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Guo D, Zhu W, Qiu H. C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 and Chemokine Receptor 2 in Cardiovascular and Neural Aging and Aging-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8794. [PMID: 39201480 PMCID: PMC11355023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a prominent risk factor for numerous chronic diseases. Understanding the shared mechanisms of aging can aid in pinpointing therapeutic targets for age-related disorders. Chronic inflammation has emerged as a pivotal mediator of aging and a determinant in various age-related chronic conditions. Recent findings indicate that C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and receptor 2 (CCL2-CCR2) signaling, an important physiological modulator in innate immune response and inflammatory defense, plays a crucial role in aging-related disorders and is increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic target, highlighting its significance. This review summarizes recent advances in the investigation of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in cardiovascular and neural aging, as well as in various aging-related disorders. It also explores the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potentials in these contexts. These insights aim to deepen our understanding of aging pathophysiology and the development of aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Guo
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
- Clinical Translational Sciences (CTS) and Bio5 Institution, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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2
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Gu S, Maurya S, Lona A, Borrega-Roman L, Salanga C, Gonzalez DJ, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Ligand-Dependent Mechanisms of CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Trafficking Revealed by APEX2 Proximity Labeling Proteomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.01.565224. [PMID: 37961097 PMCID: PMC10635066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) promotes inflammatory responses by driving cell migration and scavenging chemokine to shape directional chemokine gradients. A CCR5 inhibitor has been approved for blocking HIV entry into cells. However, targeting CCR5 for the treatment of other diseases has had limited success, likely because of the complexity of CCR5 pharmacology and biology. CCR5 is activated by natural and engineered chemokines that elicit distinct signaling and trafficking responses, including receptor sequestration inside the cell. Intracellular sequestration may be therapeutically exploitable as a strategy for receptor inhibition, but the mechanisms by which different ligands promote receptor retention in the cell versus presence on the cell membrane are poorly understood. We employed live cell ascorbic acid peroxidase (APEX2) proximity labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics for unbiased discovery of temporally resolved protein neighborhoods of CCR5 following stimulation with its endogenous agonist, CCL5, and two CCL5 variants that promote intracellular retention of the receptor. Along with targeted pharmacological assays, the data reveal distinct ligand-dependent CCR5 trafficking patterns with temporal and spatial resolution. All three chemokines internalize CCR5 via β-arrestin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis but to different extents, with different kinetics and varying dependencies on GPCR kinase subtypes. The agonists differ in their ability to target the receptor to lysosomes for degradation, as well as to the Golgi compartment and the trans-Golgi network, and these trafficking patterns translate into distinct levels of ligand scavenging. The results provide insight into the cellular mechanisms behind CCR5 intracellular sequestration and suggest how trafficking can be exploited for the development of functional antagonists of CCR5. Significance Statement CCR5 plays a crucial role in the immune system and is important in numerous physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, cancer and transmission of HIV. It responds to different ligands with distinct signaling and trafficking behaviors; notably some ligands induce retention of the receptor inside the cell. Using time-resolved proximity labeling proteomics and targeted pharmacological experiments, this study reveals the cellular basis for receptor sequestration that can be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for inhibiting CCR5 function.
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Meng J, Zhang L, Zhang YW. Microglial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241252576. [PMID: 38712859 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241252576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in childhood. The molecular mechanisms underlying ASD have not yet been elucidated completely. Evidence has emerged to support a link between microglial dysfunction and the etiology of ASD. This review summarizes current research on microglial dysfunction in neuroinflammation and synaptic pruning, which are associated with altered transcriptomes and autophagy in ASD. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in ASD and its correlation with microglial dysfunction are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingliang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Russo RC, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B. Homeostatic chemokines as putative therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:1014-1030. [PMID: 37951789 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD) that affects lung mechanical functions and gas exchange. IPF is caused by increased fibroblast activity and collagen deposition that compromise the alveolar-capillary barrier. Identifying an effective therapy for IPF remains a clinical challenge. Chemokines are key proteins in cell communication that have functions in immunity as well as in tissue homeostasis, damage, and repair. Chemokine receptor signaling induces the activation and proliferation of lung-resident cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs) and fibroblasts. AMs are an important source of chemokines and cytokines during IPF. We highlight the complexity of this system and, based on insights from genetic and transcriptomic studies, propose a new role for homeostatic chemokine imbalance in IPF, with implications for putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo C Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Valerie F J Quesniaux
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7355, University of Orleans, Orleans 45071, France.
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7355, University of Orleans, Orleans 45071, France.
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5
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Sharma R, Chu E, Dill LK, Shad A, Zamani A, O'Brien TJ, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Shultz SR, Semple BD. Ccr2 Gene Ablation Does Not Influence Seizure Susceptibility, Tissue Damage, or Cellular Inflammation after Murine Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:365-382. [PMID: 36070444 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue, and a risk factor for the development of post-traumatic epilepsy that may profoundly impact the quality of life for survivors. As the majority of neurotrauma research is focused on injury to the adult brain, our understanding of the developing brain's response to TBI remains incomplete. Neuroinflammation is an influential pathophysiological mechanism in TBI, and is thought to increase neuronal hyperexcitability, rendering the brain more susceptible to the onset of seizures and/or epileptogenesis. We here hypothesized that peripheral blood-derived macrophages, recruited into the injured brain via C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) chemokine/C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) signaling, contributes to neuroinflammation and thus seizure susceptibility after experimental pediatric TBI. Using Ccr2 gene-deficient mice in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI, in 3-week-old male mice we found that TBI led to an increase in susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-evoked seizures, associated with considerable cortical tissue loss, a robust cellular neuroinflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Intriguingly, although Ccr2-deficiency increased CCL2 levels in serum, it did not exacerbate seizure susceptibility or the neuroinflammatory cellular response after pediatric TBI. Similarly, acute post-injury treatment with a CCR2 antagonist did not influence seizure susceptibility or the extent of tissue damage in wild-type (WT) mice. Together, our findings suggest that CCR2 is not a crucial driver of epileptogenesis or neuroinflammation after TBI in the developing brain. We propose that age may be an important factor differentiating our findings from previous studies in which targeting CCL2/CCR2 has been reported to be anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective or anti-seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Shad
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Shroka TM, Kufareva I, Salanga CL, Handel TM. The dual-function chemokine receptor CCR2 drives migration and chemokine scavenging through distinct mechanisms. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo4314. [PMID: 36719944 PMCID: PMC10091583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a dual-function receptor. Similar to other G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, it promotes monocyte infiltration into tissues in response to the chemokine CCL2, and, like atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), it scavenges chemokine from the extracellular environment. CCR2 therefore mediates CCL2-dependent signaling as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and also limits CCL2 signaling as a scavenger receptor. We investigated the mechanisms underlying CCR2 scavenging, including the involvement of intracellular proteins typically associated with GPCR signaling and internalization. Using CRISPR knockout cell lines, we showed that CCR2 scavenged by constitutively internalizing to remove CCL2 from the extracellular space and recycling back to the cell surface for further rounds of ligand sequestration. This process occurred independently of G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), β-arrestins, and clathrin, which is distinct from other "professional" chemokine scavenger receptors that couple to GRKs, β-arrestins, or both. These findings set the stage for understanding the molecular regulators that determine CCR2 scavenging and may have implications for drug development targeting this therapeutically important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Shroka
- Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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7
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CXCL10 Chemokine: A Critical Player in RNA and DNA Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112445. [PMID: 36366543 PMCID: PMC9696077 DOI: 10.3390/v14112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines constitute a group of small, secreted proteins that regulate leukocyte migration and contribute to their activation. Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators that play a key role in managing viral infections, during which the profile of chemokine expression helps shape the immune response and regulate viral clearance, improving clinical outcome. In particular, the chemokine ligand CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 were explored in a plethora of RNA and DNA viral infections. In this review, we highlight the expression profile and role of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in the host defense against a variety of RNA and DNA viral infections. We also discuss the interactions among viruses and host cells that trigger CXCL10 expression, as well as the signaling cascades induced in CXCR3 positive cells.
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8
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Bartolini R, Medina-Ruiz L, Hayes AJ, Kelly CJ, Halawa HA, Graham GJ. Inflammatory Chemokine Receptors Support Inflammatory Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Maturation. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:743-759. [PMID: 36426967 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells form clusters in vivo, but the mechanism behind this has not been determined. In this article, we demonstrate that monocytes from mice deficient in the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5 display reduced clustering in vitro, which is associated with impaired dendritic cell and macrophage differentiation. We further show that the differentiating cells themselves produce ligands for these receptors that function, in a redundant manner, to regulate cell clustering. Deletion of, or pharmacological blockade of, more than one of these receptors is required to impair clustering and differentiation. Our data show that chemokines and their receptors support clustering by increasing expression of, and activating, cell-surface integrins, which are associated with cell-cell interactions and, in the context of monocyte differentiation, with reduced expression of Foxp1, a known transcriptional suppressor of monocyte differentiation. Our data therefore provide a mechanism whereby chemokines and their receptors typically found in inflammatory environments can interact to promote murine monocyte differentiation to macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Medina-Ruiz
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Hayes
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Kelly
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heba A Halawa
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhang C, Frye MD, Riordan J, Sharma A, Manohar S, Salvi R, Sun W, Hu BH. Loss of CX3CR1 augments neutrophil infiltration into cochlear tissues after acoustic overstimulation. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2999-3020. [PMID: 34520571 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cochlea, the sensory organ for hearing, has a protected immune environment, segregated from the systemic immune system by the blood-labyrinth barrier. Previous studies have revealed that acute acoustic injury causes the infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the cochlea. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling immune cell trafficking are poorly understood. Here, we report the role of CX3CR1 in regulating the entry of neutrophils into the cochlea after acoustic trauma. We employed B6.129P-Cx3cr1tm1Litt /J mice, a transgenic strain that lacks the gene, Cx3cr1, for coding the fractalkine receptor. Our results demonstrate that lack of Cx3cr1 results in the augmentation of neutrophil infiltration into cochlear tissues after exposure to an intense noise of 120 dB SPL for 1 hr. Neutrophil distribution in the cochlea is site specific, and the infiltration level is positively associated with noise intensity. Moreover, neutrophils are short lived and macrophage phagocytosis plays a role in neutrophil clearance, consistent with typical neutrophil dynamics in inflamed non-cochlear tissues. Importantly, our study reveals the potentiation of noise-induced hearing loss and sensory cell loss in Cx3cr1-/- mice. In wild-type control mice (Cx3cr1+/+ ) exposed to the same noise, we also found neutrophils. However, neutrophils were present primarily inside the microvessels of the cochlea, with only a few in the cochlear tissues. Collectively, our data implicate CX3CR1-mediated signaling in controlling neutrophil migration from the circulation into cochlear tissues and provide a better understanding of the impacts of neutrophils on cochlear responses to acoustic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Zhang
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Audiology, School of Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell D Frye
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Juliana Riordan
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bo Hua Hu
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Takacs GP, Flores-Toro JA, Harrison JK. Modulation of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis as a novel approach for glioma therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 222:107790. [PMID: 33316289 PMCID: PMC8122077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines known for their ability to facilitate cell migration, most notably leukocytes, throughout the body. Chemokines are necessary for a functioning immune system in both health and disease and have received considerable attention for their roles in orchestrating temporal-spatial regulation of immune cell populations in cancer. Gliomas comprise a group of common central nervous system (CNS) primary tumors that are extremely challenging to treat. Immunotherapy approaches for highly malignant brain tumors offer an exciting new avenue for therapeutic intervention but so far, have seen limited successful clinical outcomes. Herein we focus on important chemokine/chemokine receptor systems in the regulation of pro- and anti-tumor mechanisms, highlighting potential therapeutic advantages of modulating these systems in malignant gliomas and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Takacs
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joseph A Flores-Toro
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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11
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Chamera K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Basta-Kaim A. Shedding light on the role of CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1063-1078. [PMID: 34021899 PMCID: PMC8413165 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has a complex and heterogeneous molecular and clinical picture. Over the years of research on this disease, many factors have been suggested to contribute to its pathogenesis. Recently, the inflammatory processes have gained particular interest in the context of schizophrenia due to the increasing evidence from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Within the immunological component, special attention has been brought to chemokines and their receptors. Among them, CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), which belongs to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, and its cognate ligand (CX3CL1) constitute a unique system in the central nervous system. In the view of regulation of the brain homeostasis through immune response, as well as control of microglia reactivity, the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 system may represent an attractive target for further research and schizophrenia treatment. In the review, we described the general characteristics of the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 axis and the involvement of this signaling pathway in the physiological processes whose disruptions are reported to participate in mechanisms underlying schizophrenia. Furthermore, based on the available clinical and experimental data, we presented a guide to understanding the implication of the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 dysfunctions in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chamera
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Tumpara S, Ballmaier M, Wrenger S, König M, Lehmann M, Lichtinghagen R, Martinez-Delgado B, Korenbaum E, DeLuca D, Jedicke N, Welte T, Fromme M, Strnad P, Stolk J, Janciauskiene S. Polymerization of misfolded Z alpha-1 antitrypsin protein lowers CX3CR1 expression in human PBMCs. eLife 2021; 10:64881. [PMID: 34002692 PMCID: PMC8205483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of CX3CR1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1) on immune cells have significant importance in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The factors implicated in the regulation of CX3CR1 and its specific ligand CX3CL1 (fractalkine) expression remain largely unknown. Recent studies provide evidence that host’s misfolded proteins occurring in the forms of polymers or amyloid fibrils can regulate CX3CR1 expression. Herein, a novel example demonstrates that polymers of human ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin (Z-AAT) protein, resulting from its conformational misfolding due to the Z (Glu342Lys) mutation in SERPINA1 gene, strongly lower CX3CR1 mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This parallels with increase of intracellular levels of CX3CR1 and Z-AAT proteins. Presented data indicate the involvement of the CX3CR1 pathway in the Z-AAT-related disorders and further support the role of misfolded proteins in CX3CR1 regulation. Proteins can lose their structure and form polymers because of mutations or changes in their immediate environment which can lead to cell damage and disease. Interestingly, polymers formed by a variety of proteins can reduce the levels of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1 for short) that controls the behaviour of immune cells and is implicated in a range of illnesses. Inherited ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a rare genetic condition that highly increases the risk of liver and lung diseases. This disorder is characterised by mutant alpha-1 antitrypsin proteins (AAT for short) reacting together to form polymers; yet it remains unclear how the polymers affect different cells or organs, and lead to diseases. To investigate this question, Tumpara et al. examined whether polymers of mutant AAT influence the level of the CX3CR1 protein in specific classes of immune cells. Experiments revealed that in people with AAT deficiency, certain blood immune cells express lower levels of CX3CR1. Regardless of age, clinical diagnosis, or treatment regimen, all individuals with ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency had AAT polymers circulating in their blood: the higher the levels of polymers measured, the lower the expression of CX3CR1 recorded in the specific immune cells. When Tumpara et al. added polymers of mutant AAT to the immune cells of healthy donors, the expression of CX3CR1 dropped in a manner dependent on the polymer concentration. According to microscopy data, AAT polymers occurred inside cells alongside the CX3CR1 protein, suggesting that the two molecular actors interact. In the future, new drugs that remove these polymers, either from inside cells or as they circulate in the body, could help patients suffering from conditions associated with this abnormal protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinu Tumpara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Wrenger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Elena Korenbaum
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David DeLuca
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Jedicke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Malin Fromme
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Member of European Reference Network LUNG, section Alpha-1-antitrypsin Deficiency, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Member of European Reference Network LUNG, section Alpha-1-antitrypsin Deficiency, Leiden, Netherlands
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Boczek T, Mackiewicz J, Sobolczyk M, Wawrzyniak J, Lisek M, Ferenc B, Guo F, Zylinska L. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Calcium Signaling in Schizophrenia. Focus on GPCRs Activated by Neurotransmitters and Chemokines. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051228. [PMID: 34067760 PMCID: PMC8155952 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common debilitating disease characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying this psychiatric illness remain incompletely understood, a growing body of clinical, pharmacological, and genetic evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a critical role in disease development, progression, and treatment. This pivotal role is further highlighted by the fact that GPCRs are the most common targets for antipsychotic drugs. The GPCRs activation evokes slow synaptic transmission through several downstream pathways, many of them engaging intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Dysfunctions of the neurotransmitter systems involving the action of GPCRs in the frontal and limbic-related regions are likely to underly the complex picture that includes the whole spectrum of positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms. Therefore, the progress in our understanding of GPCRs function in the control of brain cognitive functions is expected to open new avenues for selective drug development. In this paper, we review and synthesize the recent data regarding the contribution of neurotransmitter-GPCRs signaling to schizophrenia symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Joanna Mackiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Marta Sobolczyk
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Julia Wawrzyniak
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Bozena Ferenc
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92215 Lodz, Poland; (T.B.); (J.M.); (M.S.); (J.W.); (M.L.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Chamera K, Trojan E, Kotarska K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Bryniarska N, Tylek K, Basta-Kaim A. Role of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Maternal Immune Activation and Subsequent Immune Challenge in the Behaviour and Microglial Cell Trajectory in Adult Offspring: A Study of the Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041558. [PMID: 33557113 PMCID: PMC7913889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence support the pathogenic role of maternal immune activation (MIA) in the occurrence of the schizophrenia-like disturbances in offspring. While in the brain the homeostatic role of neuron-microglia protein systems is well documented, the participation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R dyads in the adverse impact of MIA often goes under-recognized. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of MIA induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes, microglial trajectory (MhcII, Cd40, iNos, Il-1β, Tnf-α, Il-6, Arg1, Igf-1, Tgf-β and Il-4), and schizophrenia-like behaviour in adult male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats. Additionally, according to the “two-hit” hypothesis of schizophrenia, we evaluated the influence of acute challenge with Poly I:C in adult prenatally MIA-exposed animals on the above parameters. In the present study, MIA evoked by Poly I:C injection in the late period of gestation led to the appearance of schizophrenia-like disturbances in adult offspring. Our results revealed the deficits manifested as a diminished number of aggressive interactions, presence of depressive-like episodes, and increase of exploratory activity, as well as a dichotomy in the sensorimotor gating in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test expressed as two behavioural phenotypes (MIAPPI-low and MIAPPI-high). Furthermore, in the offspring rats subjected to a prenatal challenge (i.e., MIA) we noticed the lack of modulation of behavioural changes after the additional acute immune stimulus (Poly I:C) in adulthood. The important finding reported in this article is that MIA affects the expression and levels of the neuron-microglia proteins in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of adult offspring. We found that the changes in the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis could affect microglial trajectory, including decreased hippocampal mRNA level of MhcII and elevated cortical expression of Igf-1 in the MIAPPI-high animals and/or could cause the up-regulation of an inflammatory response (Il-6, Tnf-α, iNos) after the “second hit” in both examined brain regions and, at least in part, might differentiate behavioural disturbances in adult offspring. Consequently, the future effort to identify the biological background of these interactions in the Poly I:C-induced MIA model in Sprague-Dawley rats is desirable to unequivocally clarify this issue.
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Chamera K, Kotarska K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Trojan E, Skórkowska A, Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Bryniarska N, Basta-Kaim A. The prenatal challenge with lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid disrupts CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R signalling in the brains of male rat offspring: a link to schizophrenia-like behaviours. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:247. [PMID: 32829711 PMCID: PMC7444338 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia is fundamental for the homeostasis and biological function of the central nervous system. Maternal immune activation (MIA) is considered to be one of the factors affecting these interactions. Accordingly, MIA has been suggested to be involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia. The crucial regulatory systems for neuron-microglia crosstalk are the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes. METHODS We aimed to clarify the impact of MIA on CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R signalling pathways in the brains of male Wistar rats in early and adult life by employing two neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia based on the prenatal challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). We also examined the effect of MIA on the expression of microglial markers and the profile of cytokines released in the brains of young offspring, as well as the behaviour of adult animals. Moreover, we visualized the localization of ligand-receptor systems in the hippocampal regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) and the frontal cortex of young rats exposed to MIA. The differences between groups were analysed using Student's t test. RESULTS We observed that MIA altered developmental trajectories in neuron-microglia communication in the brains of young offspring, as evidenced by the disruption of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and/or CD200-CD200R axes. Our data demonstrated the presence of abnormalities after LPS-induced MIA in levels of Cd40, Il-1β, Tnf-α, Arg1, Tgf-β and Il-10, as well as IBA1, IL-1β and IL-4, while after Poly I:C-generated MIA in levels of Cd40, iNos, Il-6, Tgf-β, Il-10, and IBA1, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-4 early in the life of male animals. In adult male rats that experienced prenatal exposure to MIA, we observed behavioural changes resembling a schizophrenia-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that altered CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and/or CD200-CD200R pathways, emerging after prenatal immune challenge with LPS and Poly I:C, might be involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chamera
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Skórkowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzyżanowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Maternal Immune Activation Sensitizes Male Offspring Rats to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Deficits Involving the Dysfunction of CD200-CD200R and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Systems. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071676. [PMID: 32664639 PMCID: PMC7407118 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life challenges resulting from maternal immune activation (MIA) may exert persistent effects on the offspring, including the development of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent evidence has suggested that the adverse effects of MIA may be mediated by neuron-microglia crosstalk, particularly CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R dyads. Therefore, the present study assessed the behavioural parameters resembling schizophrenia-like symptoms in the adult male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to MIA and to an additional acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in adulthood, according to the "two-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia. Simultaneously, we aimed to clarify the role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R axes and microglial reactivity in the brains of adult offspring subjected to MIA and the "second hit" wit LPS. In the present study, MIA generated a range of behavioural changes in the adult male offspring, including increased exploratory activity and anxiety-like behaviours. The most intriguing finding was observed in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, where the deficit in the sensorimotor gating was age-dependent and present only in part of the rats. We were able to distinguish the occurrence of two groups: responsive and non-responsive (without the deficit). Concurrently, based on the results of the biochemical studies, MIA disrupted mainly the CD200-CD200R system, while the changes of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis were less evident in the frontal cortex of adult non-responsive offspring. MIA markedly affected the immune regulators of the CD200-CD200R pathway as we observed an increase in cortical IL-6 release in the responsive group and IL-4 in the non-responsive offspring. Importantly, the "second hit" generated disturbances at the behavioural and biochemical levels mostly in the non-responsive adult animals. Those offspring were characterized both by disturbed PPI and "priming" microglia. Altogether, the exposure to MIA altered the immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the CD200-CD200R axis, in the brain and sensitized animals to subsequent immunological challenges, leading to the manifestation of schizophrenia-like alterations.
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Greiffo FR, Viteri-Alvarez V, Frankenberger M, Dietel D, Ortega-Gomez A, Lee JS, Hilgendorff A, Behr J, Soehnlein O, Eickelberg O, Fernandez IE. CX3CR1-fractalkine axis drives kinetic changes of monocytes in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.00460-2019. [PMID: 31744836 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00460-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating immune cell populations have been shown to contribute to interstitial lung disease (ILD). In this study, we analysed circulating and lung resident monocyte populations, and assessed their phenotype and recruitment from the blood to the lung in ILD. Flow cytometry analysis of blood samples for quantifying circulating monocytes was performed in 105 subjects: 83 with ILD (n=36, n=28 and n=19 for nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and connective-tissue disease-associated ILD, respectively), as well as 22 controls. Monocyte localisation and abundance were assessed using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry of lung tissue. Monocyte populations were cultured either alone or with endothelial cells to assess fractalkine-dependent transmigration pattern. We show that circulating classical monocytes (CM) were increased in ILD compared with controls, while nonclassical monocytes (NCM) were decreased. CM abundance correlated inversely with lung function, while NCM abundance correlated positively. Both CCL2 and CX3CL1 concentrations were increased in plasma and lungs of ILD patients. Fractalkine co-localised with ciliated bronchial epithelial cells, thereby creating a chemoattractant gradient towards the lung. Fractalkine enhanced endothelial transmigration of NCM in ILD samples only. Immunofluorescence, as well as flow cytometry, showed an increased presence of NCM in fibrotic niches in ILD lungs. Moreover, NCM in the ILD lungs expressed increased CX3CR1, M2-like and phagocytic markers. Taken together, our data support that in ILD, fractalkine drives the migration of CX3CR1+ NCM to the lungs, thereby perpetuating the local fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R Greiffo
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Valeria Viteri-Alvarez
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Frankenberger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Dietel
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gomez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Joyce S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Dept of Neonatalogy, Perinatal Center Grosshadern Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Center for Comprehensive Developmental Care, Dr von Haunersches Children's Hospital University, Hospital Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU), Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Dept of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Isis E Fernandez
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany .,CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,These authors contributed equally
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Merino JJ, Muñetón-Gomez V, Muñetón-Gómez C, Pérez-Izquierdo MÁ, Loscertales M, Toledano Gasca A. Hippocampal CCR5/RANTES Elevations in a Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Maraviroc (a CCR5 Antagonist) Increases Corticosterone Levels and Enhances Fear Memory Consolidation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E212. [PMID: 32024104 PMCID: PMC7072246 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a rodent model that induces a high and long-lasting level of conditioning associated with traumatic memory formation; this behavioral paradigm resembles many characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) play a known role in neuronal migration and neurodegeneration but their role in cognition is not totally elucidated. AIM We ascertain whether CCR5/RANTES beta chemokines (hippocampus/prefrontal cortex) could play a role in fear memory consolidation (CFC paradigm). We also evaluated whether chronic stress restraint (21 days of restraint, 6-h/day) could regulate levels of these beta chemokines in CFC-trained rats; fear memory retention was determined taking the level of freezing (context and tone) by the animals as an index of fear memory consolidation 24 h after CFC training session; these chemokines (CCR5/RANTES) and IL-6 levels were measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of chronically stressed rats, 24 h after CFC post-training, and compared with undisturbed CFC-trained rats (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, rats received 1 mA of footshock during the CFC training session and fear memory consolidation was evaluated at 12 and 24 h after CFC training sessions. We evaluated whether RANTES levels could be differentially regulated at 12 and 24 h after CFC training; in Experiment 3, maraviroc was administered to rats (i.m: 100 mg/Kg, a CCR5 antagonist) before CFC training. These rats were not subjected to chronic stress restraint. We evaluated whether CCR5 blockade before CFC training could increase corticosterone, RANTES, or IL-6 levels and affects fear memory consolidation in the rats 24-h post-testing compared with vehicle CFC-trained rats. RESULTS Elevations of CCR5/RANTES chemokine levels in the hippocampus could have contributed to fear memory consolidation (24 h post-training) and chronic stress restraint did not affect these chemokines in the hippocampus; there were no significant differences in CCR5/RANTES levels between stressed and control rats in the prefrontal cortex (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, hippocampal CCR5/RANTES levels increased and enhanced fear memory consolidation was observed 12 and 24 h after CFC training sessions with 1 mA of footshock. Increased corticosterone and CCR5/RANTES levels, as well as a higher freezing percentage to the context, were found at 24 h CFC post-testing in maraviroc-treated rats as compared to vehicle-treated animals (experiment-3). Conversely, IL-6 is not affected by maraviroc treatment in CFC training. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a role for a hippocampal CCR5/RANTES axis in contextual fear memory consolidation; in fact, RANTES levels increased at 12 and 24 h after CFC training. When CCR5 was blocked by maraviroc before CFC training, RANTES (hippocampus), corticosterone levels, and fear memory consolidation were greater than in vehicle CFC-trained rats 24 h after the CFC session.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Merino
- Dpto. Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (U.C.M). c/ Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vilma Muñetón-Gomez
- Universidad de La Salle Center, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Av. Carrera 7. # 179-03 (sede norte), Bogotá, Colombia; (V.M.-G.); (C.M.-G.)
| | - César Muñetón-Gómez
- Universidad de La Salle Center, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Av. Carrera 7. # 179-03 (sede norte), Bogotá, Colombia; (V.M.-G.); (C.M.-G.)
| | | | - María Loscertales
- Harvard Medical School, MGH, Massachussets General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Adolfo Toledano Gasca
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), c/ Dr. Arce, 28.002 Madrid, Spain;
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Chamera K, Trojan E, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Basta-Kaim A. The Potential Role of Dysfunctions in Neuron-Microglia Communication in the Pathogenesis of Brain Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:408-430. [PMID: 31729301 PMCID: PMC7457436 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191113101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between neurons and microglia is fundamental for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Chemokines and clusters of differentiation (CD) along with their receptors represent ligand-receptor signalling that is uniquely important for neuron - microglia communication. Among these molecules, CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and CD200 (OX-2 membrane glycoprotein) come to the fore because of their cell-type-specific localization. They are principally expressed by neurons when their receptors, CX3CR1 and CD200R, respectively, are predominantly present on the microglia, resulting in the specific axis which maintains the CNS homeostasis. Disruptions to this balance are suggested as contributors or even the basis for many neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the roles of CX3CL1, CD200 and their receptors in both physiological and pathological processes within the CNS. We want to underline the critical involvement of these molecules in controlling neuron - microglia communication, noting that dysfunctions in their interactions constitute a key factor in severe neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia, depression and neurodegeneration-based conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343Kraków, Poland
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CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1129-1138. [PMID: 31879345 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910856117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy directed at the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has produced treatment advances in various human cancers. Unfortunately, progress has not extended to glioblastoma (GBM), with phase III clinical trials assessing anti-PD-1 monotherapy failing to show efficacy in newly diagnosed and recurrent tumors. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a subset of immunosuppressive myeloid derived cells, are known to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment of GBM. Growing evidence suggests the CCL2-CCR2 axis is important for this process. This study evaluated the combination of PD-1 blockade and CCR2 inhibition in anti-PD-1-resistant gliomas. CCR2 deficiency unmasked an anti-PD-1 survival benefit in KR158 glioma-bearing mice. CD11b+/Ly6Chi/PD-L1+ MDSCs within established gliomas decreased with a concomitant increase in overall CCR2+ cells and MDSCs within bone marrow of CCR2-deficient mice. The CCR2 antagonist CCX872 increased median survival as a monotherapy in KR158 glioma-bearing animals and further increased median and overall survival when combined with anti-PD-1. Additionally, combination of CCX872 and anti-PD-1 prolonged median survival time in 005 GSC GBM-bearing mice. In both models, CCX872 decreased tumor associated MDSCs and increased these cells within the bone marrow. Examination of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed an elevated population, increased IFNγ expression, indicating enhanced cytolytic activity, as well as decreased expression of exhaustion markers in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following combination treatment. These data establish that combining CCR2 and PD-1 blockade extends survival in clinically relevant murine glioma models and provides the basis on which to advance this combinatorial treatment toward early-phase human trials.
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21
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Zhao BN, Campbell JJ, Salanga CL, Ertl LS, Wang Y, Yau S, Dang T, Zeng Y, McMahon JP, Krasinski A, Zhang P, Kufareva I, Handel TM, Charo IF, Singh R, Schall TJ. CCR2-Mediated Uptake of Constitutively Produced CCL2: A Mechanism for Regulating Chemokine Levels in the Blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3157-3165. [PMID: 31676674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a key driver of monocyte/macrophage trafficking to sites of inflammation and has long been considered a target for intervention in autoimmune disease. However, systemic administration of CCR2 antagonists is associated with marked increases in CCL2, a CCR2 ligand, in the blood. This heretofore unexplained phenomenon complicates interpretation of in vivo responses to CCR2 antagonism. We report that CCL2 elevation after pharmacological CCR2 blockade is due to interruption in a balance between CCL2 secretion by a variety of cells and its uptake by constitutive internalization and recycling of CCR2. We observed this phenomenon in response to structurally diverse CCR2 antagonists in wild-type mice, and also found substantially higher CCL2 plasma levels in mice lacking the CCR2 gene. Our findings suggest that CCL2 is cleared from blood in a CCR2-dependent but G protein (Gαi, Gαs or Gαq/11)-independent manner. This constitutive internalization is rapid: on a given monocyte, the entire cell surface CCR2 population is turned over in <30 minutes. We also found that constitutive receptor internalization/recycling and ligand uptake are not universal across monocyte-expressed chemokine receptors. For example, CXCR4 does not internalize constitutively. In summary, we describe a mechanism that explains the numerous preclinical and clinical reports of increased CCL2 plasma levels following in vivo administration of CCR2 antagonists. These findings suggest that constitutive CCL2 secretion by monocytes and other cell types is counteracted by constant uptake and internalization by CCR2-expressing cells. The effectiveness of CCR2 antagonists in disease settings may be dependent upon this critical equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin N Zhao
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043; and
| | | | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Linda S Ertl
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043; and
| | - Yu Wang
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043; and
| | - Simon Yau
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043; and
| | - Ton Dang
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043; and
| | - Yibin Zeng
- ChemoCentryx, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043; and
| | | | | | | | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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22
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Guo F, Long L, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Luo F. Insights on CXC chemokine receptor 2 in breast cancer: An emerging target for oncotherapy. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5699-5708. [PMID: 31788042 PMCID: PMC6865047 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide, and the treatment regimens currently available are far from optimal. Targeted therapy, based on molecular typing of breast cancer, is the most precise form of treatment, and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is one of the molecular markers used in targeted therapies. As a member of the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor family, CXCR2 and its associated ligands have been increasingly implicated in tumor-associated processes. These processes include proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance, and stemness and phenotypic maintenance of cancer stem cells. Thus, the inhibition of CXCR2 or its downstream signaling pathways could significantly attenuate tumor progression. Therefore, studies on the biological functions of CXCR2 and its association with neoplasia may help improve the prognosis of breast cancer. Furthermore, the targeting of CXCR2 could supplement the present clinical approaches of breast cancer treatment strategies. The present review discusses the structures and mechanisms of CXCR2 and its ligands. Additionally, the contribution of CXCR2 to the development of breast cancer and its potential therapeutic benefits are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Guo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lang Long
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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23
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Kiely AP, Murray CE, Foti SC, Benson BC, Courtney R, Strand C, Lashley T, Holton JL. Immunohistochemical and Molecular Investigations Show Alteration in the Inflammatory Profile of Multiple System Atrophy Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:598-607. [PMID: 29850876 PMCID: PMC6005028 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by aggregation of α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes to form glial cytoplasmic inclusions. According to the distribution of neurodegeneration, MSA is subtyped as striatonigral degeneration (SND), olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), or as combination of these 2 (mixed MSA). In the current study, we aimed to investigate regional microglial populations and gene expression in the 3 different MSA subtypes. Microscopy with microglial marker Iba-1 combined with either proinflammatory marker CD68 or anti-inflammatory marker Arginase-1 was analyzed in control, SND, and OPCA cases (n = 5) using paraffin embedded sections. Western immunoblotting and cytokine array were used to determine protein expression in MSA and control brain regions. Gene expression was investigated using the NanoString nCounter Human Inflammation panel v2 mRNA Expression Assay. Analysis of neuropathological subtypes of MSA demonstrated a significant increase in microglia in the substantia nigra of OPCA cases. There was no difference in the microglial activation state in any region. Cytokine expression in MSA was comparable with controls. Decreased expression of CX3CL1 precursor protein and significantly greater CX3CR1 protein was found in MSA. NanoString analysis revealed the >2-fold greater expression of ARG1, MASP1, NOX4, PTGDR2, and C6 in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife P Kiely
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christina E Murray
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sandrine C Foti
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bridget C Benson
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Robert Courtney
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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24
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Yellowhair TR, Newville JC, Noor S, Maxwell JR, Milligan ED, Robinson S, Jantzie LL. CXCR2 Blockade Mitigates Neural Cell Injury Following Preclinical Chorioamnionitis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31001130 PMCID: PMC6454349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimizing central nervous system (CNS) injury from preterm birth depends upon identification of the critical pathways that underlie essential neurodevelopmental and CNS pathophysiology. While chorioamnionitis (CHORIO), is a leading cause of preterm birth, the precise mechanism linking prenatal brain injury and long-term CNS injury is unknown. The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and its cognate receptor, CXCR2, are implicated in a variety of uterine and neuropathologies, however, their role in CNS injury associated with preterm birth is poorly defined. To evaluate the putative efficacy of CXCR2 blockade in neural repair secondary to CHORIO, we tested the hypothesis that transient postnatal CXCR2 antagonism would reduce neutrophil activation and mitigate cerebral microstructural injury in rats. To this end, a laparotomy was performed on embryonic day 18 (E18) in Sprague Dawley rats, with uterine arteries transiently occluded for 60 min, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4 μg/sac) injected into each amniotic sac. SB225002, a CXCR2 antagonist (3 mg/kg), was administered intraperitoneally from postnatal day 1 (P1)-P5. Brains were collected on P7 and P21 and analyzed with western blot, immunohistochemistry and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results demonstrate that transient CXCR2 blockade reduced cerebral neutrophil activation (myeloperoxidase expression/MPO) and mitigated connexin43 expression, indicative of reduced neuroinflammation at P7 (p < 0.05 for all). CXCR2 blockade also reduced alpha II-spectrin calpain-mediated cleavage, improved pNF/NF ratio, and minimized Iba1 and GFAP expression consistent with improved neuronal and axonal health and reduced gliosis at P21. Importantly, DTI revealed diffuse white matter injury and decreased microstructural integrity following CHORIO as indicated by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and elevated radial diffusivity (RD) in major white matter tracts (p < 0.05). Early postnatal CXCR2 blockade also reduced microstructural abnormalities in white matter and hippocampus at P21 (p < 0.05). Together, these data indicate that transient postnatal blockade of CXCR2 ameliorates perinatal abnormalities in inflammatory signaling, and facilitates neural repair following CHORIO. Further characterization of neuroinflammatory signaling, specifically via CXCL1/CXCR2 through the placental-fetal-brain axis, may clarify stratification of brain injury following preterm birth, and improve use of targeted interventions in this highly vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracylyn R. Yellowhair
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessie C. Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessie R. Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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25
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Dyer DP, Medina-Ruiz L, Bartolini R, Schuette F, Hughes CE, Pallas K, Vidler F, Macleod MKL, Kelly CJ, Lee KM, Hansell CAH, Graham GJ. Chemokine Receptor Redundancy and Specificity Are Context Dependent. Immunity 2019; 50:378-389.e5. [PMID: 30784579 PMCID: PMC6382461 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, we lack an understanding of the individual and combinatorial roles for chemokine receptors in the inflammatory process. We report studies on mice with a compound deletion of Ccr1, Ccr2, Ccr3, and Ccr5, which together control monocytic and eosinophilic recruitment to resting and inflamed sites. Analysis of resting tissues from these mice, and mice deficient in each individual receptor, provides clear evidence for redundant use of these receptors in establishing tissue-resident monocytic cell populations. In contrast, analysis of cellular recruitment to inflamed sites provides evidence of specificity of receptor use for distinct leukocyte subtypes and no indication of comprehensive redundancy. We find no evidence of involvement of any of these receptors in the recruitment of neutrophils or lymphocytes to resting or acutely inflamed tissues. Our data shed important light on combinatorial inflammatory chemokine receptor function and highlight Ccr2 as the primary driver of myelomonocytic cell recruitment in acutely inflamed contexts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/immunology
- Receptors, CCR/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR1/immunology
- Receptors, CCR1/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/immunology
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Dyer
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Laura Medina-Ruiz
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Fabian Schuette
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Catherine E Hughes
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kenneth Pallas
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Megan K L Macleod
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher J Kelly
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kit Ming Lee
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher A H Hansell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK.
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26
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Roblek M, Protsyuk D, Becker PF, Stefanescu C, Gorzelanny C, Glaus Garzon JF, Knopfova L, Heikenwalder M, Luckow B, Schneider SW, Borsig L. CCL2 Is a Vascular Permeability Factor Inducing CCR2-Dependent Endothelial Retraction during Lung Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:783-793. [PMID: 30552233 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of the chemokine CCL2 in cancer patients are associated with poor prognosis. Experimental evidence suggests that CCL2 correlates with inflammatory monocyte recruitment and induction of vascular activation, but the functionality remains open. Here, we show that endothelial Ccr2 facilitates pulmonary metastasis using an endothelial-specific Ccr2-deficient mouse model (Ccr2ecKO). Similar levels of circulating monocytes and equal leukocyte recruitment to metastatic lesions of Ccr2ecKO and Ccr2fl/fl littermates were observed. The absence of endothelial Ccr2 strongly reduced pulmonary metastasis, while the primary tumor growth was unaffected. Despite a comparable cytokine milieu in Ccr2ecKO and Ccr2fl/fl littermates the absence of vascular permeability induction was observed only in Ccr2ecKO mice. CCL2 stimulation of pulmonary endothelial cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of MLC2, endothelial cell retraction, and vascular leakiness that was blocked by an addition of a CCR2 inhibitor. These data demonstrate that endothelial CCR2 expression is required for tumor cell extravasation and pulmonary metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: The findings provide mechanistic insight into how CCL2-CCR2 signaling in endothelial cells promotes their activation through myosin light chain phosphorylation, resulting in endothelial retraction and enhanced tumor cell migration and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Roblek
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darya Protsyuk
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul F Becker
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina Stefanescu
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jesus F Glaus Garzon
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Knopfova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biological and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Luckow
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Schmautz C, Müller N, Auer M, Ballweg I, Pfaffl MW, Kliem H. Immune cell counts and signaling in body fluids of cows vaccinated against Clostridium difficile. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:20. [PMID: 30555805 PMCID: PMC6288880 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New treatment options are needed to prevent relapses following failed antibiotic therapies of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in humans. The concomitant therapy with an anti-C. difficile IgA containing whey protein concentrate can support the sustainable recovery of CDI patients. For 31 weeks, nine dairy cows were continuously vaccinated with several anti-C. difficile vaccines by certain routes of administration to produce anti-C. difficile IgA enriched milk. The study aimed at finding decisive differences between low responder (LR) and high responder (HR) cows (> 8.0 µg ml-1 total milk C. difficile specific IgA) concerning their immune response to vaccination on cellular and molecular biological levels. RESULTS The results of total and differential cell counting (DCC) in blood and milk and the outcomes of the gene expression analysis of selected immune factors were assessed relating to the usage of two vaccine batches for injection (MucoCD-I batch A and B), marking two immunization (IM) periods, and compared to a control group (Ctr). The MucoCD-I batch A caused short-term leukopenia followed by leukocytosis in the blood of LR and HR. The total somatic cell counts in milk were not altered by the treatment. The DCC revealed that the leukocytes of the treated groups were partly impaired by the treatment. The gene expression analysis exposed cumulative and sustainable differences (p < 0.05) between LR and HR for the genes encoding for lactoferrin, CXCL8, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL12β, IFNγ, CD4 and CD163. The regulation of the epithelial IgA cell receptor PIGR was not impaired by the IM. In contrast to the vaccination with MucoCD-I batch A, the second IM period with MucoCD-I batch B resulted in mitigation and synchronization of the treated groups' immune responses. CONCLUSIONS The inversely regulated cytokines in the blood and milk cells of the treated groups led to a variously directed, local T cell response resulting in their different production intensities of C. difficile specific IgA in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schmautz
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nadine Müller
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marlene Auer
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Ballweg
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Heike Kliem
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
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28
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Zhang CJ, Jiang M, Zhou H, Liu W, Wang C, Kang Z, Han B, Zhang Q, Chen X, Xiao J, Fisher A, Kaiser WJ, Murayama MA, Iwakura Y, Gao J, Carman J, Dongre A, Dubyak G, Abbott DW, Shi FD, Ransohoff RM, Li X. TLR-stimulated IRAKM activates caspase-8 inflammasome in microglia and promotes neuroinflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5399-5412. [PMID: 30372424 DOI: 10.1172/jci121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical spatiotemporal role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This study reports a mechanistic insight into noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia for the effector stage of EAE. Microglia-specific deficiency of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase-activation and recruitment [CARD] domain) attenuated T cell expansion and neutrophil recruitment during EAE pathogenesis. Mechanistically, TLR stimulation led to IRAKM-caspase-8-ASC complex formation, resulting in the activation of caspase-8 and IL-1β release in microglia. Noncanonical inflammasome-derived IL-1β produced by microglia in the CNS helped to expand the microglia population in an autocrine manner and amplified the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Furthermore, active caspase-8 was markedly increased in the microglia in the brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. Taken together, our study suggests that microglia-derived IL-1β via noncanonical caspase-8-dependent inflammasome is necessary for microglia to exert their pathogenic role during CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Jin Zhang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meiling Jiang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhen Kang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Japan
| | - Ji Gao
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julie Carman
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ashok Dongre
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - George Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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29
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Cardona SM, Kim SV, Church KA, Torres VO, Cleary IA, Mendiola AS, Saville SP, Watowich SS, Parker-Thornburg J, Soto-Ospina A, Araque P, Ransohoff RM, Cardona AE. Role of the Fractalkine Receptor in CNS Autoimmune Inflammation: New Approach Utilizing a Mouse Model Expressing the Human CX3CR1 I249/M280 Variant. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:365. [PMID: 30386211 PMCID: PMC6199958 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults. Immune mediated destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes is considered the primary pathology of MS, but progressive axonal loss is the major cause of neurological disability. In an effort to understand microglia function during CNS inflammation, our laboratory focuses on the fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling as a regulator of microglia neurotoxicity in various models of neurodegeneration. Fractalkine (FKN) is a transmembrane chemokine expressed in the CNS by neurons and signals through its unique receptor CX3CR1 present in microglia. During experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), CX3CR1 deficiency confers exacerbated disease defined by severe inflammation and neuronal loss. The CX3CR1 human polymorphism I249/M280 present in ∼20% of the population exhibits reduced adhesion for FKN conferring defective signaling whose role in microglia function and influence on neurons during MS remains unsolved. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of weaker signaling through hCX3CR1I249/M280 during EAE. We hypothesize that dysregulated microglial responses due to impaired CX3CR1 signaling enhance neuronal/axonal damage. We generated an animal model replacing the mouse CX3CR1 locus for the hCX3CR1I249/M280 variant. Upon EAE induction, these mice exhibited exacerbated EAE correlating with severe inflammation and neuronal loss. We also observed that mice with aberrant CX3CR1 signaling are unable to produce FKN and ciliary neurotrophic factor during EAE in contrast to wild type mice. Our results provide validation of defective function of the hCX3CR1I249/M280 variant and the foundation to broaden the understanding of microglia dysfunction during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sangwon V Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kaira A Church
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa O Torres
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ian A Cleary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P Saville
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jan Parker-Thornburg
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alejandro Soto-Ospina
- Basic Sciences Department, Research and Innovation in Chemical Formulations, University EIA, Envigado, Colombia
| | - Pedronel Araque
- Basic Sciences Department, Research and Innovation in Chemical Formulations, University EIA, Envigado, Colombia
| | | | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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30
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Powell WE, Hanna SJ, Hocter CN, Robinson E, Davies J, Dunseath GJ, Luzio S, Farewell D, Wen L, Dayan CM, Price DA, Ladell K, Wong FS. Loss of CXCR3 expression on memory B cells in individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1794-1803. [PMID: 29881878 PMCID: PMC6061155 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet-specific autoantibodies can predict the development of type 1 diabetes. However, it remains unclear if B cells, per se, contribute to the causal pancreatic immunopathology. We aimed to identify phenotypic signatures of disease progression among naive and memory B cell subsets in the peripheral blood of individuals with type 1 diabetes. METHODS A total of 69 participants were recruited across two separate cohorts, one for discovery purposes and the other for validation purposes. Each cohort comprised two groups of individuals with type 1 diabetes (one with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and the other with long-standing type 1 diabetes) and one group of age- and sex-matched healthy donors. The phenotypic characteristics of circulating naive and memory B cells were investigated using polychromatic flow cytometry, and serum concentrations of various chemokines and cytokines were measured using immunoassays. RESULTS A disease-linked phenotype was detected in individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes, characterised by reduced C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) expression on switched (CD27+IgD-) and unswitched (CD27intermediateIgD+) memory B cells. These changes were associated with raised serum concentrations of B cell activating factor and of the CXCR3 ligands, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 and CXCL11. A concomitant reduction in CXCR3 expression was also identified on T cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data reveal a statistically robust set of abnormalities that indicate an association between type 1 diabetes and long-term dysregulation of a chemokine ligand/receptor system that controls B cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Powell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Claire N Hocter
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emma Robinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Stephen Luzio
- Diabetes Research Unit Cymru, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Daniel Farewell
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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31
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Li H, Lin L, Li L, Zhou L, Hao S, Zhang Y, Ding Z. Eotaxin‑1 and MCP‑1 serve as circulating indicators in response to power frequency electromagnetic field exposure in mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2832-2840. [PMID: 30015948 PMCID: PMC6102701 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing public concern regarding the potential health risks of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has led to intensive research in this area. However, it remains unclear whether potential pro-oncogenic effects may be caused by power frequency EMF (PFEMF) exposure. To address the associated risk factors, the present study exposed 4-week old Balb/c mice to 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mT of constant 50 Hz Helmholtz coil-type PFEMF for 90 days to explore the circulating chemokine indicators that may be associated with inflammation or cancer. No measurable weight difference existed between the control and PFEMF-exposure groups; however, the Luminex assay clearly demonstrated differentially responsive profiles of circulating chemokines upon PFEMF treatment. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-3, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and MIP-2 levels in serum were not significantly altered by PFEMF during the 3-month exposure period; however, the circulating levels of other chemokines including IP-10, GROα, RANTES, EOTAXIN-1 and MCP-1 exhibited significant changes upon treatment. Among the responsive chemokines, EOTAXIN-1 and MCP-1 were significantly increased by 0.5 mT of PFEMF treatment, which may support their use as indicators of PFEMF exposure. This novel finding highlights the potential pro-inflammatory nature of power frequency, which may shed light on the mechanisms underlying PFEMF-induced diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Li
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Guangdong Power Grid, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Environmental Protection, Guangdong Power Grid, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Ding
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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32
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Hughes CE, Nibbs RJB. A guide to chemokines and their receptors. FEBS J 2018; 285:2944-2971. [PMID: 29637711 PMCID: PMC6120486 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that signal through cell surface G protein-coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are best known for their ability to stimulate the migration of cells, most notably white blood cells (leukocytes). Consequently, chemokines play a central role in the development and homeostasis of the immune system, and are involved in all protective or destructive immune and inflammatory responses. Classically viewed as inducers of directed chemotactic migration, it is now clear that chemokines can stimulate a variety of other types of directed and undirected migratory behavior, such as haptotaxis, chemokinesis, and haptokinesis, in addition to inducing cell arrest or adhesion. However, chemokine receptors on leukocytes can do more than just direct migration, and these molecules can also be expressed on, and regulate the biology of, many nonleukocytic cell types. Chemokines are profoundly affected by post-translational modification, by interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM), and by binding to heptahelical 'atypical' chemokine receptors that regulate chemokine localization and abundance. This guide gives a broad overview of the chemokine and chemokine receptor families; summarizes the complex physical interactions that occur in the chemokine network; and, using specific examples, discusses general principles of chemokine function, focusing particularly on their ability to direct leukocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hughes
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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33
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Moore JE, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB. Chemokine Transport Dynamics and Emerging Recognition of Their Role in Immune Function. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 5:90-95. [PMID: 30320240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is critically important during all protective and pathological immune and inflammatory responses. Chemokines play fundamental roles in this process, and chemokine concentration gradients stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes. The formation and regulation of these gradients is poorly understood. These are complex processes that depend on the specific properties of each chemokine and interactions between physical, biological and biochemical processes, including production, diffusion, advection, scavenging, post-translational modification, and extracellular matrix (ECM) binding. While some of these mechanisms have been investigated in isolation or limited combinations, more integrative research is required to provide a quantitative knowledge base that explains how chemokine gradients are established and maintained, and how cells respond to, and modify, these gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bindi S Brook
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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34
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Lee M, Lee Y, Song J, Lee J, Chang SY. Tissue-specific Role of CX 3CR1 Expressing Immune Cells and Their Relationships with Human Disease. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e5. [PMID: 29503738 PMCID: PMC5833124 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1, also known as fractalkine) and its receptor chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1) are widely expressed in immune cells and non-immune cells throughout organisms. However, their expression is mostly cell type-specific in each tissue. CX3CR1 expression can be found in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Interaction between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 can mediate chemotaxis of immune cells according to concentration gradient of ligands. CX3CR1 expressing immune cells have a main role in either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory response depending on environmental condition. In a given tissue such as bone marrow, brain, lung, liver, gut, and cancer, CX3CR1 expressing cells can maintain tissue homeostasis. Under pathologic conditions, however, CX3CR1 expressing cells can play a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we discuss recent progresses of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in major tissues and their relationships with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsoo Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yongsung Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jihye Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Junhyung Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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35
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Li H, Lin L, Li L, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Hao S, Ding Z. Exosomal small RNA sequencing uncovers the microRNA dose markers for power frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Biomarkers 2018; 23:315-327. [PMID: 29297241 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1423707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potential health risks caused by power frequency electromagnetic field (PFEMF) have led to increase public health concerns. However, the diagnosis and prognosis remain challenging in determination of exact dose of PFEMF exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were exposed to different magnetic doses of PFEMF for the following isolation of serum exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs) extraction and small RNA sequencing. After small RNA sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation and serum exosomal miRNA biomarkers were determined. RESULTS Significantly changed serum exosomal miRNA as biomarkers of 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mT and common PFEMF exposure were confirmed. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the downstream target genes of the above-identified exosomal miRNA markers indicated that, exosomal miRNA markers were predicted to be involved in critical pathophysiological processes of neural system and cancer- or other disease-related signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Aberrantly-expressed serum exosomal miRNAs, including miR-128-3p for 0.1 mT, miR-133a-3p for 0.5 mT, miR-142a-5p for 2.5 mT, miR-218-5p and miR-199a-3p for common PFEMF exposure, suggested a series of informative markers for not only identifying the exact dose of PFEMF exposure, also consolidating the base for future clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Li
- a Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- b Department of Obstetrics , The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Li Li
- a Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Liang Zhou
- c Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- c Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Shuai Hao
- c Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhenhua Ding
- c Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , PR China
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36
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Mantovani A. Redundancy and robustness versus division of labour and specialization in innate immunity. Semin Immunol 2017; 36:28-30. [PMID: 29273304 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Apparent redundancy is a recurrent theme in innate immunity in various domains including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and pattern recognition receptors. While sharing core function, different mediators may subserve distinct functions related for instance to production and release (e.g. IL-1α versus IL-1β), predominantly local versus systemic function (e.g. PTX3 versus C-reactive protein) or fine tuning of innate and adaptive responses (chemokines). Based on hard-wired phagocyte recruitment and regulation by a wide spectrum of chemokines and conventional or atypical receptors, I argue that trafficking of phagocytic cells is a robust output of the chemokine system, resistant to genetic or environmental variation. In general, I speculate that the apparent overlap and redundancy observed in core functions represents an evolutionary strategy to preserve robust essential core outputs in the face of genetically or environmentally caused variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1 M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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37
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Woodcock TM, Frugier T, Nguyen TT, Semple BD, Bye N, Massara M, Savino B, Besio R, Sobacchi C, Locati M, Morganti-Kossmann MC. The scavenging chemokine receptor ACKR2 has a significant impact on acute mortality rate and early lesion development after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188305. [PMID: 29176798 PMCID: PMC5703564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 promotes resolution of acute inflammation by operating as a scavenger receptor for inflammatory CC chemokines in several experimental models of inflammatory disorders, however its role in the brain remains unclear. Based on our previous reports of increased expression of inflammatory chemokines and their corresponding receptors following traumatic brain injury (TBI), we hypothesised that ACKR2 modulates neuroinflammation following brain trauma and that its deletion exacerbates cellular inflammation and chemokine production. We demonstrate increased CCL2 and ACKR2 mRNA expression in post-mortem human brain, whereby ACKR2 mRNA levels correlated with later times post-TBI. This data is consistent with the transient upregulation of ACKR2 observed in mouse brain after closed head injury (CHI). As compared to WT animals, ACKR2-/- mice showed a higher mortality rate after CHI, while the neurological outcome in surviving mice was similar. At day 1 post-injury, ACKR2-/- mice displayed aggravated lesion volume and no differences in CCL2 expression and macrophage recruitment relative to WT mice. Reciprocal regulation of ACKR2 and CCL2 expression was explored in cultured astrocytes, which are recognized as the major source of CCL2 and also express ACKR2. ACKR2 mRNA increased as early as 2 hours after an inflammatory challenge in WT astrocytes. As expected, CCL2 expression also dramatically increased at 4 hours in WT astrocytes but was significantly lower in ACKR2-/- astrocytes, possibly indicating a co-regulation of CCL2 and ACKR2 in these cells. Conversely, in vivo, CCL2 mRNA/protein levels were increased similarly in ACKR2-/- and WT brains at 4 and 12 hours after CHI, in line with the lack of differences in cerebral macrophage recruitment and neurological recovery. In conclusion, ACKR2 is induced after TBI and has a significant impact on mortality and lesion development acutely following CHI, while its role in chemokine expression, macrophage activation, brain pathology, and neurological recovery at later time-points is minor. Concordant to evidence in multiple sclerosis experimental models, our data corroborate a distinct role for ACKR2 in cerebral inflammatory processes compared to its reported functions in peripheral tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/genetics
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/mortality
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mortality
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Recovery of Function
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Woodcock
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tony Frugier
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melboune, Australia
| | - Tan Thanh Nguyen
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bridgette Deanne Semple
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Bye
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Matteo Massara
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Savino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (MCMK); (ML)
| | - Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, and Australian New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCMK); (ML)
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38
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Differential contribution of microglia and monocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:809-826. [PMID: 29063348 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, are the first to react to pathological insults. However, multiple studies have also demonstrated an involvement of peripheral monocytes in several neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the different origins of these two cell types, it is important to distinguish their role and function in the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the differential contributions of microglia and monocytes in the common neurodegenerative diseases AD, PD, and ALS, as well as multiple sclerosis, which is now regarded as a combination of inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. Until recently, it has been challenging to differentiate microglia from monocytes, as there were no specific markers. Therefore, the recent identification of specific molecular signatures of both cell types will help to advance our understanding of their differential contribution in neurodegenerative diseases.
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39
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Silva RL, Lopes AH, Guimarães RM, Cunha TM. CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in pathological pain: Role in peripheral and central sensitization. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:109-116. [PMID: 28587921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain conditions can be triggered after peripheral nerve injury and/or inflammation. It is associated with plasticity of nociceptive pathway in which pain is prolonged even after healing of the injured tissue. Generally combinations of analgesic drugs are not sufficient to achieve selective palliation from chronic pain, besides causing a greater number of side effects. In order to identify novel alternatives for more effective treatments, it is necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms of pathological pain. It is well established that there are two main components in pathological pain development and maintenance: (i) primary sensory neuron sensitization (peripheral sensitization), and (ii) central sensitization. In both components cytokines and chemokines act as key mediators in pain modulation. CXCL1 is a chemokine that promote both nociceptor and central sensitization via its main receptor CXCR2, which is a promising target for novel analgesic drugs. Here, we reviewed and discussed the role of the CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling axis in pathological pain conditions triggered by either peripheral inflammation or nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangel L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre H Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela M Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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40
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Dyer DP, Pallas K, Ruiz LM, Schuette F, Wilson GJ, Graham GJ. CXCR2 deficient mice display macrophage-dependent exaggerated acute inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42681. [PMID: 28205614 PMCID: PMC5311995 DOI: 10.1038/srep42681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR2 is an essential regulator of neutrophil recruitment to inflamed and damaged sites and plays prominent roles in inflammatory pathologies and cancer. It has therefore been highlighted as an important therapeutic target. However the success of the therapeutic targeting of CXCR2 is threatened by our relative lack of knowledge of its precise in vivo mode of action. Here we demonstrate that CXCR2-deficient mice display a counterintuitive transient exaggerated inflammatory response to cutaneous and peritoneal inflammatory stimuli. In both situations, this is associated with reduced expression of cytokines associated with the resolution of the inflammatory response and an increase in macrophage accumulation at inflamed sites. Analysis using neutrophil depletion strategies indicates that this is a consequence of impaired recruitment of a non-neutrophilic CXCR2 positive leukocyte population. We suggest that these cells may be myeloid derived suppressor cells. Our data therefore reveal novel and previously unanticipated roles for CXCR2 in the orchestration of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Dyer
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kenneth Pallas
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Laura Medina Ruiz
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Fabian Schuette
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gillian J. Wilson
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard J. Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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41
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Uddin M, Betts C, Robinson I, Malmgren A, Humfrey C. The chemokine CXCR2 antagonist (AZD5069) preserves neutrophil-mediated host immunity in non-human primates. Haematologica 2016; 102:e65-e68. [PMID: 27742769 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.152371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohib Uddin
- The IMED Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Catherine Betts
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Ian Robinson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anna Malmgren
- The IMED Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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Kim JH, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Hossain FMA, Park SY, Lee JH, Eo SK. CCR5 ameliorates Japanese encephalitis via dictating the equilibrium of regulatory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T and IL-17(+)CD4(+) Th17 cells. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:223. [PMID: 27439902 PMCID: PMC5050958 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5 is a CC chemokine receptor involved in the migration of effector leukocytes including macrophages, NK, and T cells into inflamed tissues. Also, the role of CCR5 in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) homing has recently begun to grab attention. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is defined as severe neuroinflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) following infection with mosquito-borne flavivirus JE virus. However, the potential contribution of CCR5 to JE progression via mediating CD4+Foxp3+ Treg homing has not been investigated. Methods Infected wild-type (Ccr5+/+) and CCR5-deficient (Ccr5−/−) mice were examined daily for mortality and clinical signs, and neuroinflammation in the CNS was evaluated by infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes and cytokine expression. In addition, viral burden, NK- and JEV-specific T cell responses were analyzed. Adoptive transfer of CCR5+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs was used to evaluate the role of Tregs in JE progression. Results CCR5 ablation exacerbated JE without altering viral burden in the extraneural and CNS tissues, as manifested by increased CNS infiltration of Ly-6Chi monocytes and Ly-6Ghi granulocytes. Compared to Ccr5+/+ mice, Ccr5−/− mice unexpectedly showed increased responses of IFN-γ+NK and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, but not CD4+ T cells. More interestingly, CCR5-ablation resulted in a skewed response to IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells and correspondingly reduced CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleen and brain, which was closely associated with exacerbated JE. Our results also revealed that adoptive transfer of sorted CCR5+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs into Ccr5−/− mice could ameliorate JE progression without apparently altering the viral burden and CNS infiltration of IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells, myeloid-derived Ly-6Chi monocytes and Ly-6Ghi granulocytes. Instead, adoptive transfer of CCR5+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs into Ccr5−/− mice resulted in increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in the spleen and brain, and transferred CCR5+ Tregs were found to produce IL-10. Conclusions CCR5 regulates JE progression via governing timely and appropriate CNS infiltration of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, thereby facilitating host survival. Therefore, this critical and extended role of CCR5 in JE raises possible safety concerns regarding the use of CCR5 antagonists in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who inhabit regions in which both HIV and flaviviruses, such as JEV and West Nile virus, are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Hertwig L, Hamann I, Romero-Suarez S, Millward JM, Pietrek R, Chanvillard C, Stuis H, Pollok K, Ransohoff RM, Cardona AE, Infante-Duarte C. CX3CR1-dependent recruitment of mature NK cells into the central nervous system contributes to control autoimmune neuroinflammation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1984-96. [PMID: 27325505 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-deficient mice develop very severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), associated with impaired NK cell recruitment into the CNS. Yet, the precise implications of NK cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation remain elusive. Here, we investigated the pattern of NK cell mobilization and the contribution of CX3CR1 to NK cell dynamics in the EAE. We show that in both wild-type and CX3CR1-deficient EAE mice, NK cells are mobilized from the periphery and accumulate in the inflamed CNS. However, in CX3CR1-deficient mice, the infiltrated NK cells displayed an immature phenotype contrasting with the mature infiltrates in WT mice. This shift in the immature/mature CNS ratio contributes to EAE exacerbation in CX3CR1-deficient mice, since transfer of mature WT NK cells prior to immunization exerted a protective effect and normalized the CNS NK cell ratio. Moreover, mature CD11b(+) NK cells show higher degranulation in the presence of autoreactive 2D2 transgenic CD4(+) T cells and kill these autoreactive cells more efficiently than the immature CD11b(-) fraction. Together, these data suggest a protective role of mature NK cells in EAE, possibly through direct modulation of T cells inside the CNS, and demonstrate that mature and immature NK cells are recruited into the CNS by distinct chemotactic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hertwig
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabell Hamann
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suarez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Millward
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pietrek
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Coralie Chanvillard
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Stuis
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Pollok
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center, Germany and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Miró-Mur F, Pérez-de-Puig I, Ferrer-Ferrer M, Urra X, Justicia C, Chamorro A, Planas AM. Immature monocytes recruited to the ischemic mouse brain differentiate into macrophages with features of alternative activation. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:18-33. [PMID: 26275369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stroke induces a local inflammatory reaction causing leukocyte infiltration. Circulating monocytes are recruited to the ischemic brain and become tissue macrophages morphologically indistinguishable from reactive microglia. However, monocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with different functions. Herein, we investigated the infiltration and fate of the monocyte subsets in a mouse model of focal brain ischemia by permanent occlusion of the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery. We separated two main subtypes of CD11b(hi) monocytes according to their expression of the surface markers Ly6C and CD43. Using adoptive transfer of reporter monocytes and monocyte depletion, we identified the pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi)CD43(lo)CCR2(+) subset as the predominant monocytes recruited to the ischemic tissue. Monocytes were seen in the leptomeninges from where they entered the cortex along the penetrating arterioles. Four days post-ischemia, they had invaded the infarcted core, where they were often located adjacent to blood vessels. At this time, Iba-1(-) and Iba-1(+) cells in the ischemic tissue incorporated BrdU, but BrdU incorporation was rare in the reporter monocytes. The monocyte phenotype progressively changed by down-regulating Ly6C, up-regulating F4/80, expressing low or intermediate levels of Iba-1, and developing macrophage morphology. Moreover, monocytes progressively acquired the expression of typical markers of alternatively activated macrophages, like arginase-1 and YM-1. Collectively, the results show that stroke mobilized immature pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi)CD43(lo) monocytes that acutely infiltrated the ischemic tissue reaching the core of the lesion. Monocytes differentiated to macrophages with features of alternative activation suggesting possible roles in tissue repair during the sub-acute phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Miró-Mur
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Pérez-de-Puig
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maura Ferrer-Ferrer
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xabier Urra
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Functional Stroke Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Justicia
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Chamorro
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Functional Stroke Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Àrea de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Poniatowski ŁA, Wojdasiewicz P, Krawczyk M, Szukiewicz D, Gasik R, Kubaszewski Ł, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Analysis of the Role of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and Its Receptor CX3CR1 in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Insight into Recent Advances in Actions of Neurochemokine Agents. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2167-2188. [PMID: 26927660 PMCID: PMC5355526 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is the only member of the CX3C (delta) subfamily of chemokines which is unique and combines the properties of both chemoattractant and adhesion molecules. The two-form ligand can exist either in a soluble form, like all other chemokines, and as a membrane-anchored molecule. CX3CL1 discloses its biological properties through interaction with one dedicated CX3CR1 receptor which belongs to a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis acts in many physiological phenomena including those occurring in the central nervous system (CNS), by regulating the interactions between neurons, microglia, and immune cells. Apart from the role under physiological conditions, the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis was implied to have a role in different neuropathologies such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). CNS injuries represent a serious public health problem, despite improvements in therapeutic management. To date, no effective treatment has been determined, so they constitute a leading cause of death and severe disability. The course of TBI and SCI has two consecutive poorly demarcated phases: the initial, primary injury and secondary injury. Recent evidence has implicated the role of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in neuroinflammatory processes occurring after CNS injuries. The importance of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the pathophysiology of TBI and SCI in the context of systemic and direct local immune response is still under investigation. This paper, based on a review of the literature, updates and summarizes the current knowledge about CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involvement in TBI and SCI pathogenesis, indicating possible molecular and cellular mechanisms with a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wojdasiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pediatric and Neurological Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gasik
- Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kubaszewski
- Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Wiktor Dega Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545, Poznań, Poland
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Cardona SM, Mendiola AS, Yang YC, Adkins SL, Torres V, Cardona AE. Disruption of Fractalkine Signaling Leads to Microglial Activation and Neuronal Damage in the Diabetic Retina. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415608204. [PMID: 26514658 PMCID: PMC4641555 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415608204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine (CX3CL1 or FKN) is a membrane-bound chemokine expressed on neuronal membranes and is proteolytically cleaved to shed a soluble chemoattractant domain. FKN signals via its unique receptor CX3CR1 expressed on microglia and other peripheral leukocytes. The aim of this study is to determine the role of CX3CR1 in inflammatory-mediated damage to retinal neurons using a model of diabetic retinopathy. For this, we compared neuronal, microglial, and astroglial densities and inflammatory response in nondiabetic and diabetic (Ins2Akita) CX3CR1-wild-type and CX3CR1-deficient mice at 10 and 20 weeks of age. Our results show that Ins2Akita CX3CR1-knockout mice exhibited (a) decreased neuronal cell counts in the retinal ganglion cell layer, (b) increased microglial cell numbers, and (c) decreased astrocyte responses comparable with Ins2Akita CX3CR1-Wild-type mice at 20 weeks of age. Analyses of the inflammatory response using PCR arrays showed several inflammatory genes differentially regulated in diabetic tissues. From those, the response in Ins2Akita CX3CR1-deficient mice at 10 weeks of age revealed a significant upregulation of IL-1β at the transcript level that was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in soluble retinal extracts. Overall, IL-1β, VEGF, and nitrite levels as a read out of nitric oxide production were abundant in Ins2Akita CX3CR1-deficient retina. Notably, double immunofluorescence staining shows that astrocytes act as a source of IL-1β in the Ins2Akita retina, and CX3CR1-deficient microglia potentiate the inflammatory response via IL-1β release. Collectively, these data demonstrate that dysregulated microglial responses in absence of CX3CR1 contribute to inflammatory-mediated damage of neurons in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarina L Adkins
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Torres
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
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47
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Jurcevic S, Humfrey C, Uddin M, Warrington S, Larsson B, Keen C. The effect of a selective CXCR2 antagonist (AZD5069) on human blood neutrophil count and innate immune functions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1324-36. [PMID: 26182832 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective antagonism of the cysteine-X-cysteine chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) receptor has any adverse effects on the key innate effector functions of human neutrophils for defence against microbial pathogens. METHODS In a double-blind, crossover study, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized to treatment with the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 (100 mg) or placebo, twice daily orally for 6 days. The peripheral blood neutrophil count was assessed at baseline, daily during treatment and in response to exercise challenge and subcutaneous injection of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Neutrophil function was evaluated by phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and by the oxidative burst response to E. coli. RESULTS AZD5069 treatment reversibly reduced circulating neutrophil count from baseline by a mean [standard deviation (SD)] of -1.67 (0.67) ×10(9) l(-1) vs. 0.19 (0.78) ×10(9) l(-1) for placebo on day 2, returning to baseline by day 7 after the last dose. Despite low counts on day 4, a 10-min exercise challenge increased absolute blood neutrophil count, but the effect with AZD5069 was smaller and not sustained, compared with placebo treatment. Subcutaneous G-CSF on day 5 caused a substantial increase in blood neutrophil count in both placebo- and AZD5069-treated subjects. Superoxide anion production in E. coli-stimulated neutrophils and phagocytosis of E. coli were unaffected by AZD5069 (P = 0.375, P = 0.721, respectively vs. baseline, Day 4). AZD5069 was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS CXCR2 antagonism did not appear adversely to affect the mobilization of neutrophils from bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, phagocytosis or the oxidative burst response to bacterial pathogens. This supports the potential of CXCR2 antagonists as a treatment option for diseases in which neutrophils play a pathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipo Jurcevic
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Microglia, the major myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders. Since their initial description early in the 20th century, our ability to identify and isolate microglia has significantly improved and new research is providing insight into the functions of these cells in sickness and in health. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of microglia in physiological and pathological processes of the CNS with a focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Because of the prominent roles CX3CR1 and its ligand fractalkine played in bringing about these advances, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of microglia as viewed from the CX3CR1-fractalkine perspective, providing a unique viewpoint. Based on the most recent studies of molecular profiling of microglia, we also propose a molecular and functional definition of microglia that incorporates the properties attributed to these cells in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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49
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Zanier ER, Marchesi F, Ortolano F, Perego C, Arabian M, Zoerle T, Sammali E, Pischiutta F, De Simoni MG. Fractalkine Receptor Deficiency Is Associated with Early Protection but Late Worsening of Outcome following Brain Trauma in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:1060-72. [PMID: 26180940 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An impaired ability to regulate microglia activation by fractalkine (CX3CL1) leads to microglia chronic sub-activation. How this condition affects outcome after acute brain injury is still debated, with studies showing contrasting results depending on the timing and the brain pathology. Here, we investigated the early and delayed consequences of fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) deletion on neurological outcome and on the phenotypical features of the myeloid cells present in the lesions of mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Wild type (WT) and CX3CR1(-/-) C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to sham or controlled cortical impact brain injury. Outcome was assessed at 4 days and 5 weeks after TBI by neuroscore, neuronal count, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Compared with WT mice, CX3CR1(-/-) TBI mice showed a significant reduction of sensorimotor deficits and lower cellular damage in the injured cortex 4 days post-TBI. Conversely, at 5 weeks, they showed a worsening of sensorimotor deficits and pericontusional cell death. Microglia (M) and macrophage (μ) activation and polarization were assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry for CD11b, CD68, Ym1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-markers of M/μ activation, phagocytosis, M2, and M1 phenotypes, respectively. Morphological analysis revealed a decreased area and perimeter of CD11b(+) cells in CX3CR1(-/-) mice at 4 days post-TBI, whereas, at 5 weeks, both parameters were significantly higher, compared with WT mice. At 4 days, CX3CR1(-/-) mice showed significantly decreased CD68 and iNOS immunoreactivity, while at 5 weeks post-injury, they showed a selective increase of iNOS. Gene expression on CD11b(+) sorted cells revealed an increase of interleukin 10 and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) at 1 day and a decrease of IGF1 4 days and 5 weeks post-TBI in CX3CR1(-/-), compared with WT mice. These data show an early protection followed by a chronic exacerbation of TBI outcome in the absence of CX3CR1. Thus, longitudinal effects of myeloid cell manipulation at different stages of pathology should be investigated to understand how and when their modulation may offer therapeutic chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- 2 Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Maedeh Arabian
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy .,3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- 2 Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sammali
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy .,4 Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan, Italy
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Haurogné K, Pavlovic M, Rogniaux H, Bach JM, Lieubeau B. Type 1 Diabetes Prone NOD Mice Have Diminished Cxcr1 mRNA Expression in Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and CD4+ T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134365. [PMID: 26230114 PMCID: PMC4521788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, CXCR1 and CXCR2 are two homologous proteins that bind ELR+ chemokines. Both receptors play fundamental roles in neutrophil functions such as migration and reactive oxygen species production. Mouse Cxcr1 and Cxcr2 genes are located in an insulin-dependent diabetes genetic susceptibility locus. The non obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a spontaneous well-described animal model for insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes. In this disease, insulin deficiency results from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by autoreactive T lymphocytes. This slow-progressing disease is dependent on both environmental and genetic factors. Here, we report descriptive data about the Cxcr1 gene in NOD mice. We demonstrate decreased expression of mRNA for Cxcr1 in neutrophils and CD4+ lymphocytes isolated from NOD mice compared to other strains, related to reduced NOD Cxcr1 gene promoter activity. Looking for Cxcr1 protein, we next analyze the membrane proteome of murine neutrophils by mass spectrometry. Although Cxcr2 protein is clearly found in murine neutrophils, we did not find evidence of Cxcr1 peptides using this method. Nevertheless, in view of recently-published experimental data obtained in NOD mice, we argue for possible Cxcr1 involvement in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Haurogné
- INRA USC1383, IECM, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA4644, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Bach
- INRA USC1383, IECM, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA4644, Nantes, France
| | - Blandine Lieubeau
- INRA USC1383, IECM, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA4644, Nantes, France
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