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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wei Z, Wang X, Li Y, Guo J, Wu F, Fang X, Pang L, Deng B, Yu D. c-Myc inhibits LAPTM5 expression in B-cell lymphomas. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:3499-3513. [PMID: 37713124 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Myc is a pivotal protooncogenic transcription factor that contributes to the development of almost all Burkitt's lymphomas and about one-third of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. How B-cells sustain their uncontrolled proliferation due to high Myc is not yet well defined. Here, we found that Myc trans-represses the expression of murine LAPTM5, a gene coding a lysosome-associated protein, by binding to two E-boxes in the LAPTM5 promoter. While the product of intact mRNA (CDS+3'UTR) of LAPTM5 failed to suppress the growth of B-lymphomas, either the protein coded by coding sequence (CDS) itself or the non-coding 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) mRNA was able to inhibit the growth of B-lymphomas. Moreover, Myc trans-activated miR-17-3p, which promoted tumor growth. Strikingly, LAPTM5 3'UTR contains 11 miR-17-3p-binding sites through which the LAPTM5 protein synthesis was inhibited. The functional interplay between low LAPTM5 mRNA and high miR-17-3p due to high Myc in B-lymphomas leads to further dampening of tumor-suppressive LAPTM5 protein, which promotes tumor progression. Our results indicate that Myc inhibits LAPTM5 expression in B-lymphoma cells by transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Institute of Clinical Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Han Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Zichen Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Junrong Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Medical College, 136 Jiangyang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.
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2
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Meyer MA, Dinh HQ, Alimadadi A, Araujo DJ, Chatterjee N, Gutierrez NA, Zhu YP, Hunter EL, Liang S, Seumois G, Kiosses WB, Catz SD, Vijayanand P, Ottensmeier C, Hedrick CC. Human CD79b + neutrophils in the blood are associated with early-stage melanoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224045. [PMID: 38022639 PMCID: PMC10643866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Due to their abundance in the blood, low RNA content, and short lifespan, neutrophils have been classically considered to be one homogenous pool. However, recent work has found that mature neutrophils and neutrophil progenitors are composed of unique subsets exhibiting context-dependent functions. In this study, we ask if neutrophil heterogeneity is associated with melanoma incidence and/or disease stage. Experimental design Using mass cytometry, we profiled melanoma patient blood for unique cell surface markers among neutrophils. Markers were tested for their predictiveness using flow cytometry data and random forest machine learning. Results We identified CD79b+ neutrophils (CD3-CD56-CD19-Siglec8-CD203c-CD86LoCD66b+CD79b+) that are normally restricted to the bone marrow in healthy humans but appear in the blood of subjects with early-stage melanoma. Further, we found CD79b+ neutrophils present in tumors of subjects with head and neck cancer. AI-mediated machine learning analysis of neutrophils from subjects with melanoma confirmed that CD79b expression among peripheral blood neutrophils is highly important in identifying melanoma incidence. We noted that CD79b+ neutrophils possessed a neutrophilic appearance but have transcriptional and surface-marker phenotypes reminiscent of B cells. Compared to remaining blood neutrophils, CD79b+ neutrophils are primed for NETosis, express higher levels of antigen presentation-related proteins, and have an increased capacity for phagocytosis. Conclusion Our work suggests that CD79b+ neutrophils are associated with early-stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Meyer
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Huy Q. Dinh
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ahmad Alimadadi
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J. Araujo
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nandini Chatterjee
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Norma A. Gutierrez
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Hunter
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shu Liang
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - William B. Kiosses
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sergio D. Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christian Ottensmeier
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine C. Hedrick
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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3
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Sigvardsson M. Transcription factor networks link B-lymphocyte development and malignant transformation in leukemia. Genes Dev 2023; 37:703-723. [PMID: 37673459 PMCID: PMC10546977 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349879.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in genomics have opened unprecedented possibilities to explore the mutational landscapes in malignant diseases, such as B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). This disease is manifested as a severe defect in the production of normal blood cells due to the uncontrolled expansion of transformed B-lymphocyte progenitors in the bone marrow. Even though classical genetics identified translocations of transcription factor-coding genes in B-ALL, the extent of the targeting of regulatory networks in malignant transformation was not evident until the emergence of large-scale genomic analyses. There is now evidence that many B-ALL cases present with mutations in genes that encode transcription factors with critical roles in normal B-lymphocyte development. These include PAX5, IKZF1, EBF1, and TCF3, all of which are targeted by translocations or, more commonly, partial inactivation in cases of B-ALL. Even though there is support for the notion that germline polymorphisms in the PAX5 and IKZF1 genes predispose for B-ALL, the majority of leukemias present with somatic mutations in transcription factor-encoding genes. These genetic aberrations are often found in combination with mutations in genes that encode components of the pre-B-cell receptor or the IL-7/TSLP signaling pathways, all of which are important for early B-cell development. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the molecular interplay that occurs between transcription factors and signaling events during normal and malignant B-lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Yang Z, Wang Z, Wu L, Wang Y, Xu Z, Liu Y, Wang F, Yu D. B lymphocytes transdifferentiate into immunosuppressive erythroblast-like cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202943. [PMID: 37545522 PMCID: PMC10401433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that a particular group of nucleated cells that exhibit erythroid markers (TER119 in mice and CD235a in humans) possess the ability to suppress the immune system and promote tumor growth. These cells are known as CD45+ erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). According to our study, it appears that a subset of these CD45+ EPCs originate from B lymphocytes. Under conditions of hypoxia, mouse B lymphoma cells are capable of converting to erythroblast-like cells, which display phenotypes of CD45+TER119+ cells, including immunosuppressive effects on CD8 T cells. Furthermore, non-neoplastic B cells have similar differentiation abilities and exert the same immunosuppressive effect under anemia or tumor conditions in mice. Similar B cells exist in neonatal mice, which provides an explanation for the potential origin of immunosuppressive erythroid cells in newborns. Additionally, CD19+CD235a+ double-positive cells can be identified in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. These findings indicate that some CD45+ EPCs are transdifferentiated from a selective population of CD19+ B lymphocytes in response to environmental stresses, highlighting the plasticity of B lymphocytes. We anticipate a potential therapeutic implication, in that targeting a specific set of B cells instead of erythroid cells should be expected to restore adaptive immunity and delay cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Pathology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, Yangzhou University Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Ahmadi SE, Rahimi S, Zarandi B, Chegeni R, Safa M. MYC: a multipurpose oncogene with prognostic and therapeutic implications in blood malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34372899 PMCID: PMC8351444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncogene is a transcription factor with a wide array of functions affecting cellular activities such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and hematopoiesis. Due to the multi-functionality of MYC, its expression is regulated at multiple levels. Deregulation of this oncogene can give rise to a variety of cancers. In this review, MYC regulation and the mechanisms by which MYC adjusts cellular functions and its implication in hematologic malignancies are summarized. Further, we also discuss potential inhibitors of MYC that could be beneficial for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rahimi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zarandi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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EBF1 and PAX5 control pro-B cell expansion via opposing regulation of the Myc gene. Blood 2021; 137:3037-3049. [PMID: 33619557 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding B lineage-restricted transcription factors are frequently mutated in B-lymphoid leukemias, suggesting a close link between normal and malignant B-cell development. One of these transcription factors is early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1), a protein of critical importance for lineage specification and survival of B-lymphoid progenitors. Here, we report that impaired EBF1 function in mouse B-cell progenitors results in reduced expression of Myc. Ectopic expression of MYC partially rescued B-cell expansion in the absence of EBF1 both in vivo and in vitro. Using chromosome conformation analysis in combination with ATAC-sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing, and reporter gene assays, six EBF1-responsive enhancer elements were identified within the Myc locus. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated targeting of EBF1-binding sites identified one element of key importance for Myc expression and pro-B cell expansion. These data provide evidence that Myc is a direct target of EBF1. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing analysis revealed that several regulatory elements in the Myc locus are targets of PAX5. However, ectopic expression of PAX5 in EBF1-deficient cells inhibits the cell cycle and reduces Myc expression, suggesting that EBF1 and PAX5 act in an opposing manner to regulate Myc levels. This hypothesis is further substantiated by the finding that Pax5 inactivation reduces requirements for EBF1 in pro-B-cell expansion. The binding of EBF1 and PAX5 to regulatory elements in the human MYC gene in a B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line indicates that the EBF1:PAX5:MYC regulatory loop is conserved and may control both normal and malignant B-cell development.
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7
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Escape From ALL-CARTaz: Leukemia Immunoediting in the Age of Chimeric Antigen Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:217-222. [PMID: 31135529 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been transformative for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, with CD19- and CD22-directed CARs being prime examples. However, immunoediting and ensuing antigen loss remain the major obstacles to curative therapy in up to 25% of patients. For example, to achieve the CD19-negative phenotype, malignant cells can pick from a broad array of mechanisms, including focal loss-of-function mutations, dysregulated trafficking to the cell surface, alternative splicing, and lineage switching. In other cases, where resistance is mediated by insufficient antigen density, trogocytosis has been proposed as a possible underlying mechanism. To overcome these barriers, compensatory strategies will be needed, which could include using combinatorial CARs, harnessing epitope spreading, and targeting tumor neoantigens.
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8
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Jansen C, Ramirez RN, El-Ali NC, Gomez-Cabrero D, Tegner J, Merkenschlager M, Conesa A, Mortazavi A. Building gene regulatory networks from scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq using Linked Self Organizing Maps. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006555. [PMID: 31682608 PMCID: PMC6855564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in single-cell assays have outpaced methods for analysis of those data types. Different single-cell assays show extensive variation in sensitivity and signal to noise levels. In particular, scATAC-seq generates extremely sparse and noisy datasets. Existing methods developed to analyze this data require cells amenable to pseudo-time analysis or require datasets with drastically different cell-types. We describe a novel approach using self-organizing maps (SOM) to link scATAC-seq regions with scRNA-seq genes that overcomes these challenges and can generate draft regulatory networks. Our SOMatic package generates chromatin and gene expression SOMs separately and combines them using a linking function. We applied SOMatic on a mouse pre-B cell differentiation time-course using controlled Ikaros over-expression to recover gene ontology enrichments, identify motifs in genomic regions showing similar single-cell profiles, and generate a gene regulatory network that both recovers known interactions and predicts new Ikaros targets during the differentiation process. The ability of linked SOMs to detect emergent properties from multiple types of highly-dimensional genomic data with very different signal properties opens new avenues for integrative analysis of heterogeneous data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camden Jansen
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo N. Ramirez
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole C. El-Ali
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King’s College London Dental Institute, London United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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9
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Gui J, Katlinski KV, Koumenis C, Diehl JA, Fuchs SY. The PKR-Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase Promotes the Dissemination of Myc-Induced Leukemic Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1450-1458. [PMID: 30902831 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactive oncogenic Myc stimulates protein synthesis that induces the unfolded protein response, which requires the function of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, also known as protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Activated PERK acts to limit mRNA translation, enable proper protein folding, and restore the homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Given that Myc activation contributes to many types of lymphoid and myeloid human leukemias, we used a mouse model to examine the importance of PERK in development and progression of Myc-induced leukemias. We found that genetic ablation of Perk does not suppress the generation of the leukemic cells in the bone marrow. However, the cell-autonomous Perk deficiency restricts the dissemination of leukemic cells into peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and vital peripheral organs. Whereas the loss of the IFNAR1 chain of type I IFN receptor stimulated leukemia, Perk ablation did not stabilize IFNAR1, suggesting that PERK stimulates the leukemic cells' dissemination in an IFNAR1-independent manner. We discuss the rationale for using PERK inhibitors against Myc-driven leukemias. IMPLICATIONS: The role of PERK in dissemination of Myc-induced leukemic cells demonstrated in this study argues for the use of PERK inhibitors against leukemia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kanstantsin V Katlinski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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10
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Sigvardsson M. Molecular Regulation of Differentiation in Early B-Lymphocyte Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071928. [PMID: 29966360 PMCID: PMC6073616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte differentiation is one of the best understood developmental pathways in the hematopoietic system. Our understanding of the developmental trajectories linking the multipotent hematopoietic stem cell to the mature functional B-lymphocyte is extensive as a result of efforts to identify and prospectively isolate progenitors at defined maturation stages. The identification of defined progenitor compartments has been instrumental for the resolution of the molecular features that defines given developmental stages as well as for our understanding of the mechanisms that drive the progressive maturation process. Over the last years it has become increasingly clear that the regulatory networks that control normal B-cell differentiation are targeted by mutations in human B-lineage malignancies. This generates a most interesting link between development and disease that can be explored to improve diagnosis and treatment protocols in lymphoid malignancies. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of our current understanding of molecular regulation in normal and malignant B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Sigvardsson
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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11
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Ding L, Zhang Y, Han L, Fu L, Mei X, Wang J, Itkow J, Elabid AEI, Pang L, Yu D. Activating and sustaining c-Myc by depletion of miR-144/451 gene locus contributes to B-lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 2017; 37:1293-1307. [PMID: 29284789 PMCID: PMC6168470 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyper activity of protooncogene c-Myc is one of the hallmarks of highly aggressive lymphomas. However, the mechanism of how c-Myc is subjected to activation and amplification is still not well defined. In this study, we use gene knockout strategy to show that targeted depletion of a well-conserved microRNA gene locus miR-144/451 initiates tumorigenesis including B-lymphoma development in aged mice. This is due, at least in part, to the direct activation of the c-Myc gene by loss of miR-144/451 expression in hematopoietic cells. Moreover, oncoprotein c-Myc inversely regulates miR-144/451 expression by directly binding to the miR-144/451 promoter region, forming a miRNA-Myc positive feedback loop to safeguard the high level of c-Myc in B-lymphocytes. We also demonstrate that this miRNA-Myc crosstalk is disrupted in human diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with aberrant c-Myc expression. Therefore, our findings provide strong evidence, for the first time, that deficiency of miR-144/451 expression may play a bona fide role in derepression of silenced c-Myc, which contributes to tumor development including B-lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ding
- Department of Pathology, Jiangdu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingling Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangdu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Mei
- Department of Pathology, Jiangdu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jacobi Itkow
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Afaf Elabid Ibrahim Elabid
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou, China. .,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.
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12
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Somasundaram R, Åhsberg J, Okuyama K, Ungerbäck J, Lilljebjörn H, Fioretos T, Strid T, Sigvardsson M. Clonal conversion of B lymphoid leukemia reveals cross-lineage transfer of malignant states. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2486-2499. [PMID: 27913602 PMCID: PMC5159664 DOI: 10.1101/gad.285536.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Somasundaram et al. provide in vitro and in vivo evidence for a leukemic state that can be transferred between lineages even though the alteration in cell identity involves dramatic changes in gene expression and epigenetic state. They show that primary pro-B leukemia cells from mice carrying heterozygous mutations in either or both the Pax5 and Ebf1 genes, commonly mutated in human leukemia, can be converted into T lineage leukemia cells. Even though leukemia is considered to be confined to one specific hematopoietic cell type, cases of acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage and patients relapsing in phenotypically altered disease suggest that a malignant state may be transferred between lineages. Because B-cell leukemia is associated with mutations in transcription factors of importance for stable preservation of lineage identity, we here investigated the potential lineage plasticity of leukemic cells. We report that primary pro-B leukemia cells from mice carrying heterozygous mutations in either or both the Pax5 and Ebf1 genes, commonly mutated in human leukemia, can be converted into T lineage leukemia cells. Even though the conversion process involved global changes in gene expression and lineage-restricted epigenetic reconfiguration, the malignant phenotype of the cells was preserved, enabling them to expand as T lineage leukemia cells in vivo. Furthermore, while the transformed pro-B cells displayed plasticity toward myeloid lineages, the converted cells failed to cause myeloid leukemia after transplantation. These data provide evidence that a malignant phenotype can be transferred between hematopoietic lineages. This has important implications for modern cancer medicine because lineage targeted treatment of leukemia patients can be predicted to provoke the emergence of phenotypically altered subclones, causing clinical relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Somasundaram
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Josefine Åhsberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Kazuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ungerbäck
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lilljebjörn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Strid
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Hematology Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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13
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CD19 CAR immune pressure induces B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia lineage switch exposing inherent leukaemic plasticity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12320. [PMID: 27460500 PMCID: PMC4974466 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing T cells targeting the CD19 B lineage receptor has demonstrated marked success in relapsed pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Persisting CAR-T cells generate sustained pressure against CD19 that may drive unique mechanisms of resistance. Pre-B ALL originates from a committed pre-B cell or an earlier progenitor, with potential to reprogram into other hematopoietic lineages. Here we report changes in lineage markers including myeloid conversion in patients following CD19 CAR therapy. Using murine ALL models we study the long-term effects of CD19 CAR-T cells and demonstrate partial or complete lineage switch as a consistent mechanism of CAR resistance depending on the underlying genetic oncogenic driver. Deletion of Pax5 or Ebf1 recapitulates lineage reprogramming occurring during CD19 CAR pressure. Our findings establish lineage switch as a mechanism of CAR resistance exposing inherent plasticity in genetic subtypes of pre-B-cell ALL. CAR-T targeting CD19 have been successfully used in a variety of B-cell malignancies but patients may eventually relapse. Here, the authors show that CD19 CAR-T resistance in pre-B cell ALL can be due to the induction of a myeloid lineage switch through an epigenetic alterations in master regulators of B cell development.
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14
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Yu L, Zhao Y, Gu X, Wang J, Pang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Jia X, Wang X, Gu J, Yu D. Dual effect of LPS on murine myeloid leukemia cells: Pro-proliferation and anti-proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2016; 344:210-8. [PMID: 26968634 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the bone marrow microenvironment is considered as a promising strategy to control leukemic cell proliferation, diseases progression and relapse after treatment. However, due to the diversity and complexity of the cellular and molecular compartments in the leukemic microenvironment, it is extremely difficult to dissect the role of each individual molecule or cell type in vivo. Here we established an in vitro system to dissect the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), stromal cells and endothelial cells in the growth of mouse myeloid tumor cells and B-lymphoma cells. We found that either LPS or bone marrow stromal cells as a feeder layer in culture is required for the proliferation of myeloid tumor cells. Surprisingly, the growth of myeloid leukemic cells on stromal cells is strongly inhibited when coupled with LPS in culture. This opposing effect of LPS, a complete switch from pro-proliferation to antitumor growth is due, at least in part, to the rapidly increased production of interleukin 12, Fas ligand and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 from stromal cells stimulated by LPS. These results demonstrate that LPS can either facilitate or attenuate tumor cell proliferation, thus changing the disease course of myeloid leukemias through its direct effect or modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Jingjiang 214500, China; Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yingmin Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Jingjiang 214500, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Xiaoqin Jia
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Hematology, Yangzhou University School of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Jingjiang 214500, China; Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou 225001, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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15
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Sotillo E, Barrett DM, Black KL, Bagashev A, Oldridge D, Wu G, Sussman R, Lanauze C, Ruella M, Gazzara MR, Martinez NM, Harrington CT, Chung EY, Perazzelli J, Hofmann TJ, Maude SL, Raman P, Barrera A, Gill S, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Allman D, Jacoby E, Fry T, Mackall C, Barash Y, Lynch KW, Maris JM, Grupp SA, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Convergence of Acquired Mutations and Alternative Splicing of CD19 Enables Resistance to CART-19 Immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1282-95. [PMID: 26516065 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The CD19 antigen, expressed on most B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL), can be targeted with chimeric antigen receptor-armed T cells (CART-19), but relapses with epitope loss occur in 10% to 20% of pediatric responders. We detected hemizygous deletions spanning the CD19 locus and de novo frameshift and missense mutations in exon 2 of CD19 in some relapse samples. However, we also discovered alternatively spliced CD19 mRNA species, including one lacking exon 2. Pull-down/siRNA experiments identified SRSF3 as a splicing factor involved in exon 2 retention, and its levels were lower in relapsed B-ALL. Using genome editing, we demonstrated that exon 2 skipping bypasses exon 2 mutations in B-ALL cells and allows expression of the N-terminally truncated CD19 variant, which fails to trigger killing by CART-19 but partly rescues defects associated with CD19 loss. Thus, this mechanism of resistance is based on a combination of deleterious mutations and ensuing selection for alternatively spliced RNA isoforms. SIGNIFICANCE CART-19 yield 70% response rates in patients with B-ALL, but also produce escape variants. We discovered that the underlying mechanism is the selection for preexisting alternatively spliced CD19 isoforms with the compromised CART-19 epitope. This mechanism suggests a possibility of targeting alternative CD19 ectodomains, which could improve survival of patients with B-cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sotillo
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn L Black
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Derek Oldridge
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Glendon Wu
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robyn Sussman
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lanauze
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Gazzara
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole M Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Colleen T Harrington
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine Y Chung
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Perazzelli
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ted J Hofmann
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon L Maude
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pichai Raman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alejandro Barrera
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan J Melenhorst
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elad Jacoby
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Terry Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Crystal Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Waanders E, Hebeda KM, Kamping EJ, Groenen PJTA, Simons A, Hoischen A, Jongmans MCJ, Hoogerbrugge PM, van Leeuwen FN, Kuiper RP, Te Loo DMWM. Independent development of lymphoid and histiocytic malignancies from a shared early precursor. Leukemia 2015. [PMID: 26202925 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Waanders
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K M Hebeda
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E J Kamping
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P J T A Groenen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Simons
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M C J Jongmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P M Hoogerbrugge
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - F N van Leeuwen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R P Kuiper
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D M W M Te Loo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Transcription factor networks in B-cell differentiation link development to acute lymphoid leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:144-52. [PMID: 25990863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-575688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte development in the bone marrow is controlled by the coordinated action of transcription factors creating regulatory networks ensuring activation of the B-lymphoid program and silencing of alternative cell fates. This process is tightly connected to malignant transformation because B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells display a pronounced block in differentiation resulting in the expansion of immature progenitor cells. Over the last few years, high-resolution analysis of genetic changes in leukemia has revealed that several key regulators of normal B-cell development, including IKZF1, TCF3, EBF1, and PAX5, are genetically altered in a large portion of the human B-lineage acute leukemias. This opens the possibility of directly linking the disrupted development as well as aberrant gene expression patterns in leukemic cells to molecular functions of defined transcription factors in normal cell differentiation. This review article focuses on the roles of transcription factors in early B-cell development and their involvement in the formation of human leukemia.
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18
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Zwollo P, Ray JC, Sestito M, Kiernan E, Wiens GD, Kaattari S, StJacques B, Epp L. B cell signatures of BCWD-resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout: a shift towards more EBF-expressing progenitors and fewer mature B cells in resistant animals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:1-12. [PMID: 25101978 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) is a chronic disease of rainbow trout, and is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), a common aquaculture pathogen. The National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture has bred two genetic lines of rainbow trout: a line of Fp-resistant trout (ARS-Fp-R or R-line trout) and a line of susceptible trout (ARS-Fp-S, or S-line). Little is known about how phenotypic selection alters immune response parameters or how such changes relate to genetic disease resistance. Herein, we quantify interindividual variation in the distribution and abundance of B cell populations (B cell signatures) and examine differences between genetic lines of naive animals. There are limited trout-specific cell surface markers currently available to resolve B cell subpopulations and thus we developed an alternative approach based on detection of differentially expressed transcription factors and intracellular cytokines. B cell signatures were compared between R-line and S-line trout by flow cytometry using antibodies against transcription factors early B cell factor-1 (EBF1) and paired domain box protein Pax5, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, and the immunoglobulin heavy chain mu. R-line trout had higher percentages of EBF(+) B myeloid/ progenitor and pre-B cells in PBL, anterior and posterior kidney tissues compared to S-line trout. The opposite pattern was detected in more mature B cell populations: R-line trout had lower percentages of both IgM(+) mature B cells and IgM-secreting cells in anterior kidney and PBL compared to S-line trout. In vitro LPS-activation studies of PBL and spleen cell cultures revealed no significant induction differences between R-line and S-line trout. Together, our findings suggest that selective resistance to BCWD may be associated with shifts in naive animal developmental lineage commitment that result in decreased B lymphopoiesis and increased myelopoiesis in BCWD resistant trout relative to susceptible trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty Zwollo
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Jocelyn C Ray
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Michael Sestito
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kiernan
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Steve Kaattari
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Brittany StJacques
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Lidia Epp
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
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19
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Luger D, Yang YA, Raviv A, Weinberg D, Banerjee S, Lee MJ, Trepel J, Yang L, Wakefield LM. Expression of the B-cell receptor component CD79a on immature myeloid cells contributes to their tumor promoting effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76115. [PMID: 24146823 PMCID: PMC3797715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in promoting tumorigenesis is well-established, and significant effort is being made to further characterize surface markers on MDSCs both for better diagnosis and as potential targets for therapy. Here we show that the B cell receptor adaptor molecule CD79a is unexpectedly expressed on immature bone marrow myeloid cells, and is upregulated on MDSCs generated in multiple different mouse models of metastatic but not non-metastatic cancer. CD79a on MDSCs is upregulated and activated in response to soluble factors secreted by tumor cells. Activation of CD79a on mouse MDSCs, by crosslinking with a specific antibody, maintained their immature phenotype (CD11b+Gr1+), enhanced their migration, increased their suppressive effect on T cell proliferation, and increased secretion of pro-tumorigenic cytokines such as IL-6 and CCL22. Furthermore, crosslinking CD79a on myeloid cells activated signaling through Syk, BLNK, ERK and STAT3 phosphorylation. In vivo, CD79+ myeloid cells showed enhanced ability to promote primary tumor growth and metastasis. Finally we demonstrate that CD79a is upregulated on circulating myeloid cells from lung cancer patients, and that CD79a+ myeloid cells infiltrate human breast tumors. We propose that CD79a plays a functional role in the tumor promoting effects of myeloid cells, and may represent a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Luger
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-an Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Asaf Raviv
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas Weinberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subhadra Banerjee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jane Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lalage M. Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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20
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Therapeutic implications of activation of the host gene (Dleu2) promoter for miR-15a/16-1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2013; 33:3307-15. [PMID: 23995789 PMCID: PMC4508006 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lesions and other regulatory events lead to silencing of the 13q14 locus in a majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. This locus encodes a pair of critical pro-apoptotic microRNAs, miR-15a/16-1. Decreased levels of miR-15a/16-1 are critical for the increased survival exhibited by CLL cells. Similarly, in a de novo murine model of CLL, the NZB strain, germline-encoded regulation of the syntenic region resulted in decreased miR-15a/16-1. In this paper we have identified additional molecular mechanisms regulating miR-15a/16-1 levels and shown that the transcription factor BSAP (B cell Specific Activator Protein) directly interacts with Dleu2, the host gene containing the mir-15a/16-1 loci and via negative regulation of the Dleu2 promoter results in repression of mir-15a/16 expression. CLL patient B cell expression levels of BSAP were increased compared to control sources of B cells. With the use of siRNA mediated repression, the levels of BSAP were decreased in vitro in the NZB derived malignant B1 cell line, LNC, and in ex vivo CLL patient PBMC. BSAP knockdown led to an increase in the expression of miR-15a/16-1 and an increase in apoptosis and a cell cycle arrest in both the cell line and patient PBMC. Moreover, using Dleu2 promoter analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay we have shown that BSAP directly interacts with the Dleu2 promoter. Derepression of the Dleu2 promoter via inhibition of histone deacetylation combined with BSAP knockdown increased miR-15a/16 expression and increased malignant B cell death. In summary, therapy targeting enhanced host gene Dleu2 transcription may augment CLL therapy.
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21
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Ficara F, Crisafulli L, Lin C, Iwasaki M, Smith KS, Zammataro L, Cleary ML. Pbx1 restrains myeloid maturation while preserving lymphoid potential in hematopoietic progenitors. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3181-91. [PMID: 23660001 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the hematopoietic system to promptly respond to peripheral demands relies on adequate pools of progenitors able to transiently proliferate and differentiate in a regulated manner. However, little is known about factors that may restrain progenitor maturation to maintain their reservoirs. Conditional knockout mice for the Pbx1 proto-oncogene have a significant reduction in lineage-restricted progenitors in addition to a profound defect in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. Through analysis of purified progenitor proliferation, differentiation capacity and transcriptional profiling, we demonstrate that Pbx1 regulates the lineage-specific output of multipotent and oligopotent progenitors. In the absence of Pbx1 multipotent progenitor (MPP) and common myeloid progenitor (CMP) pools are reduced due to aberrantly rapid myeloid maturation. This is associated with premature expression of myeloid differentiation genes and decreased maintenance of proto-oncogene transcriptional pathways, including reduced expression of Meis1, a Pbx1 dimerization partner, and its subordinate transcriptional program. Conversely, Pbx1 maintains the lymphoid differentiation potential of lymphoid-primed MPPs (LMPPs) and common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), whose reduction in the absence of Pbx1 is associated with a defect in lymphoid priming that is also present in CMPs, which persistently express lymphoid and HSC genes underlying a previously unappreciated lineage promiscuity that is maintained by Pbx1. These results demonstrate a role for Pbx1 in restraining myeloid maturation while maintaining lymphoid potential to appropriately regulate progenitor reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ficara
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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22
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Delgado MD, Albajar M, Gomez-Casares MT, Batlle A, León J. MYC oncogene in myeloid neoplasias. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:87-94. [PMID: 22911553 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MYC is a transcription factor that regulates many critical genes for cell proliferation, differentiation, and biomass accumulation. MYC is one of the most prevalent oncogenes found to be altered in human cancer, being deregulated in about 50 % of tumors. Although MYC deregulation has been more frequently associated to lymphoma and lymphoblastic leukemia than to myeloid malignancies, a body of evidence has been gathered showing that MYC plays a relevant role in malignancies derived from the myeloid compartment. The myeloid leukemogenic activity of MYC has been demonstrated in different murine models. Not surprisingly, MYC has been found to be amplified or/and deregulated in the three major types of myeloid neoplasms: acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative neoplasms, including chronic myeloid leukemia. Here, we review the recent literature describing the involvement of MYC in myeloid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Delgado
- Group of Transcriptional Control and Cancer, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN, Avda Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Recent genomic studies have outlined a landscape of recurrent alterations within some subtypes of lymphoid cancer. Yet, the timing and cellular contexts during which these alterations occur (ie, the molecular ontogeny) remain poorly understood. Lymphoid malignancies offer an exceptional opportunity to delineate the ontogeny of somatic alterations, as lymphocyte differentiation absolutely requires the introduction of indelible genetic rearrangements at antigen receptor loci during specific stages of maturation. We review competing models of lymphomagenesis and highlight evolving evidence that somatic alterations in uncommitted hematopoietic progenitors contribute to some mature lymphoid neoplasms. These progenitors could serve as reservoirs for further clonal evolution and thereby contribute to therapeutic resistance, tumor relapse, and the development of second hematologic malignancies. Defining the pathways that are dysregulated within early progenitors and the ontogeny of subsequent alterations that contribute to lymphoid transformation could establish novel therapeutic targets across a variety of hematologic malignancies and even guide avenues for future preventive strategies.
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24
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Chung EY, Psathas JN, Yu D, Li Y, Weiss MJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. CD19 is a major B cell receptor-independent activator of MYC-driven B-lymphomagenesis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2257-66. [PMID: 22546857 DOI: 10.1172/jci45851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5, a B cell-specific transcription factor, is overexpressed through chromosomal translocations in a subset of B cell lymphomas. Previously, we had shown that activation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) proteins and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling by PAX5 contributes to B-lymphomagenesis. However, the effect of PAX5 on other oncogenic transcription factor-controlled pathways is unknown. Using a MYC-induced murine lymphoma model as well as MYC-transformed human B cell lines, we found that PAX5 controls c-MYC protein stability and steady-state levels. This promoter-independent, posttranslational mechanism of c-MYC regulation was independent of ITAM/BCR activity. Instead it was controlled by another PAX5 target, CD19, through the PI3K-AKT-GSK3β axis. Consequently, MYC levels in B cells from CD19-deficient mice were sharply reduced. Conversely, reexpression of CD19 in murine lymphomas with spontaneous silencing of PAX5 boosted MYC levels, expression of its key target genes, cell proliferation in vitro, and overall tumor growth in vivo. In human B-lymphomas, CD19 mRNA levels were found to correlate with those of MYC-activated genes. They also negatively correlated with the overall survival of patients with lymphoma in the same way that MYC levels do. Thus, CD19 is a major BCR-independent regulator of MYC-driven neoplastic growth in B cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y Chung
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104-4399, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Pan X, Jones M, Jiang J, Zaprazna K, Yu D, Pear W, Maillard I, Atchison ML. Increased expression of PcG protein YY1 negatively regulates B cell development while allowing accumulation of myeloid cells and LT-HSC cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30656. [PMID: 22292011 PMCID: PMC3264595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ying Yang 1 (YY1) is a multifunctional Polycomb Group (PcG) transcription factor that binds to multiple enhancer binding sites in the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci and plays vital roles in early B cell development. PcG proteins have important functions in hematopoietic stem cell renewal and YY1 is the only mammalian PcG protein with DNA binding specificity. Conditional knock-out of YY1 in the mouse B cell lineage results in arrest at the pro-B cell stage, and dosage effects have been observed at various YY1 expression levels. To investigate the impact of elevated YY1 expression on hematopoetic development, we utilized a mouse in vivo bone marrow reconstitution system. We found that mouse bone marrow cells expressing elevated levels of YY1 exhibited a selective disadvantage as they progressed from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to pro-B, pre-B, immature B and re-circulating B cell stages, but no disadvantage of YY1 over-expression was observed in myeloid lineage cells. Furthermore, mouse bone marrow cells expressing elevated levels of YY1 displayed enrichment for cells with surface markers characteristic of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). YY1 expression induced apoptosis in mouse B cell lines in vitro, and resulted in down-regulated expression of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xl and NFκB2, while no impact was observed in a mouse myeloid line. B cell apoptosis and LT-HSC enrichment induced by YY1 suggest that novel strategies to induce YY1 expression could have beneficial effects in the treatment of B lineage malignancies while preserving normal HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Pan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary, University of Pennsylvania, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Morgan Jones
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicine & Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary, University of Pennsylvania, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristina Zaprazna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary, University of Pennsylvania, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Duonan Yu
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Warren Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicine & Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Atchison
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary, University of Pennsylvania, Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a process capable of generating millions of cells every second, as distributed in many cell types. The process is regulated by a number of transcription factors that regulate the differentiation along the distinct lineages and dictate the genetic program that defines each mature phenotype. Myc was first discovered as the oncogene of avian leukemogenic retroviruses; it was later found translocated in human lymphoma. From then on, evidence accumulated showing that c-Myc is one of the transcription factors playing a major role in hematopoiesis. The study of genetically modified mice with overexpression or deletion of Myc has shown that c-Myc is required for the correct balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Enforced Myc expression in mice leads to reduced HSC pools owing to loss of self-renewal activity at the expense of increased proliferation of progenitor cells and differentiation. c-Myc deficiency consistently results in the accumulation of HSCs. Other models with conditional Myc deletion have demonstrated that different lineages of hematopoietic cells differ in their requirement for c-Myc to regulate their proliferation and differentiation. When transgenic mice overexpress c-Myc or N-Myc in mature cells from the lymphoid or myeloid lineages, the result is lymphoma or leukemia. In agreement, enforced expression of c-Myc blocks the differentiation in several leukemia-derived cell lines capable of differentiating in culture. Not surprising, MYC deregulation is recurrently found in many types of human lymphoma and leukemia. Whereas MYC is deregulated by translocation in Burkitt lymphoma and, less frequently, other types of lymphoma, MYC is frequently overexpressed in acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia, through mechanisms unrelated to chromosomal translocation, and is often associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Delgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
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27
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Aggressive sporadic histiocytic sarcoma with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement and t(14;18). Int J Hematol 2010; 92:659-63. [PMID: 20976632 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare but aggressive malignant neoplasm of histiocytic lineage with a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells are positive for CD163, CD68, and lysozyme, and negative for B and T cell markers. However, molecular studies on the origin of the neoplastic cells remain inconclusive. A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of painful swelling of the left knee. Examination revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. HS was diagnosed according to morphologic and immunohistochemical features observed on biopsy of the left inguinal lymph node. The tumor demonstrated a clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement and a clonal cytogenetic abnormality including t(14;18) which was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showing the IgH/BCL2 fusion gene. The neoplastic cells were negative for PAX5, a B cell associated transcription factor, and positive for CEBPβ, a transcription factor mediating macrophage and myeloid differentiation. Positron emission tomography showed disseminated areas of increased 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in multiple lymph nodes, the liver, spleen, both lungs, both kidneys, and many bony sites. The patient received localized irradiation therapy followed by chemotherapy, she failed to respond and died of the disease progression. The case findings suggest lineage promiscuity or plasticity related to the pathogenesis of HS.
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28
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Hao X, Fredrickson TN, Chattopadhyay SK, Han W, Qi CF, Wang Z, Ward JM, Hartley JW, Morse HC. The histopathologic and molecular basis for the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma and histiocyte-associated lymphoma of mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:434-45. [PMID: 20472805 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810363705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) and histiocyte-associated lymphoma (HAL) of mice are difficult to distinguish histologically. Studies of multiple cases initially diagnosed as HS or HAL allowed us to define HS as round, fusiform, or mixed cell types that were F4/80+, Mac-2+, and PAX5-; that lacked markers for other sarcomas; and that had immune receptor genes in germline configuration. Two other subsets had clonal populations of lymphocytes. The first, HAL, featured malignant lymphocytes admixed with large populations of normal-appearing histiocytes. The second appeared to be composites of lymphoma and HS. Several cases suggestive of B myeloid-lineage plasticity were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hao
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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29
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Strout MP, Schatz DG. Imatinib resistance and progression of CML to blast crisis: somatic hypermutation AIDing the way. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:174-6. [PMID: 19732715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about how acquired oncogenic mutations arise. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Klemm and colleagues present evidence supporting a role for the antibody diversification enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) in the generation of mutations associated with disease progression and drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytidine Deaminase/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Strout
- Yale Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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30
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Klemm L, Duy C, Iacobucci I, Kuchen S, von Levetzow G, Feldhahn N, Henke N, Li Z, Hoffmann TK, Kim YM, Hofmann WK, Jumaa H, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N, Martinelli G, Lieber MR, Casellas R, Müschen M. The B cell mutator AID promotes B lymphoid blast crisis and drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:232-45. [PMID: 19732723 PMCID: PMC2931825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is induced by BCR-ABL1 and can be effectively treated for many years with Imatinib until leukemia cells acquire drug resistance through BCR-ABL1 mutations and progress into fatal B lymphoid blast crisis (LBC). Despite its clinical significance, the mechanism of progression into LBC is unknown. Here, we show that LBC but not CML cells express the B cell-specific mutator enzyme AID. We demonstrate that AID expression in CML cells promotes overall genetic instability by hypermutation of tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes. Importantly, our data uncover a causative role of AID activity in the acquisition of BCR-ABL1 mutations leading to Imatinib resistance, thus providing a rationale for the rapid development of drug resistance and blast crisis progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Benzamides
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytidine Deaminase/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Luciferases, Renilla/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klemm
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Cihangir Duy
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Hematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefan Kuchen
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gregor von Levetzow
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Feldhahn
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Henke
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Yong-mi Kim
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Max-Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - John Groffen
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Nora Heisterkamp
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Hematology and Oncology “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael R Lieber
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Genomics and Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Program, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at
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31
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Lazzi S, Bellan C, Onnis A, De Falco G, Sayed S, Kostopoulos I, Onorati M, D'Amuri A, Santopietro R, Vindigni C, Fabbri A, Righi S, Pileri S, Tosi P, Leoncini L. Rare lymphoid neoplasms coexpressing B- and T-cell antigens. The role of PAX-5 gene methylation in their pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1252-61. [PMID: 19368954 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report 3 cases of lymphoid neoplasms with mixed lineage features of T-, NK-, or B-cell marker expression and clonal gene rearrangement for both T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin light chain IgK. A characteristic of our cases was the lack of expression of the specific B-cell transcription factor, Pax5, which is essential for maintaining the identity and function of mature B cells during late B lymphopoiesis. In the absence of Pax5, B cells in vitro can differentiate into macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and T/NK cells. Methylation analysis of the Pax5 gene in our cases suggests that its inactivation by this epigenetic event in a committed or mature B cell, before plasma cell differentiation, may well be a common pathogenetic mechanism in mature lymphoid neoplasms with expression of multilineage antigens. In particular, case 1 may represent a mixed NK- and B-cell lineage; and cases 2 and 3 may represent mixed T and B-cell lineage, respectively. Aberrations in the DNA methylation patterns are currently recognized as a hallmark of human cancer. Cases with aberrant phenotypes require molecular analysis for lineage assignment. Studies of such cases may be helpful to better elucidate whether they represent a distinct entity with clinical, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics or an incidental phenomenon during malignant transformation. Interestingly, these cases were all characterized by poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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32
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Chung EY, Dews M, Cozma D, Yu D, Wentzel EA, Chang TC, Schelter JM, Cleary MA, Mendell JT, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. c-Myb oncoprotein is an essential target of the dleu2 tumor suppressor microRNA cluster. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1758-64. [PMID: 18708755 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.11.6722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The dleu2 tumor suppressor locus encodes two microRNAs, miR-15a and miR-16, which are thought to play an important role in B-cell neoplasms. However, relatively little is known about proteins that regulate or are regulated by this microRNA cluster. Here we demonstrate that the Pax5 oncoprotein downregulates the dleu2 gene and at the same time boosts expression of its own heterodimeric partner c-Myb. Interestingly, c-Myb upregulation occurs primarily at a post-transcriptional level, suggesting that it might be a target for microRNAs such as miR-15a/16. Indeed, miR-15a/16 have predicted binding sites in the c-Myb 3'-UTR and through them diminish protein output in luciferase sensor assays. Moreover, forced overexpression of miR-15a/16 reduces endogenous c-Myb levels and compromises Pax5 function. Conversely, restoration of c-Myb levels partly alleviates tumors suppressive effects of miR-15a/16, suggesting that c-Myb is a key downstream target of this microRNA cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Schneider D, Manzan MA, Crawford RB, Chen W, Kaminski NE. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated impairment of B cell differentiation involves dysregulation of paired box 5 (Pax5) isoform, Pax5a. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:463-74. [PMID: 18483191 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.139857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent environmental contaminant and immunotoxicant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), markedly suppresses humoral immune responses. We recently reported impaired down-regulation of paired box 5 (Pax5), a repressor of B cell differentiation and concomitant suppression of the IgM response by TCDD in the murine CH12.LX B cell line. The objectives of the current study were to determine the impact of TCDD treatment on molecular outcomes characteristic of terminal B cell differentiation and to assess the role that Pax5 isoforms plays in the suppression of B cell differentiation by TCDD. In this study, we show that the highly abundant full-length Pax5 isoform, Pax5a, and at least two additional modestly expressed Pax5 isoforms were expressed in CH12.LX and splenic B cells. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated B cells, all of the identified Pax5 isoforms were synchronously down-regulated, and in the presence of TCDD cotreatment they were abnormally and synchronously elevated, suggesting a common mechanism of regulation. Furthermore, B cell differentiation markers X-box protein-1 and major histocompatibility complex class II showed that the levels to which Pax5 was derepressed by TCDD were sufficient to impair B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin gene expression. Confirming the involvement of Pax5, ectopic expression of Pax5a in the LPS-activated CH12.LX cells closely mimicked the suppression of the IgM response by TCDD. In summary, our results demonstrate that Pax5a has a critical role in both the TCDD-mediated impairment of B cell differentiation and the suppression of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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34
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Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Cozma D. PAX5 and B-cell neoplasms: transformation through presentation. Future Oncol 2008; 4:5-9. [PMID: 18240995 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.4.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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35
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Clonally related follicular lymphomas and histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcomas: evidence for transdifferentiation of the follicular lymphoma clone. Blood 2008; 111:5433-9. [PMID: 18272816 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-124792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare cases of histiocytic and dendritic cell (H/DC) neoplasms have been reported in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), but the biologic relationship between the 2 neoplasms is unknown. We studied 8 patients with both FL and H/DC neoplasms using immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for t(14;18), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing of BCL2 and IGH rearrangements. There were 5 men and 3 women (median age, 59 years). All cases of FL were positive for t(14;18). The H/DC tumors included 7 histiocytic sarcomas, 5 of which showed evidence of dendritic differentiation, and 1 interdigitating cell sarcoma. Five H/DC tumors were metachronous, following FL by 2 months to 12 years; tumors were synchronous in 3. All 8 H/DC tumors showed presence of the t(14;18) either by FISH, or in 2 cases by PCR with the major breakpoint region (MBR) probe. PCR and sequencing identified identical IGH gene rearrangements or BCL2 gene breakpoints in all patients tested. All H/DC tumors lacked PAX5, and up-regulation of CEBPbeta and PU.1 was seen in all cases tested. These results provide evidence for a common clonal origin of FL and H/DC neoplasms when occurring in the same patient, and suggest that lineage plasticity may occur in mature lymphoid neoplasms.
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36
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Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 2007; 40:43-50. [PMID: 18066065 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1013] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor (Myc) is pathologically activated in many human malignancies. Myc is known to directly upregulate a pro-tumorigenic group of microRNAs (miRNAs) known as the miR-17-92 cluster. Through the analysis of human and mouse models of B cell lymphoma, we show here that Myc regulates a much broader set of miRNAs than previously anticipated. Unexpectedly, the predominant consequence of activation of Myc is widespread repression of miRNA expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that much of this repression is likely to be a direct result of Myc binding to miRNA promoters. We further show that enforced expression of repressed miRNAs diminishes the tumorigenic potential of lymphoma cells. These results demonstrate that extensive reprogramming of the miRNA transcriptome by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis.
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37
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Cozma D, Yu D, Hodawadekar S, Azvolinsky A, Grande S, Tobias JW, Metzgar MH, Paterson J, Erikson J, Marafioti T, Monroe JG, Atchison ML, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. B cell activator PAX5 promotes lymphomagenesis through stimulation of B cell receptor signaling. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2602-10. [PMID: 17717600 PMCID: PMC1950455 DOI: 10.1172/jci30842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The presumed involvement of paired box gene 5 (PAX5) in B-lymphomagenesis is based largely on the discovery of Pax5-specific translocations and somatic hypermutations in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Yet mechanistically, the contribution of Pax5 to neoplastic growth remains undeciphered. Here we used 2 Myc-induced mouse B lymphoma cell lines, Myc5-M5 and Myc5-M12, which spontaneously silence Pax5. Reconstitution of these cells with Pax5-tamoxifen receptor fusion protein (Pax5ER(TAM)) increased neoplastic growth in a hormone-dependent manner. Conversely, expression of dominant-negative Pax5 in murine lymphomas and Pax5 knockdown in human lymphomas negatively affected cell expansion. Expression profiling revealed that Pax5 was required to maintain mRNA levels of several crucial components of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, including CD79a, a protein with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). In contrast, expression of 2 known ITAM antagonists, CD22 and PIR-B, was suppressed. The key role of BCR/ITAM signaling in Pax5-dependent lymphomagenesis was corroborated in Syk, an ITAM-associated tyrosine kinase. Moreover, we observed consistent expression of phosphorylated BLNK, an activated BCR adaptor protein, in human B cell lymphomas. Thus, stimulation of neoplastic growth by Pax5 occurs through BCR and is sensitive to genetic and pharmacological inhibitors of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cozma
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duonan Yu
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suchita Hodawadekar
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Azvolinsky
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon Grande
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Tobias
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michele H. Metzgar
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Paterson
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Erikson
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Monroe
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Atchison
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathobiology and
Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, and
Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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38
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Mora-López F, Reales E, Brieva JA, Campos-Caro A. Human BSAP and BLIMP1 conform an autoregulatory feedback loop. Blood 2007; 110:3150-7. [PMID: 17682124 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP1), encoded by the PRDM1 gene, is a transcriptional repressor considered a master regulator that is required and sufficient for plasma cell (PC) differentiation. BLIMP1 represses the PAX5 gene, coding for the B-cell lineage-specific activator protein (BSAP), which is required for B-cell identity and survival. Mutations in PAX5 gene as well as in PRDM1 gene have been recently implicated in lymphomas. In the present study, sequence analysis of PRDM1 gene revealed a binding site for BSAP transcription factor. By analyzing different human cell lines, we have found that a specific nuclear factor for B-cell lines binds to a site on the PRDM1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified this factor as BSAP, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed its binding in vivo to the human PRDM1 promoter. Moreover, by ectopically expressing BSAP, and using a PRDM1 promoter with the BSAP-binding site mutated, we demonstrated that this factor represses the expression of BLIMP1. Therefore, repression of PRDM1 by BSAP reveals an autoregulatory negative-feedback loop that could play a relevant role in controlling human PC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mora-López
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Avenida Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
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Yu D, Carroll M, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. p53 status dictates responses of B lymphomas to monotherapy with proteasome inhibitors. Blood 2007; 109:4936-43. [PMID: 17284530 PMCID: PMC1885530 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proapoptotic function of p53 is thought to underlie most anticancer modalities and is also activated in response to oncogenic insults, such as overexpression of the Myc oncoprotein. Here we generated tractable B lymphomas using retroviral transduction of the MYC oncogene into hematopoietic cells with 2 knock-in alleles encoding a fusion between p53 and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) receptor (p53ER(TAM)). In these polyclonal tumors, Myc is the only oncogenic lesion, and p53ER(TAM) status can be rapidly toggled between "off" and "on" with 4OHT, provided that the Trp53 promoter has been independently activated. Although 4OHT can trigger widespread apoptosis and overt tumor regression even in the absence of DNA-damaging agents, in tumors with high levels of Mdm2 these responses are blunted. However, cotreatment with proteasome inhibitors fully restores therapeutic effects in vivo. Similarly, human Burkitt lymphomas with wild-type p53 and overexpression of Hdm2 are highly sensitive to proteasome inhibitors, unless p53 levels are reduced using the HPV-E6 ubiquitin ligase. Therefore, proteasome inhibitors could be highly effective as a monotherapy against Myc-induced lymphomas, with no need for adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. On the other hand, their efficacy is crucially dependent on the wild-type p53 status of the tumor, placing important restrictions on patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duonan Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Hodawadekar S, Wei F, Yu D, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Atchison ML. Epigenetic histone modifications do not control Igkappa locus contraction and intranuclear localization in cells with dual B cell-macrophage potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6165-71. [PMID: 17056545 PMCID: PMC1635549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Somatic rearrangement of the Ig genes during B cell development is believed to be controlled, at least in part, by accessibility of the loci to the recombinational machinery. Accessibility is poorly understood, but appears to be controlled by a combination of histone posttranslational modifications, large scale Ig locus contractions, and changes in intranuclear localization of the loci. These changes are regulated by developmental stage-specific as well as tissue-specific mechanisms. We previously isolated a murine B cell lymphoma line, Myc5, that can oscillate between the B cell and macrophage lineages depending upon growth conditions. This line provides an opportunity to study tissue-specific regulation of epigenetic mechanisms operating on the Ig loci. We found that when Myc5 cells are induced to differentiate from B cells into macrophages, expression of macrophage-specific transcripts was induced (M-CSFR, F4/80, and CD14), whereas B cell-specific transcripts decreased dramatically (mb-1, E47, IRF4, Pax5, and Igkappa). Loss of Igkappa transcription was associated with reduced Igkappa locus contraction, as well as increased association with heterochromatin protein-1 and association of the Igkappa locus with the nuclear periphery. Surprisingly, however, we found that histone modifications at the Igkappa locus remained largely unchanged whether the cells were grown in vivo as B cells, or in vitro as macrophages. These results mechanistically uncouple histone modifications at the Igkappa locus from changes in locus contraction and intranuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Animal Biology and
| | - Duonan Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael L. Atchison
- Department of Animal Biology and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr.
Michael L. Atchison, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail address:
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41
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Hodawadekar S, Yu D, Cozma D, Freedman B, Sunyer O, Atchison ML, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. B-Lymphoma cells with epigenetic silencing of Pax5 trans-differentiate into macrophages, but not other hematopoietic lineages. Exp Cell Res 2006; 313:331-40. [PMID: 17098231 PMCID: PMC1839943 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 10/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In mice, zygotic or pro-B-cell-specific knock-out of the Pax5 gene allows differentiation of pro-B-cells into all hematopoietic lineages. We previously generated and characterized a murine B-cell lymphoma, dubbed Myc5, whose cells spontaneously lose Pax5 expression when cultured in vitro, but regain it when re-injected into syngeneic mice. In cultured Myc5 cells, the loss of Pax5 correlates with the acquisition of myeloid markers, such as CD11b and F4/80. Here, we sought to determine whether these cells are truly B-macrophage-restricted or, like Pax5-null progenitors, can give rise to additional hematopoietic lineages. In vitro differentiation assays with various cytokines showed that Myc5 cells do not differentiate into NK cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, or osteoclasts. At the same time, in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), they readily phagocytose latex beads and provide T-cell help. Both phenomena are indicative of the bona fide macrophage phenotype. Conversely, enforced Pax5 re-expression in macrophage-like Myc5 cells led to down-regulation of the M-CSF receptor and re-acquisition of some B-cell surface markers (e.g., CD79a) and lineage-specific transcription factors (e.g., IRF4 and Blimp). Retrovirally encoded Pax5 also restored expression of several master B-cell differentiation proteins, such as the IL-7 receptor and transcription factor E2A. In contrast, levels of EBF were unaffected by Pax5 suggesting that EBF acts exclusively upstream of Pax5 and might contribute to Pax5 expression. Indeed, transduction with an EBF-encoding retrovirus partly reactivated endogenous Pax5. Our data reveal the complex relationship between B-cell-specific transcription factors and suggest the existence of numerous feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchita Hodawadekar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
| | - Duonan Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
| | - Diana Cozma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
| | - Bruce Freedman
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
| | - Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
| | - Michael L. Atchison
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051
- * Corresponding Author: , Tel: (215) 573-5138, Fax: (215) 746-0380
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42
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Yu D, Cozma D, Park A, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Functional validation of genes implicated in lymphomagenesis: an in vivo selection assay using a Myc-induced B-cell tumor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1059:145-59. [PMID: 16382050 PMCID: PMC1490324 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1339.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the c-Myc transcription factor in neoplastic transformation is well documented. However, which of its numerous target genes are crucial for tumorigenesis remains a frequently contested issue. We have recently established a non-transgenic murine model for B-cell lymphoma based on neoplastic conversion of p53-null bone marrow cells by conditionally active Myc. Using this model, we have identified a number of genes whose expression levels are affected by Myc during B-lymphomagenesis. Here we discuss their possible roles in neoplastic processes and describe an experimental approach allowing in vivo validation of these roles. We demonstrate that lymphoma cells overexpressing one of the Myc targets, the interleukin-10 receptor gene, have a very strong selective advantage over low IL10R expressors. Furthermore, Mcl1, a presumptive IL10R effector, also confers selective advantages when overexpressed in Myc-transformed hematopoietic cells. Thus, both IL10R and Mcl1 might be amenable to therapeutic interventions, and new targets can be identified and validated using the selection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duonan Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6051, USA
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43
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O'Donnell KA, Yu D, Zeller KI, Kim JW, Racke F, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Dang CV. Activation of transferrin receptor 1 by c-Myc enhances cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2373-86. [PMID: 16508012 PMCID: PMC1430295 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.6.2373-2386.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of transferrin receptor 1 (TFRC1), a major mediator of iron uptake in mammalian cells, is a common feature of human malignancies. Therapeutic strategies designed to interfere with tumor iron metabolism have targeted TFRC1. The c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor stimulates proliferation and growth by activating thousands of target genes. Here we demonstrate that TFRC1 is a critical downstream target of c-Myc. Using in vitro and in vivo models of B-cell lymphoma, we show that TFRC1 expression is activated by c-Myc. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that c-Myc directly binds a conserved region of TFRC1. In light of these findings, we sought to determine whether TFRC1 is required for c-Myc-mediated cellular proliferation and cell size control. TFRC1 inhibition decreases cellular proliferation and results in G1 arrest without affecting cell size. Consistent with these findings, expression profiling reveals that TFRC1 depletion alters expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle. Furthermore, enforced TFRC1 expression confers a growth advantage to cells and significantly enhances the rate of c-Myc-mediated tumor formation in vivo. These findings provide a molecular basis for increased TFRC1 expression in human tumors, illuminate the role of TFRC1 in the c-Myc target gene network, and support strategies that target TFRC1 for cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinogenicity Tests
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Humans
- Iron Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Phylogeny
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Transferrin/drug effects
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A O'Donnell
- Program in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Yu D, Dews M, Park A, Tobias JW, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Inactivation of Myc in murine two-hit B lymphomas causes dormancy with elevated levels of interleukin 10 receptor and CD20: implications for adjuvant therapies. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5454-61. [PMID: 15958595 PMCID: PMC1490323 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of c-Myc and inactivation of p53 are hallmarks of human Burkitt's lymphomas. We had previously showed that transduction of murine p53-null bone marrow cells with a Myc-encoding retrovirus is sufficient for B lymphomagenesis. To address the role of Myc in tumor sustenance, we generated lymphomas induced by the Myc-estrogen receptor fusion protein (MycER). Engrafted hosts were continuously treated with the ER ligand 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to allow tumor formation. Subsequent inactivation of MycER via 4-OHT deprivation resulted in tumor stasis but only partial regression. At the cellular level, dormant neoplastic lymphocytes withdrew from mitosis and underwent further B-cell differentiation. Concomitantly, they up-regulated genes involved in lymphocyte proliferation and survival, most notably interleukin 10 receptor alpha (IL10Ralpha) and CD20, the target for antibody therapy with Rituxan. We found that overexpression of IL10Ralpha affords significant proliferative advantages and in 4-OHT-deprived animals correlates with eventual tumor relapse. Both dormant and relapsing tumors maintain IL10Ralpha expression suggesting that they might be sensitive to emerging drugs targeting the IL-10 pathway. Up-regulation of CD20 following Myc inactivation was also observed in immortalized human lymphocytes. Importantly, in this system, Myc(OFF)CD20(HIGH) cells were more prone to Rituxan-induced apoptosis than Myc(ON)CD20(MED). Thus, targeting Myc, while moderately effective on its own, shapes the phenotype of dormant neoplastic cells and sensitizes them to adjuvant molecular therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Duonan Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Dews
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Park
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W. Tobias
- Biomedical Informatics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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45
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Buonocore S, Valente AL, Nightingale D, Bogart J, Souid AK. Histiocytic sarcoma in a 3-year-old male: a case report. Pediatrics 2005; 116:e322-5. [PMID: 16024682 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a pediatric patient with histiocytic sarcoma involving the T6 and L4 vertebral bodies and the lungs. His tumor progressed during chemotherapy designed for Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and sarcoma. High-dose radiation, on the other hand, was effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Buonocore
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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46
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Johnson K, Shapiro-Shelef M, Tunyaplin C, Calame K. Regulatory events in early and late B-cell differentiation. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:749-61. [PMID: 15829263 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We are studying transcriptional control of critical developmental decision points in B lymphocytes. Commitment to the B-lymphocyte lineage is dependent on the transcriptional regulator Pax5 and committed B lymphocytes represent the first developmental stage when V(H)-to-DJ recombination occurs in the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain locus. We summarize our recent studies showing that methylation of histone H3 lysine 9, a heterochromatic chromatin modification, is present in the Ig V(H) region in hematopoietic progenitors and in non-B lineage hematopoietic cells. Pax5 is both necessary and sufficient to remove this heterochromatic mark in B cells. Using genetically altered mice, we have shown that terminal differentiation of B cells to memory and Ig-secreting plasma cells depends on the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1. Recent studies demonstrating a requirement for Blimp-1 in the formation of pre-plasma memory B cells, Ig-secreting plasma cells as well as preliminary data suggesting a requirement for Blimp-1 in the maintenance of long-lived plasma cells are summarized. We also summarize our recent studies on the regulation of Blimp-1, showing direct repression by Bcl-6 and providing evidence for activation by NF-kappaB following toll-like receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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47
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Ricci MS, Jin Z, Dews M, Yu D, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Dicker DT, El-Deiry WS. Direct repression of FLIP expression by c-myc is a major determinant of TRAIL sensitivity. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:8541-55. [PMID: 15367674 PMCID: PMC516765 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.19.8541-8555.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF-alpha family of death receptor ligands and holds great therapeutic potential as a tumor cell-specific cytotoxic agent. Using a panel of established tumor cell lines and normal cells, we found a significant difference between the number of TRAIL-sensitive cells expressing high levels of c-myc and TRAIL-resistant cells expressing low levels of c-myc (P < 0.05, n = 19). We also found a direct linear correlation between c-myc levels and TRAIL sensitivity in TRAIL-sensitive cell lines (r = 0.94, n = 6). Overexpression of c-myc or activation of a myc-estrogen receptor (ER) fusion sensitized TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL. Conversely, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of c-myc significantly reduced both c-myc expression and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The gene encoding the inhibitor of caspase activation, FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP), appears to be a direct target of c-myc-mediated transcriptional repression. Overexpression of c-myc or activation of myc-estrogen receptor (ER) decreased FLIP levels both in cell culture and in mouse models of c-myc-induced tumorigenesis, while knocking down c-myc using siRNA increased FLIP expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter analyses showed that c-myc binds and represses the human FLIP promoter. c-myc expression enhanced TRAIL-induced caspase 8 cleavage and FLIP cleavage at the death-inducing signaling complex. Combined siRNA-mediated knockdown of FLIP and c-myc resensitized cells to TRAIL. Therefore, c-myc down-regulation of FLIP expression provides a universal mechanism to explain the ability of c-myc to sensitize cells to death receptor stimuli. In addition, identification of c-myc as a major determinant of TRAIL sensitivity provides a potentially important screening tool for identification of TRAIL-sensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stacey Ricci
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd., CRB 437A, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Johnson K, Pflugh DL, Yu D, Hesslein DGT, Lin KI, Bothwell ALM, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Schatz DG, Calame K. B cell-specific loss of histone 3 lysine 9 methylation in the V(H) locus depends on Pax5. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:853-61. [PMID: 15258579 PMCID: PMC1635547 DOI: 10.1038/ni1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement (V(H)-to-DJ(H)) occurs only in B cells, suggesting it is inhibited in other lineages. Here we found that in the mouse V(H) locus, methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3-K9), a mark of inactive chromatin, was present in non-B lineage cells but was absent in B cells. As others have shown that H3-K9 methylation can inhibit V(D)J recombination on engineered substrates, our data support the idea that H3-K9 methylation inhibits endogenous V(H)-to-DJ(H) recombination. We also show that Pax5, a transcription factor required for B cell commitment, is necessary and sufficient for the removal of H3-K9 methylation in the V(H) locus and provide evidence that one function of Pax5 is to remove this inhibitory modification by a mechanism of histone exchange, thus allowing B cell-specific V(H)-to-DJ(H) recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Feldman AL, Minniti C, Santi M, Downing JR, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Histiocytic sarcoma after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a common clonal origin. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5:248-50. [PMID: 15050956 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(04)01428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Feldman
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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