and Th17 cells was observed in MOGAD. Increase of Th17 cells was significant in MOGNR (means: 0.63 ± 0.15 vs. 1.36 ± 0.43; Wilcoxon-test p = 0.03) but not in MOGR. CD4+ Tregs were significantly increased in MOGNR (means: 3.51 ± 0.7 vs. 4.59 ± 1.33; Wilcoxon-test p = 0.046) while they decreased in MOGR. CD45RA-Foxp3+ Tregs were significantly decreased in MOGR (means: 2.37 ± 0.23 vs. 1.99 ± 0.17; paired t-test p = 0.021), but not in MOGNR. MOGR showed the highest ratio of effector Tregs/non suppressive-Tregs, which was significantly higher than in MOGNR. Conclusions Our findings suggest that CD4+ Th2 and Th17 cells are involved in the pathophysiology of MOGAD in children. The opposite response of Tregs to rh-MOG in MOGNR, where CD4+ Tregs increased, and in MOGR, where CD45RA-Foxp3+ Tregs decreased, suggests a probable loss of tolerance toward MOG autoantigen in MOGR which may explain relapses in this recurrent pediatric autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Horellou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Aliénor de Chalus
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Saclay University Hospitals, Bicêtre Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Department, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Giorgi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Saclay University Hospitals, Bicêtre Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Department, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Carole Leroy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Saclay University Hospitals, Bicêtre Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Department, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascale Chrétien
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Paris, France
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Mariette
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ché Serguera
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM UMR 1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Saclay University Hospitals, Bicêtre Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Department, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-Immune Brain and Spinal Diseases (MIRCEM), Pediatric Neurology Department, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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13
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Kapitza C, Chunder R, Scheller A, Given KS, Macklin WB, Enders M, Kuerten S, Neuhuber WL, Wörl J. Murine Esophagus Expresses Glial-Derived Central Nervous System Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063233. [PMID: 33810144 PMCID: PMC8004938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to specifically affect the central nervous system (CNS) for a long time. As autonomic dysfunction including dysphagia can occur as accompanying phenomena in patients, the enteric nervous system has been attracting increasing attention over the past years. The aim of this study was to identify glial and myelin markers as potential target structures for autoimmune processes in the esophagus. RT-PCR analysis revealed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, but an absence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the murine esophagus. Selected immunohistochemistry for GFAP, PLP, and MBP including transgenic mice with cell-type specific expression of PLP and GFAP supported these results by detection of (1) GFAP, PLP, and MBP in Schwann cells in skeletal muscle and esophagus; (2) GFAP, PLP, but no MBP in perisynaptic Schwann cells of skeletal and esophageal motor endplates; (3) GFAP and PLP, but no MBP in glial cells surrounding esophageal myenteric neurons; and (4) PLP, but no GFAP and MBP in enteric glial cells forming a network in the esophagus. Our results pave the way for further investigations regarding the involvement of esophageal glial cells in the pathogenesis of dysphagia in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Rittika Chunder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Anja Scheller
- University of Saarland, Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Katherine S. Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University Hospitals Bonn, University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried L. Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-913-1852-2870
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14
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Lee YJ, Nam SO, Ko A, Kong J, Byun SY. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders: clinical spectrum, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:103-110. [PMID: 32403899 PMCID: PMC7940088 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory or immune-mediated demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) syndromes include a broad spectrum of clinical phenotype and different overlapping diseases. Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Ab) have been found in some cases of these demyelinating diseases, particularly in children. MOG-Ab is associated with a wider clinical phenotype not limited to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, with most patients presenting with optic neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or ADEM-like encephalitis with brain demyelinating lesions, and/or myelitis. Using specific cell-based assays, MOG-Ab is becoming a potential biomarker of inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the CNS. A humoral immune reaction against MOG was recently found in monophasic diseases and recurrent/multiphasic clinical progression, particularly in pediatric patients. This review summarizes the data regarding MOG-Ab as an impending biological marker for discriminating between these diverse demyelinating CNS diseases and discusses recent developments, clinical applications, and findings regarding the immunopathogenesis of MOG-Ab-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sang Ook Nam
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ara Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - JuHyun Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Shin Yun Byun
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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15
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Orian JM, D'Souza CS, Kocovski P, Krippner G, Hale MW, Wang X, Peter K. Platelets in Multiple Sclerosis: Early and Central Mediators of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration and Attractive Targets for Molecular Imaging and Site-Directed Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620963. [PMID: 33679764 PMCID: PMC7933211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are clearly central to thrombosis and hemostasis. In addition, more recently, evidence has emerged for non-hemostatic roles of platelets including inflammatory and immune reactions/responses. Platelets express immunologically relevant ligands and receptors, demonstrate adhesive interactions with endothelial cells, monocytes and neutrophils, and toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated responses. These properties make platelets central to innate and adaptive immunity and potential candidate key mediators of autoimmune disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease. An association between platelets and MS was first indicated by the increased adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells. This was followed by reports identifying structural and functional changes of platelets, their chronic activation in the peripheral blood of MS patients, platelet presence in MS lesions and the more recent revelation that these structural and functional abnormalities are associated with all MS forms and stages. Investigations based on the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) MS model first revealed a contribution to EAE pathogenesis by exacerbation of CNS inflammation and an early role for platelets in EAE development via platelet-neuron and platelet-astrocyte associations, through sialated gangliosides in lipid rafts. Our own studies refined and extended these findings by identifying the critical timing of platelet accumulation in pre-clinical EAE and establishing an initiating and central rather than merely exacerbating role for platelets in disease development. Furthermore, we demonstrated platelet-neuron associations in EAE, coincident with behavioral changes, but preceding the earliest detectable autoreactive T cell accumulation. In combination, these findings establish a new paradigm by asserting that platelets play a neurodegenerative as well as a neuroinflammatory role in MS and therefore, that these two pathological processes are causally linked. This review will discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of MS, for future applications for imaging toward early detection of MS, and for novel strategies for platelet-targeted treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claretta S D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pece Kocovski
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Guy Krippner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Nan D, Zhang Y, Han J, Jin T. Clinical features and management of coexisting anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated encephalomyelitis: a case report and review of the literature. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:847-855. [PMID: 33409829 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis caused by antibodies targeting the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorders are now widely accepted as peculiar neuroimmunological diseases with specific clinical and pathological features. Some rare cases of overlapping anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated diseases have been reported, presenting complex clinical symptoms that make the disease more difficult to recognize. METHOD In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the terms "NMDAR" and "MOG," "NMDAR" and "demyelination," and "MOG" and "encephalitis" were searched in PubMed. Clinical cases with dual-positive anti-NMDA cerebrospinal fluid receptors and MOG serum antibodies during the disease course were included in this study. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were analyzed in this study. The age at onset ranged from 3 to 54 years. The median number of relapses was 2.8. Administration of intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin was the most widely used treatment strategy (19/25 patients). Second-line treatments such as administration of mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, interferon-β, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and temozolomide were also reported, followed by good outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The rates of coexisting anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis may be underestimated. Clinical symptoms such as seizures and cognitive decline accompanied by atypical central nervous system demyelination serve as warning signs of possible coexisting anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis. These patients could achieve good outcomes under proper immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Nan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, 130021, China
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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17
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Armangue T, Capobianco M, de Chalus A, Laetitia G, Deiva K. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 3 - Biomarkers of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:22-31. [PMID: 33191096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A first episode of acquired demyelinating disorder (ADS) in children is a diagnostic challenge as different diseases can express similar clinical features. Recently, antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have emerged as a new ADS biomarker, which clearly allow the identification of monophasic and relapsing ADS forms different from MS predominantly in children. Due to the novelty of this antibody there are still challenges and controversies about its pathogenicity and best technique to detect it. In this manuscript we will discuss the recommendations and caveats on MOG antibody assays, role in the pathogenesis, and additionally discuss the usefulness of other potential new biomarkers in MOG-antibody associated disorders (MOGAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Armangue
- Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Department of Neurology and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Aliénor de Chalus
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Giorgi Laetitia
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA, France
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18
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Biliktu M, Senol SP, Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Horat MF, Sahan-Firat S, Sevim S, Tunctan B. Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in an inflammasome-dependent and -independent manner. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1509-1524. [PMID: 32128702 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with changes in inflammasome-dependent and -independent inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the CNS of mice. C57BL/6 mice were used to induce chronic EAE by using an injection of MOG35-55 peptide/PT. Animals were observed daily and scored for EAE signs for 25 days after immunization. Following the induction of EAE, the scores were increased after 9 days and reached peak value as determined by ≥ 2 or ≤ 3 with 8% mortality rate on day 17. On day 17, mice were administered daily PBS, DMSO, or TPPU (a potent sEH inhibitor) (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) until the end of the study. TPPU only at 3 mg/kg dose decreased the AUC values calculated from EAE scores obtained during the disease compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. On day 25, TPPU also caused an increase in the PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 proteins and a decrease in the proteins of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, iNOS/nNOS, COX-2, NLRC4, ASC, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, caspase-11 p20, NOX subunits (gp91phox and p47phox), and nitrotyrosine in addition to 14,15-DHET and IL-1β levels compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of sEH attenuates chronic EAE likely because of enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory EETs in addition to PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 expression associated with suppressed inflammatory TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway, NLRC4/ASC/pro-caspase-1 inflammasome, caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOX activity that are responsible for inflammatory mediator formation in the CNS of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Biliktu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sefika Pinar Senol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meryem Temiz-Resitoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Demet Sinem Guden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Furkan Horat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sevim
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.
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19
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Alshamrani F, Alnajashi H, Shosha E, Casserly C, Morrow SA. Case Series: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Immunoglobulin G-Related Disease Spectrum. Front Neurol 2020; 11:89. [PMID: 32174880 PMCID: PMC7055463 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG)-related disease was initially described as a subtype of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with antibodies against MOG. However, it has recently been described as a separate disease entity with clinical and radiological features that overlap those of multiple sclerosis (MS) and NMOSD; the clinical features of this disease phenotype remain undetermined. We herein report the clinical presentation of nine MOG-IgG-positive patients, not all of whom fulfill the NMOSD criteria, in order to highlight the features and challenges of this condition. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the records of the London (Ontario) MS clinic to identify patients diagnosed with positive MOG antibodies based on the 2015 NMOSD consensus criteria. Result: Nine patients were identified, all Caucasian. Seven (78%) were female, and the median age of onset was 41 years (range, 28–69 years); the median Expanded Disability Status Scale score at onset was 3.0 (range, 2.0–4.0). A monophasic course was noted in two (22.2%) patients, while the median number of relapse events was 3 (range 2–5) in 77.8% of the patients. Optic neuritis and transverse myelitis contributed equally as initial manifestations in three individuals (33%), while brainstem relapse was reported in two individuals (22%). The brain magnetic resonance imaging findings were compatible with McDonald's 2010 dissemination in space criteria in three cases (33%). Short myelitis and an (H)-sign were each documented in one patient. Conclusion: The phenotypes of MOG Ab-positive cases exhibited overlapping features with MS and NMOSD. This finding highlights the importance of screening for anti-MOG in individuals with demyelinating symptoms, in consideration of the possibility of false-positive MOG Ab results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foziah Alshamrani
- Department of Neurology, King Fahad University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alnajashi
- Department of Neurology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam Shosha
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney Casserly
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A Morrow
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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20
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Moritz CP, Paul S, Stoevesandt O, Tholance Y, Camdessanché JP, Antoine JC. Autoantigenomics: Holistic characterization of autoantigen repertoires for a better understanding of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Marti Fernandez I, Macrini C, Krumbholz M, Hensbergen PJ, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Winklmeier S, Vural A, Kurne A, Jenne D, Kamp F, Gerdes LA, Hohlfeld R, Wuhrer M, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. The Glycosylation Site of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Affects Autoantibody Recognition in a Large Proportion of Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1189. [PMID: 31244828 PMCID: PMC6579858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocytes glycoprotein (MOG) are found in a fraction of patients with inflammatory demyelination and are detected with MOG-transfected cells. While the prototype anti-MOG mAb 8-18C5 and polyclonal anti-MOG responses from different mouse strains largely recognize the FG loop of MOG, the human anti-MOG response is more heterogeneous and human MOG-Abs recognizing different epitopes were found to be pathogenic. The aim of this study was to get further insight into details of antigen-recognition by human MOG-Abs focusing on the impact of glycosylation. MOG has one known N-glycosylation site at N31 located in the BC loop linking two beta-sheets. We compared the reactivity to wild type MOG with that toward two different mutants in which the neutral asparagine of N31 was mutated to negatively charged aspartate or to the neutral alanine. We found that around 60% of all patients (16/27) showed an altered reactivity to one or both of the mutations. We noted seven different patterns of recognition of the two glycosylation-deficient mutants by different patients. The introduced negative charge at N31 enhanced recognition in some, but reduced recognition in other patients. In 7/27 patients the neutral glycosylation-deficient mutant was recognized stronger. The folding of the extracellular domain of MOG with the formation of beta-sheets did not depend on its glycosylation as seen by circular dichroism. We determined the glycan structure of MOG produced in HEK cells by mass spectrometry. The most abundant glycoforms of MOG expressed in HEK cells are diantennary, contain a core fucose, an antennary fucose, and are decorated with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac, while details of the glycoforms of MOG in myelin remain to be identified. Together, we (1) increase the knowledge about heterogeneity of human autoantibodies to MOG, (2) show that the BC loop affects recognition in about 60% of the patients, (3) report that all patients recognized the unglycosylated protein backbone, while (4) in about 20% of the patients the attached sugar reduces autoantibody binding presumably via steric hindrance. Thus, a neutral glycosylation-deficient mutant of MOG might enhance the sensitivity to identify MOG-Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Marti Fernandez
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caterina Macrini
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Stephan Winklmeier
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Atay Vural
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Kurne
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dieter Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg, Germany
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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22
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Nagabushana D, Shah R, Pendharkar H, Agrawal A, Kulkarni GB, Rajendran S, Alladi S, Mahadevan A. MOG antibody seropositive aseptic meningitis: A new clinical phenotype. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:476960. [PMID: 31108402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) associated demyelination is evolving. Our case report describes a unique clinical presentation of aseptic meningitis with demyelinating lesions of the brain resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and MOG-Ab seropositivity. A 22-year-old lady presented with history of fever of one week duration followed by headache, vomiting and neck stiffness. She had bilateral papilledema and signs of meningeal irritation. Neuroimaging revealed T2 and FLAIR hyperintense lesions in the right caudate, temporal lobe and left insula with enhancement on gadolinium contrast along with leptomeningeal enhancement. An extensive search for infectious and inflammatory etiology was negative while serum was positive for MOG-Abs tested twice at an interval of 12 days. She showed remarkable clinical-radiological resolution with steroids and has remained symptom free on follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Nagabushana
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
| | - Rutul Shah
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Hima Pendharkar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Aakash Agrawal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Girish B Kulkarni
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Srijithesh Rajendran
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
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23
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Li R, Bar-Or A. The Multiple Roles of B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Implications in Multiple Sclerosis Therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a029108. [PMID: 29661809 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent functions of B cells are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of distinct B-cell targeting therapies in MS patients underscores the importance of elucidating these multiple B-cell functions. In this review, we discuss the generation of autoreactive B cells, migration of B cells into the central nervous system (CNS), and how different functions of B cells may contribute to MS disease activity and potentially mitigation in both the periphery and CNS compartments. In addition, we propose several future therapeutic strategies that may better target/shape B-cell responses for long-term treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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24
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Ierich JCM, Brum DG, Moraes ADS, Higa AM, Garcia PS, Miyazaki CM, Ferreira M, Peroni LA, Oliveira GSD, Franca EDF, Freitas LCG, Leite FL. Antibody-mediated biorecognition of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: computational evidence of demyelination-related epitopes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2033. [PMID: 30765742 PMCID: PMC6376134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-antibody interaction is crucial in autoimmune disease pathogenesis, as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Given that, autoantibodies are essential biomolecules, of which the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) can figure as a target. Here we combined Molecular Dynamics (MD), Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD), and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to detail MOG recognition by its specific antibody. The complex model consisted of the MOG external domain interacting with an experimental anti-MOG antibody from the Protein Data Bank (1PKQ). Computational data demonstrated thirteen MOG residues with a robust contribution to the antigen-antibody interaction. Comprising five of the thirteen anchor residues (ASP102, HIS103, SER104, TYR105, and GLN106), the well-known MOG92–106 peptide in complex with the anti-MOG was analysed by AFM and SMD. These analyses evidenced similar force values of 780 pN and 765 pN for computational and experimental MOG92–106 and anti-MOG detachment, respectively. MOG92–106 was responsible for 75% of the total force measured between MOG external domain and anti-MOG, holding the interaction with the antibody. The antigen-antibody binding was confirmed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) measurements. Combined approaches presented here can conveniently be adjusted to detail novel molecules in diseases research. This can optimize pre-clinical steps, guiding experiments, reducing costs, and animal model usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Cristiane Magalhães Ierich
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Doralina Guimarães Brum
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Ariana de Souza Moraes
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Akemi Martins Higa
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Soto Garcia
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Celina Massumi Miyazaki
- Science and Technology Centre for Sustainability, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Marystela Ferreira
- Science and Technology Centre for Sustainability, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Luís Antonio Peroni
- Rheabiotech Laboratory Research and Development, Campinas, 13084-791, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Lima Leite
- Nanoneurobiophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, 18052-780, Brazil.
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25
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Kurathong S, Sanpatchayapong A, Apiwattanakul M. Case Report: Anti-myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Positive in a Patient Presented with Orbital Apex Syndrome. Neuroophthalmology 2019; 44:255-257. [PMID: 33012911 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2019.1571089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 60-year-old man presented with no light perception, ptosis and ophthalmoplegia in the right eye. The right fundus examination showed marked optic disc swelling. Serological tests for infectious and infiltrative diseases were all negative. Serum aquaporin-4 antibodies were negative, but anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies were positive. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extensive lesion in the right optic nerve with abnormal enhancement in the right orbital apex. His vision and eye movements improved after corticosteroid therapy. This report attests to the wide clinical phenotype possible in anti-MOG disease, including orbital apex syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sireedhorn Kurathong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anoma Sanpatchayapong
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Ai N, Liu H, Zhou H, Lin D, Wang J, Yang M, Song H, Sun M, Xu Q, Wei S. Cytokines and chemokines expression in serum of patients with neuromyelitis optica. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:303-310. [PMID: 30718956 PMCID: PMC6345185 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s185336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the differences in immunopathogenesis based on chemokine profile in neuromyelitis optica patients positive for AQP4 antibodies or MOG antibodies. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured 52 cytokines/chemokines using ELISA in 59 serum samples, which were divided into three groups according to CBA results: HCs (n=16), AQP4+ (n=20) and MOG+ (n=23). The regression equation (R 2>0.98) of the standard curve was calculated according to the standard concentration and the corresponding A value. And then the corresponding sample concentration was calculated according to the A value of the sample. RESULTS Eleven of 52 measured serum cytokine/chemokines (CCL22/MDC, CCL13/MCP-4, CCL21/6Ckine, CCL27/CTACK, CCL8/MCP-2, CXCL14/BRAK, Contactin-1, Kallilrein 6/Neurosin, Midkine, VCAM-1 and Fas) were significantly different between MOG+ group and controls. Ten of 52 measured serum cytokine/chemokines (CCL1/I-309, CCL22/MDC, CCL28, CCL17/TARC, CCL27/CTACK, CXCL2/GRO beta, Contactin-1, Midkine, Chemerin and Synuclein-alpha) were significantly different between AQP4+ group and controls. There was no difference between serum AQP4+ and MOG+ groups for CC chemokines. All measured chemokines CXC except CXCL6/GCP-2 showed no significant differences in serum AQP4+ group compared to MOG+ group. However, there was significant difference between serum AQP4+ and MOG+ groups for C5/C5a and Midkine. C5/C5a and Midkine were significantly higher in AQP4+ group compared to MOG+ group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the differences of mean concentration in CXCL6/GCP-2, Midkine and C5/C5a probably reveal different immunologic mechanism between AQP4+ NMO and MOG+ NMO. This cytokine/chemokine profiling provides new insight into NMO pathogenesis associated with MOG antibody seropositivity and provides guidance to monitor inflammation and response to treatment in a way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanping Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Huanfen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Dahe Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Junqing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Honglu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Quangang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shihui Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China,
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27
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28
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Papais-Alvarenga RM, Neri VC, de Araújo e Araújo ACR, da Silva EB, Alvarenga MP, Pereira ABCNDG, Brandão AC, Alvarenga-Filho H, Guimarães MPM, Marignier R, Barros PO, Bento CM, Vasconcelos CCF. Lower frequency of antibodies to MOG in Brazilian patients with demyelinating diseases: An ethnicity influence? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Spadaro M, Winklmeier S, Beltrán E, Macrini C, Höftberger R, Schuh E, Thaler FS, Gerdes LA, Laurent S, Gerhards R, Brändle S, Dornmair K, Breithaupt C, Krumbholz M, Moser M, Krishnamoorthy G, Kamp F, Jenne D, Hohlfeld R, Kümpfel T, Lassmann H, Kawakami N, Meinl E. Pathogenicity of human antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:315-328. [PMID: 30014603 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) occur in a proportion of patients with inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We analyzed their pathogenic activity by affinity-purifying these antibodies (Abs) from patients and transferring them to experimental animals. METHODS Patients with Abs to MOG were identified by cell-based assay. We determined the cross-reactivity to rodent MOG and the recognized MOG epitopes. We produced the correctly folded extracellular domain of MOG and affinity-purified MOG-specific Abs from the blood of patients. These purified Abs were used to stain CNS tissue and transferred in 2 models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Animals were analyzed histopathologically. RESULTS We identified 17 patients with MOG Abs from our outpatient clinic and selected 2 with a cross-reactivity to rodent MOG; both had recurrent optic neuritis. Affinity-purified Abs recognized MOG on transfected cells and stained myelin in tissue sections. The Abs from the 2 patients recognized different epitopes on MOG, the CC' and the FG loop. In both patients, these Abs persisted during our observation period of 2 to 3 years. The anti-MOG Abs from both patients were pathogenic upon intrathecal injection in 2 different rat models. Together with cognate MOG-specific T cells, these Abs enhanced T-cell infiltration; together with myelin basic protein-specific T cells, they induced demyelination associated with deposition of C9neo, resembling a multiple sclerosis type II pathology. INTERPRETATION MOG-specific Abs affinity purified from patients with inflammatory demyelinating disease induce pathological changes in vivo upon cotransfer with myelin-reactive T cells, suggesting that these Abs are similarly pathogenic in patients. Ann Neurol 2018;84:315-328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Spadaro
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caterina Macrini
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska S Thaler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Laurent
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Gerhards
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Brändle
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Breithaupt
- Department of Physical Biotechnology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Frits Kamp
- Department of Biophysics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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30
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Dos Passos GR, Oliveira LM, da Costa BK, Apostolos-Pereira SL, Callegaro D, Fujihara K, Sato DK. MOG-IgG-Associated Optic Neuritis, Encephalitis, and Myelitis: Lessons Learned From Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurol 2018; 9:217. [PMID: 29670575 PMCID: PMC5893792 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) have been found in some cases diagnosed as seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). MOG-IgG allowed the identification of a subgroup with a clinical course distinct from that of NMOSD patients who are seropositive for aquaporin-4-IgG antibodies. MOG-IgG is associated with a wider clinical phenotype, not limited to NMOSD, with the majority of cases presenting with optic neuritis (ON), encephalitis with brain demyelinating lesions, and/or myelitis. Therefore, we propose the term MOG-IgG-associated Optic Neuritis, Encephalitis, and Myelitis (MONEM). Depending on the clinical characteristics, these patients may currently be diagnosed with NMOSD, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, pediatric multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, or ON. With specific cell-based assays, MOG-IgG is emerging as a potential biomarker of inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. We review the growing body of evidence on MONEM, focusing on its clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordani Rodrigues Dos Passos
- School of Medicine, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luana Michelli Oliveira
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klein da Costa
- School of Medicine, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samira Luisa Apostolos-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- School of Medicine, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas from the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Bando Y, Hagiwara Y, Suzuki Y, Yoshida K, Aburakawa Y, Kimura T, Murakami C, Ono M, Tanaka T, Jiang YP, Mitrovi B, Bochimoto H, Yahara O, Yoshida S. Kallikrein 6 secreted by oligodendrocytes regulates the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 2017; 66:359-378. [PMID: 29086442 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-established animal model of the disease. Here, we examined the pathophysiological role of Kallikrein 6 (Klk6), a serine protease produced by oligodendrocytes (OLs), in EAE using Klk6 knockout (Klk6-/-) mice. Compared with Klk6+/+ (wild-type) mice, Klk6-/- mice showed milder EAE symptoms, including delayed onset and milder paralysis. Loss of Klk6 suppressed matrix metalloprotease-9 expression and diminished the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells into the CNS by decreasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reducing expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed demyelination characterized by myelin detachment from the axons in the early phase of EAE progression (days 3-7) in Klk6+/+ mice but not in Klk6-/- mice. Interestingly, anti-MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) autoantibody was also detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and spinal cord on day 3 after MOG immunization. Furthermore, treatment of primary cultured OLs with anti-MOG autoantibody induced oligodendroglial morphological changes and increases in myelin basic protein and Klk6 expression. We also developed a novel enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method for detecting activated KLK6 in human CSF. In human autopsy brain samples, expression of active KLK6 was detected in OLs using an antibody that specifically recognizes the protein's activated form. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Klk6 secreted by OLs plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of EAE/MS and that it might serve as a potential therapeutic target for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Yoko Aburakawa
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Chisato Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ono
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ying-Ping Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California, 94804
| | - Branka Mitrovi
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California, 94804
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Yahara
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, Asahikawa, 070-8644, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
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Costa BKD, Passos GRD, Becker J, Sato DK. MOG-IgG associated optic neuritis is not multiple sclerosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 75:687-691. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) have been reported in patients with inflammatory central nervous system disorders including isolated optic neuritis (ON). We compared our MOG-IgG ON patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) patients presenting with ON. Methods and results: Among the total of 38 patients with optic neuropathies, six patients with isolated ON were MOG-IgG positive and eight patients with ON fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MS. All MS patients were negative for MOG-IgG using a cell-based assay. When compared with the MS group, the MOG-IgG patients were older (mean 47 years), more frequently male (ratio 2:1) and had a higher frequency of bilateral and/or recurrent ON. The brain magnetic resonance imaging of all MOG-IgG positive patients was normal or had only unspecific white matter T2 lesions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that MOG-IgG is a biomarker of an inflammatory demyelinating CNS disease distinct from MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Klein da Costa
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Jefferson Becker
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Pardo E, Cárcamo C, Uribe-San Martín R, Ciampi E, Segovia-Miranda F, Curkovic-Peña C, Montecino F, Holmes C, Tichauer JE, Acuña E, Osorio-Barrios F, Castro M, Cortes P, Oyanadel C, Valenzuela DM, Pacheco R, Naves R, Soza A, González A. Galectin-8 as an immunosuppressor in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and a target of human early prognostic antibodies in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650992 PMCID: PMC5484466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a member of a glycan-binding protein family that regulates the immune system, among other functions, and is a target of antibodies in autoimmune disorders. However, its role in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), remains unknown. We study the consequences of Gal-8 silencing on lymphocyte subpopulations and the development of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), to then assess the presence and clinical meaning of anti-Gal-8 antibodies in MS patients. Lgals8/Lac-Z knock-in mice lacking Gal-8 expression have higher polarization toward Th17 cells accompanied with decreased CCR6+ and higher CXCR3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) frequency. These conditions result in exacerbated MOG35-55 peptide-induced EAE. Gal-8 eliminates activated Th17 but not Th1 cells by apoptosis and ameliorates EAE in C57BL/6 wild-type mice. β-gal histochemistry reflecting the activity of the Gal-8 promoter revealed Gal-8 expression in a wide range of CNS regions, including high expression in the choroid-plexus. Accordingly, we detected Gal-8 in human cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a role in the CNS immune-surveillance circuit. In addition, we show that MS patients generate function-blocking anti-Gal-8 antibodies with pathogenic potential. Such antibodies block cell adhesion and Gal-8-induced Th17 apoptosis. Furthermore, circulating anti-Gal-8 antibodies associate with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and not with progressive MS phenotypes, predicting clinical disability at diagnosis within the first year of follow-up. Our results reveal that Gal-8 has an immunosuppressive protective role against autoimmune CNS inflammation, modulating the balance of Th17 and Th1 polarization and their respective Tregs. Such a role can be counteracted during RRMS by anti-Gal-8 antibodies, worsening disease prognosis. Even though anti-Gal-8 antibodies are not specific for MS, our results suggest that they could be a potential early severity biomarker in RRMS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Female
- Galectins/genetics
- Galectins/immunology
- Galectins/metabolism
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Prognosis
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Pardo
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Cárcamo
- Departamento de Neurología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Uribe-San Martín
- Departamento de Neurología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ethel Ciampi
- Departamento de Neurología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Segovia-Miranda
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Curkovic-Peña
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Montecino
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Holmes
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Enrique Tichauer
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Acuña
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Marjorie Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Priscilla Cortes
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Oyanadel
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (AG); (AS)
| | - Alfonso González
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (AG); (AS)
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Stimmer L, Fovet CM, Serguera C. Experimental Models of Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases in Nonhuman Primates. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:27-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDD) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune inflammatory and demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). These include multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic IIDD, but also rarer disorders such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Great efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of MS, leading to the development of a few effective treatments. Nonetheless, IIDD still require a better understanding of the causes and underlying mechanisms to implement more effective therapies and diagnostic methods. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model to study the pathophysiology of IIDD. EAE is principally induced through immunization with myelin antigens combined with immune-activating adjuvants. Nonhuman primates (NHP), the phylogenetically closest relatives of humans, challenged by similar microorganisms as other primates may recapitulate comparable immune responses to that of humans. In this review, the authors describe EAE models in 3 NHP species: rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis), and common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus), evaluating their respective contribution to the understanding of human IIDD. EAE in NHP is a heterogeneous disease, including acute monophasic and chronic polyphasic forms. This diversity makes it a versatile model to use in translational research. This clinical variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of immune-mediated mechanisms of neuro-inflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms. Here, the authors review current insights into the pathogenesis and immunopathological mechanisms implicated in the development of EAE in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Stimmer
- U1169/US27 Platform for experimental pathology, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Claire-Maëlle Fovet
- U1169/US27 Platform for general surgery, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ché Serguera
- US27, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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35
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Staun-Ram E, Miller A. Effector and regulatory B cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:11-25. [PMID: 28461106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease, is becoming eminent in recent years, but the specific contribution of the distinct B cell subsets remains to be elucidated. Several B cell subsets have shown regulatory, anti-inflammatory capacities in response to stimuli in vitro, as well as in the animal model of MS: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the functional role of the B regulatory cells (Bregs) in vivo and specifically in the human disease is yet to be clarified. In the present review, we have summarized the updated information on the roles of effector and regulatory B cells in MS and the immune-modulatory effects of MS therapeutic agents on their phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsebeth Staun-Ram
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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36
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Cellina M, Fetoni V, Ciocca M, Pirovano M, Oliva G. Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case series and a literature review. Neuroradiol J 2017; 31:69-82. [PMID: 28379073 DOI: 10.1177/1971400917698856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a protein exclusively expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the central nervous system. Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein were initially detected in children with demyelinating syndromes, and more recently reported in a broad spectrum of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults, including neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and bilateral optic neuritis. Patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination appear to have unique clinical and radiological features. To the best of our knowledge a series of Italian patients with optic neuritis and positivity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies has not yet been reported and the paper on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are more focused on clinical features, diagnosis and outcome than on the radiological appearance, so we want to retrospectively report magnetic resonance imaging features of a group of eight patients, who came to our Ophthalmologic Emergency Department for optic neuritis and were found seropositive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, comparing our data with the findings described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Ciocca
- 2 Neurology Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Italy
| | - Marta Pirovano
- 2 Neurology Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Italy
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37
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Zhou L, Huang Y, Li H, Fan J, Zhangbao J, Yu H, Li Y, Lu J, Zhao C, Lu C, Wang M, Quan C. MOG-antibody associated demyelinating disease of the CNS: A clinical and pathological study in Chinese Han patients. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:19-28. [PMID: 28284341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We aim to evaluate the clinical relevance of MOG-ab in a cohort of Chinese Han adults with CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs). MOG-ab and AQP4-ab were examined through a fixed cell based indirect immune-fluorescence assay in 86 patients with CNS-IDDs. MOG-ab was positive in 12 patients, while AQP4-ab was positive in 31 patients; none double positives. Optic neuritis (ON) was the most frequent symptom at onset (75.0%) or during the whole disease course (83.3%) of MOG-ab associated IDDs (MOG-IDDs); 79.5% of the episodes involved only the optic nerve in MOG-IDDs. MOG-ab related ON (MOG-ON) usually caused severe visual impairment, longitudinally extensive optic nerve lesion with anterior enhancement and perineural soft tissue enhancement, responded well to steroid, but still could leave remarkable thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC). MOG-IDDs had less spinal cord involvement compared to AQP4-ab mediated NMO/SD. Heterogeneous brain lesions existed in 66.7% of the patients with MOG-IDDs. Large, edematous white matter lesions were observed with the pathological feature of obvious demyelination yet preservation of astrocyte and axon, fundamentally different from the astrocytopathy typically seen in NMO/SD. Our investigations suggest that MOG-ab mediates a distinct disease entity separate from NMO/SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Yongheng Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Haiqing Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Jingzi Zhangbao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Department of Neurology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanzhen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China.
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China.
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38
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Walvoort MTC, Testa C, Eilam R, Aharoni R, Nuti F, Rossi G, Real-Fernandez F, Lanzillo R, Brescia Morra V, Lolli F, Rovero P, Imperiali B, Papini AM. Antibodies from multiple sclerosis patients preferentially recognize hyperglucosylated adhesin of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39430. [PMID: 28008952 PMCID: PMC5180199 DOI: 10.1038/srep39430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In autoimmune diseases, there have been proposals that exogenous “molecular triggers”, i.e., specific ‘non-self antigens’ accompanying infectious agents, might disrupt control of the adaptive immune system resulting in serious pathologies. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. However, epidemiologic data suggest that exposure to infectious agents may be associated with increased MS risk and progression may be linked to exogenous, bacterially-derived, antigenic molecules, mimicking mammalian cell surface glycoconjugates triggering autoimmune responses. Previously, antibodies specific to a gluco-asparagine (N-Glc) glycopeptide, CSF114(N-Glc), were identified in sera of an MS patient subpopulation. Since the human glycoproteome repertoire lacks this uniquely modified amino acid, we turned our attention to bacteria, i.e., Haemophilus influenzae, expressing cell-surface adhesins including N-Glc, to establish a connection between H. influenzae infection and MS. We exploited the biosynthetic machinery from the opportunistic pathogen H. influenzae (and the homologous enzymes from A. pleuropneumoniae) to produce a unique set of defined glucosylated adhesin proteins. Interestingly we revealed that a hyperglucosylated protein domain, based on the cell-surface adhesin HMW1A, is preferentially recognized by antibodies from sera of an MS patient subpopulation. In conclusion the hyperglucosylated adhesin is the first example of an N-glucosylated native antigen that can be considered a relevant candidate for triggering pathogenic antibodies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chiara Testa
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Francesca Nuti
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giada Rossi
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Feliciana Real-Fernandez
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Roberta Lanzillo
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Lolli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- PeptLab@UCP and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, Université Paris-Seine, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
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Spadaro M, Gerdes LA, Krumbholz M, Ertl-Wagner B, Thaler FS, Schuh E, Metz I, Blaschek A, Dick A, Brück W, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E, Kümpfel T. Autoantibodies to MOG in a distinct subgroup of adult multiple sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e257. [PMID: 27458601 PMCID: PMC4949775 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the presence of antibodies to conformation-intact myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in a subgroup of adult patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) preselected for a specific clinical phenotype including severe spinal cord, optic nerve, and brainstem involvement. Methods: Antibodies to MOG were investigated using a cell-based assay in 3 groups of patients: 104 preselected patients with MS (group 1), 55 age- and sex-matched, otherwise unselected patients with MS (group 2), and in 22 brain-biopsied patients with demyelinating diseases of the CNS (n = 19 with MS), 4 of whom classified as MS type II (group 3). Recognized epitopes were identified with mutated variants of MOG. Results: Antibodies to MOG were found in about 5% (5/104) of preselected adult patients with MS. In contrast, in groups 2 and 3, none of the patients tested positive for MOG antibodies. Patients with MS with antibodies to MOG predominantly manifested with concomitant severe brainstem and spinal cord involvement and had a severe disease course with high relapse rates and failure to several disease-modifying therapies. Three of them had been treated with plasma exchange with a favorable response. All anti-MOG–positive patients with MS showed typical MS lesions on brain MRI. Longitudinal analysis up to 9 years revealed fluctuations and reappearance of anti-MOG reactivity. Epitope mapping indicated interindividual heterogeneity, yet intraindividual stability of the antibody response. Conclusions: Antibodies to MOG can be found in a distinct subgroup of adult MS with a specific clinical phenotype and may indicate disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Spadaro
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Sabrina Thaler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Imke Metz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.S., L.A.G., M.K., F.S.T., E.S., R.H., E.M., T.K.), Department of Radiology (B.E.-W.), and Laboratory for Immunogenetics (A.D.), Medical Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Hertie Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine (A.B.), Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H.), Munich, Germany
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40
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Polat İ, Yiş U, Karaoğlu P, Ayanoğlu M, Öztürk T, Güleryüz H, Kurul SH. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Persistency in a Steroid-Dependent ADEM Case. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-1958. [PMID: 27244783 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a candidate target antigen in demyelinating central nervous system diseases, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis. It may give prognostic information regarding monophasic or recurrent course of the disease. MOG antibodies have been shown to be positive in high titers during the first episode of ADEM with rapidly decreasing to undetectable limits after recovery. However, persistent MOG antibodies are considered as a predicting factor for multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis relapses, and incomplete recovery of ADEM. Here we report a unique case with persistent MOG antibodies presented with multiphasic ADEM-like attacks. A 6-year-old girl was consulted with encephalopathy, gait disturbance, and oculomotor nerve palsy. Periventricular white matter lesions were seen on cranial magnetic resonance imaging studies. ADEM was diagnosed and treated with steroid. During follow-up, she experienced repeated episodes after steroid therapy termination. We were able to search MOG antibody at the ninth attack. The positivity of this antibody remained. It was thought to be associated with steroid-dependent course, and azathioprine and intravenous human immunoglobulin treatment were added. Patients with persistent MOG antibodies may benefit from addition of immunosuppressant agents, which may decrease the number of attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uluç Yiş
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, and
| | | | | | - Tülay Öztürk
- Pediatric Radiology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Handan Güleryüz
- Pediatric Radiology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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41
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Kothur K, Wienholt L, Tantsis EM, Earl J, Bandodkar S, Prelog K, Tea F, Ramanathan S, Brilot F, Dale RC. B Cell, Th17, and Neutrophil Related Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine/Chemokines Are Elevated in MOG Antibody Associated Demyelination. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149411. [PMID: 26919719 PMCID: PMC4769285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG Ab) associated demyelination represents a subgroup of autoimmune demyelination that is separate from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin 4 IgG-positive NMO, and can have a relapsing course. Unlike NMO and MS, there is a paucity of literature on immunopathology and CSF cytokine/chemokines in MOG Ab associated demyelination. AIM To study the differences in immunopathogenesis based on cytokine/chemokine profile in MOG Ab-positive (POS) and -negative (NEG) groups. METHODS We measured 34 cytokines/chemokines using multiplex immunoassay in CSF collected from paediatric patients with serum MOG Ab POS [acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM = 8), transverse myelitis (TM = 2) n = 10] and serum MOG Ab NEG (ADEM = 5, TM = 4, n = 9) demyelination. We generated normative data using CSF from 20 non-inflammatory neurological controls. RESULTS The CSF cytokine and chemokine levels were higher in both MOG Ab POS and MOG Ab NEG demyelination groups compared to controls. The CSF in MOG Ab POS patients showed predominant elevation of B cell related cytokines/chemokines (CXCL13, APRIL, BAFF and CCL19) as well as some of Th17 related cytokines (IL-6 AND G-CSF) compared to MOG Ab NEG group (all p<0.01). In addition, patients with elevated CSF MOG antibodies had higher CSF CXCL13, CXCL12, CCL19, IL-17A and G-CSF than patients without CSF MOG antibodies. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that MOG Ab POS patients have a more pronounced CNS inflammatory response with elevation of predominant humoral associated cytokines/chemokines, as well as some Th 17 and neutrophil related cytokines/chemokines suggesting a differential inflammatory pathogenesis associated with MOG antibody seropositivity. This cytokine/chemokine profiling provides new insight into disease pathogenesis, and improves our ability to monitor inflammation and response to treatment. In addition, some of these molecules may represent potential immunomodulatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kothur
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Wienholt
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Esther M Tantsis
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Earl
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sushil Bandodkar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristina Prelog
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H. The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 2: CD8+ T cells, B cells, and antibodies in the focus of reverse-translational research. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:317-31. [PMID: 26724102 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interest in CD8+ T cells and B cells was initially inspired by observations in multiple sclerosis rather than in animal models: CD8+ T cells predominate in multiple sclerosis lesions, oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands in CSF have long been recognised as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and anti-B-cell therapies showed considerable efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Taking a reverse-translational approach, findings from human T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire studies provided strong evidence for antigen-driven clonal expansion in the brain and CSF. New methods allow the reconstruction of human TCRs and antibodies from tissue-infiltrating immune cells, which can be used for the unbiased screening of antigen libraries. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has received renewed attention as an antibody target in childhood multiple sclerosis and in a small subgroup of adult patients with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that a separate condition in adults exists, tentatively called MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis, which has clinical features that overlap with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. Although CD8+ T cells and B cells are thought to have a pathogenic role in some subgroups of patients, their target antigens have yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- HERTIE Senior Professor Group Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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Pacini G, Ieronymaki M, Nuti F, Sabatino G, Larregola M, Aharoni R, Papini AM, Rovero P. Epitope mapping of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis: microwave-assisted synthesis of the peptide antigens and ELISA screening. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:52-8. [PMID: 26663200 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of pathologic auto-antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis is a highly controversial matter. As the use of animal models may enable to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the human disorder, numerous studies on multiple sclerosis are carried out using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In particular, the most extensively used EAE model is obtained by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with the immunodominant peptide MOG(35-55). In this scenario, we analyzed the anti-MOG antibody response in this model using the recombinant refolded extracellular domain of the protein, MOG(1-117). To assess the presence of a B-cell intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism, we tested also five synthetic peptides mapping the 1-117 sequence of MOG, including MOG(35-55). For this purpose, we cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and on-column refolded MOG(1-117), and we applied an optimized microwave-assisted solid-phase synthetic strategy to obtain the designed peptide sequences. Subsequently, we set up a solid-phase immunoenzymatic assay testing both naïve and EAE mice sera and using MOG protein and peptides as antigenic probes. The results obtained disclose an intense IgG antibody response against both the recombinant protein and the immunizing peptide, while no response was observed against the other synthetic fragments, thus excluding the presence of an intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism. Furthermore, as the properly refolded recombinant probe is able to bind antibodies with greater efficiency compared with MOG(35-55), we hypothesize the presence of both linear and conformational epitopes on MOG(35-55) sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pacini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Matthaia Ieronymaki
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Francesca Nuti
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sabatino
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Maud Larregola
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Paolo Rovero
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
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Dabrowski W, Kwiecien JM, Rola R, Klapec M, Stanisz GJ, Kotlinska-Hasiec E, Oakden W, Janik R, Coote M, Frey BN, Turski WA. Prolonged Subdural Infusion of Kynurenic Acid Is Associated with Dose-Dependent Myelin Damage in the Rat Spinal Cord. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142598. [PMID: 26562835 PMCID: PMC4643054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is the end stage metabolite of tryptophan produced mainly by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). It has neuroprotective activities but can be elevated in the neuropsychiatric disorders. Toxic effects of KYNA in the CNS are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the subdural KYNA infusion on the spinal cord in adult rats. METHODS A total of 42 healthy adult rats were randomly assigned into six groups and were infused for 7 days with PBS (control) or 0.0002 pmol/min, 0.01 nmol/min, 0.1 nmol/min, 1 nmol/min, and 10 nmol/min of KYNA per 7 days. The effect of KYNA on spinal cord was determined using histological and electron microscopy examination. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was measured in the blood serum to assess a degree of myelin damage. RESULT In all rats continuous long-lasting subdural KYNA infusion was associated with myelin damage and myelin loss that was increasingly widespread in a dose-depended fashion in peripheral, sub-pial areas. Damage to myelin sheaths was uniquely related to the separation of lamellae at the intraperiod line. The damaged myelin sheaths and areas with complete loss of myelin were associated with limited loss of scattered axons while vast majority of axons in affected areas were morphologically intact. The myelin loss-causing effect of KYNA occurred with no necrosis of oligodendrocytes, with locally severe astrogliosis and no cellular inflammatory response. Additionally, subdural KYNA infusion increased blood MOG concentration. Moreover, the rats infused with the highest doses of KYNA (1 and 10 nmol/min) demonstrated adverse neurological signs including weakness and quadriplegia. CONCLUSIONS We suggest, that subdural infusion of high dose of KYNA can be used as an experimental tool for the study of mechanisms of myelin damage and regeneration. On the other hand, the administration of low, physiologically relevant doses of KYNA may help to discover the role of KYNA in control of physiological myelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Klapec
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Greg J. Stanisz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Oakden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafal Janik
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Coote
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waldemar A. Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Gulati S, Chakrabarty B, Kumar A, Jain P, Patel H, Saini L. Acquired demyelinating disorders of central nervous system: A pediatric cohort. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015; 18:S48-55. [PMID: 26538849 PMCID: PMC4604698 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.164829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This is a retrospective chart review of consecutive children with acquired demyelinating disorders presenting to a north Indian tertiary care hospital over 4 years. The aim of this review is to describe all the patients (with single event as well as those with recurrences) with detailed description of those who recurred. Materials and Methods: Overall 35 cases were reviewed and their clinical presentations, diagnosis, management, and follow-up are being presented. Results: Out of 35 cases, 24 did not show any recurrences (seven acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and 17 clinically isolated syndromes). Amongst the 11 patients with recurrent demyelination, majority were multiple sclerosis (8/11, 72.7%) followed by neuromyelitis optica (NMO; 2/11), and multiphasic ADEM (1/11). The median disease duration and follow-up since onset for those with recurrent episodes is 4 years (2.5-4.5 years). Steroids caused significant improvement in acute episodes of demyelination. However, recurrent demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis and NMO required long-term immunomodulation. Azathioprine currently is the most favored long-term immunomodulator used in NMO. Interferon-β and glatiramer acetate are currently recommended for multiple sclerosis. However, azathioprine may be a suitable alternative in a resource-limited setting. Conclusion: The consensus definitions for these groups of disorders need further validation in the pediatric age group. Studies with larger population size are required to characterize features that predict future recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheffali Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswaroop Chakrabarty
- Department of Pediatrics, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atin Kumar
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lokesh Saini
- Department of Pediatrics, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hayder M, Varilh M, Turrin CO, Saoudi A, Caminade AM, Poupot R, Liblau RS. Phosphorus-Based Dendrimer ABP Treats Neuroinflammation by Promoting IL-10-Producing CD4(+) T Cells. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3425-33. [PMID: 26397709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are polyfunctional nano-objects of perfectly defined structure that can provide innovative alternatives for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate the efficiency of a recently described amino-bis(methylene phosphonate)-capped ABP dendrimer as a potential drug candidate for MS, we used the classical mouse model of MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our study provides evidence that the ABP dendrimer prevents the development of EAE and inhibits the progression of established disease with a comparable therapeutic benefit as the approved treatment Fingolimod. We also show that the ABP dendrimer redirects the pathogenic myelin-specific CD4(+) T cell response toward IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cédric-Olivier Turrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS UPR8241-205 , route de Narbonne, 31077-BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 France.,UPS-INPT, Université de Toulouse , F31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS UPR8241-205 , route de Narbonne, 31077-BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 France.,UPS-INPT, Université de Toulouse , F31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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D'Ambrosio A, Pontecorvo S, Colasanti T, Zamboni S, Francia A, Margutti P. Peripheral blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1097-110. [PMID: 26226413 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. The heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly variable course of the disease and unpredictable response to therapies. The major focus of the research on MS is the identification of biomarkers in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid or blood, to guide patient management reliably. Because of the difficulties in obtaining spinal fluid samples and the necessity for lumbar puncture to make a diagnosis has reduced, the research of blood-based biomarkers may provide increasingly important tools for clinical practice. However, currently there are no clearly established MS blood-based biomarkers. The availability of reliable biomarkers could radically alter the management of MS at critical phases of the disease spectrum, allowing for intervention strategies that may prevent evolution to long-term neurological disability. This article provides an overview of this research field and focuses on recent advances in blood-based biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D'Ambrosio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pontecorvo
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Francia
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Margutti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Aktas O. Collateral benefit: the comeback of MOG antibodies as a biomarker in neurological practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:243. [PMID: 25385854 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Spadaro M, Gerdes LA, Mayer MC, Ertl-Wagner B, Laurent S, Krumbholz M, Breithaupt C, Högen T, Straube A, Giese A, Hohlfeld R, Lassmann H, Meinl E, Kümpfel T. Histopathology and clinical course of MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:295-301. [PMID: 25815356 PMCID: PMC4369279 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present histological, MRI, and clinical features of an adult patient with relapsing encephalomyelitis and antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Furthermore, we report molecular details of the recognized epitope that is specific for human MOG. A brain biopsy revealed multiple sclerosis (MS)-type II pathology. Some features overlapped with both MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), whereas others were distinct from both MS and NMOSD. Immunoadsorption and rituximab induced clinical stabilization. This case contributes a new, so far missing link in the emerging spectrum of MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Spadaro
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Marie C Mayer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Laurent
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Breithaupt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Tobias Högen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany ; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department for Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research Vienna, Austria
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
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50
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Spadaro M, Meinl E. Detection of Autoantibodies Against Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1304:99-104. [PMID: 25814289 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) occur in a proportion of patients with different inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, such as childhood multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). We describe here in detail a sensitive cell-based assay that allows the identification of autoantibodies against MOG in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Spadaro
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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