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Rizzoli E, de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Fastrès A, Roels E, Janssen P, Puré E, Garigliany MM, Marichal T, Clercx C. Fibroblast activation protein is a cellular marker of fibrotic activity in canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1416124. [PMID: 39188902 PMCID: PMC11346374 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1416124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, afflicting aging West Highland white terriers (WHWTs) and leading to progressive respiratory failure. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a protease overexpressed in many cancers, is upregulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate FAP as a marker of active fibrosis in lung biopsies from WHWTs affected with CIPF, as well as the potential of plasmatic FAP as a biomarker. After establishing a scoring system to evaluate the severity and activity of fibrosis on histopathological lung sections, anti-FAP immunohistochemistry was performed on healthy and CIPF samples. FAP expression was characterized using both visual and digital quantitative pathology software analyses and then correlated to fibrosis severity and activity. Levels of plasmatic FAP in WHWTs affected with CIPF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with healthy dogs. Lung samples from 22 WHWTs affected with CIPF were collected. According to the fibrosis scoring system, they were classified as cases of mild (5), moderate (9) and severe (8) fibrosis and were attributed scores of fibrosis activity. Fifteen healthy lung samples were classified as non-fibrotic. Healthy lung samples were FAP-negative, whereas fibroblasts were FAP-positive in 20 CIPF samples. FAP immunohistochemical expression correlated mildly with fibrosis severity (p < 0.05; R 2 = 0.22) but highly with fibrosis activity scores (p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.68). Digital image analysis detected a higher percentage of FAP-positive cells in areas of active fibrosis (p < 0.001) and FAP-positive cells were distributed outside mature fibrosis lesions, clustered in active fibrosis areas or scattered within alveolar septa. On the other hand, plasmatic FAP was significantly lower in dogs affected with CIPF compared with healthy dogs (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study provides a valuable histological scoring system to assess the severity and activity of fibrosis in CIPF. It demonstrates that FAP is a good cellular marker of fibrotic activity in CIPF, and thus constitutes a promising target to be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Additionally, it suggests that plasmatic FAP, although non-specific, could be altered in CIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Rizzoli
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Aline Fastrès
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elodie Roels
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Janssen
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Functional Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Functional Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Du B, Li X, Li Y. Highlighting Fibroblasts Activation in Fibrosis: The State-of-The-Art Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor PET Imaging in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6033. [PMID: 37762974 PMCID: PMC10531835 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common healing process that occurs during stress and injury in cardiovascular diseases. The evolution of fibrosis is associated with cardiovascular disease states and causes adverse effects. Fibroblast activation is responsible for the formation and progression of fibrosis. The incipient detection of activated fibroblasts is important for patient management and prognosis. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a membrane-bound serine protease, is almost specifically expressed in activated fibroblasts. The development of targeted FAP-inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging enabled the visualisation of FAP, that is, incipient fibrosis. Recently, research on FAPI PET imaging in cardiovascular diseases increased and is highly sought. Hence, we comprehensively reviewed the application of FAPI PET imaging in cardiovascular diseases based on the state-of-the-art published research. These studies provided some insights into the value of FAPI PET imaging in the early detection of cardiovascular fibrosis, risk stratification, response evaluation, and prediction of the evolution of left ventricular function. Future studies should be conducted with larger populations and multicentre patterns, especially for response evaluation and outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xuena Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (B.D.)
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (B.D.)
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Martin M, Ballal S, Yadav MP, Bal C, Van Rymenant Y, De Loose J, Verhulst E, De Meester I, Van Der Veken P, Roesch F. Novel Generation of FAP Inhibitor-Based Homodimers for Improved Application in Radiotheranostics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061889. [PMID: 36980775 PMCID: PMC10047490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals based on the highly potent FAP inhibitor (FAPi) UAMC-1110 have shown great potential in molecular imaging, but the short tumor retention time of the monomers do not match the physical half-lives of the important therapeutic radionuclides 177Lu and 225Ac. This was improved with the dimer DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2, but pharmacological and radiolabeling properties still need optimization. Therefore, the novel FAPi homodimers DO3A.Glu.(FAPi)2 and DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2. were synthesized and quantitatively radiolabeled with 68Ga, 90Y, 177Lu and 225Ac. The radiolabeled complexes showed high hydrophilicity and were generally stable in human serum (HS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C over two half-lives, except for [225Ac]Ac-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 in PBS. In vitro affinity studies resulted in subnanomolar IC50 values for FAP and high selectivity for FAP over the related proteases PREP and DPP4 for both compounds as well as for [natLu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2. In a first proof-of-principle patient study (medullary thyroid cancer), [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 was compared to [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2. High uptake and long tumor retention was observed in both cases, but [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 significantly reduces uptake in non-target and critical organs (liver, colon). Overall, the novel FAPi homodimer DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 showed improved radiolabeling in vitro and pharmacological properties in vivo compared to DOTAGA.(SA.FAPi)2. [177Lu]Lu-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 and [225Ac]Ac-DOTAGA.Glu.(FAPi)2 appear promising for translational application in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Martin
- Department of Chemistry-TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjana Ballal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Madhav Prasad Yadav
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Bal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Yentl Van Rymenant
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joni De Loose
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Emile Verhulst
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank Roesch
- Department of Chemistry-TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Wang Z, Wang J, Lan T, Zhang L, Yan Z, Zhang N, Xu Y, Tao Q. Role and mechanism of fibroblast-activated protein-α expression on the surface of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135384. [PMID: 37006278 PMCID: PMC10064071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-activated protein-α (FAP) is a type II integrated serine protease expressed by activated fibroblasts during fibrosis or inflammation. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial sites abundantly and stably overexpress FAP and play important roles in regulating the cellular immune, inflammatory, invasion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis responses in the synovial region. Overexpression of FAP is regulated by the initial inflammatory microenvironment of the disease and epigenetic signaling, which promotes RA development by regulating FLSs or affecting the signaling cross-linking FLSs with other cells at the local synovium and inflammatory stimulation. At present, several treatment options targeting FAP are in the process of development. This review discusses the basic features of FAP expressed on the surface of FLSs and its role in RA pathophysiology and advances in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liubo Zhang
- Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeran Yan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Xu, ; Qingwen Tao,
| | - Qingwen Tao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Xu, ; Qingwen Tao,
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Humphreys SJ, Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. "Super" SERPINs-A stabilizing force against fibrinolysis in thromboinflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1146833. [PMID: 37153474 PMCID: PMC10155837 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are a class of inhibitors that utilise a dynamic conformational change to trap and inhibit their target enzymes. Their powerful nature lends itself well to regulation of complex physiological enzymatic cascades, such as the haemostatic, inflammatory and complement pathways. The SERPINs α2-antiplasmin, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-2, protease nexin-1, and C1-inhibitor play crucial inhibitory roles in regulation of the fibrinolytic system and inflammation. Elevated levels of these SERPINs are associated with increased risk of thrombotic complications, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Conversely, deficiencies of these SERPINs have been linked to hyperfibrinolysis with bleeding and angioedema. In recent years SERPINs have been implicated in the modulation of the immune response and various thromboinflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and COVID-19. Here, we highlight the current understanding of the physiological role of SERPINs in haemostasis and inflammatory disease progression, with emphasis on the fibrinolytic pathway, and how this becomes dysregulated during disease. Finally, we consider the role of these SERPINs as potential biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic targets for thromboinflammatory diseases.
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A liver secretome gene signature-based approach for determining circulating biomarkers of NAFLD severity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275901. [PMID: 36260611 PMCID: PMC9581378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) supporting diagnosis and monitoring disease progression are urgently needed. The present study aimed to establish a bioinformatics pipeline capable of defining and validating NAFLD biomarker candidates based on paired hepatic global gene expression and plasma bioanalysis from individuals representing different stages of histologically confirmed NAFLD (no/mild, moderate, more advanced NAFLD). Liver secretome gene signatures were generated in a patient cohort of 26 severely obese individuals with the majority having no or mild fibrosis. To this end, global gene expression changes were compared between individuals with no/mild NAFLD and moderate/advanced NAFLD with subsequent filtering for candidate gene products with liver-selective expression and secretion. Four candidate genes, including LPA (lipoprotein A), IGFBP-1 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1), SERPINF2 (serpin family F member 2) and MAT1A (methionine adenosyltransferase 1A), were differentially expressed in moderate/advanced NAFLD, which was confirmed in three independent RNA sequencing datasets from large, publicly available NAFLD studies. The corresponding gene products were quantified in plasma samples but could not discriminate among different grades of NAFLD based on NAFLD activity score. Conclusion: We demonstrate a novel approach based on the liver transcriptome allowing for identification of secreted hepatic gene products as potential circulating diagnostic biomarkers of NAFLD. Using this approach in larger NAFLD patient cohorts may yield potential circulating biomarkers for NAFLD severity.
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Alsayejh B, Kietsiriroje N, Almutairi M, Simmons K, Pechlivani N, Ponnambalam S, Ajjan RA. Plasmin Inhibitor in Health and Diabetes: Role of the Protein as a Therapeutic Target. TH OPEN 2022; 6:e396-e407. [PMID: 36452200 PMCID: PMC9674435 DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular obstructive thrombus is composed of a mesh of fibrin fibers with blood cells trapped in these networks. Enhanced fibrin clot formation and/or suppression of fibrinolysis are associated with an increased risk of vascular occlusive events. Inhibitors of coagulation factors and activators of plasminogen have been clinically used to limit fibrin network formation and enhance lysis. While these agents are effective at reducing vascular occlusion, they carry a significant risk of bleeding complications. Fibrin clot lysis, essential for normal hemostasis, is controlled by several factors including the incorporation of antifibrinolytic proteins into the clot. Plasmin inhibitor (PI), a key antifibrinolytic protein, is cross-linked into fibrin networks with higher concentrations of PI documented in fibrin clots and plasma from high vascular risk individuals. This review is focused on exploring PI as a target for the prevention and treatment of vascular occlusive disease. We first discuss the relationship between the PI structure and antifibrinolytic activity, followed by describing the function of the protein in normal physiology and its role in pathological vascular thrombosis. Subsequently, we describe in detail the potential use of PI as a therapeutic target, including the array of methods employed for the modulation of protein activity. Effective and safe inhibition of PI may prove to be an alternative and specific way to reduce vascular thrombotic events while keeping bleeding risk to a minimum. Key Points Plasmin inhibitor (PI) is a key protein that inhibits fibrinolysis and stabilizes the fibrin network.This review is focused on discussing mechanistic pathways for PI action, role of the molecule in disease states, and potential use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basmah Alsayejh
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Ministry of Education, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noppadol Kietsiriroje
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Mansour Almutairi
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom
- General Directorate of Medical Services, Ministry of Interior, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Katie Simmons
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nikoletta Pechlivani
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Székely EG, Orbán-Kálmándi R, Szegedi I, Katona É, Baráth B, Czuriga-Kovács KR, Lóczi L, Vasas N, Fekete I, Fekete K, Berényi E, Oláh L, Csiba L, Bagoly Z. Low α2-Plasmin Inhibitor Antigen Levels on Admission Are Associated With More Severe Stroke and Unfavorable Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Thrombolysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:901286. [PMID: 35911531 PMCID: PMC9334909 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.901286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) fails to succeed in a subset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients, while in approximately 6–8% of cases intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs as side effect. Objective Here, we aimed to investigate α2-plasmin inhibitor (α2-PI) levels during thrombolysis and to find out whether they predict therapy outcomes in AIS patients. Patients/Methods In this prospective, observational study, blood samples of 421 AIS patients, all undergoing i.v. thrombolysis by rt-PA within 4.5 h of their symptom onset, were taken before and 24 h after thrombolysis. In a subset of patients (n = 131), blood was also obtained immediately post-lysis. α2-PI activity and antigen levels were measured by chromogenic assay and an in-house ELISA detecting all forms of α2-PI. α2-PI Arg6Trp polymorphism was identified in all patients. Stroke severity was determined by NIHSS on admission and day 7. Therapy-associated ICH was classified according to ECASSII. Long-term outcomes were defined at 3 months post-event by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results Median α2-PI activity and antigen levels showed a significant drop immediately post-lysis and increased to subnormal levels at 24 h post-event. Admission α2-PI levels showed a significant negative stepwise association with stroke severity. Patients with favorable long-term outcomes (mRS 0–1) had significantly higher admission α2-PI antigen levels (median:61.6 [IQR:55.9–70.5] mg/L) as compared to patients with poor outcomes (mRS 2–5: median:59.7 [IQR:54.5–69.1] and mRS 6: median:56.0 [IQR:48.5–61.0] mg/L, p < 0.001). In a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, patients with an α2-PI antigen in the highest quartile on admission showed significantly better long-term survival as compared to those with α2-PI antigen in the lowest quartile (HR: 4.54; 95%CI:1.92–10.8, p < 0.001); however, in a multivariate analysis, a low admission α2-PI antigen did not prove to be an independent risk factor of poor long-term outcomes. In patients with therapy-related ICH (n = 34), admission α2-PI antigen levels were significantly, but only marginally, lower as compared to those without hemorrhage. Conclusions Low α2-PI antigen levels on admission were associated with more severe strokes and poor long-term outcomes in this cohort. Our results suggest that in case of more severe strokes, α2-PI may be involved in the limited efficacy of rt-PA thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Gabriella Székely
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rita Orbán-Kálmándi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szegedi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Baráth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Linda Lóczi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Vasas
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Fekete
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Klára Fekete
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ervin Berényi
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Oláh
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csiba
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bagoly
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsuzsa Bagoly
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Kanno Y, Shu E. α2-Antiplasmin as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Systemic Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030396. [PMID: 35330147 PMCID: PMC8953682 DOI: 10.3390/life12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease of unknown origin that is characterized by immune system abnormalities, vascular damage, and extensive fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. α2-antiplasmin is known to be the main plasmin inhibitor and has various functions such as cell differentiation and cytokine production, as well as the regulation of the maintenance of the immune system, endothelial homeostasis, and extracellular matrix metabolism. The expression of α2-antiplasmin is elevated in dermal fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients, and the blockade of α2-antiplasmin suppresses fibrosis progression and vascular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis model mice. α2-antiplasmin may have promise as a potential therapeutic target for systemic sclerosis. This review considers the role of α2-antiplasmin in the progression of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+81-0774-65-8629
| | - En Shu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
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Fibrinogen and Antifibrinolytic Proteins: Interactions and Future Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212537. [PMID: 34830419 PMCID: PMC8625824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombus formation remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies have been effective at reducing vascular events, but at the expense of increased bleeding risk. Targeting proteins that interact with fibrinogen and which are involved in hypofibrinolysis represents a more specific approach for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents. The antifibrinolytic proteins alpha-2 antiplasmin (α2AP), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), complement C3 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), can be incorporated into the fibrin clot by FXIIIa and affect fibrinolysis by different mechanisms. Therefore, these antifibrinolytic proteins are attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics, both for the modulation of thrombosis risk, but also for potentially improving clot instability in bleeding disorders. This review summarises the main properties of fibrinogen-bound antifibrinolytic proteins, their effect on clot lysis and association with thrombotic or bleeding conditions. The role of these proteins in therapeutic strategies targeting the fibrinolytic system for thrombotic diseases or bleeding disorders is also discussed.
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Wei H, Xu Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Mo C, Li L, Shen B, Sun Y, Cheng P, Yang L, Pang Y, Qin A, Cao Y, Morrison SJ, Yue R. Identification of Fibroblast Activation Protein as an Osteogenic Suppressor and Anti-osteoporosis Drug Target. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108252. [PMID: 33053358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic suppressors such as Sclerostin not only regulate skeletal development and regeneration but also serve as anti-osteoporosis drug targets. However, very few druggable suppressors have been identified due to limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing osteogenesis. Here, we show that fibroblast activation protein (Fap), a serine protease inhibited by the bone growth factor Osteolectin, is an osteogenic suppressor. Genetic deletion of Fap significantly ameliorates limb trabecular bone loss during aging. Pharmacological inhibition of Fap significantly promotes bone formation and inhibits bone resorption in wild-type mice by differentially regulating canonical Wnt and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of Fap promotes osteoblast differentiation, inhibits osteoclast differentiation, and significantly attenuates osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice. Epistasis analyses in zebrafish show that Osteolectin functions as an endogenous inhibitor of Fap to promote vertebrae mineralization. Taken together, we identify Fap as an important osteogenic suppressor and a potential drug target to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Wei
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liting Xu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chunyang Mo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liangzi Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Pengzhen Cheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yichuan Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rui Yue
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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12
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Xin L, Gao J, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Lv S, Zhao Z, Yu C, Yang X, Zhang R. Fibroblast Activation Protein-α as a Target in the Bench-to-Bedside Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors: A Narrative Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648187. [PMID: 34490078 PMCID: PMC8416977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a type II integral serine protease that is specifically expressed by activated fibroblasts. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor stroma have an abundant and stable expression of FAP, which plays an important role in promoting tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression. For example, in females with a high incidence of breast cancer, CAFs account for 50–70% of the cells in the tumor’s microenvironment. CAF overexpression of FAP promotes tumor development and metastasis by influencing extracellular matrix remodeling, intracellular signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and immunosuppression. This review discusses the basic biological characteristics of FAP and its applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. We review the emerging basic and clinical research data regarding the use of nanomaterials that target FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xin
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ziliang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiyou Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuxin Lv
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunhai Yu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaotang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Baráth B, Bogáti R, Miklós T, Kállai J, Mezei ZA, Bereczky Z, Muszbek L, Katona É. Effect of α2-plasmin inhibitor heterogeneity on the risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2021; 203:110-116. [PMID: 33992873 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (α2-PI) has a heterogeneous composition in the plasma. Both N- and C-terminal cleavages occur that modify the function of the molecule. C-terminal cleavage converts the plasminogen-binding form (PB-α2-PI) to a non-plasminogen-binding form (NPB-α2-PI). N-terminal cleavage by soluble fibroblast activation protein (sFAP) results in a form shortened by 12 amino acids, which is more quickly cross-linked to fibrin. The p.Arg6Trp polymorphism of α2-PI affects N-terminal cleavage. In this work, we aimed to investigate the association between α2-PI heterogeneity and the risk of venous thromboembolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and eighteen patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the same number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Total-α2-PI, PB-α2-PI and NPB-α2-PI antigen levels, α2-PI activity, sFAP antigen levels and p.Arg6Trp polymorphism were investigated. RESULTS Total-α2-PI and NPB-α2-PI levels were significantly elevated in VTE patients, while PB-α2-PI levels did not change. Elevated NPB-α2-PI levels independently associated with VTE risk (adjusted OR: 9.868; CI: 4.095-23.783). Soluble FAP levels were significantly elevated in the VTE group, however, elevated sFAP levels did not show a significant association with VTE risk. The α2-PI p.Arg6Trp polymorphism did not influence VTE risk, however, in the case of elevated sFAP levels the carriage of Trp6 allele associated with lower VTE risk. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the elevation of total-α2-PI levels in VTE is caused by the elevation of NPB-α2-PI levels. Elevated sFAP level or p.Arg6Trp polymorphism alone did not influence VTE risk. However, an interaction can be detected between the polymorphism and high sFAP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Baráth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Bogáti
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Miklós
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Kállai
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán A Mezei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bereczky
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Muszbek
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Factor XIII-A: An Indispensable "Factor" in Haemostasis and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063055. [PMID: 33802692 PMCID: PMC8002558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase enzyme that catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds into protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIIIA2B2, has an established function in haemostasis, with fibrin being its principal substrate. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis emphasising its crucial role in this pathway. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits denoted FXIII-A, was perceived to remain intracellular, due to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. It is now apparent that FXIII-A can be externalised from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism. Thus, three pools of FXIII-A exist within the circulation: plasma where it circulates in complex with the inhibitory FXIII-B subunits, and the cellular form encased within platelets and monocytes/macrophages. The abundance of this transglutaminase in different forms and locations in the vasculature reflect the complex and crucial roles of this enzyme in physiological processes. Herein, we examine the significance of these pools of FXIII-A in different settings and the evidence to date to support their function in haemostasis and wound healing.
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15
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Bagoly Z, Baráth B, Orbán-Kálmándi R, Szegedi I, Bogáti R, Sarkady F, Csiba L, Katona É. Incorporation of α2-Plasmin Inhibitor into Fibrin Clots and Its Association with the Clinical Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030347. [PMID: 33669007 PMCID: PMC7996613 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linking of α2-plasmin inhibitor (α2-PI) to fibrin by activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) is essential for the inhibition of fibrinolysis. Little is known about the factors modifying α2-PI incorporation into the fibrin clot and whether the extent of incorporation has clinical consequences. Herein we calculated the extent of α2-PI incorporation by measuring α2-PI antigen levels from plasma and serum obtained after clotting the plasma by thrombin and Ca2+. The modifying effect of FXIII was studied by spiking of FXIII-A-deficient plasma with purified plasma FXIII. Fibrinogen, FXIII, α2-PI incorporation, in vitro clot-lysis, soluble fibroblast activation protein and α2-PI p.Arg6Trp polymorphism were measured from samples of 57 acute ischemic stroke patients obtained before thrombolysis and of 26 healthy controls. Increasing FXIII levels even at levels above the upper limit of normal increased α2-PI incorporation into the fibrin clot. α2-PI incorporation of controls and patients with good outcomes did not differ significantly (49.4 ± 4.6% vs. 47.4 ± 6.7%, p = 1.000), however it was significantly lower in patients suffering post-lysis intracranial hemorrhage (37.3 ± 14.0%, p = 0.004). In conclusion, increased FXIII levels resulted in elevated incorporation of α2-PI into fibrin clots. In stroke patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis treatment, α2-PI incorporation shows an association with the outcome of therapy, particularly with thrombolysis-associated intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Bagoly
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (B.B.); (R.O.-K.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Barbara Baráth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (B.B.); (R.O.-K.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rita Orbán-Kálmándi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (B.B.); (R.O.-K.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szegedi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Doctoral School of Neuroscience, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Bogáti
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (B.B.); (R.O.-K.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sarkady
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (B.B.); (R.O.-K.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csiba
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (B.B.); (R.O.-K.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Finke D, Heckmann MB, Herpel E, Katus HA, Haberkorn U, Leuschner F, Lehmann LH. Early Detection of Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis Using 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:614997. [PMID: 33718446 PMCID: PMC7946849 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.614997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have gained importance in recent years regarding the treatment of a variety of oncologic diseases. The possibilities of diagnosing cardiac adverse autoimmune effects of ICIs are still limited. We aimed to implement FAPI PET/CT imaging in detecting ICI-associated myocarditis. Methods: In a retrospective study, FAPI PET/CT scans of 26 patients who received ICIs from 01/2017 to 10/2019 were analyzed. We compared tracer enrichment in the heart of patients without any signs of a cardiac disease (n = 23) to three patients with suspected ICI-associated myocarditis. To exclude any significant coronary heart disease, cardiac catherization was performed. All three patients' myocardial biopsies were examined for inflammatory cells. Results: Three patients showed clinical manifestations of an ICI syndrome including myocarditis with elevated levels of hsTnT (175 pg/ml, 1,771 pg/ml, 157 pg/ml). Further cardiological assessments revealed ECG abnormalities, lymphocyte infiltration of the myocardium in the biopsies or wall motion abnormalities in echocardiography. These patients' FAPI PET/CTs showed cardiac enrichment of the marker which was less distinct or absent in patients receiving ICIs without any signs of immunological adverse effects or cardiac impairment (n = 23) [Median SUV myocarditis patients: 1.79 (IQR: 1.65, 1.85), median SUV non-myocarditis patients: 1.15 (IQR: 0.955, 1.52)]. Conclusions: Apart from the successful implementation of ICIs in oncological treatments, ICI-associated myocarditis is still a challenging adverse effect. FAPI PET/CT may be used in order to identify affected patients at an early stage. Moreover, when integrated into cancer stage diagnostics, it contributes to cardiac risk stratification besides biomarker, ECG and echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Finke
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus B Heckmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz H Lehmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a type-II transmembrane serine protease expressed almost exclusively to pathological conditions including fibrosis, arthritis, and cancer. Across most cancer types, elevated FAP is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Despite the clear association between FAP and disease severity, the biological reasons underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Here we review basic FAP biology and FAP's role in non-oncologic and oncologic disease. We further explore how FAP may worsen clinical outcomes via its effects on extracellular matrix remodeling, intracellular signaling regulation, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and immunosuppression. Lastly, we discuss the potential to exploit FAP biology to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Fitzgerald
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3870 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3870 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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18
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Singh S, Saleem S, Reed GL. Alpha2-Antiplasmin: The Devil You Don't Know in Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:608899. [PMID: 33426005 PMCID: PMC7785519 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.608899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the fast-reacting, serine protease inhibitor (serpin) of plasmin, was originally thought to play a key role in protection against uncontrolled, plasmin-mediated proteolysis of coagulation factors and other molecules. However, studies of humans and mice with genetic deficiency of α2AP have expanded our understanding of this serpin, particularly in disease states. Epidemiology studies have shown an association between high α2AP levels and increased risk or poor outcome in cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistic studies in disease models indicate that α2AP stops the body's own fibrinolytic system from dissolving pathologic thrombi that cause venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis, and ischemic stroke. In addition, α2AP fosters the development of microvascular thrombosis and enhances matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Through these mechanisms and others, α2AP contributes to brain injury, hemorrhage and swelling in experimental ischemic stroke. Recent studies also show that α2AP is required for the development of stasis thrombosis by inhibiting the early activation of effective fibrinolysis. In this review, we will discuss the key role played by α2AP in controlling thrombosis and fibrinolysis and, we will consider its potential value as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sofiyan Saleem
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Guy L Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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19
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Šimková A, Bušek P, Šedo A, Konvalinka J. Molecular recognition of fibroblast activation protein for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140409. [PMID: 32171757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a non-classical serine protease expressed predominantly in conditions accompanied by tissue remodeling, particularly cancer. Due to its plasma membrane localization, FAP represents a promising molecular target for tumor imaging and treatment. The unique enzymatic activity of FAP facilitates development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools based on molecular recognition of FAP by substrates and small-molecule inhibitors, in addition to conventional antibody-based strategies. In this review, we provide background on the pathophysiological role of FAP and discuss its potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of the structural patterns crucial for substrate and inhibitor recognition by the FAP active site and determinants of selectivity over the related proteases dipeptidyl peptidase IV and prolyl endopeptidase. We also review published data on targeting of the tumor microenvironment with FAP antibodies, FAP-targeted prodrugs, activity-based probes and small-molecule inhibitors. We describe use of a recently developed, selective FAP inhibitor with low-nanomolar potency in inhibitor-based targeting strategies including synthetic antibody mimetics based on hydrophilic polymers and inhibitor conjugates for PET imaging. In conclusion, recent advances in understanding of the molecular structure and function of FAP have significantly contributed to the development of several tools with potential for translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Šimková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Bušek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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20
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Lindner T, Loktev A, Giesel F, Kratochwil C, Altmann A, Haberkorn U. Targeting of activated fibroblasts for imaging and therapy. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:16. [PMID: 31659499 PMCID: PMC6658625 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors form a complex environment consisting of a variety of non-malignant cells. Especially cancer-associated fibroblasts have been shown to have an important role for different aspects of malignant tumors such as migration, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Therefore, a targeting of these cells may be useful for both imaging and therapy. In this respect, an interesting target is the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) which is expressed in activated fibroblasts, but not in quiescent fibroblasts, giving the opportunity to use this membrane-anchored enzyme as a target for radionuclide-based approaches for diagnosis and treatment of tumors and for the diagnosis of non-malignant disease associated with a remodelling of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Loktev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Teráz-Orosz A, Csapó A, Bagoly Z, Székely EG, Tóth E, Kovács B, Bereczky Z, Muszbek L, Katona É. A new ELISA method for the measurement of total α 2-plasmin inhibitor level in human body fluids. J Immunol Methods 2019; 471:27-33. [PMID: 31129263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing research efforts to develop new antithrombotic therapies have led to the reassessment of the role of alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor (α2-PI) in pathological conditions. In particular, experimental stroke studies have suggested correlation between increased free α2-PI level and mortality. However there are only a small number of well-characterized and specific assays available for the measurements of free α2-PI. In plasma α2-PI undergoes both N- and/or C-terminal cleavages resulting four isoforms with modified susceptibility to FXIII catalyzed cross-linking to fibrin and/or loss of plasmin(ogen) binding. Present paper describes a new sandwich ELISA method for the determination of free total α2-PI in plasma and other body fluids. A newly generated biotinylated monoclonal antibody recognizes and captures all the four N- and/or C-terminally modified isoforms of α2-PI while HRPO-labeled polyclonal anti-α2-PI antibody detects the captured antigen. Performing the 2-step assay in streptavidin-coated microplate can be completed within three hours. The assay is well reproducible, total (within laboratory) imprecision in the normal, pathological and very low ranges were 7.4%, 9.1% and < 19%, respectively. When examining the plasma samples of 197 healthy volunteers, 100 acute ischemic stroke patients and 102 patients with venous thrombosis, strong correlation was observed between total α2-PI antigen levels and α2-PI activity for each group. Using the assay a reference interval of 45-86 mg/L was established for total α2-PI mass concentration in the plasma. α2-PI levels were also measured in cerebrospinal fluid samples of 47 individuals the median value and range was 132 (36-379) μg/L. In conclusion, our ELISA enables accurate and fast measurement of total free α2-PI in human body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Teráz-Orosz
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Andrea Csapó
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bagoly
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Edina Gabriella Székely
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Eszter Tóth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Bettina Kovács
- Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bereczky
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - László Muszbek
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary.
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22
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Structural studies of plasmin inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:541-557. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is the zymogen form of the serine protease plasmin (Plm), and it plays a crucial role in fibrinolysis as well as wound healing, immunity, tissue remodeling and inflammation. Binding to the targets via the lysine-binding sites allows for Plg activation by plasminogen activators (PAs) present on the same target. Cellular uptake of fibrin degradation products leads to apoptosis, which represents one of the pathways for cross-talk between fibrinolysis and tissue remodeling. Therapeutic manipulation of Plm activity plays a vital role in the treatments of a range of diseases, whereas Plm inhibitors are used in trauma and surgeries as antifibrinolytic agents. Plm inhibitors are also used in conditions such as angioedema, menorrhagia and melasma. Here, we review the rationale for the further development of new Plm inhibitors, with a particular focus on the structural studies of the active site inhibitors of Plm. We compare the binding mode of different classes of inhibitors and comment on how it relates to their efficacy, as well as possible future developments.
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23
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Mutch NJ. Regulation of Fibrinolysis by Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Zhang HE, Hamson EJ, Koczorowska MM, Tholen S, Chowdhury S, Bailey CG, Lay AJ, Twigg SM, Lee Q, Roediger B, Biniossek ML, O'Rourke MB, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Identification of Novel Natural Substrates of Fibroblast Activation Protein-alpha by Differential Degradomics and Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:65-85. [PMID: 30257879 PMCID: PMC6317473 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) is a cell-surface transmembrane-anchored dimeric protease. This unique, constitutively active serine protease has both dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and endopeptidase activities and can hydrolyze the post-proline bond. FAP expression is very low in adult organs but is upregulated by activated fibroblasts in sites of tissue remodeling, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and tumors. To identify the endogenous substrates of FAP, we immortalized primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from FAP gene knockout embryos and then stably transduced them to express either enzymatically active or inactive FAP. The MEF secretomes were then analyzed using degradomic and proteomic techniques. Terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS)-based degradomics identified cleavage sites in collagens, many other extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated proteins, and lysyl oxidase-like-1, CXCL-5, CSF-1, and C1qT6, that were confirmed in vitro In addition, differential metabolic labeling coupled with quantitative proteomic analysis also implicated FAP in ECM-cell interactions, as well as with coagulation, metabolism and wound healing associated proteins. Plasma from FAP-deficient mice exhibited slower than wild-type clotting times. This study provides a significant expansion of the substrate repertoire of FAP and provides insight into the physiological and potential pathological roles of this enigmatic protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Emma Zhang
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Hamson
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Tholen
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Angelina J Lay
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Martin L Biniossek
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew B O'Rourke
- ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; **Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver Schilling
- ‡‡Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; §§BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;; ¶¶German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- From the ‡Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Locked Bag No.6, Newtown, New South Wales, 2042, Australia;; §Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;; ‖Charles Perkins Centre, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia;.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsumei Urano
- From Department of Medical Physiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Yuko Suzuki
- From Department of Medical Physiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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26
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Uitte de Willige S, Malfliet JJ, Abdul S, Leebeek FW, Rijken DC. The level of circulating fibroblast activation protein correlates with incorporation of alpha-2-antiplasmin into the fibrin clot. Thromb Res 2018; 166:19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Urano T, Castellino FJ, Suzuki Y. Regulation of plasminogen activation on cell surfaces and fibrin. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02204-8. [PMID: 29779246 PMCID: PMC6099326 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system dissolves fibrin and maintains vascular patency. Recent advances in imaging analyses allowed visualization of the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism of fibrinolysis, as well as its regulation by other plasma hemostasis cofactors. Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) retain tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) after secretion and maintain high plasminogen (plg) activation potential on their surfaces. As in plasma, the serpin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), regulates fibrinolytic potential via inhibition of the VEC surface-bound plg activator, tPA. Once fibrin is formed, plg activation by tPA is initiated and effectively amplified on the surface of fibrin, and fibrin is rapidly degraded. The specific binding of plg and tPA to lytic edges of partly degraded fibrin via newly generated C-terminal lysine residues, which amplifies fibrin digestion, is a central aspect of this pathophysiological mechanism. Thrombomodulin (TM) plays a role in the attenuation of plg binding on fibrin and the associated fibrinolysis, which is reversed by a carboxypeptidase B inhibitor. This suggests that the plasma procarboxypeptidase B, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), which is activated by thrombin bound to TM on VECs, is a critical aspect of the regulation of plg activation on VECs and subsequent fibrinolysis. Platelets also contain PAI-1, TAFI, TM, and the fibrin cross-linking enzyme, factor (F) XIIIa, and either secrete or expose these agents upon activation in order to regulate fibrinolysis. In this review, the native machinery of plg activation and fibrinolysis, as well as their spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms, as revealed by imaging analyses, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Urano
- Department of Medical PhysiologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
| | - F. J. Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene ResearchUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Y. Suzuki
- Department of Medical PhysiologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
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28
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Abdul S, Peeters M, Brouwers E, Malfliet JJMC, Leebeek FWG, Declerck PJ, Rijken DC, Uitte de Willige S. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the N-terminus of alpha-2-antiplasmin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196911. [PMID: 29723259 PMCID: PMC5933735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 70% of circulating alpha-2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the main natural plasmin inhibitor, is N-terminally cleaved between residues Pro12 and Asn13 by antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme. This converts native Met-α2AP into the more potent fibrinolysis inhibitor Asn-α2AP. The Arg6Trp (R6W) polymorphism affects the N-terminal cleavage rate of Met-α2AP in a purified system, with ~8-fold faster conversion of Met(R6)-α2AP than Met(W6)-α2AP. To date, assays to determine N-terminally intact Met-α2AP in plasma have been limited to an ELISA that only measures Met(R6)-α2AP. The aim of this study was to generate and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Met(R6)-α2AP, Met(W6)-α2AP and all α2AP forms (total-α2AP) in order to develop specific Met(R6)-α2AP and Met(W6)-α2AP ELISAs. Recombinant Met(R6)-α2AP, Met(W6)-α2AP and Asn-α2AP were expressed in Drosophila S2 cells. Using hybridoma technology, a panel of 25 mAbs was generated against a mixture of recombinant Met(R6)-α2AP and Met(W6)-α2AP. All mAbs were evaluated for their specific reactivity using the three recombinant α2APs in one-site non-competitive ELISAs. Three mAbs were selected to develop sandwich-type ELISAs. MA-AP37E2 and MA-AP34C4 were selected for their specific reactivity against Met(R6)-α2AP and Met(W6)-α2AP, respectively, and used for coating. MA-AP15D7 was selected for its reactivity against total-α2AP and used for detection. With the novel ELISAs we determined Met(R6)-α2AP and Met(W6)-α2AP levels in plasma samples and we showed that Met(R6)-α2AP was converted faster into Asn-α2AP than Met(W6)-α2AP in a plasma milieu. In conclusion, we developed two specific ELISAs for Met(R6)-α2AP and Met(W6)-α2AP, respectively, in plasma. This will enable us to determine N-terminal heterogeneity of α2AP in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraazkhan Abdul
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miet Peeters
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Brouwers
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joyce J. M. C. Malfliet
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dingeman C. Rijken
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shirley Uitte de Willige
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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29
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tafelmeyer P, Golshayan D. Fibroblast activation protein-α in fibrogenic disorders and cancer: more than a prolyl-specific peptidase? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:977-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1370455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- CHUV and UNIL, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Tafelmeyer
- Hybrigenics Services, Laboratories and Headquarters, Paris, France
- Hybrigenics Corporation, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Inhibition of Fibrinolysis by Coagulation Factor XIII. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1209676. [PMID: 28761875 PMCID: PMC5518539 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1209676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) on fibrinolysis has been studied for at least 50 years. Our insight into the underlying mechanisms has improved considerably, aided in particular by the discovery that activated FXIII cross-links α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) to fibrin. In this review, the most important effects of different cross-linking reactions on fibrinolysis are summarized. A distinction is made between fibrin-fibrin cross-links studied in purified systems and fibrin-α2AP cross-links studied in plasma or whole blood systems. While the formation of γ chain dimers in fibrin does not affect clot lysis, the formation of α chain polymers has a weak inhibitory effect. Only strong cross-linking of fibrin, associated with high molecular weight α chain polymers and/or γ chain multimers, results in a moderate inhibition fibrinolysis. The formation of fibrin-α2AP cross-links has only a weak effect on clot lysis, but this effect becomes strong when clot retraction occurs. Under these conditions, FXIII prevents α2AP being expelled from the clot and makes the clot relatively resistant to degradation by plasmin.
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31
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Deng LJ, Wang LH, Peng CK, Li YB, Huang MH, Chen MF, Lei XP, Qi M, Cen Y, Ye WC, Zhang DM, Chen WM. Fibroblast Activation Protein α Activated Tripeptide Bufadienolide Antitumor Prodrug with Reduced Cardiotoxicity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5320-5333. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Long-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Kang Peng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Bin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Hua Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Min-Feng Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ping Lei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yun Cen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory
of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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32
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Uitte de Willige S, Keane FM, Bowen DG, Malfliet JJMC, Zhang HE, Maneck B, McCaughan GW, Leebeek FWG, Rijken DC, Gorrell MD. Circulating fibroblast activation protein activity and antigen levels correlate strongly when measured in liver disease and coronary heart disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178987. [PMID: 28582421 PMCID: PMC5459491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP) is a constitutively active enzyme expressed by activated fibroblasts that has both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities. We aimed to assess the correlation between cFAP activity and antigen levels and to compare variations in levels. METHODS In plasma of 465 control individuals, 368 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 102 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients with severe liver disease before and after liver transplant, cFAP activity levels were measured with a newly developed cFAP activity assay. In the same samples, cFAP antigen levels were measured using a commercially available cFAP ELISA. Correlation analyses between activity and antigen levels were performed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient (ρ). Additionally, normal ranges, determinants and differences between cohorts and between anticoagulants were investigated. RESULTS cFAP activity and antigen levels significantly correlated in controls (ρ: 0.660, p<0.001) and in CHD patients (ρ: 0.709, p<0.001). cFAP activity and antigen levels in the HCV cohort were significantly lower in the samples taken after liver transplantation (p<0.001) and normalized toward levels of healthy individuals. Furthermore, cFAP activity and antigen levels were higher in men and significantly associated with body mass index. Also, cFAP activity and antigen levels were higher in EDTA plasma as compared to the levels in citrated plasma from the same healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS For analyzing cFAP levels, either activity levels or antigen levels can be measured to investigate differences between individuals. However, it is of importance that blood samples are collected in the same anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Uitte de Willige
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona M. Keane
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G. Bowen
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - H. Emma Zhang
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bharvi Maneck
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C. Rijken
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kearney K, Tomlinson D, Smith K, Ajjan R. Hypofibrinolysis in diabetes: a therapeutic target for the reduction of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:34. [PMID: 28279217 PMCID: PMC5345237 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced thrombotic environment and premature atherosclerosis are key factors for the increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes. The occlusive vascular thrombus, formed secondary to interactions between platelets and coagulation proteins, is composed of a skeleton of fibrin fibres with cellular elements embedded in this network. Diabetes is characterised by quantitative and qualitative changes in coagulation proteins, which collectively increase resistance to fibrinolysis, consequently augmenting thrombosis risk. Current long-term therapies to prevent arterial occlusion in diabetes are focussed on anti-platelet agents, a strategy that fails to address the contribution of coagulation proteins to the enhanced thrombotic milieu. Moreover, antiplatelet treatment is associated with bleeding complications, particularly with newer agents and more aggressive combination therapies, questioning the safety of this approach. Therefore, to safely control thrombosis risk in diabetes, an alternative approach is required with the fibrin network representing a credible therapeutic target. In the current review, we address diabetes-specific mechanistic pathways responsible for hypofibrinolysis including the role of clot structure, defects in the fibrinolytic system and increased incorporation of anti-fibrinolytic proteins into the clot. Future anti-thrombotic therapeutic options are discussed with special emphasis on the potential advantages of modulating incorporation of the anti-fibrinolytic proteins into fibrin networks. This latter approach carries theoretical advantages, including specificity for diabetes, ability to target a particular protein with a possible favourable risk of bleeding. The development of alternative treatment strategies to better control residual thrombosis risk in diabetes will help to reduce vascular events, which remain the main cause of mortality in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kearney
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Darren Tomlinson
- Biomedical Health Research Centre, Astbury Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kerrie Smith
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ramzi Ajjan
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Vliegen G, Raju TK, Adriaensen D, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. The expression of proline-specific enzymes in the human lung. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:130. [PMID: 28462210 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of lung diseases is very complex and proteolytic enzymes may play a role or could be used as biomarkers. In this review, the literature was searched to make an overview of what is known on the expression of the proline-specific peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4, 8, 9, prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) and fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) in the healthy and diseased lung. Search terms included asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, fibrosis, ischemia reperfusion injury and pneumonia. Knowledge on the loss or gain of protein expression and activity during disease might tie these enzymes to certain cell types, substrates or interaction partners that are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, ultimately leading to the elucidation of their functional roles and a potential therapeutic target. Most data could be found on DPP4, while the other enzymes are less explored. Published data however often appear to be conflicting, the applied methods divers and the specificity of the assays used questionable. In conclusion, information on the expression of the proline-specific peptidases in the healthy and diseased lung is lacking, begging for further well-designed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Vliegen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tom K Raju
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Puré E, Lo A. Can Targeting Stroma Pave the Way to Enhanced Antitumor Immunity and Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors? Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:269-78. [PMID: 27036971 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are complex organ-like structures. The potential of normal neighboring cells to contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of epithelial-derived carcinomas has long been appreciated. However, the role of host cells has proven complex. Through multiple local and systemic mechanisms, nontransformed host cells can promote transition from a tumor-resistant to tumor-permissive environment, drive neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells, promote tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, but also constrain tumorigenesis. This complexity reflects the spatially and temporally dynamic involvement of multiple cell types and processes, including the development and recruitment of inflammatory, immune, endothelial, and mesenchymal stromal cells, and the remodeling of extracellular matrix. Our mechanistic understanding, as well as our ability to translate advances in our understanding of these mechanisms for therapeutic benefit, is rapidly advancing. Further insights will depend on delineating pathways that mediate the communication networks between inflammatory and immune cells with tumor and mesenchymal stromal cells and extracellular matrix. Here, we discuss the diversity of mesenchymal stromal cell populations and how context can dictate either their promotion or constraint of tumorigenesis. We review evidence for plasticity that allows for reprogramming of stromal cells and how tumor immunogenicity and desmoplasia influence the balance of immune-independent and immune-dependent regulation of tumor growth. The pivotal roles of matrix and mesenchymal stromal cells in modulating inflammation, antitumor immunity, and the efficacy of immune-based therapies are discussed. These concepts have emerged from data obtained from tumors of multiple organs, but we focus mostly on studies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Puré
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Albert Lo
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Wilson CH, Zhang HE, Gorrell MD, Abbott CA. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 substrates and their discovery: current progress and the application of mass spectrometry-based approaches. Biol Chem 2016; 397:837-56. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The enzyme members of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family have the very unusual capacity to cleave the post-proline bond to release dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptide/protein substrates. DPP4 and related enzymes are current and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type II diabetes, inflammatory conditions and cancer. Despite this, the precise biological function of individual dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs), other than DPP4, and knowledge of their in vivo substrates remains largely unknown. For many years, identification of physiological DPP substrates has been difficult due to limitations in the available tools. Now, with advances in mass spectrometry based approaches, we can discover DPP substrates on a system wide-scale. Application of these approaches has helped reveal some of the in vivo natural substrates of DPP8 and DPP9 and their unique biological roles. In this review, we provide a general overview of some tools and approaches available for protease substrate discovery and their applicability to the DPPs with a specific focus on DPP9 substrates. This review provides comment upon potential approaches for future substrate elucidation.
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Rijken DC, Abdul S, Malfliet JJMC, Leebeek FWG, Uitte de Willige S. Compaction of fibrin clots reveals the antifibrinolytic effect of factor XIII. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1453-61. [PMID: 27148673 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Factor XIIIa inhibits fibrinolysis by forming fibrin-fibrin and fibrin-inhibitor cross-links. Conflicting studies about magnitude and mechanisms of inhibition have been reported. Factor XIIIa most strongly inhibits lysis of mechanically compacted or retracted plasma clots. Cross-links of α2-antiplasmin to fibrin prevent the inhibitor from being expelled from the clot. SUMMARY Background Although insights into the underlying mechanisms of the effect of factor XIII on fibrinolysis have improved considerably in the last few decades, in particular with the discovery that activated FXIII (FXIIIa) cross-links α2 -antiplasmin to fibrin, the topic remains a matter of debate. Objective To elucidate the mechanisms of the antifibrinolytic effect of FXIII. Methods and Results Platelet-poor plasma clot lysis, induced by the addition of tissue-type plasminogen activator, was measured in the presence or absence of a specific FXIIIa inhibitor. Both in a turbidity assay and in a fluorescence assay, the FXIIIa inhibitor had only a small inhibitory effect: 1.6-fold less tissue-type plasminogen activator was required for 50% clot lysis in the presence of the FXIIIa inhibitor. However, when the plasma clot was compacted by centrifugation, the FXIIIa inhibitor had a strong inhibitory effect, with 7.7-fold less tissue-type plasminogen activator being required for 50% clot lysis in the presence of the FXIIIa inhibitor. In both experiments, the effects of the FXIIIa inhibitor were entirely dependent on the cross-linking of α2 -antiplasmin to fibrin. The FXIIIa inhibitor reduced the amount of α2 -antiplasmin present in the compacted clots from approximately 30% to < 4%. The results were confirmed with experiments in which compaction was achieved by platelet-mediated clot retraction. Conclusions Compaction or retraction of fibrin clots reveals the strong antifibrinolytic effect of FXIII. This is explained by the cross-linking of α2 -antiplasmin to fibrin by FXIIIa, which prevents the plasmin inhibitor from being fully expelled from the clot during compaction/retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Rijken
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Abdul
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J M C Malfliet
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F W G Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Uitte de Willige
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Wagner L, Klemann C, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Unravelling the immunological roles of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:265-83. [PMID: 26671446 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 (CD26, DPP4) is a multi-functional protein involved in T cell activation by co-stimulation via its association with adenosine deaminase (ADA), caveolin-1, CARMA-1, CD45, mannose-6-phosphate/insulin growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGFII-R) and C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXC-R4). The proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidase also modulates the bioactivity of several chemokines. However, a number of enzymes displaying either DPP4-like activities or representing structural homologues have been discovered in the past two decades and are referred to as DPP4 activity and/or structure homologue (DASH) proteins. Apart from DPP4, DASH proteins include fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP), DPP8, DPP9, DPP4-like protein 1 (DPL1, DPP6, DPPX L, DPPX S), DPP4-like protein 2 (DPL2, DPP10) from the DPP4-gene family S9b and structurally unrelated enzyme DPP2, displaying DPP4-like activity. In contrast, DPP6 and DPP10 lack enzymatic DPP4-like activity. These DASH proteins play important roles in the immune system involving quiescence (DPP2), proliferation (DPP8/DPP9), antigen-presenting (DPP9), co-stimulation (DPP4), T cell activation (DPP4), signal transduction (DPP4, DPP8 and DPP9), differentiation (DPP4, DPP8) and tissue remodelling (DPP4, FAP). Thus, they are involved in many pathophysiological processes and have therefore been proposed for potential biomarkers or even drug targets in various cancers (DPP4 and FAP) and inflammatory diseases (DPP4, DPP8/DPP9). However, they also pose the challenge of drug selectivity concerning other DASH members for better efficacy and/or avoidance of unwanted side effects. Therefore, this review unravels the complex roles of DASH proteins in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V, Stuttgart.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Klemann
- Centre of Paediatric Surgery.,Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Circulating FGF21 proteolytic processing mediated by fibroblast activation protein. Biochem J 2015; 473:605-14. [PMID: 26635356 PMCID: PMC4764976 DOI: 10.1042/bj20151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone implicated in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and body weight, is considered to be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite observations that FGF21 is rapidly proteolysed in circulation rending it potentially inactive, little is known regarding mechanisms by which FGF21 protein levels are regulated. We systematically investigated human FGF21 protein processing using mass spectrometry. In agreement with previous reports, circulating human FGF21 was found to be cleaved primarily after three proline residues at positions 2, 4 and 171. The extent of FGF21 processing was quantified in a small cohort of healthy human volunteers. Relative abundance of FGF21 proteins cleaved after Pro-2, Pro-4 and Pro-171 ranged from 16 to 30%, 10 to 25% and 10 to 34%, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) was found to be the primary protease responsible for N-terminal cleavages after residues Pro-2 and Pro-4. Importantly, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was implicated as the protease responsible for C-terminal cleavage after Pro-171, rendering the protein inactive. The requirement of FAP for FGF21 proteolysis at the C-terminus was independently demonstrated by in vitro digestion, immunodepletion of FAP in human plasma, administration of an FAP-specific inhibitor and by human FGF21 protein processing patterns in FAP knockout mouse plasma. The discovery that FAP is responsible for FGF21 inactivation extends the FGF21 signalling pathway and may enable novel approaches to augment FGF21 actions for therapeutic applications.
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Natural heterogeneity of α2-antiplasmin: functional and clinical consequences. Blood 2015; 127:538-45. [PMID: 26626994 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-670117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human α2-antiplasmin (α2AP, also called α2-plasmin inhibitor) is the main physiological inhibitor of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin. α2AP inhibits plasmin on the fibrin clot or in the circulation by forming plasmin-antiplasmin complexes. Severely reduced α2AP levels in hereditary α2AP deficiency may lead to bleeding symptoms, whereas increased α2AP levels have been associated with increased thrombotic risk. α2AP is a very heterogeneous protein. In the circulation, α2AP undergoes both amino terminal (N-terminal) and carboxyl terminal (C-terminal) proteolytic modifications that significantly modify its activities. About 70% of α2AP is cleaved at the N terminus by antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme (or soluble fibroblast activation protein), resulting in a 12-amino-acid residue shorter form. The glutamine residue that serves as a substrate for activated factor XIII becomes more efficient after removal of the N terminus, leading to faster crosslinking of α2AP to fibrin and consequently prolonged clot lysis. In approximately 35% of circulating α2AP, the C terminus is absent. This C terminus contains the binding site for plasmin(ogen), the key component necessary for the rapid and efficient inhibitory mechanism of α2AP. Without its C terminus, α2AP can no longer bind to the lysine binding sites of plasmin(ogen) and is only a kinetically slow plasmin inhibitor. Thus, proteolytic modifications of the N and C termini of α2AP constitute major regulatory mechanisms for the inhibitory function of the protein and may therefore have clinical consequences. This review presents recent findings regarding the main aspects of the natural heterogeneity of α2AP with particular focus on the functional and possible clinical implications.
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Zi F, He J, He D, Li Y, Yang L, Cai Z. Fibroblast activation protein α in tumor microenvironment: recent progression and implications (review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3203-11. [PMID: 25593080 PMCID: PMC4368076 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that the microenvironment of a given tumor is important in determining its drug resistance, tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. These microenvironments, like tumor cells, are vital targets for cancer therapy. The cross-talk between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs, alternatively termed activated fibroblasts) is crucial in regulating the drug resistance, tumorigenesis, neoplastic progression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of a tumor. Fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) is a transmembrane serine protease and is highly expressed on CAFs present in >90% of human epithelial neoplasms. FAPα activity, alongside that of gelatinase and type I collagenase, has become increasingly important in cancer therapy due to its effectiveness in modulating tumor behavior. In this review, recent progression in the knowledge of the role of FAPα in tumor microenvironments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zi
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingsong He
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Donghua He
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Bridge KI, Philippou H, Ariëns RAS. Clot properties and cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:901-8. [PMID: 24899357 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to fibrin, which provides the blood clot with its essential structural backbone. As an acute phase protein, the plasma levels of fibrinogen are increased in response to inflammatory conditions. In addition to fibrinogen levels, fibrin clot structure is altered by a number of factors. These include thrombin levels, treatment with common cardiovascular medications, such as aspirin, anticoagulants, statins and fibrates, as well as metabolic disease states such as diabetes mellitus and hyperhomocysteinaemia. In vitro studies of fibrin clot structure can provide information regarding fibre density, clot porosity, the mechanical strength of fibres and fibrinolysis. A change in fibrin clot structure, to a denser clot with smaller pores which is more resistant to lysis, is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. This pathological change is present in patients with arterial as well as venous diseases, and is also found in a moderate form in relatives of patients with cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological therapies, aimed at both the treatment and prophylaxis of cardiovascular disease, appear to result in positive changes to the fibrin clot structure. As such, therapies aimed at 'normalising' fibrin clot structure may be of benefit in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Prof. R. A. S. Ariëns, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK, Tel.: +44 113 343 7734, E-mail:
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Plasma levels of soluble fibroblast activation protein in arterial thrombosis: determinants and cleavage of its substrate alpha-2-antiplasmin. Int J Cardiol 2014; 178:105-10. [PMID: 25464232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with dipeptidyl-peptidase and endopeptidase activities and circulates in blood in a truncated, soluble form (sFAP). Fibrinolysis inhibitor α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) has been described as a potential in vivo substrate of sFAP. We aimed to investigate sFAP levels and α2AP cleavage in young arterial thrombosis patients and in control individuals, study the correlation between sFAP levels and α2AP cleavage and investigate determinants of these variables. METHODS sFAP levels and α2AP cleavage were determined by ELISA in the plasma samples of 391 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, 221 ischemic stroke patients, 51 peripheral arterial disease patients and 501 control individuals. RESULTS Median sFAP levels were similar in arterial thrombotic patients and in control individuals, but in CHD patients sFAP levels significantly increased with time (number of months) between the event and study inclusion (Spearman's rho: 0.209, p<0.001), indicating reduced sFAP levels at time of event. sFAP levels and percentage α2AP cleavage significantly correlated in controls and in patients. Furthermore, sex, use of oral contraceptives and hyperlipidemia were significant determinants of sFAP levels. CONCLUSIONS sFAP levels were reduced in the CHD patient population, but only in the first months after the event, indicating that over time sFAP levels may normalize. The significant correlation between sFAP level and α2AP cleavage indicates that in vivo sFAP (at least partly) regulates cleavage of α2AP, irrespective of disease status. Differences in sFAP level due to sex, use of oral contraceptives and hyperlipidemia might suggest hormonal control of sFAP levels.
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Bridge KI, Macrae F, Bailey MA, Johnson A, Philippou H, Scott DJA, Ariёns RA. The alpha-2-antiplasmin Arg407Lys polymorphism is associated with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Thromb Res 2014; 134:723-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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Evaluating factor XIII specificity for glutamine-containing substrates using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay. Anal Biochem 2014; 457:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hamson EJ, Keane FM, Tholen S, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Understanding fibroblast activation protein (FAP): Substrates, activities, expression and targeting for cancer therapy. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:454-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Hamson
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Fiona M. Keane
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Molecular Hepatology; Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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Chung KM, Hsu SC, Chu YR, Lin MY, Jiaang WT, Chen RH, Chen X. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is essential for the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through RhoA activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88772. [PMID: 24551161 PMCID: PMC3923824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to migrate and localize specifically to injured tissues is central in developing therapeutic strategies for tissue repair and regeneration. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell surface serine protease expressed at sites of tissue remodeling during embryonic development. It is also expressed in BM-MSCs, but not in normal tissues or cells. The function of FAP in BM-MSCs is not known. Principal Findings We found that depletion of FAP proteins significantly inhibited the migration of BM-MSCs in a transwell chemotaxis assay. Such impaired migration ability of BM-MSCs could be rescued by re-expressing FAP in these cells. We then demonstrated that depletion of FAP activated intracellular RhoA GTPase. Consistently, inhibition of RhoA activity using a RhoA inhibitor rescued its migration ability. Inhibition of FAP activity with an FAP-specific inhibitor did not affect the activation of RhoA or the migration of BM-MSCs. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) upregulated FAP expression, which coincided with better BM-MSC migration. Conclusions Our results indicate FAP plays an important role in the migration of BM-MSCs through modulation of RhoA GTPase activity. The peptidase activity of FAP is not essential for such migration. Cytokines IL-1β and TGF-β upregulate the expression level of FAP and thus enhance BM-MSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Min Chung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (K-MC); (XC)
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ru Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Yao Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Weir-Tong Jiaang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (K-MC); (XC)
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Keane FM, Yao TW, Seelk S, Gall MG, Chowdhury S, Poplawski SE, Lai JH, Li Y, Wu W, Farrell P, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Osborne B, Yu DMT, Seth D, Rahman K, Haber P, Topaloglu AK, Wang C, Thomson S, Hennessy A, Prins J, Twigg SM, McLennan SV, McCaughan GW, Bachovchin WW, Gorrell MD. Quantitation of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-specific protease activity in mouse, baboon and human fluids and organs. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 4:43-54. [PMID: 24371721 PMCID: PMC3871272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a specific marker of activated mesenchymal cells in tumour stroma and fibrotic liver. A specific, reliable FAP enzyme assay has been lacking. FAP's unique and restricted cleavage of the post proline bond was exploited to generate a new specific substrate to quantify FAP enzyme activity. This sensitive assay detected no FAP activity in any tissue or fluid of FAP gene knockout mice, thus confirming assay specificity. Circulating FAP activity was ∼20- and 1.3-fold less in baboon than in mouse and human plasma, respectively. Serum and plasma contained comparable FAP activity. In mice, the highest levels of FAP activity were in uterus, pancreas, submaxillary gland and skin, whereas the lowest levels were in brain, prostate, leukocytes and testis. Baboon organs high in FAP activity included skin, epididymis, bladder, colon, adipose tissue, nerve and tongue. FAP activity was greatly elevated in tumours and associated lymph nodes and in fungal-infected skin of unhealthy baboons. FAP activity was 14- to 18-fold greater in cirrhotic than in non-diseased human liver, and circulating FAP activity was almost doubled in alcoholic cirrhosis. Parallel DPP4 measurements concorded with the literature, except for the novel finding of high DPP4 activity in bile. The new FAP enzyme assay is the first to be thoroughly characterised and shows that FAP activity is measurable in most organs and at high levels in some. This new assay is a robust tool for specific quantitation of FAP enzyme activity in both preclinical and clinical samples, particularly liver fibrosis. A novel synthetic fluorogenic substrate is proven to be FAP-specific. Mice have higher levels of circulating FAP activity compared to baboons or humans. No FAP activity was detected in urine or bile but bile contained high DPP4 activity. FAP activity is greatest in pancreas, uterus, salivary gland, skin and lymph node. FAP activity and protein is elevated in both serum and liver in human liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- AMC, amino-4-methylcoumarin
- Biomarker
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- Dipeptidyl peptidase
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- FAP, fibroblast activation protein-α
- Fibroblast
- Fibrosis
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- LDS, lithium dodecyl sulphate
- LN, lymph node
- Liver disease
- ND, non-diseased
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEP, prolyl endopeptidase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- Protease activity
- Protease substrates
- STLV, simian T-cell lymphotrophic virus
- gko, gene knock out
- het, heterozygous
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- wt, wild type
- yrs, years
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Poplawski
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack H Lai
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youhua Li
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny Farrell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise M T Yu
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Khairunnessa Rahman
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Haber
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Chuanmin Wang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Thomson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Annemarie Hennessy
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Prins
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, and Department of Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Twigg
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Uitte de Willige S, Malfliet JJMC, Janssen HLA, Leebeek FWG, Rijken DC. Increased N-terminal cleavage of alpha-2-antiplasmin in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:2029-36. [PMID: 24034420 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of alpha-2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the main fibrinolytic inhibitor, is modified by N- and C-terminal proteolytic cleavages. C-terminal cleavage converts plasminogen-binding α2AP (PB-α2AP) into a non-plasminogen-binding derivative. N-terminal cleavage by antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme (APCE), a soluble, circulating derivative of fibroblast activation protein (FAP), turns native Met-α2AP into Asn-α2AP, which is more quickly crosslinked into fibrin. OBJECTIVES We developed two novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to determine the N-terminal variation of α2AP to test the hypothesis that liver cirrhosis, characterized by increased expression of FAP/APCE, results in increased N-terminal cleavage of α2AP. PATIENTS/METHODS α2AP and FAP/APCE antigen levels were measured in the plasma samples of 75 patients with cirrhosis with different severities and 30 healthy control individuals. The percentage of N-terminal cleavage of α2AP was calculated. RESULTS Compared with levels (median [interquartile range]) in control individuals, total PB-α2AP levels and Met-PB-α2AP levels were reduced in cirrhosis patients (27.3 [21.4-41.3] μg mL(-1) vs. 56.2 [49.6-62.8] μg mL(-1) , P < 0.001, and 2.7 [1.7-5.5] μg mL(-1) vs. 12.1 [11.0-15.3] μg mL(-1) , P < 0.001, respectively). Interestingly, the percentage of N-terminal cleavage was increased in the patients (87.8 [85.0-91.6]% vs. 77.2 [72.2-79.8]% in controls, P < 0.001), as well as the plasma FAP/APCE levels (166 [60-550] ng mL(-1) in patients vs. 107 [67-157] ng mL(-1) in controls, P < 0.001). Additionally, all variables significantly correlated with the severity of disease. CONCLUSIONS Using our novel ELISAs we found increased N-terminal cleavage of α2AP in liver cirrhosis patients, which correlated with the severity of disease and is likely to have reflected the increased FAP/APCE levels in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uitte de Willige
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Targeting inhibition of fibroblast activation protein-α and prolyl oligopeptidase activities on cells common to metastatic tumor microenvironments. Neoplasia 2013; 15:348-58. [PMID: 23555181 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a membrane prolyl-specific proteinase with both dipeptidase and endopeptidase activities, is overexpressed by reactive stromal fibroblasts during epithelial-derived cancer growth. FAP digests extracellular matrix as tissue is remodeled during cancer expansion and may also promote an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment. Recent studies suggest that nonspecific FAP inhibitors suppress human cancer xenografts in mouse models. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), another prolyl-specific serine proteinase, is also elevated in many cancers and may have a regulatory role in angiogenesis promotion. FAP and POP cell-associated activities may be targets for diagnosis and treatment of various cancers, but their accessibilities to highly effective specific inhibitors have not been shown for cells important to cancer growth. Despite their frequent simultaneous expression in many cancers and their overlapping activities toward commonly used substrates, precise, separate measurement of FAP or POP activity has largely been ignored. To distinguish each of the two activities, we synthesized highly specific substrates and inhibitors for FAP or POP based on amino acid sequences surrounding the scissile bonds of their respective putative substrates. We found varying amounts of FAP and POP protein and activities on activated fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, normal breast cells, and one breast cancer cell line, with some cells exhibiting more POP than FAP activity. Replicating endothelial cells (ECs) expressed POP but not FAP until tubulogenesis began. Targeting FAP-positive cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts for inactivation or destruction, and inhibiting POP-producing EC may abrogate stromal invasion and angiogenesis simultaneously and thereby diminish cancer growth.
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