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Dower WJ, Park AI, Bakker AV, Cwirla SE, Pongtornpipat P, Williams BM, Joshi P, Baxter BA, Needels MC, Barrett RW. A mechanistically novel peptide agonist of the IL-7 receptor that addresses limitations of IL-7 cytokine therapy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286834. [PMID: 37874823 PMCID: PMC10597491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is broadly active on T-cell populations, and modified versions have been clinically evaluated for a variety of therapeutic applications, including cancer, lymphopenia, and infectious diseases; and found to be relatively well-tolerated and biologically active. Here we describe novel IL-7R agonists that are unrelated in structure to IL-7, bind to the receptor subunits differently from IL-7, but closely emulate IL-7 biology. The small size, low structural complexity, and the natural amino acid composition of the pharmacologically active peptide MDK1472 allows facile incorporation into protein structures, such as the IgG2-Fc fusion MDK-703. This molecule possesses properties potentially better suited to therapeutic applications than native IL-7 or its derivatives. We compared these compounds with IL-7 for immune cell selectivity, induction of IL-7R signaling, receptor-mediated internalization, proliferation, and generation of immune cell phenotypes in human and non-human primate (NHP) peripheral blood cells in vitro; and found them to be similar in biological activity to IL-7. In cynomolgus macaques, MDK-703 exhibits a circulating half-life of 46 hr and produces sustained T-cell expansion characteristic of IL-7 treatment. In the huCD34+-engrafted NSG mouse model of the human immune system, MDK-703 induces an immune cell profile very similar to that generated by IL-7-derived compounds; including the pronounced expansion of memory T-cells, particularly the population of stem-like memory T-cells (Tscm) which may be important for anti-tumor activities reported with IL-7 treatment. Clinical administration of IL-7 and modified variants has been reported to induce anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), including IL-7 neutralizing antibodies. The novel peptide agonist reported here scores very low in predicted immunogenicity, and because the peptide lacks sequence similarity with IL-7, the problematic immunogenic neutralization of endogenous cytokine should not occur. The properties we report here implicate MDK-703 as a candidate for clinical evaluation in oncology, anti-viral and other infectious disease, vaccine enhancement, and treatment of lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Dower
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | | | - Alice V. Bakker
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Cwirla
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | | | - Blake M. Williams
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Quantitative Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Prarthana Joshi
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Baxter
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
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2
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Daix T, Mathonnet A, Brakenridge S, Dequin PF, Mira JP, Berbille F, Morre M, Jeannet R, Blood T, Unsinger J, Blood J, Walton A, Moldawer LL, Hotchkiss R, François B. Intravenously administered interleukin-7 to reverse lymphopenia in patients with septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intensive Care 2023; 13:17. [PMID: 36906875 PMCID: PMC10008152 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-023-01109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profound lymphopenia is an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in sepsis. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is essential for lymphocyte proliferation and survival. A previous phase II study showed that CYT107, a glycosylated recombinant human IL-7, administered intramuscularly reversed sepsis-induced lymphopenia and improved lymphocyte function. Thepresent study evaluated intravenous administration of CYT107. This prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was designed to enroll 40 sepsis patients, randomized 3:1 to CYT107 (10 µg/kg) or placebo, for up to 90 days. RESULTS Twenty-one patients were enrolled (fifteen CYT107 group, six placebo group) at eight French and two US sites. The study was halted early because three of fifteen patients receiving intravenous CYT107 developed fever and respiratory distress approximately 5-8 h after drug administration. Intravenous administration of CYT107 resulted in a two-threefold increase in absolute lymphocyte counts (including in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (all p < 0.05)) compared to placebo. This increase was similar to that seen with intramuscular administration of CYT107, was maintained throughout follow-up, reversed severe lymphopenia and was associated with increase in organ support free days (OSFD). However, intravenous CYT107 produced an approximately 100-fold increase in CYT107 blood concentration compared with intramuscular CYT107. No cytokine storm and no formation of antibodies to CYT107 were observed. CONCLUSION Intravenous CYT107 reversed sepsis-induced lymphopenia. However, compared to intramuscular CYT107 administration, it was associated with transient respiratory distress without long-term sequelae. Because of equivalent positive laboratory and clinical responses, more favorable pharmacokinetics, and better patient tolerability, intramuscular administration of CYT107 is preferable. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03821038. Registered 29 January 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03821038?term=NCT03821038&draw=2&rank=1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Daix
- Réanimation Polyvalente, INSERM CIC 1435 and UMR 1092, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Scott Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pierre-François Dequin
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, INSERM U1100 Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires and INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU Tours and Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- Réanimation Médicale, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire de Paris Centre, Hôpital Cochin, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Robin Jeannet
- INSERM CIC 1435 and UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, CHU Limoges and Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Teresa Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline Unsinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Walton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Bruno François
- Réanimation Polyvalente, INSERM CIC 1435 and UMR 1092, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France.
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3
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Pandit H, Valentin A, Angel M, Deleage C, Bergamaschi C, Bear J, Sowder R, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Step-dose IL-7 treatment promotes systemic expansion of T cells and alters immune cell landscape in blood and lymph nodes. iScience 2023; 26:105929. [PMID: 36685042 PMCID: PMC9852696 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed a dose-escalation regimen in rhesus macaques to deliver glycosylated IL-7, a cytokine critical for development and maintenance of T lymphocytes. IL-7 increased proliferation and survival of T cells and triggered several chemokines and cytokines. Induction of CXCL13 in lymph nodes (LNs) led to a remarkable increase of B cells in the LNs, proliferation of germinal center follicular T helper cells and elevated IL-21 levels suggesting an increase in follicle activity. Transcriptomics analysis showed induction of IRF-7 and Flt3L, which was linked to increased frequency of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) on IL-7 treatment. These pDCs expressed higher levels of CCR7, homed to LNs, and were associated with upregulation of type-1 interferon gene signature and increased production of IFN-α2a on TLR stimulation. Superior effects and dose-sparing advantage was observed by the step-dose regimen. Thus, IL-7 treatment leads to systemic effects involving both lymphoid and myeloid compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh Pandit
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew Angel
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raymond Sowder
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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4
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Coupet CA, Dubois C, Evlachev A, Kehrer N, Baldazza M, Hofman S, Vierboom M, Martin P, Inchauspe G. Intravenous injection of a novel viral immunotherapy encoding human interleukin-7 in nonhuman primates is safe and increases absolute lymphocyte count. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2133914. [PMID: 36315906 PMCID: PMC9746448 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2133914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of an immunosuppression, affecting both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, plays a role in sepsis patients' morbidity and late mortality pointing to the need for broad and effective immune interventions. MVA-hIL-7-Fc is a non-replicative recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara encoding the human interleukin-7 fused to human IgG2 Fc fragment. We have shown in murine sepsis models the capacity of this new virotherapy to stimulate both arms of the immune system and increase survival. Herein, an exploratory study in nonhuman primates was performed following a single intravenous injection of the MVA-hIL-7-Fc used at the clinical dose to assess its safety and biological activities. Four cynomolgus macaques were followed for 3 weeks post-injection (p.i), without observed acute adverse reactions. Circulating hIL-7-Fc was detected during the first 3-5 days p.i with a detection peaking at 12 h p.i. IL-7 receptor engagement and downstream signal transduction were detected in T cells demonstrating functionality of the expressed IL-7. Expansion of blood lymphocytes, mainly CD4 and CD8 naïve and central memory T cells, was observed on day 7 p.i. together with a transient increase of Ki67 expression on T lymphocytes. In addition, we observed an increase in circulating B and NK cells as well as monocytes were albeit with different kinetics and levels. This study indicates that a vectorized IL-7-Fc, injected by intravenous route at a relevant clinical dose in a large animal model, is active without adverse reactions supporting the clinical development of this novel virotherapy for treatment of sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadine Kehrer
- Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Baldazza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, Lyon, France
| | - Sam Hofman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Vierboom
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Perrine Martin
- Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Inchauspe
- Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, Lyon, France,CONTACT Geneviève Inchauspe Infectious Diseases department, Transgene SA, 317 Avenue Jean Jaures, Lyon69007, France
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5
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Ware MB, Wolfarth AA, Goon JB, Ezeanya UI, Dhar S, Ferrando-Martinez S, Lee BH. The Role of Interleukin-7 in the Formation of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Their Prognostic Value in Gastrointestinal Cancers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2022; 5:105-117. [PMID: 36483588 PMCID: PMC9714415 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-22-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies for the treatment of solid tumors continue to develop in preclinical and clinical research settings. Unfortunately, for many patients the tumor fails to respond or becomes resistant to therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). In many cancers, failed response to CPIs can be attributed to poor T cell infiltration, dominant immunosuppression, and exhausted immune responses. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers T cell infiltration can be dismal, with several reports finding that CD8+ T cells compose less than 2% of all cells within the tumor. Organized aggregates of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and vessels, together termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), are hypothesized to be a major source of T cells within solid tumors. The intratumoral formation of these organized immune centers appears to rely on intricate cytokine and chemokine signaling to heterogeneous cell populations such as B and T cells, innate lymphoid cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells. In GI cancers, the presence and density of TLSs provide prognostic value for predicting outcome and survival. Further, TLS presence and density associates with favorable responses to CPIs in many cancers. This review highlights the prognostic value of TLSs in GI cancers, the role of the homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) in TLS formation, and the induction of TLSs in solid tumors by novel therapeutics.
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6
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A single administration of hIL-7-hyFc induces long-lasting T-cell expansion with maintained effector functions. Blood Adv 2022; 6:6093-6107. [PMID: 36206199 PMCID: PMC9772483 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine for T-cell homeostatic proliferation and maintenance. Clinical studies have shown the potential benefits of IL-7 therapy in various diseases associated with lymphopenia. However, the kinetics of the T-cell response to a single administration of IL-7 in humans have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of Fc-fused long-acting recombinant human IL-7 (hIL-7-hyFc, efineptakin alfa) on lymphocytes in healthy adults after a single subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. Administration of hIL-7-hyFc increased the CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell numbers up to 2.5-fold, with corresponding upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression, peaking at day 3 or 7. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) did not expand. Among CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, all T-cell subsets (TN, TEM, TCM, TEMRA, and TSCM) increased for 56 days. The T-cell receptor repertoire diversity of naive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was increased by hIL-7-hyFc, whereas the memory T-cell subsets did not differ between day 56 and day 0. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that hIL-7-hyFc induced robust T-cell expansion without changes in gene expression profiles associated with T-cell functions or genes related to T-cell exhaustion, senescence, and anergy. The effector functions of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were preserved after hIL-7-hyFc administration. Our results suggest that hIL-7-hyFc administration induced a sustained increase in the numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but not Tregs, without qualitative changes. These results support the potential of hIL-7-hyFc as a treatment for patients with compromised T-cell immunity or as a vaccine adjuvant.
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7
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Okoye AA, Fromentin R, Takata H, Brehm JH, Fukazawa Y, Randall B, Pardons M, Tai V, Tang J, Smedley J, Axthelm M, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Favre D, Trautmann L, Chomont N. The ingenol-based protein kinase C agonist GSK445A is a potent inducer of HIV and SIV RNA transcription. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010245. [PMID: 35041707 PMCID: PMC8797195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by Protein Kinase C (PKC) agonists is a potent mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency disruption in vitro. However, significant toxicity risks and the lack of evidence supporting their activity in vivo have limited further evaluation of PKC agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents (LRA) in cure strategies. Here we evaluated whether GSK445A, a stabilized ingenol-B derivative, can induce HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transcription and virus production in vitro and demonstrate pharmacological activity in nonhuman primates (NHP). CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV and from SIV+ rhesus macaques (RM) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed in vitro to 25 nM of GSK445A produced cell-associated viral transcripts as well as viral particles at levels similar to those induced by PMA/Ionomycin, indicating that GSK445A can potently reverse HIV/SIV latency. Importantly, these concentrations of GSK445A did not impair the proliferation or survival of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, but instead, increased their numbers and enhanced IFN-γ production in response to HIV peptides. In vivo, GSK445A tolerability was established in SIV-naïve RM at 15 μg/kg although tolerability was reduced in SIV-infected RM on ART. Increases in plasma viremia following GSK445A administration were suggestive of increased SIV transcription in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that GSK445A is a potent HIV/SIV LRA in vitro and has a tolerable safety profile amenable for further evaluation in vivo in NHP models of HIV cure/remission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not a definitive cure for HIV infection, in part, because the virus is able to integrate its genetic material in the host cell and remain in a dormant but fully replication-competent form during ART. These latently-infected cells can persist for long periods of time and remain hidden from the host’s immune system. If ART is stopped, the virus can reactivate from this pool of infected cells and resume HIV replication and disease progression. As such, finding and eliminating cells with latent HIV infection is priority for HIV cure research. One approach is to use compounds referred to as latency-reversing agents, that can induce HIV reactivation during ART. The goal of this approach is to facilitate elimination of infected cells by the virus itself once it reactivates or by the host’s immune system, once virus induction renders the cells detectable by the immune system, while also preventing the virus from infecting new cells due to the continued presence of ART. In this study we report on the activity of a novel latency-reversing agent called GSK445A, a potent activator of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). We show that GSK445A can induce HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) latency reversal in vitro and has a tolerable saftey profile in nonhuman primates that should permit further testing of this PKC-agonist in strategies to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica H Brehm
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bryan Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marion Pardons
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Tai
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Tang
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David Favre
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Pachynski RK, Morishima C, Szmulewitz R, Harshman L, Appleman L, Monk P, Bitting RL, Kucuk O, Millard F, Seigne JD, Fling SP, Maecker HT, Duault C, Ramchurren N, Hess B, D'Amico L, Lacroix A, Kaiser JC, Morre M, Grégoire A, Cheever M, Yu EY, Fong L. IL-7 expands lymphocyte populations and enhances immune responses to sipuleucel-T in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002903. [PMID: 34452927 PMCID: PMC8404457 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sipuleucel-T (sip-T) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved autologous cellular immunotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We hypothesized that combining sip-T with interleukin (IL)-7, a homeostatic cytokine that enhances both B and T cell development and proliferation, would augment and prolong antigen-specific immune responses against both PA2024 (the immunogen for sip-T) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). METHODS Fifty-four patients with mCRPC treated with sip-T were subsequently enrolled and randomized 1:1 into observation (n=26) or IL-7 (n=28) arms of a phase II clinical trial (NCT01881867). Recombinant human (rh) IL-7 (CYT107) was given weekly×4. Immune responses were evaluated using flow cytometry, mass cytometry (CyTOF), interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot, 3H-thymidine incorporation, and ELISA. RESULTS Treatment with rhIL-7 was well tolerated. For the rhIL-7-treated, but not observation group, statistically significant lymphocyte subset expansion was found, with 2.3-2.6-fold increases in CD4+T, CD8+T, and CD56bright NK cells at week 6 compared with baseline. No significant differences in PA2024 or PAP-specific T cell responses measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay were found between rhIL-7 and observation groups. However, antigen-specific T cell proliferative responses and humoral IgG and IgG/IgM responses significantly increased over time in the rhIL-7-treated group only. CyTOF analyses revealed pleiotropic effects of rhIL-7 on lymphocyte subsets, including increases in CD137 and intracellular IL-2 and IFN-γ expression. While not powered to detect clinical outcomes, we found that 31% of patients in the rhIL-7 group had prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling times of >6 months, compared with 14% in the observation group. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with rhIL-7 led to a significant expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells compared with observation after treatment with sip-T. The rhIL-7 treatment also led to improved antigen-specific humoral and T cell proliferative responses over time as well as to increased expression of activation markers and beneficial cytokines. This is the first study to evaluate the use of rhIL-7 after sip-T in patients with mCRPC and demonstrates encouraging results for combination approaches to augment beneficial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Pachynski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Russell Szmulewitz
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren Harshman
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- *Current affiliation: Surface Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Paul Monk
- Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Omer Kucuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - John D Seigne
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Steven P Fling
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Duault
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruce Hess
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leonard D'Amico
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Judith C Kaiser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Cheever
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Evan Y Yu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Logerot S, Figueiredo-Morgado S, Charmeteau-de-Muylder B, Sandouk A, Drillet-Dangeard AS, Bomsel M, Bourgault-Villada I, Couëdel-Courteille A, Cheynier R, Rancez M. IL-7-Adjuvanted Vaginal Vaccine Elicits Strong Mucosal Immune Responses in Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2021; 12:614115. [PMID: 33717097 PMCID: PMC7947860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.614115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses are crucial in protecting against pathogens entering through mucosal surfaces. However, due to poor T-cell responsiveness upon mucosal antigenic stimulation, mucosal immunity remains difficult to obtain through vaccines and requires appropriate adjuvants. We previously demonstrated that administered systemically to healthy macaques or locally expressed in the intestinal mucosa of acutely SIV-infected macaques, interleukin-7 (IL-7) triggers chemokine expression and immune cell homing into mucosae, suggesting its important role in the development of mucosal immune responses. We therefore examined whether local delivery of recombinant glycosylated simian IL-7 (rs-IL-7gly) to the vaginal mucosa of rhesus macaques could prepare the lower female genital tract (FGT) for subsequent immunization and act as an efficient mucosal adjuvant. First, we showed that local administration of rs-IL-7gly triggers vaginal overexpression of chemokines and infiltration of mDCs, macrophages, NKs, B- and T-cells in the lamina propria while MamuLa-DR+ APCs accumulated in the epithelium. Subsequent mucosal anti-DT immunization in macaques resulted in a faster, stronger, and more persistent mucosal antibody response compared to DT-immunization alone. Indeed, we detected robust productions of DT-specific IgAs and IgGs in their vaginal secretions and identified cells secreting DT-specific IgAs in their vaginal mucosa and IgGs in draining lymph nodes. Finally, the expression of chemokines involved in the organization of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) was only increased in the vaginal mucosa of IL-7-adjuvanted immunized macaques. Interestingly, TLSs developed around PNAd+ high endothelial venules in their lower FGT sampled 2 weeks after the last immunization. Non-traumatic vaginal administration of rs-IL-7gly prepares the mucosa to respond to subsequent local immunization and allows the development of a strong mucosal immune response in macaques, through the chemokine-dependent recruitment of immune cells, the activation of mDCs and the formation of TLSs. The localization of DT-specific IgA+ plasma cells in the upper vaginal mucosa argues for their contribution to the production of specific immunoglobulins in the vaginal secretions. Our results highlight the potential of IL-7 as a potent mucosal adjuvant to stimulate the FGT immune system and elicit vaginal antibody responses to local immunization, which is the most promising way to confer protection against many sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Logerot
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo-Morgado
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-de-Muylder
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Abdelkader Sandouk
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Drillet-Dangeard
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bourgault-Villada
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Magali Rancez
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cells, B Lymphocytes and Cytokines in their Microenvironment During Viral Infections and Cancer, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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10
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Lee SW, Choi D, Heo M, Shin EC, Park SH, Kim SJ, Oh YK, Lee BH, Yang SH, Sung YC, Lee H. hIL-7-hyFc, A Long-Acting IL-7, Increased Absolute Lymphocyte Count in Healthy Subjects. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:1161-1169. [PMID: 32339447 PMCID: PMC7719369 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A low lymphocyte count puts immune-compromised patients at risk of mortality. hIL-7-hyFc is a homodimeric interleukin-7 (IL-7), a potent T-cell amplifier, fused to the hybridizing IgD/IgG4 immunoglobulin domain. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, phase I study to assess the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity profiles of hIL-7-hyFc administered s.c. and i.m. to healthy volunteers. Thirty subjects randomly received hIL-7-hyFc or its matching placebo in an 8:2 ratio at 20, 60 μg/kg s.c., or 60 μg/kg i.m. The hIL-7-hyFc was slowly absorbed and its terminal half-life was 63.26 hours after i.m. administration. The hIL-7-hyFc increased absolute lymphocyte count, mostly in T-cells, which peaked 3 weeks after administration and then lasted for several additional weeks. The hIL-7-hyFc was well-tolerated after a single s.c. and i.m. administration. Injection site reaction was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event, which resolved spontaneously without treatment. The hIL-7-hyFc can be developed into a beneficial treatment option for patients with compromised T-cell immunity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02860715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - MinKyu Heo
- Genexine, Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - So Jeong Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Howard Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Ramirez R, Herrera AM, Ramirez J, Qian C, Melton DW, Shireman PK, Jin YF. Deriving a Boolean dynamics to reveal macrophage activation with in vitro temporal cytokine expression profiles. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:725. [PMID: 31852428 PMCID: PMC6921543 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages show versatile functions in innate immunity, infectious diseases, and progression of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. These versatile functions of macrophages are conducted by different macrophage phenotypes classified as classically activated macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages due to different stimuli in the complex in vivo cytokine environment. Dissecting the regulation of macrophage activations will have a significant impact on disease progression and therapeutic strategy. Mathematical modeling of macrophage activation can improve the understanding of this biological process through quantitative analysis and provide guidance to facilitate future experimental design. However, few results have been reported for a complete model of macrophage activation patterns. RESULTS We globally searched and reviewed literature for macrophage activation from PubMed databases and screened the published experimental results. Temporal in vitro macrophage cytokine expression profiles from published results were selected to establish Boolean network models for macrophage activation patterns in response to three different stimuli. A combination of modeling methods including clustering, binarization, linear programming (LP), Boolean function determination, and semi-tensor product was applied to establish Boolean networks to quantify three macrophage activation patterns. The structure of the networks was confirmed based on protein-protein-interaction databases, pathway databases, and published experimental results. Computational predictions of the network evolution were compared against real experimental results to validate the effectiveness of the Boolean network models. CONCLUSION Three macrophage activation core evolution maps were established based on the Boolean networks using Matlab. Cytokine signatures of macrophage activation patterns were identified, providing a possible determination of macrophage activations using extracellular cytokine measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ramirez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Allen Michael Herrera
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Joshua Ramirez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Chunjiang Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - David W Melton
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Blvd, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Fang Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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12
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Belarif L, Danger R, Kermarrec L, Nerrière-Daguin V, Pengam S, Durand T, Mary C, Kerdreux E, Gauttier V, Kucik A, Thepenier V, Martin JC, Chang C, Rahman A, Guen NSL, Braudeau C, Abidi A, David G, Malard F, Takoudju C, Martinet B, Gérard N, Neveu I, Neunlist M, Coron E, MacDonald TT, Desreumaux P, Mai HL, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Mosnier JF, Merad M, Josien R, Brouard S, Soulillou JP, Blancho G, Bourreille A, Naveilhan P, Vanhove B, Poirier N. IL-7 receptor influences anti-TNF responsiveness and T cell gut homing in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1910-1925. [PMID: 30939120 DOI: 10.1172/jci121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown what causes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including signaling networks perpetuating chronic gastrointestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), in humans. According to an analysis of up to 500 patients with IBD and 100 controls, we report that key transcripts of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) pathway are accumulated in inflamed colon tissues of severe CD and UC patients not responding to either immunosuppressive/corticosteroid, anti-TNF, or anti-α4β7 therapies. High expression of both IL7R and IL-7R signaling signature in the colon before treatment is strongly associated with nonresponsiveness to anti-TNF therapy. While in mice IL-7 is known to play a role in systemic inflammation, we found that in humans IL-7 also controlled α4β7 integrin expression and imprinted gut-homing specificity on T cells. IL-7R blockade reduced human T cell homing to the gut and colonic inflammation in vivo in humanized mouse models, and altered effector T cells in colon explants from UC patients grown ex vivo. Our findings show that failure of current treatments for CD and UC is strongly associated with an overexpressed IL-7R signaling pathway and point to IL-7R as a relevant therapeutic target and potential biomarker to fill an unmet need in clinical IBD detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Danger
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Kermarrec
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Nerrière-Daguin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | | | - Tony Durand
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Aneta Kucik
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jerome C Martin
- Precision Immunology Institute.,Tisch Cancer Institute.,Department of Oncological Sciences
| | - Christie Chang
- Precision Immunology Institute.,Tisch Cancer Institute.,Department of Oncological Sciences
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Precision Immunology Institute.,Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Salabert-Le Guen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immuno Monitoring Nantes-Atlantique (CIMNA), Nantes, France.,LabEx Immunograft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Braudeau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immuno Monitoring Nantes-Atlantique (CIMNA), Nantes, France.,LabEx Immunograft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France
| | - Ahmed Abidi
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de génétique, immunologie et pathologies humaines, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Grégoire David
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Florent Malard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Celine Takoudju
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Martinet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Gérard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Neveu
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Coron
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, University of Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Hoa-Le Mai
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Stephanie Le Bas-Bernardet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Nantes, France
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute.,Tisch Cancer Institute.,Department of Oncological Sciences.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Régis Josien
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immuno Monitoring Nantes-Atlantique (CIMNA), Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
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13
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Ménétrier-Caux C, Ray-Coquard I, Blay JY, Caux C. Lymphopenia in Cancer Patients and its Effects on Response to Immunotherapy: an opportunity for combination with Cytokines? J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 30922400 PMCID: PMC6437964 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative lymphocyte alterations are frequent in patients with cancer, and strongly impact prognosis and survival. The development of cancers in immunosuppressed patients has demonstrated the contribution of different T cell populations, including CD4+ cells, in the control of cancer occurrence.Whereas absolute numbers of neutrophils, platelets and red blood cells are routinely monitored in clinic following treatments, because of possible short-term complications, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC), their subpopulations or diversity (phenotype, TCR) are rarely analyzed and never used to choose therapy or as prognostic criteria. The recent identification of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) as powerful therapeutic agents has revitalized immunotherapy of cancer in a broader group of diseases than anticipated. The status of the immune system is now recognized as an important biomarker for response to these novel treatments. Blood ALC values, along with tumor infiltration by CD8+T cells, and ICPi and ICPi-ligand expression, are likely to be a potential marker of sensitivity to anti-ICPi therapy.In this article, we review the current knowledge on the incidence and significance of lymphopenia in cancer patients, and discuss therapeutic strategies to restore lymphocyte numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ménétrier-Caux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France. .,Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Medical Oncology department, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008, Lyon, France
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14
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HIV reservoir dynamics in HAART-treated poor immunological responder patients under IL-7 therapy. AIDS 2018; 32:715-720. [PMID: 29369157 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recombinant Human IL-7 (rhIL-7) therapy allows reconstituting systemic and tissue-associated CD4 T-cell populations in HIV-infected poor immunological responder (PIR) patients. However, in-vitro studies suggest that the impact of rhIL-7 treatment on HIV-DNA loads in vivo remains questionable. DESIGN We assessed the dynamics of circulating HIV-DNA loads in IL-7-treated HIV-infected PIR individuals. METHODS Forty-one rhIL-7-treated and 16 control participants from the INSPIRE-3 clinical trial were included. Participants received three weekly subcutaneous injections of rhIL-7. HIV-DNA was quantified by nested quantitative PCR in white blood cells sampled at D0, D28 and M3 and expressed as per milliliters and per CD4 T-cell. Changes in HIV-DNA loads in the CD4 compartment at M3 were confirmed on sorted CD4 cells. RESULTS Together with rhIL-7-induced T-cell expansion, we observed a significant raise in both infected cell frequencies and counts during the first 28 days of follow-up. During this period, HIV-DNA load per CD4 T-cell also increased, to a lower extent. Three months post-therapy, both the frequencies and counts of infected cells diminished in blood as compared with D28 but remained significantly higher than before IL-7 therapy. In contrast, infection frequencies strongly diminished within CD4 cells, reaching slightly but significantly lower levels than at baseline. CONCLUSION rhIL-7 treatment initially drives an expansion of HIV reservoir in PIR patients by D28. This expansion is probably not only because of infected cell proliferation, but also to possible enhanced neoinfection, despite highly active antiretroviral therapy. In contrast, subsequent reduction in HIV-DNA load per CD4 T-cell argues for partial elimination of infected cells between D28 and M3.
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15
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Francois B, Jeannet R, Daix T, Walton AH, Shotwell MS, Unsinger J, Monneret G, Rimmelé T, Blood T, Morre M, Gregoire A, Mayo GA, Blood J, Durum SK, Sherwood ER, Hotchkiss RS. Interleukin-7 restores lymphocytes in septic shock: the IRIS-7 randomized clinical trial. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515037 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A defining pathophysiologic feature of sepsis is profound apoptosis-induced death and depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an antiapoptotic common γ-chain cytokine that is essential for lymphocyte proliferation and survival. Clinical trials of IL-7 in over 390 oncologic and lymphopenic patients showed that IL-7 was safe, invariably increased CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts, and improved immunity. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human IL-7 (CYT107) in patients with septic shock and severe lymphopenia. Twenty-seven patients at academic sites in France and the United States received CYT107 or placebo for 4 weeks. Primary aims were to determine the safety of CYT107 in sepsis and its ability to reverse lymphopenia. RESULTS CYT107 was well tolerated without evidence of inducing cytokine storm or worsening inflammation or organ dysfunction. CYT107 caused a 3- to 4-fold increase in absolute lymphocyte counts and in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that persisted for weeks after drug administration. CYT107 also increased T cell proliferation and activation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first trial of an immunoadjuvant therapy targeting defects in adaptive immunity in patients with sepsis. CYT107 reversed the marked loss of CD4+ and CD8+ immune effector cells, a hallmark of sepsis and a likely key mechanism in its morbidity and mortality. CYT107 represents a potential new way forward in the treatment of patients with sepsis by restoring adaptive immunity. Such immune-based therapy should be broadly protective against diverse pathogens including multidrug resistant bacteria that preferentially target patients with impaired immunity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02640807 and NCT02797431. FUNDING Revimmune, NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences GM44118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Francois
- Intensive Care Unit, and.,Inserm CIC-1435, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France.,Inserm UMR-1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Robin Jeannet
- Inserm CIC-1435, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Daix
- Intensive Care Unit, and.,Inserm CIC-1435, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Andrew H Walton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew S Shotwell
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacqueline Unsinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,EA 7426 PI3 "Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression", Université Claude Bernard Lyon I-Biomérieux-Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- EA 7426 PI3 "Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression", Université Claude Bernard Lyon I-Biomérieux-Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Teresa Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Gail A Mayo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jane Blood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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16
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Echebli N, Tchitchek N, Dupuy S, Bruel T, Peireira Bittencourt Passaes C, Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Bourgeois C, Favier B, Cheynier R, Lambotte O, Vaslin B. Stage-specific IFN-induced and IFN gene expression reveal convergence of type I and type II IFN and highlight their role in both acute and chronic stage of pathogenic SIV infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190334. [PMID: 29324751 PMCID: PMC5764266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a major role in controlling viral infections including HIV/SIV infections. Persistent up-regulation of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) is associated with chronic immune activation and progression in SIV/HIV infections, but the respective contribution of different IFNs is unclear. We analyzed the expression of IFN genes and ISGs in tissues of SIV infected macaques to understand the respective roles of type I and type II IFNs. Both IFN types were induced in lymph nodes during early stage of primary infection and to some extent in rectal biopsies but not in PBMCs. Induction of Type II IFN expression persisted during the chronic phase, in contrast to undetectable induction of type I IFN expression. Global gene expression analysis with a major focus on ISGs revealed that at both acute and chronic infection phases most differentially expressed ISGs were inducible by both type I and type II IFNs and displayed the highest increases, indicating strong convergence and synergy between type I and type II IFNs. The analysis of functional signatures of ISG expression revealed temporal changes in IFN expression patterns identifying phase-specific ISGs. These results suggest that IFN-γ strongly contribute to shape ISG upregulation in addition to type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Echebli
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphanie Dupuy
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Peireira Bittencourt Passaes
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- APHP, Service de Médecine Interne–Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Steele AK, Carrasco-Medina L, Sodora DL, Crawley AM. Increased soluble IL-7 receptor concentrations associate with improved IL-7 therapy outcomes in SIV-infected ART-treated Rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188427. [PMID: 29261677 PMCID: PMC5736176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of interleukin-7 (IL-7) as an immunorestorative therapeutic has proven effective in HIV infection, cancer and bone marrow transplantation. Mediating its activity through membrane-bound IL-7 receptor α (mCD127), IL-7 therapy increases T-cell numbers and survival. A soluble form, sCD127, is found in plasma, and we have previously identified increased plasma sCD127 concentrations in HIV infection. Furthermore, patients with high sCD127 exhibited the best viral control, implicating a role for IL-7 or sCD127 directly in improved virologic/immunologic outcomes. The role of the cytokine IL-7 in elevating sCD127 levels was addressed here through assessment of retrospective samples obtained from SIV-infected antiretroviral (ART)-treated Rhesus macaques. IL-7 was administered in clustered weekly doses, allowing for an assessment prior, during and following IL-7 administration. The levels of sCD127 remained relatively unchanged during both early SIV infection and following initiation of ART. However, treatment with IL-7 increased sCD127 concentrations in most animals, transiently or persistently, paralleling increased T-cell numbers, correlating significantly with CD8+ T-cell levels. In addition, proliferating CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells (measured by Ki67) increased in association with elevated sCD127 concentrations. Finally, a high concentration of sCD127 in IL7-treated animals was associated with increased retention of T-cells (measured by BrDU). In addition, a lack, or loss of viral control was associated with more pronounced and frequent elevations in plasma sCD127 concentrations with IL-7 therapy. In summary, plasma sCD127 levels in SIV-infected ART-treated macaques was associated with therapeutic IL-7 administration, with higher sCD127 levels in macaques demonstrating the best T-cell responses. This study furthers our knowledge regarding the interrelationship between increased IL-7 levels and elevated sCD127 levels that may have implications for future IL-7 immunotherapeutic approaches in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Steele
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Collegiate Peaks Science Writing, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Lorna Carrasco-Medina
- The Ottawa Hospital–General Campus, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Dept. Biochem., Microbiol., and Immunol., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Carleton University, Dept. Biol., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Kielsen K, Ryder LP, Lennox-Hvenekilde D, Gad M, Nielsen CH, Heilmann C, Ifversen M, Pedersen AE, Müller K. Reconstitution of Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells after paediatric haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Impact of interleukin-7. Immunobiology 2017; 223:220-226. [PMID: 29033080 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful reconstitution of T lymphocytes after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is needed to establish the graft-versus-leukaemia effect and an effective anti-microbial defense, but the ratio between functionally different T-cell subsets needs to be balanced to avoid graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). IL-7 is essential for T-cell generation in the thymus and peripheral T-cell homeostasis. High IL-7 levels have been associated with impaired T-cell reconstitution, increased risk of acute GVHD and treatment-related mortality, but the underlying cellular mechanisms behind these associations have not been investigated previously. We hypothesized that increased levels of IL-7 post-transplant alters the balance between immune-regulatory T cell subsets during the post-transplant lymphocyte recovery towards a more pro-inflammatory profile. We quantified Th17 cells, Tc17 cells and Tregs in 29 children following HSCT. Th17 cell and Treg counts rose significantly from day +90 to +180 post-HSCT, and prior acute GVHD was associated with significant changes in the concentration of Tregs (9.4×106/L vs. 1.3×106/L, P=0.0052) and the Th17/Treg ratio (1.5 vs. 4.2, P=0.025). The plasma level of IL-7 at day +90 correlated inversely with Th17 cell counts (rs=-0.65, P=0.0002) and the proportion of Tc17 cells (rs=0.64, P=0.0005) at day +90, but not with Tregs. Furthermore, high IL-7 levels at day +7 were predictive of a less naïve T-cell phenotype at day +90. These findings add further evidence that IL-7 is a key regulatory factor that may tune the balance between functionally different T-cell subsets following HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Kielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars P Ryder
- The Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Heilmann
- Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Ifversen
- Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Ponte R, Rancez M, Figueiredo-Morgado S, Dutrieux J, Fabre-Mersseman V, Charmeteau-de-Muylder B, Guilbert T, Routy JP, Cheynier R, Couëdel-Courteille A. Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Triggers Early and Transient Interleukin-7 Production in the Gut, Leading to Enhanced Local Chemokine Expression and Intestinal Immune Cell Homing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:588. [PMID: 28579989 PMCID: PMC5437214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier, one of the first targets of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is subjected to major physiological changes during acute infection. Having previously shown that pharmaceutical injection of interleukin-7 (IL-7) triggers chemokine expression in many organs leading to massive T-cell homing, in particular to the intestine, we here explored mucosal IL-7 expression as part of the cytokine storm occurring during the acute phase of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Quantifying both mRNA and protein in tissues, we demonstrated a transient increase of IL-7 expression in the small intestine of SIV-infected rhesus macaques, starting with local detection of the virus by day 3 of infection. We also observed increased transcription levels of several chemokines in the small intestine. In infected macaques, ileal IL-7 expression correlated with the transcription of four of these chemokines. Among these chemokines, the macrophage and/or T-cell attractant chemokines CCL4, CCL25, and CCL28 also demonstrated increased transcription in uninfected IL-7-treated monkeys. Through immunohistofluorescence staining and image analysis, we observed increased CD8+ T-cell numbers and stable CD4+ T-cell counts in the infected lamina propria (LP) during hyperacute infection. Concomitantly, circulating CCR9+beta7+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells dropped during acute infection, suggesting augmented intestinal homing of gut-imprinted T-cells. Finally, CD4+ macrophages transiently decreased in the submucosa and concentrated in the LP during the first days of infection. Overall, our study identifies IL-7 as a danger signal in the small intestine of Chinese rhesus macaques in response to acute SIV infection. Through stimulation of local chemokine expressions, this overexpression of IL-7 triggers immune cell recruitment to the gut. These findings suggest a role for IL-7 in the initiation of early mucosal immune responses to SIV and HIV infections. However, IL-7 triggered CD4+ T-cells and macrophages localization at viral replication sites could also participate to viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Magali Rancez
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo-Morgado
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fabre-Mersseman
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-de-Muylder
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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20
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Deiser K, Stoycheva D, Bank U, Blankenstein T, Schüler T. Interleukin-7 Modulates Anti-Tumor CD8+ T Cell Responses via Its Action on Host Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159690. [PMID: 27447484 PMCID: PMC4957759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is a promising approach for the treatment of chronic viral and malignant diseases. In order to improve adoptive T cell therapy (ATT) of cancer, recent strategies aim at the antibody-based blockade of immunosuppressive signaling pathways in CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, adjuvant effects of immunostimulatory cytokines might be exploited to improve therapeutic CD8+ T cell responses. For example, Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a potent growth, activation and survival factor for CD8+ T cells that can be used to improve virus- and tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Although direct IL-7 effects on CD8+ T cells were studied extensively in numerous models, the contribution of IL-7 receptor-competent (IL-7R+) host cells remained unclear. In the current study we provide evidence that CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor rejection in response to recombinant IL-7 (rIL-7) therapy is strictly dependent on IL-7R+ host cells. On the contrary, CD8+ T cell expansion is independent of host IL-7R expression. If, however, rIL-7 therapy and peptide vaccination are combined, host IL-7R signaling is crucial for CD8+ T cell expansion. Unexpectedly, maximum CD8+ T cell expansion relies mainly on IL-7R signaling in non-hematopoietic host cells, similar to the massive accumulation of dendritic cells and granulocytes. In summary, we provide evidence that IL-7R+ host cells are major targets of rIL-7 that modulate therapeutic CD8+ T cell responses and the outcome of rIL-7-assisted ATT. This knowledge may have important implications for the design and optimization of clinical ATT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Deiser
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Stoycheva
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Bank
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Thaysen-Andersen M, Chertova E, Bergamaschi C, Moh ESX, Chertov O, Roser J, Sowder R, Bear J, Lifson J, Packer NH, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Recombinant human heterodimeric IL-15 complex displays extensive and reproducible N- and O-linked glycosylation. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:417-33. [PMID: 26563299 PMCID: PMC7537637 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human interleukin 15 (IL-15) circulates in blood as a stable molecular complex with the soluble IL-15 receptor alpha (sIL-15Rα). This heterodimeric IL-15:sIL-15Rα complex (hetIL-15) shows therapeutic potential by promoting the growth, mobilization and activation of lymphocytes and is currently evaluated in clinical trials. Favorable pharmacokinetic properties are associated with the heterodimeric formation and the glycosylation of hetIL-15, which, however, remains largely uncharacterized. We report the site-specific N- and O-glycosylation of two clinically relevant large-scale preparations of HEK293-derived recombinant human hetIL-15. Intact IL-15 and sIL-15Rα and derived glycans and glycopeptides were separately profiled using multiple LC-MS/MS strategies. IL-15 Asn79 and sIL-15Rα Asn107 carried the same repertoire of biosynthetically-related N-glycans covering mostly α1-6-core-fucosylated and β-GlcNAc-terminating complex-type structures. The two potential IL-15 N-glycosylation sites (Asn71 and Asn112) located at the IL-2 receptor interface were unoccupied. Mass analysis of intact IL-15 confirmed its N-glycosylation and suggested that Asn79-glycosylation partially prevents Asn77-deamidation. IL-15 contained no O-glycans, whereas sIL-15Rα was heavily O-glycosylated with partially sialylated core 1 and 2-type mono- to hexasaccharides on Thr2, Thr81, Thr86, Thr156, Ser158, and Ser160. The sialoglycans displayed α2-3- and α2-6-NeuAc-type sialylation. Non-human, potentially immunogenic glycoepitopes (e.g. N-glycolylneuraminic acid and α-galactosylation) were not displayed by hetIL-15. Highly reproducible glycosylation of IL-15 and sIL-15Rα of two batches of hetIL-15 demonstrated consistent manufacturing and purification. In conclusion, we document the heterogeneous and reproducible N- and O-glycosylation of large-scale preparations of the therapeutic candidate hetIL-15. Site-specific mapping of these molecular features is important to evaluate the consistent large-scale production and clinical efficacy of hetIL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - E Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - C Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - E S X Moh
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - O Chertov
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Roser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - R Sowder
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - N H Packer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - B K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - G N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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22
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Ponte R, Mehraj V, Ghali P, Couëdel-Courteille A, Cheynier R, Routy JP. Reversing Gut Damage in HIV Infection: Using Non-Human Primate Models to Instruct Clinical Research. EBioMedicine 2016; 4:40-9. [PMID: 26981570 PMCID: PMC4776249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to dramatic improvements in the lives of HIV-infected persons. However, residual immune activation, which persists despite ART, is associated with increased risk of non-AIDS morbidities. Accumulating evidence shows that disruption of the gut mucosal epithelium during SIV/HIV infections allows translocation of microbial products into the circulation, triggering immune activation. This disruption is due to immune, structural and microbial alterations. In this review, we highlighted the key findings of gut mucosa studies of SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected humans that have revealed virus-induced changes of intestinal CD4, CD8 T cells, innate lymphoid cells, myeloid cells, and of the local cytokine/chemokine network in addition to epithelial injuries. We review the interplay between the host immune response and the intestinal microbiota, which also impacts disease progression. Collectively, these studies have instructed clinical research on early ART initiation, modifiers of microbiota composition, and recombinant cytokines for restoring gut barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Ghali
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Okoye AA, Rohankhedkar M, Konfe AL, Abana CO, Reyes MD, Clock JA, Duell DM, Sylwester AW, Sammader P, Legasse AW, Park BS, Axthelm MK, Nikolich-Žugich J, Picker LJ. Effect of IL-7 Therapy on Naive and Memory T Cell Homeostasis in Aged Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4292-305. [PMID: 26416281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with gradual deterioration of adaptive immune function, a hallmark of which is the profound loss of naive T cells (TN) associated with decline in thymic output and export of new cells into the peripheral T cell pool. Because the lymphotropic cytokine IL-7 plays crucial roles in both development of TN in the thymus and TN homeostasis in the periphery, we sought to determine the extent to which therapeutic administration of IL-7 could reverse TN deficiency in aging rhesus macaques (RM), either by enhancement of the demonstrably reduced thymopoiesis or by peripheral TN expansion. Our results indicate that treatment of both adult (8-15 y) and old (>20 y) RM with recombinant simian IL-7 (rsIL-7) results in only transient increases in peripheral CD4(+) and CD8(+) TN numbers with no long-term benefit, even with repeated therapy. This transient effect was due to peripheral TN expansion and not enhanced thymic function, and appeared to be limited by induction of IL-7 nonresponsiveness. However, rsIL-7 therapy had a more promising effect on the central memory T cell (TCM) population (both CD4(+) and CD8(+)) in adult and old RM, doubling the numbers of these cells in circulation and maintaining this larger population long term. IL-7 therapy did not reduce TCR diversity of the memory T cell compartment, suggesting that rsIL-7-induced expansion was symmetrical. Thus, although rsIL-7 failed to counter age-associated TN loss, the ability of this therapy to expand clonotypically diverse CD4(+) and CD8(+) TCM populations might potentially improve adaptive immune responsiveness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Rohankhedkar
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Chike O Abana
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew D Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Joseph A Clock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew W Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724; and The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724.
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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Trédan O, Ménétrier-Caux C, Ray-Coquard I, Garin G, Cropet C, Verronèse E, Bachelot T, Rebattu P, Heudel P, Cassier P, Chabaud S, Croughs T, Dupont P, Cadore A, Clapisson G, Delgado A, Bardin-dit-Courageot C, Rigal C, N'Kodia A, Gilles-Afchain L, Morre M, Pérol D, Blay J, Caux C. ELYPSE-7: a randomized placebo-controlled phase IIa trial with CYT107 exploring the restoration of CD4+ lymphocyte count in lymphopenic metastatic breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1353-62. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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25
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Mechanism of Action of IL-7 and Its Potential Applications and Limitations in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10267-80. [PMID: 25955647 PMCID: PMC4463645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a non-hematopoietic cell-derived cytokine with a central role in the adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the thymus and maintains survival of naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery. Moreover, it is important for the organogenesis of lymph nodes (LN) and for the maintenance of activated T cells recruited into the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). The immune capacity of cancer patients is suppressed that is characterized by lower T cell counts, less effector immune cells infiltration, higher levels of exhausted effector cells and higher levels of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) is an ideal solution for the immune reconstitution of lymphopenia patients by promoting peripheral T cell expansion. Furthermore, it can antagonize the immunosuppressive network. In animal models, IL-7 has been proven to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing hosts. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of action and applications of IL-7 in cancer immunotherapy and the potential restrictions for its usage.
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26
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Gasnault J, de Goër de Herve MG, Michot JM, Hendel-Chavez H, Seta V, Mazet AA, Croughs T, Stankoff B, Bourhis JH, Lambotte O, Delfraissy JF, Taoufik Y. Efficacy of recombinant human interleukin 7 in a patient with severe lymphopenia-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu074. [PMID: 25734144 PMCID: PMC4281783 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the case of a patient with profound lymphopenia after allogenic bone marrow transplantation who developed severe progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Single-agent recombinant human interleukin-7 therapy was associated with restoration of anti-John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCV) T-cell responses, JCV clearance from cerebrospinal fluid, and a dramatic clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gasnault
- Department of Internal Medicine , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP), Hôpital Bicêtre , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Marie-Ghislaine de Goër de Herve
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Jean-Marie Michot
- Department of Internal Medicine , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP), Hôpital Bicêtre , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; Department of Haematology , Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Houria Hendel-Chavez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Vannina Seta
- Department of Internal Medicine , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP), Hôpital Bicêtre , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Anne-Aurélie Mazet
- Department of Virology , AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse , Villejuif , France
| | - Thérèse Croughs
- INSERM-Agence Nationale pour la Recherche sur le SIDA , Paris , France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Department of Neurology , AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Henri Bourhis
- Department of Haematology , Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Department of Internal Medicine , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP), Hôpital Bicêtre , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Jean-François Delfraissy
- Department of Internal Medicine , Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP -HP), Hôpital Bicêtre , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; INSERM-Agence Nationale pour la Recherche sur le SIDA , Paris , France
| | - Yassine Taoufik
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
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Thiébaut R, Drylewicz J, Prague M, Lacabaratz C, Beq S, Jarne A, Croughs T, Sekaly RP, Lederman MM, Sereti I, Commenges D, Lévy Y. Quantifying and predicting the effect of exogenous interleukin-7 on CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003630. [PMID: 24853554 PMCID: PMC4031052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous Interleukin-7 (IL-7), in supplement to antiretroviral therapy, leads to a substantial increase of all CD4+ T cell subsets in HIV-1 infected patients. However, the quantitative contribution of the several potential mechanisms of action of IL-7 is unknown. We have performed a mathematical analysis of repeated measurements of total and naive CD4+ T cells and their Ki67 expression from HIV-1 infected patients involved in three phase I/II studies (N = 53 patients). We show that, besides a transient increase of peripheral proliferation, IL-7 exerts additional effects that play a significant role in CD4+ T cell dynamics up to 52 weeks. A decrease of the loss rate of the total CD4+ T cell is the most probable explanation. If this effect could be maintained during repeated administration of IL-7, our simulation study shows that such a strategy may allow maintaining CD4+ T cell counts above 500 cells/µL with 4 cycles or fewer over a period of two years. This in-depth analysis of clinical data revealed the potential for IL-7 to achieve sustained CD4+ T cell restoration with limited IL-7 exposure in HIV-1 infected patients with immune failure despite antiretroviral therapy. HIV infection is characterized by a decrease of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the blood. Whereas antiretroviral treatment succeeds to control viral replication, some patients fail to reconstitute their CD4+ T cell count to normal value. IL-7 is a promising cytokine under evaluation for its use in HIV infection, in supplement to antiretroviral therapy, as it increases cell proliferation and survival. Here, we use data from three clinical trials testing the effect of IL-7 on CD4+ T-cell recovery in treated HIV-infected individuals and use a simple mathematical model to quantify IL-7 effects by estimating the biological parameters of the model. We show that the increase of peripheral proliferation could not explain alone the long-term dynamics of T cells after IL-7 injections underlining other important effects such as the improvement of cell survival. We also investigate the feasibility and the efficiency of repetitions of IL-7 cycles and argue for further evaluation through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Thiébaut
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mélanie Prague
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- INSERM, Unité U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955 Creteil, France
| | | | - Ana Jarne
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Commenges
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM, Unité U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955 Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique, Creteil, France
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Modified interferon-α subtypes production and chemokine networks in the thymus during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection, impact on thymopoiesis. AIDS 2014; 28:1101-13. [PMID: 24614087 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymus dysfunction characterizes human/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections and contributes to physiopathology. However, both the mechanisms involved in thymic dysfunction and its precise timing remain unknown. We here analyzed thymic function during acute SIV infection in rhesus macaques. DESIGN AND METHODS Rhesus macaques were intravenously infected with SIVmac251 and bled every 2/3 days or necropsied at different early time points postinfection. Naive T-cell counts were followed by flow cytometry and their T-cell receptor excision circle content evaluated by qPCR. Thymic chemokines were quantified by reverse transcription-qPCR and localized by in-situ hybridization in thymuses collected at necropsy. Thymic interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtype production was quantified by reverse transcription-qPCR combined to heteroduplex tracking assay. The effect of thymic IFN-α subtypes was tested on sorted triple negative thymocytes cultured on OP9-hDL1 cells. RESULTS A reduced intrathymic proliferation history characterizes T cells produced during the first weeks of infection. Moreover, we evidenced a profound alteration of both chemokines and IFN-α subtypes transcriptional patterns in SIV-infected thymuses. Finally, we showed that IFN-α subtypes produced in the infected thymuses inhibit thymocyte proliferation, still preserving their differentiation capacity. CONCLUSION Thymopoiesis is deeply impacted from the first days of SIV infection. Reduced thymocyte proliferation - a time-consuming process - together with modified chemokine networks is consistent with thymocyte differentiation speed-up. This may transiently enhance thymic output, thus increasing naive T-cell counts and diversity and the immune competence of the host. Nonetheless, long-lasting modification of thymic physiology may lead to thymic exhaustion, as observed in late primary HIV infection.
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29
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Sereti I, Estes JD, Thompson WL, Morcock DR, Fischl MA, Croughs T, Beq S, Lafaye de Micheaux S, Yao MD, Ober A, Wilson EMP, Natarajan V, Imamichi H, Boulassel MR, Lederman MM, Routy JP. Decreases in colonic and systemic inflammation in chronic HIV infection after IL-7 administration. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003890. [PMID: 24497828 PMCID: PMC3907377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), some HIV-infected persons maintain lower than normal CD4(+) T-cell counts in peripheral blood and in the gut mucosa. This incomplete immune restoration is associated with higher levels of immune activation manifested by high systemic levels of biomarkers, including sCD14 and D-dimer, that are independent predictors of morbidity and mortality in HIV infection. In this 12-week, single-arm, open-label study, we tested the efficacy of IL-7 adjunctive therapy on T-cell reconstitution in peripheral blood and gut mucosa in 23 ART suppressed HIV-infected patients with incomplete CD4(+) T-cell recovery, using one cycle (consisting of three subcutaneous injections) of recombinant human IL-7 (r-hIL-7) at 20 µg/kg. IL-7 administration led to increases of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells in peripheral blood, and importantly an expansion of T-cells expressing the gut homing integrin α4β7. Participants who underwent rectosigmoid biopsies at study baseline and after treatment had T-cell increases in the gut mucosa measured by both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. IL-7 therapy also resulted in apparent improvement in gut barrier integrity as measured by decreased neutrophil infiltration in the rectosigmoid lamina propria 12 weeks after IL-7 administration. This was also accompanied by decreased TNF and increased FOXP3 expression in the lamina propria. Plasma levels of sCD14 and D-dimer, indicative of systemic inflammation, decreased after r-hIL-7. Increases of colonic mucosal T-cells correlated strongly with the decreased systemic levels of sCD14, the LPS coreceptor - a marker of monocyte activation. Furthermore, the proportion of inflammatory monocytes expressing CCR2 was decreased, as was the basal IL-1β production of peripheral blood monocytes. These data suggest that administration of r-hIL-7 improves the gut mucosal abnormalities of chronic HIV infection and attenuates the systemic inflammatory and coagulation abnormalities that have been linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William L. Thompson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Morcock
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Fischl
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Michael D. Yao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Ober
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eleanor M. P. Wilson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Chertova E, Bergamaschi C, Chertov O, Sowder R, Bear J, Roser JD, Beach RK, Lifson JD, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Characterization and favorable in vivo properties of heterodimeric soluble IL-15·IL-15Rα cytokine compared to IL-15 monomer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18093-103. [PMID: 23649624 PMCID: PMC3689953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a 114-amino acid cytokine related to IL-2, regulates immune homeostasis and the fate of many lymphocyte subsets. We reported that, in the blood of mice and humans, IL-15 is present as a heterodimer associated with soluble IL-15 receptor α (sIL-15Rα). Here, we show efficient production of this noncovalently linked but stable heterodimer in clonal human HEK293 cells and release of the processed IL-15·sIL-15Rα heterodimer in the medium. Purification of the IL-15 and sIL-15Rα polypeptides allowed identification of the proteolytic cleavage site of IL-15Rα and characterization of multiple glycosylation sites. Administration of the IL-15·sIL-15Rα heterodimer reconstituted from purified subunits resulted in sustained plasma IL-15 levels and in robust expansion of NK and T cells in mice, demonstrating pharmacokinetics and in vivo bioactivity superior to single chain IL-15. These identified properties of heterodimeric IL-15 provide a strong rationale for the evaluation of this molecule for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oleg Chertov
- the Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702 and
| | | | - Jenifer Bear
- the Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Rachel K. Beach
- the Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and
- the Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Barbara K. Felber
- the Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- the Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and
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Toe JG, Pellegrini M, Mak TW. Promoting immunity during chronic infection--the therapeutic potential of common gamma-chain cytokines. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:38-47. [PMID: 23685259 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The continued global burden wrought by chronic infectious disease is unrelenting. Current therapies have curbed the severity of disease for patients, but Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B (HBV) infection remain incurable and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is rapidly becoming resistant to our existing antibiotics. Much attention has been given to enhancing T cell immunity through the use of certain common gamma-chain cytokines, which have proven to be essential and necessary for T cell survival and function. This article reviews the pre-clinical and clinical literature surrounding IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 and we comment on the potential therapeutic promise of these cytokines as adjuvant treatments for chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G Toe
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
HIV persists in latently infected memory CD4(+) T cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART). When administered to HIV-infected subjects receiving suppressive ART, interleukin-7 (IL-7) increases the number of CD4(+) T cells by promoting their survival and proliferation. However, little is known about the impact of IL-7 on HIV persistence during ART. By isolating large numbers of CD4(+) T cells from HIV-infected subjects, we demonstrate that IL-7 enhances viral production in productively infected cells but does not disrupt viral latency in latently infected cells. When administered to virally suppressed subjects, IL-7 led to the rapid proliferation of memory CD4(+) T cells, which resulted in a 70% increase in the absolute number of circulating CD4(+) T cells harboring integrated HIV DNA 4 weeks after therapy. The genetic diversity of the viral reservoir increased transiently in the majority of the subjects studied before returning to baseline values. Altogether, our results indicate that IL-7 promotes the mechanisms of HIV persistence during ART by enhancing residual levels of viral production and inducing proliferation of latently infected cells, and suggest that IL-7 does not represent a suitable candidate therapeutic strategy for HIV eradication. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00099671 (AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 5214).
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Regulatory T cells in HIV infection: can immunotherapy regulate the regulator? Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:908314. [PMID: 23251223 PMCID: PMC3509372 DOI: 10.1155/2012/908314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a dominant role in self-tolerance and control of autoimmune diseases. These cells also play a pivotal role in chronic viral infections and cancer by limiting immune activation and specific immune response. The role of Tregs in HIV pathogenesis remains poorly understood as their function, changes according to the phases of infection. Tregs can suppress anti-HIV specific responses and conversely can have a beneficial role by reducing the deleterious impact of immune activation. We review the frequency, function and homing potential of Tregs in the blood and lymphoid tissues as well as their interaction with dendritic cells in the context of HIV infection. We also examine the new insights generated by recombinant IL-2 and IL-7 clinical trials in HIV-infected adults, including the immunomodulatory effects of Tregs. Based on their detrimental role in limiting anti-HIV responses, we propose Tregs as potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing Tregs frequency and/or immunosuppressive function. However, such approaches require a better understanding of the time upon infection when interfering with Treg function may not cause a deleterious state of hyperimmune activation.
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IL-7 induces expression and activation of integrin α4β7 promoting naive T-cell homing to the intestinal mucosa. Blood 2012; 120:2610-9. [PMID: 22896005 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-434779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a nonredundant cytokine that plays a critical role in T-cell homeostasis and promotes immunologic reconstitution in lymphopenic hosts. Here, we show that IL-7, at doses that reflect suprahomeostatic concentrations achieved in lymphopenic hosts, is a potent and selective inducer of the gut-homing integrin α4β7 in human T cells, as documented both ex vivo and in vivo in patients enrolled in a clinical trial of IL-7 treatment. Induction of α4β7 by IL-7 occurs primarily in naive T cells and is associated with functional activation of the integrin, as indicated by increased binding activity for the specific α4β7 ligand, MAdCAM-1. The physiologic relevance of these findings was validated by the preferential homing of IL-7-treated naive human T cells to the intestinal compartment in humanized NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor-γ(null) (NSG) mice. We also show that IL-7 triggers a peculiar activation program in naive T cells, characterized by the acquisition of memory-like phenotypic features and proliferation uncoupled from expression of classic T-cell activation markers. These findings provide a mechanism for the transient in vivo depletion of circulating T cells after IL-7 administration and suggest that intestinal homing and memory-like conversion of naive T cells are critical steps in the IL-7-driven immunologic reconstitution of lymphopenic hosts.
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Rancez M, Couëdel-Courteille A, Cheynier R. Chemokines at mucosal barriers and their impact on HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:233-43. [PMID: 22728258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aside from representing a physical barrier and providing an unfavorable chemical milieu to viral and bacterial infections, mucosae of gut and female genital tract also contain organized lymphoid structures that support the initiation of anti-microbial immune responses, and more diffuse lymphoid tissues that represent immune effector mucosal sites. Local expression of specific chemokines orchestrates lymphoid cell trafficking and positioning in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, leading to their efficient priming during antigenic stimulations as well as their specific homing back where they were primed. This review examines productions and roles of mucosae-specific chemokines in healthy and pathological conditions, as well as their possible positive and deleterious effects during mucosal HIV infection.
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Kasten-Jolly J, Pabello N, Bolivar VJ, Lawrence DA. Developmental lead effects on behavior and brain gene expression in male and female BALB/cAnNTac mice. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1005-20. [PMID: 22609695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) was one of the first poisons identified, and the developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to its toxic effects. Relatively low, subclinical doses, of Pb that produce no overt signs of encephalopathy can affect cognitive, emotional, and motor functions. In the present study, the effects of developmental Pb-exposure on behavioral performance and gene expression in BALB/cAnNTac mice were evaluated. Pups were exposed to Pb from gestational-day (gd) 8 to postnatal-day (pnd) 21 and later evaluated in exploratory behavior, rotarod, Morris water maze, and resident-intruder assays as adults. Pb-exposure caused significant alterations in exploratory behavior and water maze performance during the probe trial, but rotarod performance was not affected. Pb-exposed males displayed violent behavior towards their cage mates, but not to a stranger in the resident-intruder assay. Gene expression analysis at pnd21 by microarray and qRT-PCR was performed to provide a molecular link to the behavior changes that were observed. Pb strongly up-regulated gene expression within the signaling pathways of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extra-cellular matrix (ECM) receptor, focal adhesion, and vascular endothelial growth-factor (VEGF), but Pb down-regulated gene expression within the pathways for glycan structures-biosynthesis 1, purine metabolism, and N-glycan biosynthesis. Pb increased transcription of genes for major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins, the chemokine Ccl28, chemokine receptors, IL-7, IL7R, and proteases. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated an increase of gene expression in the whole brain for caspase 1 and NOS2. Analysis of IL-1β, caspase 1, NOS2, Trail, IL-18 and IL-33 gene expression of brain regions indicated that Pb perturbed the inter-regional expression pattern of pro-inflammatory genes. Brain region protein concentrations for IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, showed a significant decrease only within the cortex region. Results indicate that Pb differentially affects the behavior of male and female mice in that females did less exploration and the males were selectively more aggressive. Gene expression data pointed to evidence of neuroinflammation in the brain of both female and male mice. Pb had more of an effect in the males on expression of vomeronasal receptor genes associated with odor detection and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Puronen CE, Thompson WL, Imamichi H, Beq S, Hodge JN, Rehm C, Parker R, DerSimonian R, Brenchley JM, Sereti I. Decreased interleukin 7 responsiveness of T lymphocytes in patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1382-90. [PMID: 22454463 PMCID: PMC3324404 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum interleukin 7 (IL-7) levels are observed in lymphopenic conditions, including idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL), which is characterized by CD4 lymphopenia in the absence of human immunodeficiency virus infection or other known immunodeficiency. METHODS To test whether defective IL-7 signaling could be an etiologic or contributing factor in ICL, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ICL (median CD4 T-cell count, 160 cells/μL) and healthy controls (median CD4 T-cell count, 582 cells/μL) were evaluated for expression of IL-7Rα chain (CD127) and intracellular phosphorylated STAT-5 (a marker of γc cytokine signaling) after cytokine stimulation. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction following IL-7 stimulation. RESULTS The percentage of CD4+CD127+ T cells was lower in patients with ICL, compared with controls (P < .001). Lower levels of STAT-5 phosphorylation after IL-7 stimulation were observed in both CD4 and CD8 T cells from patients with ICL, compared with controls (P < .001 and P = .017, respectively), that inversely correlated in CD4 T cells with serum IL-7 levels (r = -0.734, P = .013). Destabilization of p27(kip1), a critical step for IL-7-induced T-cell cycling, was decreased in patients with ICL, compared with controls (P = .004), after IL-7 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that diminished responsiveness to IL-7 in CD4 and CD8 T cells during ICL may be contributing to the dysregulation of T-cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Lévy Y, Sereti I, Tambussi G, Routy JP, Lelièvre JD, Delfraissy JF, Molina JM, Fischl M, Goujard C, Rodriguez B, Rouzioux C, Avettand-Fenoël V, Croughs T, Beq S, Morre M, Poulin JF, Sekaly RP, Thiebaut R, Lederman MM. Effects of recombinant human interleukin 7 on T-cell recovery and thymic output in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: results of a phase I/IIa randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:291-300. [PMID: 22550117 PMCID: PMC3381639 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune deficiency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not fully corrected with ARV therapy. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) can boost CD4 T-cell counts, but optimal dosing and mechanisms of cellular increases need to be defined. METHODS We performed a randomized placebo-controlled dose escalation (10, 20 and 30 µg/kg) trial of 3 weekly doses of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) in ARV-treated HIV-infected persons with CD4 T-cell counts between 101 and 400 cells/µL and plasma HIV levels <50 copies/mL. Toxicity, activity and the impact of rhIL-7 on immune reconstitution were monitored. RESULTS Doses of rhIL-7 up to 20 µg/kg were well tolerated. CD4 increases of predominantly naive and central memory T cells were brisk (averaging 323 cells/µL at 12 weeks) and durable (up to 1 year). Increased cell cycling and transient increased bcl-2 expression were noted. Expanded cells did not have the characteristics of regulatory or activated T cells. Transient low-level HIV viremia was seen in 6 of 26 treated patients; modest increases in total levels of intracellular HIV DNA were proportional to CD4 T-cell expansions. IL-7 seemed to increase thymic output and tended to improve the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in persons with low TCR diversity. CONCLUSIONS Three weekly doses of rhIL-7 at 20 µg/kg are well tolerated and lead to a dose-dependent CD4 T-cell increase and the broadening of TCR diversity in some subjects. These data suggest that this rhIL-7 dose could be advanced in future rhIL-7 clinical studies. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT0047732.
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Beq S, Rozlan S, Pelletier S, Willems B, Bruneau J, Lelievre JD, Levy Y, Shoukry NH, Cheynier R. Altered thymic function during interferon therapy in HCV-infected patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34326. [PMID: 22529911 PMCID: PMC3328332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFNα) therapy, despite good efficacy in curing HCV infection, leads to major side effects, in particular inducement of a strong peripheral T-cell lymphocytopenia. We here analyze the early consequences of IFNα therapy on both thymic function and peripheral T-cell homeostasis in patients in the acute or chronic phase of HCV-infection as well as in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. The evolution of T-cell subsets and T-cell homeostasis were estimated by flow cytometry while thymic function was measured through quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and estimation of intrathymic precursor T-cell proliferation during the first four months following the initiation of IFNα therapy. Beginning with the first month of therapy, a profound lymphocytopenia was observed for all T-cell subsets, including naïve T-cells and recent thymic emigrants (RTE), associated with inhibition of intrathymic precursor T-cell proliferation. Interleukin (IL)-7 plasma concentration rapidly dropped while lymphocytopenia progressed. This was neither a consequence of higher consumption of the cytokine nor due to its neutralization by soluble CD127. Decrease in IL-7 plasma concentration under IFNα therapy correlated with the decline in HCV viral load, thymic activity and RTE concentration in blood. These data demonstrate that IFNα-based therapy rapidly impacts on thymopoiesis and, consequently, perturbs T-cell homeostasis. Such a side effect might be detrimental for the continuation of IFNα therapy and may lead to an increased level of infectious risk, in particular in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Altogether, this study suggests the therapeutic potential of IL-7 in the maintenance of peripheral T-cell homeostasis in IFNα-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Beq
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Rozlan
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandy Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Willems
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine familiale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelievre
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique, INSERM, U955, Université Paris 12, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique, INSERM, U955, Université Paris 12, Créteil, France
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Département Immunologie-Hématologie, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 8104, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Morre M, Beq S. Interleukin-7 and immune reconstitution in cancer patients: a new paradigm for dramatically increasing overall survival. Target Oncol 2012; 7:55-68. [PMID: 22383042 PMCID: PMC3304058 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-012-0210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although great effort is being expended in the development of cancer immunotherapies, it is surprising that global lymphopenia and its various dimensions are not being systematically assessed in cancer patients. The incident pathologies associated with various immunosuppressed conditions such as those found in HIV infection have taught us that measuring various T cell populations including CD4 provides the clinician with a reliable measure for gauging the risk of cancer and opportunistic infections. Importantly, recent data emphasize the key link between lymphocyte T cell counts and overall survival in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Treatment of immunocompromised patients with interleukin-7 (IL-7), a critical growth and homeostatic factor for T cells, has been shown to produce a compelling profile of T cell reconstitution. The clinical results of this investigational therapy confirm data obtained from numerous preclinical studies and demonstrate the long-term stability of this immune reconstitution, not only on CD4 but also on CD8 T cells, involving recent thymic emigrants as well as naive, memory, and central memory T cells. Furthermore, IL-7 therapy also contributes to restoration of a broadened diversity of the T cell repertoire as well as to migration of these cells to lymph nodes and tissues. All these properties support the initiation of new clinical studies aimed at reconstituting the immune system of cancer patients before or immediately after chemotherapy in order to demonstrate a potentially profound increase in overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Morre
- Cytheris S.A., 175 rue Jean Jacques Rousseau, 92130, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France.
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Khoury G, Rajasuriar R, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. The role of naïve T-cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis: an emerging key player. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:253-67. [PMID: 21996455 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional naïve T-cells are critical for an effective immune response to multiple pathogens. HIV leads to a significant reduction in CD4+ naïve T-cell number and impaired function and there is incomplete recovery following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Here we review the basic homeostatic mechanisms that maintain naïve CD4+ T-cells and discuss recent developments in understanding the impact of HIV infection on naïve CD4+ T-cells. Finally we review therapeutic interventions in HIV-infected individuals aimed at specifically enhancing recovery of naïve CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria, 3004, Australia
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Mackall CL, Fry TJ, Gress RE. Harnessing the biology of IL-7 for therapeutic application. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:330-42. [PMID: 21508983 DOI: 10.1038/nri2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is required for T cell development and for maintaining and restoring homeostasis of mature T cells. IL-7 is a limiting resource under normal conditions, but it accumulates during lymphopaenia, leading to increased T cell proliferation. The administration of recombinant human IL-7 to normal or lymphopenic mice, non-human primates and humans results in widespread T cell proliferation, increased T cell numbers, modulation of peripheral T cell subsets and increased T cell receptor repertoire diversity. These effects raise the prospect that IL-7 could mediate therapeutic benefits in several clinical settings. This Review summarizes the biology of IL-7 and the results of its clinical use that are available so far to provide a perspective on the opportunities for clinical application of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Mackall
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of naive CD4⁺ T cells to the pool of HIV-infected cells remains poorly described. This study aimed at evaluating HIV infection in naive T-cell subsets in viremic and HAART-treated patients, together with various parameters implicated in naive T-cell homeostasis, in order to better understand infection in these subsets. DESIGN AND METHODS HIV provirus was quantified in various FACS-sorted CD4/CD8 T-cell subsets [recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), non-RTE naives and memory T cells] purified from peripheral blood cells of untreated viremic and HAART-treated aviremic HIV-infected patients. HIV proviral DNA was quantified using a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay allowing detection of one HIV copy in 10⁵ cells. Intrathymic precursor T-cell proliferation and circulating T-cell cycling were, respectively, evaluated through measurement of the sj/βTREC ratio (signal joint T-Cell Receptor Excision Circle frequency divided by DβJβTREC frequency) and Ki-67 expression. Plasma interleukin (IL)-7 concentrations were measured by ELISA. RESULTS RTEs and non-RTEs were equally HIV infected. Altogether, naive CD4⁺ T cells represented 0.24%-60% of the infected cells. In contrast, HIV DNA was undetectable in naive CD8⁺ T cells. RTE infection rate directly correlated with IL-7 plasma levels (r = 0.607, P = 0.0035) but was independent from plasma viral load, peripheral T-cell cycling and intrathymic precursor T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that RTEs are effectively HIV infected. The similar infection rate observed in RTEs and other naive T cells, its relationship with plasma IL-7 levels, together with the lack of correlation between RTE infection and either thymic or peripheral proliferation, strongly suggests that RTE infection occurs either late during thymopoiesis or early on during their extrathymic maturation.
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Nascimbeni M, Pol S, Saunier B. Distinct CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T cells in the blood and liver of patients during chronic hepatitis B and C. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20145. [PMID: 21647449 PMCID: PMC3102078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the main effectors of adaptive cellular immune responses, differentiate from immature, non-functional CD4+CD8+ double-positive T (DPT) cells in the thymus. Increased proportions of circulating DPT lymphocytes have been observed during acute viral infections; in chronic viral diseases, the role and repartition of extra-thymic DPT cells remain largely uncharacterized. We performed a phenotypic analysis of DPT cells in blood and liver from patients chronically infected by hepatitis C (HCV) or B (HBV) viruses. The highest percentages of DPT cells, predominantly CD4highCD8low, were observed in patients infected by HCV, while HBV-infected patients mostly displayed CD4lowCD8high and CD4highCD8high DPT cells. All proportions of DPT cells were higher in liver than in blood with, for each subpopulation referred to above, a correlation between their frequencies in these two compartments. In HCV patients, intra-hepatic DPT cells displayed more heterogeneous activation, differentiation and memory phenotypes than in the blood; most of them expressed CD1a, a marker of T cell development in the thymus. Ex vivo, the inoculation of liver slices with HCV produced in cell culture was accompanied by a disappearance of CD8high cells, suggesting a direct effect of the virus on the phenotype of DPT cells in the liver. Our results suggest that, in half of the patients, chronic HCV infection promotes the production of DPT cells, perhaps by their re-induction in the thymus and selection in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Nascimbeni
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, UMR8104 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS), Paris, France
- U1016 of the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, UMR8104 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS), Paris, France
- U1016 of the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris, France
- Hepatology Unit of Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Saunier
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, UMR8104 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS), Paris, France
- U1016 of the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Interleukin-7 treatment counteracts IFN-α therapy-induced lymphopenia and stimulates SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Blood 2010; 116:5589-99. [PMID: 20841508 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-276261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α)-based therapy is presently the standard treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. Despite good effectiveness, this cytokine is associated with major side effects, including significant lymphopenia, that limits its use for HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) has recently shown therapeutic potential and safety in several clinical trials designed to demonstrate T-cell restoration in immunodeficient patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques, the relevance of IL-7 therapy as a means to overcoming IFN-α-induced lymphopenia. We showed that low-dose IFN-α treatment induced strong lymphopenia in chronically infected monkeys. In contrast, high-dose IFN-α treatment stimulated IL-7 production, leading to increased circulating T-cell counts. Moreover, IL-7 therapy more than abrogated the lymphopenic effect of low-dose IFN-α. Indeed, the association of both cytokines resulted in increased circulating T-cell counts, in particular in the naive compartments, as a consequence of central and peripheral homeostatic functions of the IL-7. Finally, reduced PD-1 expression by memory CD8(+) T cells and transient T-cell repertoire diversification were observed under IL-7 therapy. Our data strongly suggest that IL-7 immunotherapy will be of substantial benefit in the treatment of HIV/HCV coinfection and should enhance the likelihood of HCV eradication in poorly responding patients.
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Cdc25A-driven proliferation regulates CD62L levels and lymphocyte movement in response to interleukin-7. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:1143-56. [PMID: 20831893 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a multifunctional cytokine and a promising immunotherapeutic agent. However, because transient T-cell depletion is an immediate outcome of IL-7 administration at supraphysiological doses, we investigated the mechanism by which the IL-7 proliferative signal transduced through Cdc25A, a key activator of cyclin-dependent kinases, could modulate lymphocyte movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Employing novel methods of manipulating Cdc25A gene expression, combined with in vitro and in vivo evaluation of IL-7 application, we assessed the expression of activation and homing markers and identified the mechanism by which IL-7 could induce T-cell expansion and alter lymphocyte motility. RESULTS Constitutively active Cdc25A drove T-cell proliferation independently of IL-7 and resulted in an activated phenotype (CD69(hi), CD44(hi)). Conversely, inhibition of Cdc25A resulted in decreased proliferation, reduced expression of activation markers, and upregulation of the lymph node homing molecule, CD62L, which promoted cell adhesion when engaged by ligand. We found that IL-7 prevented the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, Foxo1, in a manner dependent on the activity of Cdc25A, resulting in decreased levels of CD62L. In vivo administration of IL-7 decreased lymph node cellularity, while treatment with IL-7, premixed with a neutralizing IL-7 antibody (M25), increased total lymph node cells--with more nuclear Foxo1 detected in cells from mice receiving IL-7 + M25. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the model that IL-7 drives Cdc25A-mediated T-cell proliferation, which prevents the nuclear translocation of Foxo1, leading to reduced expression of CD62L and the migration of T cells into circulation.
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Coccoris M, Straetemans T, Govers C, Lamers C, Sleijfer S, Debets R. T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy to treat melanoma: lessons from clinical and preclinical studies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:547-62. [PMID: 20146634 DOI: 10.1517/14712591003614756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) with tumour infiltrating lymphocytes is currently the best treatment option for metastatic melanoma. Despite its clinical successes, ACT has limitations in availability and generation of therapeutic T cells for a larger group of patients. Introduction of tumour-specific T cell receptors into T cells, termed TCR gene therapy, can provide an alternative for ACT that is more widely applicable and might be extended to other types of cancer. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The current status of TCR gene therapy studies including clinical challenges, such as on-target toxicity, compromised anti-tumour T cell responses, compromised T cell persistence and potential immunogenicity of receptor transgenes. Strategies to address these challenges are covered. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A listing and discussion of strategies that aim at improving the efficacy and safety of TCR gene therapy. Such strategies address antigen choice, TCR mis-pairing, functional avidity and persistence of T cells, immune responses towards receptor transgenes, and combination of ACT with other therapies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE To ensure further clinical development of TCR gene therapy, it is necessary to choose safe T cell target antigens, and implement (combinations of) strategies that enhance the correct pairing of TCR transgenes and the functional avidity and persistence of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Coccoris
- Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Laboratory of Experimental Tumor immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with potential therapeutic application in individuals with cancer or immunodeficiency to promote natural killer (NK)- and T-cell activation and proliferation or in vaccination protocols to generate long-lived memory T cells. Here we report that 10-50 μg/kg IL-15 administered intravenously daily for 12 days to rhesus macaques has both short- and long-lasting effects on T-cell homeostasis. Peripheral blood lymphopenia preceded a dramatic expansion of NK cells and memory CD8 T cells in the circulation, particularly a 4-fold expansion of central memory CD8 T cells and a 6-fold expansion of effector memory CD8 T cells. This expansion is a consequence of their activation in multiple tissues. A concomitant inverted CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was observed throughout the body at day 13, a result of preferential CD8 expansion. Expanded T- and NK-cell populations declined in the blood soon after IL-15 was stopped, suggesting migration to extralymphoid sites. By day 48, homeostasis appears restored throughout the body, with the exception of the maintenance of an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio in lymph nodes. Thus, IL-15 generates a dramatic expansion of short-lived memory CD8 T cells and NK cells in immunocompetent macaques and has long-term effects on the balance of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
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Leone A, Rohankhedkar M, Okoye A, Legasse A, Axthelm MK, Villinger F, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Assouline B, Morre M, Picker LJ, Sodora DL. Increased CD4+ T cell levels during IL-7 administration of antiretroviral therapy-treated simian immunodeficiency virus-positive macaques are not dependent on strong proliferative responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1650-9. [PMID: 20622118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell depletion is a fundamental component of HIV infection and AIDS pathogenesis and is not always reversed following antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this study, the SIV-infected rhesus macaque model was used to assess recombinant simian IL-7 in its glycosylated form (rsIL-7gly) to enhance regeneration of CD4(+) T cells, particularly the crucial central memory compartment, after ART. We assessed the impact of rsIL-7gly administration as single injections and as a cluster of three doses. Irrespective of the dosing strategy used, the rsIL-7gly administration transiently increased proliferation of both central memory and naive cells, in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets, without increasing SIV levels in the blood. Administration of rsIL-7gly at intervals of 4-6 wk maximized the proliferative response to therapy but resulted in only transient increases in peripheral blood T cell counts. Although more frequent rsIL-7gly "clustered" dosing (three times weekly with 2 wk of rest and then repeat) induced only an initial proliferative burst by CD4(+) T cells, this dosing strategy resulted in sustained increases in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cell counts. The clustered rsIL-7gly treatment regimen was shown to increase the half-life of a BrdU label among memory T cells in the blood when compared with that of macaques treated with ART alone, which is consistent with enhanced cell survival. These results indicate that dosing intervals have a major impact on the response to rsIL-7gly in SIV-positive ART-treated rhesus macaques and that optimum dosing strategies may be ones that induce CD4(+) T cell proliferation initially and provide increased CD4(+) T cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leone
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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