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Le DE, Alkayed NJ, Cao Z, Chattergoon NN, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Thornburg K, Kaul S. Metabolomics of repetitive myocardial stunning in chronic multivessel coronary artery stenosis: Effect of non-selective and selective β1-receptor blockers. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38885335 DOI: 10.1113/jp285720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic coronary artery stenosis can lead to regional myocardial dysfunction in the absence of myocardial infarction by repetitive stunning, hibernation or both. The molecular mechanisms underlying repetitive stunning-associated myocardial dysfunction are not clear. We used non-targeted metabolomics to elucidate responses to chronically stunned myocardium in a canine model with and without β-adrenergic blockade treatment. After development of left ventricular systolic dysfunction induced by ameroid constrictors on the coronary arteries, animals were randomized to 3 months of placebo, metoprolol or carvedilol. We compared these two β-blockers with their different β-adrenergic selectivities on myocardial function, perfusion and metabolic pathways involved in tissue undergoing chronic stunning. Control animals underwent sham surgery. Dysfunction in stunned myocardium was associated with reduced fatty acid oxidation and enhanced ketogenic amino acid metabolism, together with alterations in mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition. These changes were consistent with impaired mitochondrial function and were linked to reduced nitric oxide and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling, resulting in a decline in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Mitochondrial changes were ameliorated by carvedilol more than metoprolol, and improvement was linked to nitric oxide and possibly hydrogen sulphide signalling. In summary, repetitive myocardial stunning commonly seen in chronic multivessel coronary artery disease is associated with adverse metabolic remodelling linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and specific signalling pathways. These changes are reversed by β-blockers, with the non-selective inhibitor having a more favourable impact. This is the first investigation to demonstrate that β-blockade-associated improvement of ventricular function in chronic myocardial stunning is associated with restoration of mitochondrial function. KEY POINTS: The mechanisms responsible for the metabolic changes associated with repetitive myocardial stunning seen in chronic multivessel coronary artery disease have not been fully investigated. In a canine model of repetitive myocardial stunning, we showed that carvedilol, a non-selective β-receptor blocker, ameliorated adverse metabolic remodelling compared to metoprolol, a selective β1-receptor blocker, by improving nitric oxide synthase and adenosine monophosphate protein kinase function, enhancing calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, probably increasing hydrogen sulphide, and suppressing cyclic-adenosine monophosphate signalling. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation alterations were ameliorated by carvedilol to a larger extent than metoprolol; this improvement was linked to nitric oxide and possibly hydrogen sulphide signalling. Both β-blockers improved the cardiac energy imbalance by reducing metabolites in ketogenic amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. These results elucidated why metabolic remodelling with carvedilol is preferable to metoprolol when treating chronic ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction caused by repetitive myocardial stunning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elizabeth Le
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Natasha N Chattergoon
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kent Thornburg
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sanjiv Kaul
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi SS, Mohamadzadeh M, Samadi N, Fazeli MR, Khaki S, Khameneh B, Khameneh Bagheri R. Management of Cardiovascular Diseases by Short-Chain Fatty Acid Postbiotics. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:294-313. [PMID: 38656688 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Global health concerns persist in the realm of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), necessitating innovative strategies for both prevention and treatment. This narrative review aims to explore the potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-namely, acetate, propionate, and butyrate-as agents in the realm of postbiotics for the management of CVDs. RECENT FINDINGS We commence our discussion by elucidating the concept of postbiotics and their pivotal significance in mitigating various aspects of cardiovascular diseases. This review centers on a comprehensive examination of diverse SCFAs and their associated receptors, notably GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a. In addition, we delve into the intricate cellular and pharmacological mechanisms through which these receptors operate, providing insights into their specific roles in managing cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. The integration of current information in our analysis highlights the potential of both SCFAs and their receptors as a promising path for innovative therapeutic approaches in the field of cardiovascular health. The idea of postbiotics arises as an optimistic and inventive method, presenting new opportunities for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sadeq Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Samadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fazeli
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Khaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ramin Khameneh Bagheri
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Simmen FA, Pabona JMP, Al-Dwairi A, Alhallak I, Montales MTE, Simmen RCM. Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) Promotes Adiposity and Hepatic Steatosis and Induces Circulating Insulin and Leptin in Obese Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076613. [PMID: 37047583 PMCID: PMC10095602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) supports lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and cellular redox potential by catalyzing the decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate, and the concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH. We examined the contribution of ME1 to the development of obesity by provision of an obesogenic diet to C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and MOD-1 (lack ME1 protein) female mice. Adiposity, serum hormone levels, and adipose, mammary gland, liver, and small intestine gene expression patterns were compared between experimental groups after 10 weeks on a diet. Relative to WT female mice, MOD-1 female mice exhibited lower body weights and less adiposity; decreased concentrations of insulin, leptin, and estrogen; higher concentrations of adiponectin and progesterone; smaller-sized mammary gland adipocytes; and reduced hepatosteatosis. MOD-1 mice had diminished expression of Lep gene in abdominal fat; Lep, Pparg, Klf9, and Acaca genes in mammary glands; Pparg and Cdkn1a genes in liver; and Tlr9 and Ffar3 genes in the small intestine. By contrast, liver expression of Cdkn2a and Lepr genes was augmented in MOD-1, relative to WT mice. Results document an integrative role for ME1 in development of female obesity, suggest novel linkages with specific pathways/genes, and further support the therapeutic targeting of ME1 for obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Simmen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - John Mark P. Pabona
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Iad Alhallak
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Maria Theresa E. Montales
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Rosalia C. M. Simmen
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Lednovich KR, Gough S, Brenner M, Qadri T, Layden BT. G
Protein‐Coupled Receptors in Metabolic Disease. GPCRS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 2022:521-552. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119564782.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Current Research on the Effects of Non-Digestible Carbohydrates on Metabolic Disease. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases (MDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes, occur when the body’s normal metabolic processes are disrupted. Behavioral risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and dietary habits are strongly associated with a higher risk of MD. However, scientific evidence strongly suggests that balanced, healthy diets containing non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), such as dietary fiber and resistant starch, can reduce the risk of developing MD. In particular, major properties of NDCs, such as water retention, fecal bulking, viscosity, and fermentation in the gut, have been found to be important for reducing the risk of MD by decreasing blood glucose and lipid levels, increasing satiety and insulin sensitivity, and modifying the gut microbiome. Short chain fatty acids produced during the fermentation of NDCs in the gut are mainly responsible for improvement in MD. However, the effects of NDCs are dependent on the type, source, dose, and duration of NDC intake, and some of the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of NDCs on MD remain unclear. In this review, we briefly summarize current studies on the effects of NDCs on MD and discuss potential mechanisms that might contribute to further understanding these effects.
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Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040750. [PMID: 35203397 PMCID: PMC8870169 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FFAs) are important biological molecules that serve as a major energy source and are key components of biological membranes. In addition, FFAs play important roles in metabolic regulation and contribute to the development and progression of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Recent studies have shown that FFAs can act as important ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of cells and impact key physiological processes. Free fatty acid-activated receptors include FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), and FFAR4 (GPR120). FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by short-chain fatty acids like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, whereas FFAR1 and FFAR4 are activated by medium- and long-chain fatty acids like palmitate, oleate, linoleate, and others. FFARs have attracted considerable attention over the last few years and have become attractive pharmacological targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Several lines of evidence point to their importance in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis including adipose metabolism. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the physiological functions of FFAR isoforms in adipose biology and explore the prospect of FFAR-based therapies to treat patients with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
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Free fatty acid receptor 1: a ray of hope in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1625-1639. [PMID: 34669065 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is a G-protein coupled receptor with prominent expression on pancreatic beta cells, bones, intestinal cells as well as the nerve cells. This receptor mediates a multitude of functions in the body including release of incretins, secretion of insulin as well as sensation of pain. Since FFAR1 causes secretion of insulin and regulates glucose metabolism, efforts were made to unfold its structure followed by discovering agonists for the receptor and the utilization of these agonists in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Development of such functional FFAR1 agonists is a necessity because the currently available therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus has numerous drawbacks, of which, the major one is hypoglycemia. Since the most prominent effect of the FFAR1 agonists is on glucose concentration in the body, so the major research is focused on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, though the agonists could benefit other metabolic disorders and neurological disorders as well. The agonists developed so far had one major limitation, i.e., hepatotoxicity. Although, the only agonist that could reach phase 3 clinical trials was TAK-875 developed by Takeda Pharmaceuticals but it was also withdrawn due to toxic effects on the liver. Thus, there are numerous agonists for the varied binding sites of the receptor but no drug available yet. There does seem to be a ray of hope in the drugs that target FFAR1 but a lot more efforts towards drug discovery would result in the successful management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Babel RA, Dandekar MP. A Review on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Linked to the Development of Diabetes Complications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:457-473. [PMID: 33143626 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666201103143818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern lifestyle, changing eating habits and reduced physical work have been known to culminate into making diabetes a global pandemic. Hyperglycemia during the course of diabetes is an important causative factor for the development of both microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral artery disease) complications. In this article, we summarize several mechanisms accountable for the development of both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Several metabolic and cellular events are linked to the augmentation of oxidative stress like the activation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) pathway, polyol pathway, Protein Kinase C (PKC) pathway, Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) and hexosamine pathway. Oxidative stress also leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and peroxides. Enhanced levels of ROS rescind the anti-oxidant defence mechanisms associated with superoxide dismutase, glutathione and ascorbic acid. Moreover, ROS triggers oxidative damages at the level of DNA, protein and lipids, which eventually cause cell necrosis or apoptosis. These physiological insults may be related to the microvascular complications of diabetes by negatively impacting the eyes, kidneys and the brain. While underlying pathomechanism of the macrovascular complications is quite complex, hyperglycemia associated atherosclerotic abnormalities like changes in the coagulation system, thrombin formation, fibrinolysis, platelet and endothelial function and vascular smooth muscle are well proven. Since hyperglycemia also modulates the vascular inflammation, cytokines, macrophage activation and gene expression of growth factors, elevated blood glucose level may play a central role in the development of macrovascular complications of diabetes. Taken collectively, chronic hyperglycemia and increased production of ROS are the miscreants for the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh A Babel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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López-Méndez I, Méndez-Maldonado K, Manzo-Francisco LA, Juárez-Hernández E, Uribe M, Barbero-Becerra VJ. G protein-coupled receptors: Key molecules in metabolic associated fatty liver disease development. Nutr Res 2020; 87:70-79. [PMID: 33601216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a range of hepatic disorders with progression to steatohepatitis with risk of development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. MAFLD is strongly related to metabolic disorders of active fatty acids, which seem to be selective according to their specific ligand of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) located in immune response cells. An approach to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of MAFLD could be through the expression of active fatty acids ligands. The expression of GPRs is associated with obesity, microbiota environment, and dietary characteristics in patients with MAFLD. More specifically, GPR41, GPR43, GPR20, and GPR120 have been associated with alteration of lipid metabolism in hepatic and intestinal cells, and consequently they have a key role in metabolic diseases. We observed that GPR120 is not expressed in nonoverweight/obese patients, regardless of the presence of MAFLD; meanwhile the expression of GPR41 is increased in patients with lean MAFLD. GPRs role in liver disease is intriguing and a field of research opportunity. More studies are necessary to define the role of active fatty acids in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván López-Méndez
- Transplants and Hepatology Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Cellular Physiology Institute, Neurosciences Division & Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Veterinary and Zootechnics Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eva Juárez-Hernández
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- Gastrointestinal and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ye Y, Sun X, Lu Y. Obesity-Related Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Metabolism in Cancer-Associated Host Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600350. [PMID: 33330490 PMCID: PMC7729017 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-derived disturbances in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism are linked to numerous diseases, including various types of malignancy. In tumor cells, metabolic alterations have been long recognized and intensively studied. However, metabolic changes in host cells in the tumor microenvironment and their contribution to tumor development have been largely overlooked. During the last decade, research advances show that fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol metabolism, and lipid accumulation play critical roles in cancer-associated host cells such as endothelial cells, lymph endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated myeloid cells, and tumor-associated lymphocytes. In addition to anti-angiogenic therapies and immunotherapy that have been practiced in the clinic, metabolic regulation is considered another promising cancer therapy targeting non-tumor host cells. Understanding the obesity-associated metabolism changes in cancer-associated host cells may ultimately be translated into therapeutic options that benefit cancer patients. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize the lipid metabolism associated with obesity and its role in host cells in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the current understanding of the molecular pathways involved and future perspectives to benefit from this metabolic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtian Lu
- Department of Ear Nose Throat (ENT), Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Bionaz M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Busato S. Advances in fatty acids nutrition in dairy cows: from gut to cells and effects on performance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 33292523 PMCID: PMC7667790 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High producing dairy cows generally receive in the diet up to 5-6% of fat. This is a relatively low amount of fat in the diet compared to diets in monogastrics; however, dietary fat is important for dairy cows as demonstrated by the benefits of supplementing cows with various fatty acids (FA). Several FA are highly bioactive, especially by affecting the transcriptome; thus, they have nutrigenomic effects. In the present review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of the utilization of FA by dairy cows including the main processes affecting FA in the rumen, molecular aspects of the absorption of FA by the gut, synthesis, secretion, and utilization of chylomicrons; uptake and metabolism of FA by peripheral tissues, with a main emphasis on the liver, and main transcription factors regulated by FA. Most of the advances in FA utilization by rumen microorganisms and intestinal absorption of FA in dairy cows were made before the end of the last century with little information generated afterwards. However, large advances on the molecular aspects of intestinal absorption and cellular uptake of FA were made on monogastric species in the last 20 years. We provide a model of FA utilization in dairy cows by using information generated in monogastrics and enriching it with data produced in dairy cows. We also reviewed the latest studies on the effects of dietary FA on milk yield, milk fatty acid composition, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. The reviewed data revealed a complex picture with the FA being active in each step of the way, starting from influencing rumen microbiota, regulating intestinal absorption, and affecting cellular uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, making prediction on in vivo nutrigenomic effects of FA challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Zhang X, Macielag MJ. GPR120 agonists for the treatment of diabetes: a patent review (2014 present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:729-742. [PMID: 32799609 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is a Gαq coupled GPCR specifically activated by long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). Functionally, it has been identified as a member of a family of lipid-binding free fatty acid receptors including GPR40, GPR41, and GPR43. Upon stimulation by LCFAs, GPR120 can directly or indirectly modulate hormone secretion from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and regulate lipid and/or glucose metabolism in adipose, liver, and muscle tissues. Additionally, GPR120 is postulated to mediate anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects in adipose and macrophages. These benefits suggest that GPR120 agonists have the potential to be an effective treatment for obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other metabolic syndromes. AREA COVERED This article highlights and reviews research advances in this field that have been published in patent literature and peer-reviewed journals since 2014. EXPERT OPINION Current development has been hindered by species differences in GPR120 distribution, differences in GPR120-mediated signaling in distinct tissue types, and lack of available ligands with suitable selectivity for GPR120 over GPR40 in both human and rodents. The discovery of β-arrestin biased GPR120 agonists will help elucidate the potential of selective therapeutics that may discriminate between desirable and undesirable pharmacological effects. ABBREVIATIONS ALA: α-linolenic acid; AUC: area under the curve; BRET: bioluminescence resonance energy transfer; CCK: cholecystokinin; CHO-K1 cell: Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cell; db/db mouse: diabetic mouse; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DIO: diet-induced obesity; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; FA(s): fatty acid(s); FFA(s): free fatty acid(s); FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; FLIPR: fluorescent imaging plate reader; GIR: glucose infusion rate; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; GP(C)R: G protein-coupled receptor; GSIS: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; HEK293 cell: human embryonic kidney 293 cell; HOMA-IR: homeostatic measurement assessment of insulin resistance; IP1: inositol phosphate turnover; IPGTT: intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; LCFA(s): long-chain fatty acid(s); MEDmax: maximal efficacy; MIN6 cell: mouse insulin-secreting cell; NPY: neuropeptide Y; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; pERK: phosphorylated ERK; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; QD: once daily; SAR: structure-activity relationship; siRNA: small interfering ribonucleic acid; STC-1: intestinal secretin tumor cell; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; U2OS cell: human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cell; uHTS: ultrahigh-throughput screening; ZDF: zucker diabetic fatty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Macielag
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development , Spring House, PA, USA
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Zheng N, Gao Y, Zhu W, Meng D, Walker WA. Short chain fatty acids produced by colonizing intestinal commensal bacterial interaction with expressed breast milk are anti-inflammatory in human immature enterocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229283. [PMID: 32084202 PMCID: PMC7034856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal emergency that affects ten percent of very low birth weight premature babies and costs society in both expense and heartache. It is probably caused by an inappropriate interaction of colonizing bacteria with an immature intestine. A possible preventative measure is to feed prematures their mother's expressed breast milk in conjunction with a probiotic. This synbiotic prevention reduces the severity and incidence of this condition. This study was designed to determine the mechanism of the synbiotic effect in human and mouse fetal intestine. Breast milk interacting with a NEC preventative probiotic such as Bifidobacterium infantis can produce increased levels of short chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) (SCFAs). SCFAs are known to be anti-inflammatory in mature enterocytes and immunocytes. Very little is known about their role in immature intestine. When exposed to a human fetal cell line, fetal intestinal organoids and fetal mouse intestine, these SCFAs were anti-inflammatory. Their mechanism of anti-inflammation differed from those reported for mature cells by involving the G-protein coupled receptor (GPR 109A) and inhibiting histone deacetylase 4 and 5. These bacterial metabolites may help explain the synbiotic anti-inflammatory effect of breast milk and probiotics given to premature infants at risk for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weishu Zhu
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Di Meng
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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15
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Low Expression of FFAR2 in Peripheral White Blood Cells May Be a Genetic Marker for Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:3108124. [PMID: 32411444 PMCID: PMC7204345 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To find molecular markers for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), this research further verified the relationship between the expression level of FFAR2 gene and AMI by expanding the sample size based on the previous gene chip results. Methods Peripheral venous leukocytes were collected from 113 patients with AMI and 94 patients with noncoronary artery disease as the experimental group and the control group, respectively. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of the FFAR2 gene. Western blot analysis was applied to detect the relative expression of the FFAR2 gene at the level of protein. Furthermore, the relationship between gene expression and clinical data was also analyzed and compared. Results The level of expression of FFAR2 gene in peripheral blood of patients with AMI was significantly lower than that of the control group (0.33 [0.04–1.08], 0.62 [0.07–1.86], respectively; p < 0.05), which was 0.53 times that of the control group. Western blot results presented that the FFAR2 protein level in the peripheral blood of the AMI group was lower than that of the control group (0.114; p=0.004). Analyzing clinical data of the subjects indicated that the average age of the AMI group was significantly higher than the age of control group (p < 0.01). Also, the fasting blood glucose level was higher (p < 0.01), and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was lower (p=0.03). The FFAR2 mRNA level correlated positively with the HDL-C level (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the low expression of the FFAR2 gene in peripheral blood may be a risk factor for AMI independent of age, family history of diabetes, fasting blood glucose level, and HDL-C level (p=0.025). Compared with the high FFAR2 expression group, the risk of AMI in the low FFAR2 expression group was 6.308 times higher. Conclusion The expression level of the FFAR2 gene in peripheral blood of patients with AMI was significantly lower than that in the control group. Low expression of the FFAR2 gene in peripheral blood is an independent risk factor for AMI. Hence, it may also be a potential biomarker to predict AMI.
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16
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Belete TM. A Recent Achievement In the Discovery and Development of Novel Targets for the Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:1-15. [PMID: 32021494 PMCID: PMC6959499 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s226113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. Impaired insulin secretion, enhanced hepatic glucose production, and suppressed peripheral glucose use are the main defects responsible for developing the disease. Besides, the pathophysiology of T2DM also includes enhanced glucagon secretion, decreased incretin secretion, increased renal glucose reabsorption, and adipocyte, and brain insulin resistance. The increasing prevalence of T2DM in the world beseeches an urgent need for better treatment options. The antidiabetic drugs focus on control of blood glucose concentration, but the future treatment goal is to delay disease progression and treatment failure, which causes poorer glycemic regulation. Recent treatment approaches target on several novel pathophysiological defects present in T2DM. Some of the promising novel targets being under clinical development include those that increase insulin sensitization (antagonists of glucocorticoids receptor), decreasing hepatic glucose production (glucagon receptor antagonist, inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase). This review summarizes studies that are available on novel targets being studied to treat T2DM with an emphasis on the small molecule drug design. The experience gathered from earlier studies and knowledge of T2DM pathways can guide the anti-diabetic drug development toward the discovery of drugs essential to treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Chiesa G. The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010079. [PMID: 31892152 PMCID: PMC7019666 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract-the gut microbiota-deeply affect the pathophysiology of the host. Gut microbiota composition is mostly modulated by diet, and gut microorganisms communicate with the different organs and tissues of the human host by synthesizing hormones and regulating their release. Herein, we will provide an updated review on the most important classes of gut microbiota-derived hormones and their sensing by host receptors, critically discussing their impact on host physiology. Additionally, the debated interplay between microbial hormones and the development of cardiovascular disease will be thoroughly analysed and discussed.
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Abstract
AbstractA major challenge in taste research is to overcome the flavour imperfections in food products and to build nutritious strategies to combat against obesity as well as other related metabolic syndromes. The field of molecular taste research and chemical senses has contributed to an enormous development in understanding the taste receptors and mechanisms of taste perception. Accordingly, the development of taste-modifying compounds or taste modulators that alter the perception of basic taste modalities has gained significant prominence in the recent past. The beneficial aspects of these substances are overwhelming while considering their potential taste-modifying properties. The objective of the present review is to provide an impression about the taste-modulating compounds and their distinctive taste-modifying properties with reference to their targets and proposed mechanisms of action. The present review also makes an effort to discuss the basic mechanism involved in oro-gustatory taste perception as well as on the effector molecules involved in signal transduction downstream to the activation of taste receptors.
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Vagena E, Ryu JK, Baeza-Raja B, Walsh NM, Syme C, Day JP, Houslay MD, Baillie GS. A high-fat diet promotes depression-like behavior in mice by suppressing hypothalamic PKA signaling. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:141. [PMID: 31076569 PMCID: PMC6510753 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether obesity is a causative factor for the development of depression and what is the molecular pathway(s) that link these two disorders. Using lipidomic and transcriptomic methods, we identified a mechanism that links exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice with alterations in hypothalamic function that lead to depression. Consumption of an HFD selectively induced accumulation of palmitic acid in the hypothalamus, suppressed the 3', 5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, and increased the concentration of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1). Deficiency of phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A), an enzyme that degrades cAMP and modulates stimulatory regulative G protein (Gs)-coupled G protein-coupled receptor signaling, protected animals either from genetic- or dietary-induced depression phenotype. These findings suggest that dietary intake of saturated fats disrupts hypothalamic functions by suppressing cAMP/PKA signaling through activation of PDE4A. FFAR1 inhibition and/or an increase of cAMP signaling in the hypothalamus could offer potential therapeutic targets to counteract the effects of dietary or genetically induced obesity on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vagena
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bernat Baeza-Raja
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Nicola M Walsh
- College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Catriona Syme
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan P Day
- College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miles D Houslay
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, England, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK.
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20
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Wang X, He S, Gu Y, Wang Q, Chu X, Jin M, Xu L, Wu Q, Zhou Q, Wang B, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zheng L. Fatty acid receptor GPR120 promotes breast cancer chemoresistance by upregulating ABC transporters expression and fatty acid synthesis. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:251-262. [PMID: 30738829 PMCID: PMC6413582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance is the major cause of neoadjuvant treatment failure in breast cancer patients. Despite recent progress, the mechanism underlying chemoresistance remains to be further defined. METHODS Expression of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the biopsies of primary breast cancer who subsequently underwent preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In vitro and in vivo loss- and gain-of -function studies were performed to reveal the effects and related mechanism of GPR120 signaling pathway in the chemoresistance of breast cancer cells. FINDINGS We identified that GPR120, a receptor for long-chain fatty acids, was important for the acquisition of chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. We showed that GPR120 expression was positively associated with clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients. In breast cancer cells, GPR120 enhanced the de novo synthesis of fatty acids that served as GPR120 ligands to activate GPR120 signaling via a feedback mechanism. Upregulated GPR120 signaling rendered cells resistant to epirubicin-induced cell death by upregulating ABC transporters expression and thus decreasing the intracellular accumulation of epirubicin. Akt/NF-κB pathway was responsible for the GPR120-mediated expression of ABC transporters leading to modulation of the concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs in cells. The functional importance of GPR120 in chemoresistance was further validated using epirubicin-treated tumor xenografts, in which we showed that blockade of GPR120 signaling with AH7614 or GPR120-siRNA significantly compromised chemoresistance. INTERPRETATION Our results highlight that GPR120 might be a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer chemoresistance. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songbing He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jin
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianjun Zhou
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Leizhen Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China; Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China..
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Transferred maternal fatty acids stimulate fetal adipogenesis and lead to neonatal and adult obesity. Med Hypotheses 2018; 122:82-88. [PMID: 30593430 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of adult and childhood obesity are increasing. Most of the human newborn's body fat accumulates in the last half of intrauterine life. Fat in the fetus was thought to be mostly synthesized from glucose, but now it is commonly accepted that the bulk of it is the product of placental transfer of maternal fatty acids. Transported fatty acids originate in maternal plasma "free" fatty acids, fatty acids hydrolyzed from maternal plasma triglycerides, and the poly-unsaturated fatty acid component of maternal phospholipids. Glucose remains an important precursor of alpha-glycerol phosphate, to which most transported fatty acids are eventually esterified. Maternal plasma lipids are elevated in late pregnancy and even more in obese and diabetic pregnant women. This accelerates the placental transport of fatty acids. The hypothesis presented in this paper rests on the observations that the exponential increase in fat tissue in the human embryo's body occurs in time to parallel the increase of lipids in the mother's blood and depends on the chemical affinity of the transcription factor PPAR gamma to fatty acids and on fatty acid stimulation of adipocyte generation from precursor cells. The hypothesis asserts that transported maternal fatty acids activate the transcription factors in the fetus and initiate conversion of the mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes. In obese and diabetic mothers, the higher plasma lipids facilitate increased placental fatty acid transfer. This will increase adipocyte generation and, through this, the prevalence of babies with increased fat cell size and number. Babies born with increased adipose tissue cellularity will have greater probability of growing up to become obese adolescents and adults. These newborns, whose obesity is hyperplastic as well as hypertrophic, as adults will have difficulty losing weight through diet and exercise or will regain the lost weight more quickly than others without these characteristics. Accordingly, increased placental fatty acid transfer and accelerated adipocyte generation may explain not only neonatal obesity, but some aspects of the adult obesity epidemic also. It is therefore recommended that prevention of fetal fat cell hyperplasia, by lowering maternal plasma lipids in mid and late pregnancy, should be attempted in pregnancies at risk for macrosomia.
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Bódis K, Kahl S, Simon MC, Zhou Z, Sell H, Knebel B, Tura A, Strassburger K, Burkart V, Müssig K, Markgraf D, Al-Hasani H, Szendroedi J, Roden M. Reduced expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, but not free fatty acid receptor 2 or 4 in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:49. [PMID: 30190473 PMCID: PMC6127327 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), higher stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) expression has been related to improved insulin sensitivity in thiazolidinedione-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In animal models, deficiency of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 associated with higher and FFAR4-deficiency with lower insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that increased FFAR2 expression and reductions in FFAR4 and SCD1 expression in SAT of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients associate positively with insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function. Methods Twenty-five type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 25 glucose-tolerant humans (CON) matched for sex, age, and BMI underwent mixed-meal tests to assess insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and beta cell function (ΔAUC(C-peptide)0–180 min/ΔAUC(glucose)0–180 min) in a cross-sectional study. Gene and protein expression of SCD1 and FFAR2/4 were quantified in SAT biopsies. Results Insulin sensitivity was 14% and beta cell function 71% (both p < 0.001) lower in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, SCD1 mRNA was fivefold (p < 0.001) and protein expression twofold (p < 0.01) lower. While FFAR2/4 mRNA and protein expression did not differ between groups, FFAR2 protein levels correlated negatively with beta cell function only in CON (r = −0.74, p < 0.01). However, neither SCD1 nor FFAR2/4 protein expression correlated with insulin sensitivity in both groups. Conclusions Type 2 diabetes patients have lower SCD1, which does not associate with insulin resistance. Only in non-diabetic humans, FFAR2 associated with impaired beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Bódis
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahl
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhou Zhou
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Sell
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Knebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Burkart
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Markgraf
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany. .,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Recio C, Lucy D, Iveson P, Iqbal AJ, Valaris S, Wynne G, Russell AJ, Choudhury RP, O'Callaghan C, Monaco C, Greaves DR. The Role of Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Inflammation and Metabolic Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:237-256. [PMID: 29117706 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Great attention has been placed on the link between metabolism and immune function giving rise to the term "immunometabolism." It is widely accepted that inflammation and oxidative stress are key processes that underlie metabolic complications during obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms and mediators that are involved in the regulation of both inflammation and metabolic homeostasis is of high scientific and therapeutic interest. Recent Advances: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that signal in response to metabolites have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In this review, we discuss recent findings about the physiological role of the main metabolite-sensing GPCRs, their implication in immunometabolic disorders, their principal endogenous and synthetic ligands, and their potential as drug targets in inflammation and metabolic disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 237-256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Recio
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Daniel Lucy
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Poppy Iveson
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Sophia Valaris
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Graham Wynne
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Angela J Russell
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- 3 Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Chris O'Callaghan
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - Claudia Monaco
- 5 Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
| | - David R Greaves
- 1 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, Great Britain
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24
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Park SK, Herrnreiter A, Pfister SL, Gauthier KM, Falck BA, Falck JR, Campbell WB. GPR40 is a low-affinity epoxyeicosatrienoic acid receptor in vascular cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10675-10691. [PMID: 29777058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelium-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have numerous vascular activities mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Long-chain free fatty acids and EETs activate GPR40, prompting us to investigate the role of GPR40 in some vascular EET activities. 14,15-EET, 11,12-EET, arachidonic acid, and the GPR40 agonist GW9508 increase intracellular calcium concentrations in human GPR40-overexpressing HEK293 cells (EC50 = 0.58 ± 0.08 μm, 0.91 ± 0.08 μm, 3.9 ± 0.06 μm, and 19 ± 0.37 nm, respectively). EETs with cis- and trans-epoxides had similar activities, whereas substitution of a thiirane sulfur for the epoxide oxygen decreased the activities. 8,9-EET, 5,6-EET, and the epoxide hydrolysis products 11,12- and 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids were less active than 11,12-EET. The GPR40 antagonist GW1100 and siRNA-mediated GPR40 silencing blocked the EET- and GW9508-induced calcium increases. EETs are weak GPR120 agonists. GPR40 expression was detected in human and bovine endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, and arteries. 11,12-EET concentration-dependently relaxed preconstricted coronary arteries; however, these relaxations were not altered by GW1100. In human ECs, 11,12-EET increased MAP kinase (MAPK)-mediated ERK phosphorylation, phosphorylation and levels of connexin-43 (Cx43), and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), all of which were inhibited by GW1100 and the MAPK inhibitor U0126. Moreover, siRNA-mediated GPR40 silencing decreased 11,12-EET-induced ERK phosphorylation. These results indicated that GPR40 is a low-affinity EET receptor in vascular cells and arteries. We conclude that epoxidation of arachidonic acid to EETs enhances GPR40 agonist activity and that 11,12-EET stimulation of GPR40 increases Cx43 and COX-2 expression in ECs via ERK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Anja Herrnreiter
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Sandra L Pfister
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Kathryn M Gauthier
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Benjamin A Falck
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John R Falck
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - William B Campbell
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
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25
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Vangaveti V, Shashidhar V, Collier F, Hodge J, Rush C, Malabu U, Baune B, Kennedy RL. 9- and 13-HODE regulate fatty acid binding protein-4 in human macrophages, but does not involve HODE/GPR132 axis in PPAR-γ regulation of FABP4. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2018; 9:137-150. [PMID: 29796244 PMCID: PMC5958425 DOI: 10.1177/2042018818759894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both activation of monocytes and increased serum fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) occur in diabetes and are associated with increased atherosclerosis. The oxidized lipid, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) increases FABP4 in macrophages, and is a ligand for G protein-coupled receptor 132 (GPR132). We investigated the involvement of GPR132 in mediating the 9-, 13-HODE stimulation of FABP4 secretion, and whether GPR132 expression is increased in monocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The effects of siRNA silencing of GPR132 gene and of the PPAR-γ antagonist T0070907 were studied in THP-1 cells. Serum levels of FABP4 and other adipokines were measured in patients with diabetes, and monocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. GPR132 mRNA was quantified in isolated CD14+ cells. RESULTS 9-HODE and 13-HODE increased FABP4 expression in THP-1 monocytes and macrophages, and also increased GPR132 expression. Silencing of GPR132 did not influence the increase in FABP4 with 9-HODE, 13-HODE, or rosiglitazone (ROSI). By contrast, T0070907 inhibited the effect of all three ligands on FABP4 expression. Diabetic subjects had increased serum FABP4, and activated monocytes. They also expressed higher levels of GPR132 mRNA in CD14+ cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that GPR132 is an independent monocyte activation marker in diabetes, but does not contribute to PPAR-γ-mediated induction of FABP4 by HODEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Collier
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Hodge
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Rush
- College of Public Health, Medical & Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Usman Malabu
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bernhard Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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26
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Fabre O, Ingerslev LR, Garde C, Donkin I, Simar D, Barrès R. Exercise training alters the genomic response to acute exercise in human adipose tissue. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1033-1050. [PMID: 29671347 PMCID: PMC6190185 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine the genomic mechanisms by which adipose tissue responds to acute and chronic exercise. Methods: We profiled the transcriptomic and epigenetic response to acute exercise in human adipose tissue collected before and after endurance training. Results: Although acute exercises were performed at same relative intensities, the magnitude of transcriptomic changes after acute exercise was reduced by endurance training. DNA methylation remodeling induced by acute exercise was more prominent in trained versus untrained state. We found an overlap between gene expression and DNA methylation changes after acute exercise for 32 genes pre-training and six post-training, notably at adipocyte-specific genes. Conclusion: Training status differentially affects the epigenetic and transcriptomic response to acute exercise in human adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Fabre
- Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars R Ingerslev
- Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Garde
- Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Donkin
- Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Simar
- Mechanisms of Disease & Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Romain Barrès
- Integrative Physiology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Sima P, Vannucci L, Vetvicka V. β-glucans and cholesterol (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1799-1808. [PMID: 29393350 PMCID: PMC5810204 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of primary risk factors of cardiovascular disease, together with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes. Although progress has been made, the search for novel methods of preventing and treating dyslipidemia is ongoing and current therapies for cardiovascular disease induce various side effects. β-glucans are linear unbranched polysaccharides found in various natural sources, such as mushrooms. Due to their structure they are able to interact with innate immunity receptors, however they also act as dietary fibers in the digestive tract. As there are two forms of β-glucans, insoluble and soluble forms, they are able to interact with lipids and biliary salts in the bowel and consequently reduce cholesterol levels. Therefore, they may be developed as a suitable therapeutic option to treat patients with dyslipidemia, as they are natural molecules that do not induce any significant side effects. The current review discusses the evidence supporting the effects of β-glucans on cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sima
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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28
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Oh YS, Bae GD, Baek DJ, Park EY, Jun HS. Fatty Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity in Pancreatic Beta-Cells During Development of Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:384. [PMID: 30061862 PMCID: PMC6054968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is caused by chronic insulin resistance and progressive decline in beta-cell function. Optimal beta-cell function and mass is essential for glucose homeostasis and beta-cell impairment leads to the development of diabetes. Elevated levels of circulating fatty acids (FAs) and disturbances in lipid metabolism regulation are associated with obesity, and they are major factors influencing the increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Chronic free FA (FFA) treatment induces insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction; therefore, reduction of elevated plasma FFA levels might be an important therapeutic target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipid signals via receptors, and intracellular mechanisms are involved in FFA-induced apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss lipid actions in beta cells, including effects on metabolic pathways and stress responses, to help further understand the molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon S. Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yoon S. Oh
| | - Gong D. Bae
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dong J. Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Park
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon Medical and Convergence Institute, Incheon, South Korea
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29
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Komatsu M, Nishino K, Fujimori Y, Haga Y, Iwama N, Arakawa A, Aihara Y, Takeda H, Takahashi H. Epistatic effects between pairs of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G and stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes on carcass, price-related and fatty acid composition traits in Japanese Black cattle. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:273-288. [PMID: 29154485 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), growth hormone (GH), growth hormone receptor (GHR), non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G (NCAPG) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), are known to play important roles in growth and lipid metabolisms. Single and epistatic effects of the five genes on carcass, price-related and fatty acid (FA) composition traits were analyzed in a commercial Japanese Black cattle population of Ibaraki Prefecture. A total of 650 steers and 116 heifers for carcass and price-related traits, and 158 steers for FA composition traits were used in this study. Epistatic effects between pairs of the five genes were found in several traits. Alleles showing strain-specific differences in the five genes had significant single and epistatic effects in some traits. The data suggest that a TG-repeat polymorphism of the GHSR1a.5'UTR-(TG)n locus plays a central role in gene-gene epistatic interaction of FA composition traits in the adipose tissue of Japanese Black cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Komatsu
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food, Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Komatsu Laboratory of Computational Biology for Domestic Animals, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kagetomo Nishino
- Ibaraki Prefecture Livestock Research Centre, Hitachi-Ohmiya, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimori
- Ibaraki Prefecture Livestock Research Centre, Hitachi-Ohmiya, Ibaraki, Japan.,Nagano Animal Industry Experiment Station, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Haga
- Ibaraki Prefecture Livestock Research Centre, Hitachi-Ohmiya, Ibaraki, Japan.,Ibaraki Prefecture Agricultural College, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nagako Iwama
- Ibaraki Prefecture Livestock Research Centre, Hitachi-Ohmiya, Ibaraki, Japan.,Ibaraki Prefecture Ken-nan Livestock Office of Agriculture and Forestry, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Aisaku Arakawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food, Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshito Aihara
- Ibaraki Prefecture Livestock Research Centre, Hitachi-Ohmiya, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisato Takeda
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food, Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food, Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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30
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Zhang X, Cai C, Sui Z, Macielag M, Wang Y, Yan W, Suckow A, Hua H, Bell A, Haug P, Clapper W, Jenkinson C, Gunnet J, Leonard J, Murray WV. Discovery of an Isothiazole-Based Phenylpropanoic Acid GPR120 Agonist as a Development Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:947-952. [PMID: 28947942 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have discovered a novel series of isothiazole-based phenylpropanoic acids as GPR120 agonists. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of a potent GPR120 agonist 4x, which displayed good EC50 values in both calcium and β-arrestin assays. It also presented good pharmaceutical properties and a favorable PK profile. Moreover, it demonstrated in vivo antidiabetic activity in C57BL/6 DIO mice. Studies in WT and knockout DIO mice showed that it improved glucose handling during an OGTT via GPR120. Overall, 4x possessed promising antidiabetic effect and good safety profile to be a development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Chaozhong Cai
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Mark Macielag
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Wen Yan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Arthur Suckow
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Hong Hua
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Austin Bell
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Peter Haug
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Wilma Clapper
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Celia Jenkinson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Joseph Gunnet
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - James Leonard
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - William V. Murray
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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31
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Coffee consumption is associated with DNA methylation levels of human blood. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:608-616. [PMID: 28198392 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee consumption, but it is not yet known whether epigenetics may have a role in this process. Here we associate epigenome-wide DNA methylation levels to habitual coffee consumption from two studies with blood (2100 and 215 participants), and one with saliva samples (256 participants). Adjusting for age, gender, and blood cell composition, one CpG (cg21566642 near ALPPL2) surpassed genome-wide significance (P=3.7 × 10-10) and from among 10 additional CpGs significant at P≤5.0 × 10-6, six were located within 1500 bps of a transcriptional start site. Results for these 11 top-ranked CpGs remained significant after further adjusting for smoking. Also, methylation levels of another 135 CpGs were influenced by both coffee drinking and smoking (P≤1.0 × 10-7). Functional enrichment analysis suggested that coffee-associated CpGs were located near transcription factor binding (P=1.2 × 10-6) and protein kinase activity genes (P=2.9 × 10-5). Interestingly, when we stratified by menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), methylation differences with coffee consumption were observed only in women who never used MHT. We did not replicate any of the associations found in blood in our saliva samples, suggesting that coffee may affect DNA methylation levels in immune cells of the blood but not in saliva.
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32
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Sparks SM, Aquino C, Banker P, Collins JL, Cowan D, Diaz C, Dock ST, Hertzog DL, Liang X, Swiger ED, Yuen J, Chen G, Jayawickreme C, Moncol D, Nystrom C, Rash V, Rimele T, Roller S, Ross S. Exploration of phenylpropanoic acids as agonists of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4): Identification of an orally efficacious FFA4 agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1278-1283. [PMID: 28148462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The long chain free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) has recently been recognized as lipid sensor playing important roles in nutrient sensing and inflammation and thus holds potential as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. To explore the effects of stimulating this receptor in animal models of metabolic disease, we initiated work to identify agonists with appropriate pharmacokinetic properties to support progression into in vivo studies. Extensive SAR studies of a series of phenylpropanoic acids led to the identification of compound 29, a FFA4 agonist which lowers plasma glucose in two preclinical models of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Sparks
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Christopher Aquino
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Pierette Banker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jon L Collins
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David Cowan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Caroline Diaz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Steven T Dock
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Donald L Hertzog
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Xi Liang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Erin D Swiger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Josephine Yuen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Channa Jayawickreme
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David Moncol
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Christopher Nystrom
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vincent Rash
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Thomas Rimele
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Shane Roller
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sean Ross
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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33
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McKillop AM, Moran BM, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Gormley NM, Flatt PR. Metabolic effects of orally administered small-molecule agonists of GPR55 and GPR119 in multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic and incretin-receptor-knockout mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2674-2685. [PMID: 27677765 PMCID: PMC6518089 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD) and AS-1269574 are potent selective agonists for GPR55 and GPR119, respectively. The present study evaluated the actions and ability of these small-molecule agonists to counteract experimental diabetes in mice. METHODS Diabetes was induced in NIH Swiss mice by five consecutive daily intraperitoneal injections of 40 mg/(kg body weight) streptozotocin. Diabetic mice received daily oral administration of Abn-CBD or AS-1269574 (0.1 μmol/kg) or saline vehicle (0.9% wt/vol. NaCl) over 28 days. Body weight, food intake, fluid intake, plasma glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, insulin release, lipid profile and pancreatic morphology were examined. Mechanism of action of agonists was assessed in acute studies using incretin-receptor-knockout mice. RESULTS Abn-CBD and AS-1269574 decreased plasma glucose (20-26%, p < 0.05) and increased circulating insulin (47-48%, p < 0.05) by 10-28 days, compared with saline-treated diabetic controls. Food intake and polydipsia were reduced by both agonists (21-23%, p < 0.05 and 33-35%, p < 0.01, respectively). After 28 days of treatment, plasma glucagon concentrations were reduced (p < 0.01) and glucose tolerance was enhanced by 19-44% by Abn-CBD (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) and AS-1269574 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Plasma insulin responses were improved (p < 0.01) and insulin resistance was decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in both Abn-CBD- and AS-1269574-treated groups. Triacylglycerols were decreased by 19% with Abn-CBD (p < 0.05) and 32% with AS-1269574 (p < 0.01) while total cholesterol was reduced by 17% (p < 0.01) and 15% (p < 0.05), respectively. Both agonists enhanced beta cell proliferation (p < 0.001) although islet area was unchanged. Acute studies in Gipr- and Glp1r-knockout mice revealed an important role for the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor in the actions of both agonists, with the glucose-lowering effects of Abn-CBD also partly mediated through the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data highlight the potential for fatty acid G-protein-coupled receptor-based therapies as novel insulinotropic and glucose-lowering agents acting partly through the activation of incretin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine M McKillop
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Brian M Moran
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yasser H A Abdel-Wahab
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Noella M Gormley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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Kravchuk EN, Neimark AE, Grineva EN, Galagudza MM. The role of gut microbiota in metabolic regulation. DIABETES MELLITUS 2016. [DOI: 10.14341/dm7704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are among the major problems of modern society. The increase in obesity is associated with a corresponding increase in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. A huge amount of scientific research has been devoted to the development of methods to reduce obesity and its complications. In recent years, attention has shifted towards studying the intestinal microbiota not only as a possible component of the pathological process but also as a target of therapeutic intervention. Recent evidence, primarily from investigations in animal models, suggests that the intestinal microbiota affects nutrient acquisition and energy regulation. This review will discuss the role of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic processes as well as the latest developments on the improvement of disturbances specific to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Reynolds AC, Paterson JL, Ferguson SA, Stanley D, Wright KP, Dawson D. The shift work and health research agenda: Considering changes in gut microbiota as a pathway linking shift work, sleep loss and circadian misalignment, and metabolic disease. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 34:3-9. [PMID: 27568341 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence and impact of metabolic disease is rising. In particular, overweight and obesity are at epidemic levels and are a leading health concern in the Western world. Shift work increases the risk of overweight and obesity, along with a number of additional metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). How shift work contributes to metabolic disease has not been fully elucidated. Short sleep duration is associated with metabolic disease and shift workers typically have shorter sleep durations. Short sleep durations have been shown to elicit a physiological stress response, and both physiological and psychological stress disrupt the healthy functioning of the intestinal gut microbiota. Recent findings have shown altered intestinal microbial communities and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in circadian disrupted mice and jet lagged humans. We hypothesize that sleep and circadian disruption in humans alters the gut microbiota, contributing to an inflammatory state and metabolic disease associated with shift work. A research agenda for exploring the relationship between insufficient sleep, circadian misalignment and the gut microbiota is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Reynolds
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia.
| | - Jessica L Paterson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Drew Dawson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia
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Stanley D, Hughes RJ, Geier MS, Moore RJ. Bacteria within the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota Correlated with Improved Growth and Feed Conversion: Challenges Presented for the Identification of Performance Enhancing Probiotic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 26925052 PMCID: PMC4760072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of bacteria associated with desirable productivity outcomes in animals may offer a direct approach to the identification of probiotic bacteria for use in animal production. We performed three controlled chicken trials (n = 96) to investigate caecal microbiota differences between the best and poorest performing birds using four performance measures; feed conversion ratio (FCR), utilization of energy from the feed measured as apparent metabolisable energy, gain rate (GR), and amount of feed eaten (FE). The shifts in microbiota composition associated with the performance measures were very different between the three trials. Analysis of the caecal microbiota revealed that the high and low FCR birds had significant differences in the abundance of some bacteria as demonstrated by shifts in microbiota alpha and beta diversity. Trials 1 and 2 showed significant overall community shifts, however, the microbial changes driving the difference between good and poor performers were very different. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae families and genera Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and multiple lineages of genus Clostridium (from families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) were highly abundant in good FCR birds in Trial 1. Different microbiota was associated with FCR in Trial 2; Catabacteriaceae and unknown Clostridiales family members were increased in good FCR and genera Clostridium (from family Clostridiaceae) and Lactobacillus were associated with poor FCR. Trial 3 had only mild microbiota differences associated with all four performance measures. Overall, the genus Lactobacillus was correlated with feed intake which resulted in poor FCR performance. The genus Faecalibacterium correlated with improved FCR, increased GR and reduced FE. There was overlap in phylotypes correlated with improved FCR and GR, while different microbial cohorts appeared to be correlated with FE. Even under controlled conditions different cohorts of birds developed distinctly different microbiotas. Within the different trial groups the abundance of certain bacterial groups correlated with productivity outcomes. However, with different underlying microbiotas there were different bacteria correlated with performance. The challenge will be to identify probiotic bacteria that can reliably deliver favorable outcomes from diverse microbiotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Stanley
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland UniversityRockhampton, QLD, Australia; Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, ArmidaleNSW, Australia
| | - Robert J Hughes
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, ArmidaleNSW, Australia; Pig and Poultry Production Institute, South Australian Research and Development Institute, RoseworthySA, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, RoseworthySA, Australia
| | - Mark S Geier
- Research and Innovation Services, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, ArmidaleNSW, Australia; Pig and Poultry Production Institute, South Australian Research and Development Institute, RoseworthySA, Australia; School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, BundooraVIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
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Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing rapidly across the globe. Though the prevalence of the disease is similar in population of upper middle income and high income countries, the age of affected population is lower in upper middle income countries. This is attributed to genetic as well as changing life style factors. The contributing factors for type 2 diabetes range from genetic/epigenetic disposal, intra uterine nutrition, dietary pattern to sedentary lifestyle. The role of the gut microbiota in metabolic disorders is increasingly gaining importance. Several studies have reported significant difference in the profile of the gut microbiota in Caucasian population considering obese and type 2 diabetic populations while limited number of studies are available on populations from the developing world. The metabolites from the gut microbes contribute to the gut barrier integrity and a compromised barrier leads to leakage of inflammatory mediators into systemic circulation and hence increases insulin resistance. Attempts have been made at correcting metabolic syndrome through dietary changes by altering the gut microbiota with some success. This report is an attempt to explain the hypothesis of compromised nutrition altering the gut microbiota, gut metabolites, gut barrier function, systemic inflammation and hence insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Upadhyaya
- Unilever Research and Development; Bangalore, India,Correspondence to: Smitha Upadhyaya
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38
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Abdel-Magid AF. Modulators of GPR40 as Treatment for Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:954-5. [PMID: 25264476 DOI: 10.1021/ml5002757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yi X, Kabanov AV. Brain delivery of proteins via their fatty acid and block copolymer modifications. J Drug Target 2014; 21:940-55. [PMID: 24160902 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.847098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that hydrophobic small molecules penetrate cell membranes better than hydrophilic molecules. Amphiphilic molecules that dissolve both in lipid and aqueous phases are best suited for membrane transport. Transport of biomacromolecules across physiological barriers, e.g. the blood-brain barrier, is greatly complicated by the unique structure and function of such barriers. Two decades ago we adopted a simple philosophy that to increase protein delivery to the brain one needs to modify this protein with hydrophobic moieties. With this general idea we began modifying proteins (antibodies, enzymes, hormones, etc.) with either hydrophobic fatty acid residues or amphiphilic block copolymer moieties, such as poy(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (pluronics or poloxamers) and more recently, poly(2-oxasolines). This simple approach has resulted in impressive successes in CNS drug delivery. We present a retrospective overview of these works initiated in the Soviet Union in 1980s, and then continued in the United States and other countries. Notably some of the early findings were later corroborated by brain pharmacokinetic data. Industrial development of several drug candidates employing these strategies has followed. Overall modification by hydrophobic fatty acids residues or amphiphilic block copolymers represents a promising and relatively safe strategy to deliver proteins to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA and
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Tan J, McKenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 2014; 121:91-119. [PMID: 24388214 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1377] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is now an abundance of evidence to show that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in the maintenance of health and the development of disease. SCFAs are a subset of fatty acids that are produced by the gut microbiota during the fermentation of partially and nondigestible polysaccharides. The highest levels of SCFAs are found in the proximal colon, where they are used locally by enterocytes or transported across the gut epithelium into the bloodstream. Two major SCFA signaling mechanisms have been identified, inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Since HDACs regulate gene expression, inhibition of HDACs has a vast array of downstream consequences. Our understanding of SCFA-mediated inhibition of HDACs is still in its infancy. GPCRs, particularly GPR43, GPR41, and GPR109A, have been identified as receptors for SCFAs. Studies have implicated a major role for these GPCRs in the regulation of metabolism, inflammation, and disease. SCFAs have been shown to alter chemotaxis and phagocytosis; induce reactive oxygen species (ROS); change cell proliferation and function; have anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, and antimicrobial effects; and alter gut integrity. These findings highlight the role of SCFAs as a major player in maintenance of gut and immune homeostasis. Given the vast effects of SCFAs, and that their levels are regulated by diet, they provide a new basis to explain the increased prevalence of inflammatory disease in Westernized countries, as highlighted in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Potamitis
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison N Thorburn
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Laurence Macia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Targeting GPR119 for the Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:95-131. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Huang H, Dai MH, Tao YX. Physiology and Therapeutics of the Free Fatty Acid Receptor GPR40. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:67-94. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kaczmarczyk MM, Miller MJ, Freund GG. The health benefits of dietary fiber: beyond the usual suspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Metabolism 2012; 61:1058-66. [PMID: 22401879 PMCID: PMC3399949 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is deemed to be a key component in healthy eating. DF is not a static collection of undigestible plant materials that pass untouched or unencumbered through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; instead, DFs are a vast array of complex saccharide-based molecules that can bind potential nutrients and nutrient precursors to prevent their absorption. Some DFs are fermentable, and the GI tract catabolism leads to the generation of various bioactive materials, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), that can markedly augment the GI tract biomass and change the composition of the GI tract flora. The health benefits of DFs include the prevention and mitigation of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. By modulating food ingestion, digestion, absorption and metabolism, DFs reduce the risk of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Emerging research has begun to investigate the role of DFs in immunomodulation. If substantiated, DFs could facilitate many biologic processes, including infection prevention and the improvement of mood and memory. This review describes the accepted physiologic functions of DFs and explores their new potential immune-based actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence, variable pathogenesis, progressive natural history, and complications of type 2 diabetes emphasise the urgent need for new treatment strategies. Longacting (eg, once weekly) agonists of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor are advanced in development, and they improve prandial insulin secretion, reduce excess glucagon production, and promote satiety. Trials of inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, which enhance the effect of endogenous incretin hormones, are also nearing completion. Novel approaches to glycaemic regulation include use of inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, which increase renal glucose elimination, and inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, which reduce the glucocorticoid effects in liver and fat. Insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, and metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output are being assessed. Early proof of principle has been shown for compounds that enhance and partly mimic insulin action and replicate some effects of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd A Tahrani
- Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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