1
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Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA. Domain 5 of Beta 2 glycoprotein I: Friend or foe in health? Context matters. Clin Immunol 2024:110282. [PMID: 38917928 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Beta 2 glycoprotein I (B2GPI) is the major autoantigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome, an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombotic and obstetric complications. The autoantibodies that target beta 2 glycoprotein I are pathogenic and contribute to disease pathogenesis. The B2GPImolecule is composed of 5 domains that are numbered 1 through to 5. Autoantibodies bind mainly to domain 1 whereas the majority of the biological functions of the B2GPI molecule in diverse processes such as apoptotic cell clearance, complement regulation, lipopolysaccharide clearance, and anticoagulation have been localised to domain 5 and its unique biochemistry which is reviewed in this review article. The role of purified domain 5 peptide as a potential therapeutic agent in APS and ischemia reperfusion injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, St George and Sutherland Campus, Level 2, Pitney Building, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St George Public Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, 2217, Australia.
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, St George and Sutherland Campus, Level 2, Pitney Building, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St George Public Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney 2217, Australia.
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2
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Lancellotti S, Sacco M, De Cristofaro R. Commentary on "Structural analyses of β2-glycoprotein I: is there a circular conformation?". J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3354-3356. [PMID: 38000852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lancellotti
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, radioterapia oncologica d Ematologia, Servizio Malattie Emorragiche e Trombotiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemell" IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Sacco
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, radioterapia oncologica d Ematologia, Servizio Malattie Emorragiche e Trombotiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemell" IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia "Agostino Gemelli," Roma, Italy
| | - Raimondo De Cristofaro
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, radioterapia oncologica d Ematologia, Servizio Malattie Emorragiche e Trombotiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemell" IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia "Agostino Gemelli," Roma, Italy.
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3
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Yang M, Smith BC. Cysteine and methionine oxidation in thrombotic disorders. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 76:102350. [PMID: 37331217 PMCID: PMC10527720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is the leading cause of death in many diseased conditions. Oxidative stress is characteristic of these conditions. Yet, the mechanisms through which oxidants become prothrombotic are unclear. Recent evidence suggests protein cysteine and methionine oxidation as prothrombotic regulators. These oxidative post-translational modifications occur on proteins that participate in the thrombotic process, including Src family kinases, protein disulfide isomerase, β2 glycoprotein I, von Willebrand factor, and fibrinogen. New chemical tools to identify oxidized cysteine and methionine proteins in thrombosis and hemostasis, including carbon nucleophiles for cysteine sulfenylation and oxaziridines for methionine, are critical to understanding why clots occur during oxidative stress. These mechanisms will identify alternative or novel therapeutic approaches to treat thrombotic disorders in diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Brian C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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4
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LIU F, WEI Y, WANG Z. β-D-Glucan promotes NF-κB activation and ameliorates high-LET carbon-ion irradiation-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:1621-1634. [PMID: 38813508 PMCID: PMC10760591 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Heavy-ion irradiation seriously perturbs cellular homeostasis and thus damages cells. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in the pathological process of radiation damage. Protecting ECs from heavy-ion radiation is of great significance in the radioprotection of normal tissues. In this study, the radioprotective effect of β-D-glucan (BG) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) cytotoxicity produced by carbon-ion irradiation was examined and the probable mechanism was established. Materials and methods EA.hy926 cells were divided into seven groups: a control group; 1, 2, or 4 Gy radiation; and 10 μg/mL BG pretreatment for 24 h before 1, 2, or 4 Gy irradiation. Cell survival was assessed by colony formation assay. Cell cycles, apoptosis, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured through flow cytometry. The level of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed using assay kits. The activation of NF-κB was analyzed using western blotting and a transcription factor assay kit. The expression of downstream target genes was detected by western blotting. Results BG pretreatment significantly increased the survival of irradiated cells, improved cell cycle progression, and decreased DNA damage and apoptosis. The levels of ROS and malondialdehyde were also decreased by BG. Further study indicated that BG increased the antioxidant enzyme activities, activated Src, and promoted NF-κB activation, especially for the p65, p50, and RelB subunits. The activated NF-κB upregulated the expression of antioxidant protein MnSOD, DNA damage-response and repair-related proteins BRCA2 and Hsp90α, and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that BG protects EA.hy926 cells from high linear-energy-transfer carbon-ion irradiation damage through the upregulation of prosurvival signaling triggered by the interaction of BG with its receptor. This confirms that BG is a promising radioprotective agent for heavy-ion exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang LIU
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R.
China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R.
China
| | - Yanting WEI
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R.
China
| | - Zhuanzi WANG
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R.
China
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5
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Grossi C, Capitani N, Benagiano M, Baldari CT, Della Bella C, Macor P, Tedesco F, Borghi MO, Maugeri N, D’Elios MM, Meroni PL. Beta 2 glycoprotein I and neutrophil extracellular traps: Potential bridge between innate and adaptive immunity in anti-phospholipid syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1076167. [PMID: 36700193 PMCID: PMC9868732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1076167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent vascular thrombosis and miscarriages in the absence of known causes. Antibodies against phospholipid-binding proteins (aPL) are pathogenic players in both clotting and pregnancy APS manifestations. There is sound evidence that antibodies specific for beta2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) trigger thrombotic and pregnancy complications by interacting with the molecule on the membranes of different cell types of the coagulation cascade, and in placenta tissues. In addition to the humoral response against β2GPI, both peripheral and tissue CD4+ β2GPI-specific T cells have been reported in primary APS as well as in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated APS. While adaptive immunity plays a clear role in APS, it is still debated whether innate immunity is involved as well. Acute systemic inflammation does not seem to be present in the syndrome, however, there is sound evidence that complement activation is crucial in animal models and can be found also in patients. Furthermore, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been documented in arterial and venous thrombi with different etiology, including clots in APS models. Keeping in mind that β2GPI is a pleiotropic glycoprotein, acting as scavenger molecule for infectious agents and apoptotic/damaged body constituents and that self-molecules externalized through NETs formation may become immunogenic autoantigens, we demonstrated β2GPI on NETs, and its ability to stimulate CD4+β2GPI-specific T cells. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role of β2GPI in the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immunity in APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grossi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marisa Benagiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Autoimmunity and Vascular Inflammation Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,*Correspondence: Pier Luigi Meroni, ; ; Mario Milco D’Elios,
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Pier Luigi Meroni, ; ; Mario Milco D’Elios,
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6
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Yao WC, Leong KH, Chiu LT, Chou PY, Wu LC, Chou CY, Kuo CF, Tsai SY. The trends in the incidence and thrombosis-related comorbidities of antiphospholipid syndrome: a 14-year nationwide population-based study. Thromb J 2022; 20:50. [PMID: 36050731 PMCID: PMC9434885 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to provide 14-year nationwide epidemiology data to evaluate the incidence ratio of APS in Taiwan and the condition of comorbidities by analyzing the National Health Insurance Research Database. Methods Nineteen thousand one hundred sixty-three patients newly diagnosed as having APS during the 2000–2013 period and 76,652 controls (with similar distributions of age and sex) were analyzed. Results The incidence of APS increased from 4.87 to 6.49 per 10,000 person-years in the Taiwan population during 2000–2013. The incidence of APS increased with age after 20 years old, especially in the female population, and it rose rapidly after age over 60 years old. In addition, APS cohorts presented a higher proportion of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, PAOD, chronic kidney disease, COPD, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and polymyositis. Conclusions Our study indicated an increasing trend in APS incidence among the Taiwanese population and a relationship between APS and potential comorbidities. This large national study found that the APS risk is heavily influenced by sex and age. Thus, the distinctive sex and age patterns might be constructive given exploring potential causal mechanisms. Furthermore, our findings indicate that clinicians should have a heightened awareness of the probability of APS, especially in women in certain age groups presenting with symptoms of APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Hang Leong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Ting Chiu
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Chou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chih Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chou
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Kuo
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Taipei City, 10449, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Institute of Long-Term Care, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Grossi C, Artusi C, Meroni P, Borghi MO, Neglia L, Lonati PA, Oggioni M, Tedesco F, De Simoni MG, Fumagalli S. β2 glycoprotein I participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and in vascular injury in experimental brain stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2038-2053. [PMID: 33444093 PMCID: PMC8323337 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20984551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta-2 Glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is the main target of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the autoimmune anti-phospholipid syndrome, characterized by increased risk of stroke. We here investigated the antibody independent role of β2-GPI after ischemia/reperfusion, modeled in vivo by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in male C57Bl/6J mice; in vitro by subjecting immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (ihBMEC) to 16 h hypoxia and 4 h re-oxygenation. ApoH (coding for β2-GPI) was upregulated selectively in the liver at 48 h after tMCAo. At the same time β2-GPI circulating levels increased. β2-GPI was detectable in brain parenchyma and endothelium at all time points after tMCAo. Parenchymal β2-GPI recognized apoptotic neurons (positive for annexin V, C3 and TUNEL) cleared by CD68+ brain macrophages. Hypoxic ihBMEC showed increased release of IL-6, over-expression of thrombomodulin and IL-1α after re-oxygenation with β2-GPI alone. β2-GPI interacted with mannose-binding lectin in mouse plasma and ihBMEC medium, potentially involved in formation of thrombi. We show for the first time that brain ischemia triggers the hepatic production of β2-GPI. β2-GPI is present in the ischemic endothelium, enhancing vascular inflammation, and extravasates binding stressed neurons before their clearance by phagocytosis. Thus β2-GPI may be a new mediator of brain injury following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grossi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Artusi
- Rheumatology Department, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - PierLuigi Meroni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Neglia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Adele Lonati
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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8
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Kumar S, Chinnaraj M, Planer W, Zuo X, Macor P, Tedesco F, Pozzi N. An allosteric redox switch in domain V of β 2-glycoprotein I controls membrane binding and anti-domain I autoantibody recognition. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100890. [PMID: 34197876 PMCID: PMC8326733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is an abundant multidomain plasma protein that plays various roles in the clotting and complement cascades. It is also the main target of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the acquired coagulopathy known as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Previous studies have shown that β2GPI adopts two interconvertible biochemical conformations, oxidized and reduced, depending on the integrity of the disulfide bonds. However, the precise contribution of the disulfide bonds to β2GPI structure and function is unknown. Here, we substituted cysteine residues with serine to investigate how the disulfide bonds C32-C60 in domain I (DI) and C288-C326 in domain V (DV) regulate β2GPI's structure and function. Results of our biophysical and biochemical studies support the hypothesis that the C32-C60 disulfide bond plays a structural role, whereas the disulfide bond C288-C326 is allosteric. We demonstrate that absence of the C288-C326 bond, unlike absence of the C32-C60 bond, diminishes membrane binding without affecting the thermodynamic stability and overall structure of the protein, which remains elongated in solution. We also document that, while absence of the C32-C60 bond directly impairs recognition of β2GPI by pathogenic anti-DI antibodies, absence of the C288-C326 disulfide bond is sufficient to abolish complex formation in the presence of anionic phospholipids. We conclude that the disulfide bond C288-C326 operates as a molecular switch capable of regulating β2GPI's physiological functions in a redox-dependent manner. We propose that in APS patients with anti-DI antibodies, selective rupture of the C288-C326 disulfide bond may be a valid strategy to lower the pathogenic potential of aPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mathivanan Chinnaraj
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William Planer
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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9
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Tang KT, Wu TY, Chen HH, Lin CC, Hsu YHH. Cardiolipin interacts with beta-2-glycoprotein I and forms an open conformation-Mechanisms analyzed using hydrogen/deuterium exchange. Protein Sci 2021; 30:927-939. [PMID: 33641242 PMCID: PMC8040858 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta‐2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is the major antigen for the antiphospholipid antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome. The exposed epitope in domain I of β2GPI can be recognized by the anti‐β2GPI antibody. Here, we prepared the anionic di‐oleoyl‐phosphatidylserine (DOPS) and cardiolipin (CL) liposomes to interact with the β2GPI. The conformational changes of β2GPI upon binding with the liposomes were analyzed using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The exchange level of sequences 21–27 significantly increased after β2GPI had interacted with DOPS. This change indicated a reduced interaction between domain I and domain V, inferring to a protrusion of the sequences 21–27 from the ring conformation. After β2GPI had interacted with CL for 30 min, the exchange levels in 4 of the 5 domains increased significantly. The deuteration levels of sequences 1–20, 21–27, 196–205, 273–279 and 297–306 increased, suggesting that these regions had become more exposed, and the domain I was no longer in contact with domain V. The increasing deuteration levels in sequences 70–86, 153–162, 191–198, 196–205 and 273–279 indicated β2GPI undergoing conformational changes to expose these inner regions, suggesting a structural transition. Overall, DOPS and CL induced minor conformational changes of β2GPI at sequences 21–27 and forms an intermediate conformation after 10 min of interaction. After a complete protein–lipid interaction, high negatively charged CL membrane induced a major conformation transition of β2GPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Tung Tang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Science and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Buchholz I, McDonnell T, Nestler P, Tharad S, Kulke M, Radziszewska A, Ripoll VM, Schmidt F, Hammer E, Toca-Herrera JL, Rahman A, Delcea M. Specific domain V reduction of beta-2-glycoprotein I induces protein flexibility and alters pathogenic antibody binding. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4542. [PMID: 33633190 PMCID: PMC7907366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a blood protein and the major antigen in the autoimmune disorder antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). β2GPI exists mainly in closed or open conformations and comprises of 11 disulfides distributed across five domains. The terminal Cys288/Cys326 disulfide bond at domain V has been associated with different cysteine redox states. The role of this disulfide bond in conformational dynamics of this protein has not been investigated so far. Here, we report on the enzymatic driven reduction by thioredoxin-1 (recycled by Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine; TCEP) of β2GPI. Specific reduction was demonstrated by Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses confirming majority targeting to the fifth domain of β2GPI. Atomic force microscopy images suggested that reduced β2GPI shows a slightly higher proportion of open conformation and is more flexible compared to the untreated protein as confirmed by modelling studies. We have determined a strong increase in the binding of pathogenic APS autoantibodies to reduced β2GPI as demonstrated by ELISA. Our study is relevant for understanding the effect of β2GPI reduction on the protein structure and its implications for antibody binding in APS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- ZIK HIKE, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas McDonnell
- Division of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Nestler
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sudarat Tharad
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kulke
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Radziszewska
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH, London, UK
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vera M Ripoll
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jose L Toca-Herrera
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- ZIK HIKE, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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11
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Baldavira CM, Gomes LF, Cruz LTDL, Maria DA, Capelozzi VL. In vivo evidence of angiogenesis inhibition by β2-glycoprotein I subfractions in the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10291. [PMID: 33470390 PMCID: PMC7812911 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vascular network expansion and functioning are important factors affecting normal intra-uterine fetal development. This study addressed the previously reported antiangiogenic potential of beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) in vivo in the chick embryo model of angiogenesis. The effects of two naturally occurring β2GPI forms on the development of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vessels and the chicken embryo were investigated. β2GPI monomers and dimers were obtained by fractioned purification and characterized using SDS-PAGE, immunoblot, and ELISA. The egg exposure was performed by injection of small volumes of 2.5 µg/mL solutions of the β2GPI subfractions. Angiogenesis was evaluated through quantitative measurements of vascular architecture parameters in the captured CAM images, using computational analysis of texture contrasts and computer vision techniques. Quantitative information was assigned to the CAM vasculature modifications. In vivo, the β2GPI dimer completely halted the formation of CAM vessels and led to embryo death after 48 h of exposure. The β2GPI monomer allowed the embryo to develop up to the 10th day, despite early changes of CAM vessels. The impaired normal vessel growth proceeded as a self-limited effect. The β2GPI monomer-exposed eggs showed reduced vascularization on the 6th day of incubation, but embryos were viable on the 10th day of incubation, with ingurgitated CAM vessels implying sequelae of the angiogenesis inhibition. Both subfractions impaired CAM vasculature development. The β2GPI dimer proved to be largely more harmful than the β2GPI monomer. β2GPI modification by cleavage or dimerization may play a role in angiogenesis control in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Baldavira
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L F Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L T De La Cruz
- Laboratório de Sistemas Planctônicos, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D A Maria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V L Capelozzi
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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12
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Misasi R, Longo A, Recalchi S, Caissutti D, Riitano G, Manganelli V, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Capozzi A. Molecular Mechanisms of "Antiphospholipid Antibodies" and Their Paradoxical Role in the Pathogenesis of "Seronegative APS". Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218411. [PMID: 33182499 PMCID: PMC7665122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity, associated with circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). In some cases, patients with a clinical profile indicative of APS (thrombosis, recurrent miscarriages or fetal loss), who are persistently negative for conventional laboratory diagnostic criteria, are classified as "seronegative" APS patients (SN-APS). Several findings suggest that aPL, which target phospholipids and/or phospholipid binding proteins, mainly β-glycoprotein I (β-GPI), may contribute to thrombotic diathesis by interfering with hemostasis. Despite the strong association between aPL and thrombosis, the exact pathogenic mechanisms underlying thrombotic events and pregnancy morbidity in APS have not yet been fully elucidated and multiple mechanisms may be involved. Furthermore, in many SN-APS patients, it is possible to demonstrate the presence of unconventional aPL ("non-criteria" aPL) or to detect aPL with alternative laboratory methods. These findings allowed the scientists to study the pathogenic mechanism of SN-APS. This review is focused on the evidence showing that these antibodies may play a functional role in the signal transduction pathway(s) leading to thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in SN-APS. A better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms triggered by aPL may drive development of potential therapeutic strategies in APS patients.
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Weaver JC, Ullah I, Qi M, Giannakopoulos B, Rye KA, Kockx M, Kritharides L, Krilis SA. Free Thiol β2-GPI (β-2-Glycoprotein-I) Provides a Link Between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2794-2804. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is well recognised as an inflammatory disorder that is also influenced by oxidative stress. β2-GPI (β-2-glycoprotein-I) is a circulating plasma protein that undergoes post-translational modification and exists in free thiol as well as oxidized forms. The aim of this study was to assess the association between these 2 post-translational redox forms of β2-GPI and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.
Approach and Results:
Stable patients presenting for elective coronary angiography or CT coronary angiography were prospectively recruited. A separate group of patients after reperfused ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction formed an acute coronary syndrome subgroup. All patients had collection of fasting serum and plasma for quantification of total and free thiol β2-GPI. Coronary artery disease extent was quantified by the Syntax and Gensini scores. A total of 552 patients with stable disease and 44 with acute coronary syndrome were recruited. While total β2-GPI was not associated with stable coronary artery disease, a higher free thiol β2-GPI was associated with its presence and extent. This finding remained significant after correcting for confounding variables, and free thiol β2-GPI was a better predictor of stable coronary artery disease than hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). Paradoxically, there were lower levels of free thiol β2-GPI after ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction.
Conclusions:
Free thiol β2-GPI is a predictor of coronary artery disease presence and extent in stable patients. Free thiol β2-GPI was a better predictor than high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Weaver
- University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W., I.U., M.Q., B.G., K.A.R., S.A.K.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W.)
| | - Inaam Ullah
- University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W., I.U., M.Q., B.G., K.A.R., S.A.K.)
- Department of Cardiology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia (I.U.)
| | - Miao Qi
- University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W., I.U., M.Q., B.G., K.A.R., S.A.K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia (M.Q., B.G., S.A.K.)
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W., I.U., M.Q., B.G., K.A.R., S.A.K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia (M.Q., B.G., S.A.K.)
- Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia (B.G.)
| | - Kerry Anne Rye
- University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W., I.U., M.Q., B.G., K.A.R., S.A.K.)
| | - Maaike Kockx
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia (M.K., L.K.)
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia (M.K., L.K.)
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia (L.K.)
| | - Steven A. Krilis
- University of NSW, Sydney, Australia (J.C.W., I.U., M.Q., B.G., K.A.R., S.A.K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia (M.Q., B.G., S.A.K.)
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14
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Lorenzen I, Eble JA, Hanschmann EM. Thiol switches in membrane proteins - Extracellular redox regulation in cell biology. Biol Chem 2020; 402:253-269. [PMID: 33108336 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox-mediated signal transduction depends on the enzymatic production of second messengers such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfite, as well as specific, reversible redox modifications of cysteine-residues in proteins. So-called thiol switches induce for instance conformational changes in specific proteins that regulate cellular pathways e.g., cell metabolism, proliferation, migration, gene expression and inflammation. Reduction, oxidation and disulfide isomerization are controlled by oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin family, including thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins and protein dsisulfide isomerases. These proteins are located in different cellular compartments, interact with substrates and catalyze specific reactions. Interestingly, some of these proteins are released by cells. Their extracellular functions and generally extracellular redox control have been widely underestimated. Here, we give an insight into extracellular redox signaling, extracellular thiol switches and their regulation by secreted oxidoreductases and thiol-isomerases, a topic whose importance has been scarcely studied so far, likely due to methodological limitations. We focus on the secreted redox proteins and characterized thiol switches in the ectodomains of membrane proteins, such as integrins and the metalloprotease ADAM17, which are among the best-characterized proteins and discuss their underlying mechanisms and biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Lorenzen
- Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Life Science Center, Merowingerplatz 1a, D-40225Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Ibrahim H, Perl A, Smith D, Lewis T, Kon Z, Goldenberg R, Yarta K, Staniloae C, Williams M. Therapeutic blockade of inflammation in severe COVID-19 infection with intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108544. [PMID: 32707089 PMCID: PMC7374140 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency facilitates human coronavirus infection due to glutathione depletion. G6PD deficiency may especially predispose to hemolysis upon coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection when employing pro-oxidant therapy. However, glutathione depletion is reversible by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration. We describe a severe case of COVID-19 infection in a G6PD-deficient patient treated with hydroxychloroquine who benefited from intravenous (IV) NAC beyond reversal of hemolysis. NAC blocked hemolysis and elevation of liver enzymes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin and allowed removal from respirator and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and full recovery of the G6PD-deficient patient. NAC was also administered to 9 additional respirator-dependent COVID-19-infected patients without G6PD deficiency. NAC elicited clinical improvement and markedly reduced CRP in all patients and ferritin in 9/10 patients. NAC mechanism of action may involve the blockade of viral infection and the ensuing cytokine storm that warrant follow-up confirmatory studies in the setting of controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homam Ibrahim
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America.
| | - Andras Perl
- Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, New York, United States of America.
| | - Deane Smith
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Tyler Lewis
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Zachary Kon
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald Goldenberg
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Kinan Yarta
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Cezar Staniloae
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Mathew Williams
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, New York, United States of America
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17
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Mlambo ZP, Varaden D, Moodley J, Naicker T. Are concentrations of clusterin and beta-2-glycoprotein I dysregulated in HIV associated preeclampsia? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 251:1-7. [PMID: 32454375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the levels of serum beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GP1) and clusterin in the duality of Pre-eclampsia and HIV. METHOD Stored serum samples collected from 72 pregnant women were stratified according to the pregnancy type (pre-eclamptic and healthy normotensive groups) and HIV status (positive or negative). A Bio-Plex multiplex immunoassay was used to determine the concentrations of clusterin and β2GP1. RESULTS Clusterin concentrations differed significantly (p = 0.01) between the HIV positive (+) (mean = 123 800 ng/ml; 95 % CI: 105 400-142 200) vs. HIV negative (-) (mean = 92 190 ng /ml; 95 %CI: 75 840-108 500) groups and across all groups (p = 0.0006). Beta-2-glycoprotein I concentration differed significantly based on HIV status (p < 0.0001); HIV+ (mean = 393 649 ng/ml; 95 %CI: 30 300-467 000) vs HIV- (mean = 224 309 ng/ml; 95 %CI: 154 000-294 700) and across all groups (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed between normotensive and Pre-eclamptic groups for both clusterin and β2GPI. CONCLUSION Serum concentrations of clusterin and β2GPI were significantly increased in HIV positive pregnancies. It is postulated that both clusterin and β2GPI may have a role in HIV disease progression. These findings need to be confirmed in studies having larger sample sizes and detailed information on anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinhle P Mlambo
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Deneshree Varaden
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Womens' Health and HIV Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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18
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Fazili M, Stevens SM, Woller SC. Direct oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome with venous thromboembolism: Impact of the European Medicines Agency guidance. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:9-12. [PMID: 31989078 PMCID: PMC6971326 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masarret Fazili
- Department of MedicineIntermountain Medical CenterMurrayUtah
| | - Scott M. Stevens
- Department of MedicineIntermountain Medical CenterMurrayUtah
- Division of General Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Scott C. Woller
- Department of MedicineIntermountain Medical CenterMurrayUtah
- Division of General Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah
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19
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Buttari B, Profumo E, Capozzi A, Saso L, Sorice M, Riganò R. Post-translational modifications of proteins in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:511-525. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1650714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Riganò
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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20
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Obstetric and vascular antiphospholipid syndrome: same antibodies but different diseases? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 14:433-440. [PMID: 29891914 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent thrombosis and miscarriages are the main clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Although most patients display both clinical signs, some patients can have isolated vascular or obstetric variants. Emerging data raise the question of whether obstetric and vascular APS are the same or different diseases. An important difference between the two conditions is that a thrombophilic state is a common feature in vascular APS, whereas clot occlusions of the decidual spiral arteries are seldom observed in obstetric APS, and infarctions are found in only one-third of APS placentae. Conversely, inflammation, which is undetectable in vascular APS, is frequently observed in the placentae of patients with obstetric APS and has been documented in the placentae of pregnant mice with fetal loss mediated by antiphospholipid antibodies. Attempts to identify different antibodies or epitopes responsible for the two clinical manifestations of APS have so far been unsuccessful. Possible mechanisms exist that might explain the development of the two clinical presentations, including the tissue distribution and expression level of the main target antigen of antiphospholipid antibodies, β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI). The identification of the factors that promote the onset of either obstetric or vascular APS has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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21
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Leu SJJ, Lee TY, Cheng SW, Tsai MY, Lin YS, Chiou TJ, Huang KY, Chiang AN. Structural and functional characterization of β 2 -glycoprotein I domain 1 in anti-melanoma cell migration. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1974-1986. [PMID: 31012976 PMCID: PMC6549912 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that circulating β2‐glycoprotein I inhibits human endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis by diverse mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor activities of β2‐glycoprotein I using structure‐function analysis and mapped the critical region within the β2‐glycoprotein I peptide sequence that mediates anticancer effects. We constructed recombinant cDNA and purified different β2‐glycoprotein I polypeptide domains using a baculovirus expression system. We found that purified β2‐glycoprotein I, as well as recombinant β2‐glycoprotein I full‐length (D12345), polypeptide domains I‐IV (D1234), and polypeptide domain I (D1) significantly inhibited melanoma cell migration, proliferation and invasion. Western blot analyses were used to determine the dysregulated expression of proteins essential for intracellular signaling pathways in B16‐F10 treated with β2‐glycoprotein I and variant recombinant polypeptides. Using a melanoma mouse model, we found that D1 polypeptide showed stronger potency in suppressing tumor growth. Structural analysis showed that fragments A and B within domain I would be the critical regions responsible for antitumor activity. Annexin A2 was identified as the counterpart molecule for β2‐glycoprotein I by immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Interaction between specific amino acids of β2‐glycoprotein I D1 and annexin A2 was later evaluated by the molecular docking approach. Moreover, five amino acid residues were selected from fragments A and B for functional evaluation using site‐directed mutagenesis, and P11A, M42A, and I55P mutations were shown to disrupt the anti‐melanoma cell migration ability of β2‐glycoprotein I. This is the first study to show the therapeutic potential of β2‐glycoprotein I D1 in the treatment of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shr-Jeng Jim Leu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yao Huang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - An-Na Chiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Passam FJ, Chiu J. Allosteric disulphide bonds as reversible mechano-sensitive switches that control protein functions in the vasculature. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:419-430. [PMID: 31090016 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulphide bonds are covalent linkages of two cysteine residues (R-S-S-R') in proteins. Unlike peptide bonds, disulphide bonds are reversible in nature allowing cleaved bonds to reform. Disulphide bonds are important structural elements that stabilise protein conformation. They can be of catalytic function found in enzymes that facilitate redox reactions in the cleavage/formation of disulphide bonds in their substrates. Emerging evidence also indicates that disulphide bonds can be of regulatory function which alter protein activity when they are cleaved or formed. This class of regulatory disulphide bonds is known as allosteric disulphide bonds. Allosteric disulphide bonds are mechano-sensitive, and stretching or twisting the sulphur-sulphur bond by mechanical force can make it easier or harder to be cleaved. This makes allosteric disulphide bonds an ideal type of mechano-sensitive switches for regulating protein functions in the vasculature where cells are continuously subjected to fluid shear force. This review will discuss the chemistry and biophysical properties of allosteric disulphide bonds and how they emerge to be mechano-sensitive switches in regulating platelet function and clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda J Passam
- Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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23
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Carubbi F, Alunno A, Cipriani P, Bistoni O, Scipioni R, Liakouli V, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Di Bartolomeo S, Gerli R, Giacomelli R. Laboratory Assessment of Patients with Suspected Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Diseases: Challenges and Pitfalls. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 15:27-43. [PMID: 29557752 DOI: 10.2174/1573397114666180320113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current patient care in rheumatology relies primarily on a combination of traditional clinical assessment and standard laboratory tests. Investigators seek to discover new biomarkers and novel technologies to boost the research in this field. Mechanistic biomarkers such as cytokines, cell types, antibodies, signaling molecules, are rooted in the mechanism underlying the disease and can guide the clinical management of the disease. Conversely, descriptive biomarkers are byproducts of the disease process, depict the state of a disease but are not involved in its pathogenesis. In this article, we reviewed the field of common laboratory biomarkers in rheumatology, highlighting both their descriptive or mechanistic value as well as their role in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carubbi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy.,Department of Medicine, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Alessia Alunno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Paola Cipriani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Onelia Bistoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Rosa Scipioni
- Department of Medicine, ASL1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Valiki Liakouli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Bartolomeo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, AQ, Italy
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Chiu J, Hogg PJ. Allosteric disulfides: Sophisticated molecular structures enabling flexible protein regulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:2949-2960. [PMID: 30635401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.005604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide bonds link pairs of cysteine residues in polypeptide chains. Many of these bonds serve a purely structural or energetic role, but a growing subset of cleavable disulfide bonds has been shown to control the function of the mature protein in which they reside. These allosteric disulfides and the factors that cleave these bonds are being identified across biological systems and life forms and have been shown to control hemostasis, the immune response, and viral infection in mammals. The discovery of these functional disulfides and a rationale for their facile nature has been aided by the emergence of a conformational signature for allosteric bonds. This post-translational modification mostly occurs extracellularly, making these chemical events prime drug targets. Indeed, a membrane-impermeable inhibitor of one of the cleaving factors is currently being trialed as an antithrombotic agent in cancer patients. Allosteric disulfides are firmly established as a sophisticated means by which a protein's shape and function can be altered; however, the full scope of this biological regulation will not be realized without new tools and techniques to study this regulation and innovative ways of targeting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Chiu
- From the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Philip J Hogg
- From the Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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25
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Qi M, Weaver JC, Krilis SA, Giannakopoulos B. Quantitation of Total and Free Thiol β 2-Glycoprotein I Levels for Diagnostic and Prognostic Purposes in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1967:275-283. [PMID: 31069777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9187-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
β2-Glycoprotein I is the major autoantigen in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a prothrombotic disorder characterized by the occurrence of either venous or arterial thrombosis. In women it is also associated with an increased risk of obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriages. We have identified that the plasma protein β2-glycoprotein I in healthy individuals exists in an optimal ratio between two distinct forms, an oxidized and free thiol, reduced form. This ratio is disrupted in pathophysiological conditions associated with increased oxidative stress such as the APS, but also in the setting of age-related macular degeneration and gram-negative sepsis. We have developed assays that quantify plasma/serum levels of total and free thiol β2-glycoprotein I which can potentially be used for risk stratification and prognostic purposes in the early stages of the aforementioned conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, St George Public Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James C Weaver
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, St George Public Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St George Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S A Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, St George Public Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - B Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, St George Public Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Rheumatology, St George Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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26
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Abstract
The redox potential of a protein disulphide bond is one of the most important factors for determining the role of a disulphide bond. Disulphide bonds can have a stabilizing role for the structure of a protein or they can play a functional role which can regulate protein bioactivity. Determining the redox potential of disulphides can help distinguish the functional from the structural disulphide bonds. In this chapter, two methods for determining the redox potential of a protein disulphide bond are described. The first method uses maleimide-biotin labeling of free cysteine thiols and western blot densitometry to determine the fraction of reduced disulphide bond under various redox-buffering conditions. The second method uses differential cysteine labeling and tandem mass spectrometry to determine the redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Cook
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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27
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Krilis M, Qi M, Qi J, Wong JWH, Guymer R, Liew G, Hunyor AP, Madigan M, McCluskey P, Weaver J, Krilis SA, Giannakopoulos B. Dual roles of different redox forms of complement factor H in protecting against age related macular degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:237-246. [PMID: 30253188 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement Factor H (CFH) is an important inhibitor of the alternate complement pathway in Bruch's membrane (BM), located between the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium. Furthermore dysfunction of its activity as occurs with certain polymorphisms is associated with an increased risk of age related macular degeneration (AMD). The retina is a site of high generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysfunction of redox homeostasis in this milieu also contributes to AMD pathogenesis. In this study we wanted to explore if CFH exists in distinct redox forms and whether these species have unique protective biological functions. CFH can be reduced by the naturally occurring thioredoxin - 1 in CFH domains 1-4, 17-20. We found a duality of function between the oxidised and reduced forms of CFH. The oxidised form was more efficient in binding to C3b and lipid peroxidation by-products that are known to accumulate in the retinae and activate the alternate complement pathway. Oxidised CFH enhances Factor I mediated cleavage of C3 and C3b whereas the reduced form loses this activity. In the setting of oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide)-mediated death of human retinal pigment epithelial cells as can occur in AMD, the free thiol form of CFH offers a protective function compared to the oxidised form. We found for the first time using a novel ELISA system we have developed for free thiol CFH, that both redox forms of CFH are found in the human plasma. Furthermore there is a distinct ratio of these redox forms in plasma depending if an individual has early or late AMD, with individuals with early AMD having higher levels of the free thiol form compared to late AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Krilis
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jian Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason W H Wong
- Prince of Wales Clinical School and Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex P Hunyor
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Visual Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Weaver
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health St George Hospital 2, South Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, Belgrave Street, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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28
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Durigutto P, Grossi C, Borghi MO, Macor P, Pregnolato F, Raschi E, Myers MP, de Groot PG, Meroni PL, Tedesco F. New insight into antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to β2glycoprotein I-domain 5 fail to induce thrombi in rats. Haematologica 2018; 104:819-826. [PMID: 30442725 PMCID: PMC6442945 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.198119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have reported different diagnostic/predictive values of antibodies to domain 1 or 4/5 of β2glycoproteinI in terms of risk of thrombosis and pregnancy complications in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. To obtain direct evidence for the pathogenic role of anti-domain 1 or anti-domain 4/5 antibodies, we analyzed the in vivo pro-coagulant effect of two groups of 5 sera IgG each reacting selectively with domain 1 or domain 5 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. Antibody-induced thrombus formation in mesenteric vessels was followed by intravital microscopy, and vascular deposition of β2glycoproteinI, human IgG and C3 was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Five serum IgG with undetectable anti-β2glycoproteinI antibodies served as controls. All the anti-domain 1-positive IgG exhibited potent pro-coagulant activity while the anti-domain 5-positive and the negative control IgG failed to promote blood clot and vessel occlusion. A stronger granular deposit of IgG/C3 was found on the mesenteric endothelium of rats treated with anti-domain 1 antibodies, as opposed to a mild linear IgG staining and absence of C3 observed in rats receiving anti-domain 5 antibodies. Purified anti-domain 5 IgG, unlike anti-domain 1 IgG, did not recognize cardiolipin-bound β2glycoproteinI while being able to interact with fluid-phase β2glycoproteinI. These findings may explain the failure of anti-domain 5 antibodies to exhibit a thrombogenic effect in vivo, and the interaction of these antibodies with circulating β2glycoproteinI suggests their potential competitive role with the pro-coagulant activity of anti-domain 1 antibodies. These data aim at better defining “really at risk” patients for more appropriate treatments to avoid recurrences and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Grossi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Pregnolato
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Raschi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael P Myers
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Philip G de Groot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University of Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
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29
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Buchholz I, Nestler P, Köppen S, Delcea M. Lysine residues control the conformational dynamics of beta 2-glycoprotein I. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26819-26829. [PMID: 30176030 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the study of the dynamics of proteins is the visualization of changing conformations that are important for processes ranging from enzyme catalysis to signaling. A protein exhibiting conformational dynamics is the soluble blood protein beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI), which exists in two conformations: the closed (circular) form and the open (linear) form. It is hypothesized that an increased proportion of the open conformation leads to the autoimmune disease antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). A characteristic feature of beta2GPI is the high content of lysine residues. However, the potential role of lysine in the conformational dynamics of beta2GPI has been poorly investigated. Here, we report on a strategy to permanently open up the closed protein conformation by chemical acetylation of lysine residues using acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS-Ac). Specific and complete acetylation was demonstrated by the quantification of primary amino groups with fluoraldehyde o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent, as well as western blot analysis with an anti-acetylated lysine antibody. Our results demonstrate that acetylated beta2GPI preserves its secondary and tertiary structures, as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy. We found that after lysine acetylation, the majority of proteins are in the open conformation as revealed by atomic force microscopy high-resolution images. Using this strategy, we proved that the electrostatic interaction of lysine residues plays a major role in stabilizing the beta2GPI closed conformation, as confirmed by lysine charge distribution calculations. We foresee that our approach will be applied to other lysine-rich proteins (e.g. histones) undergoing conformational transitions. For instance, conformational dynamics can be triggered by environmental conditions (e.g. pH, ion concentration, post-translational modifications, and binding of ligands). Therefore, our study may be relevant for investigating the equilibrium of protein conformations causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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30
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Zhang JY, Li CJ, Zhang QM, Yu P, Shi JY, Tang GJ, Ma LL, Yu DM. Protective Effects of Reduced Beta 2 Glycoprotein I on Liver Injury in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Diabetic Rats by Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7577-7584. [PMID: 30352988 PMCID: PMC6210935 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protective effects of reduced beta 2 glycoprotein I (Rβ2GPI) against vascular injury of diabetes mellitus have been extensively investigated. However, the effects of Rβ2GPI on liver injury in diabetic animals have not been reported. Material/Methods A diabetic rat model of was produced by systemic injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats were divided into a normal control group, a model group, and an Rβ2GPI treatment group (N=6 in each group). After treatments, blood serum and liver tissue were collected to test the protection of Rβ2GPI. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Our results revealed that Rβ2GPI reduced blood glucose, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels, as well as serum inflammation cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and C-reactive protein in the diabetic rats. Importantly, Rβ2GPI prevented liver injury in the diabetic rats as confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were promoted by diabetic modeling and were attenuated by Rβ2GPI administration. Moreover, Rβ2GPI significantly reduced liver catalase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels in the diabetic rats. Rβ2GPI reduced liver glycolipid storage in STZ diabetic rats. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated that Rβ2GPI promoted AMPK phosphorylation in the diabetic rats. Conclusions Our data proved that Rβ2GPI prevented liver injury in diabetic rats, likely through activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Chun-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Pei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Lin-Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - De-Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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31
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Sato A, Nakazawa K, Sugawara A, Yamazaki Y, Ebina K. The interaction of β 2-glycoprotein I with lysophosphatidic acid in platelet aggregation and blood clotting. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1232-1241. [PMID: 30312773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
β2-Glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is a plasma protein that binds to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and negatively charged substances, and inhibits platelet activation and blood coagulation. In this study, we investigated the interaction of β2-GPI with a negatively charged lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in platelet aggregation and blood clotting. Two negatively charged lysophospholipids, LPA and lysophosphatidylserine, specifically inhibited the binding of β2-GPI to oxidized LDL in a concentration-dependent manner. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence studies demonstrated that emission intensity of β2-GPI decreases in an LPA-concentration-dependent manner without a shift in wavelength maxima. LPA specifically induced the aggregation of β2-GPI in phosphate-buffered saline, and in incubated plasma and serum, both of which are known to accumulate LPA by the action of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and lysophospholipase D/autotaxin. β2-GPI aggregated by LPA did not inhibit activated von Willebrand factor-induced aggregation, and did not prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time in blood plasma, in contrast to non-aggregated β2-GPI. These results suggest that β2-GPI aggregated by the binding to LPA fails to inhibit platelet aggregation and blood clotting in contrast to non-aggregated β2-GPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan.
| | - Keiju Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Ayano Sugawara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Yoji Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ebina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, 5-5-1, Chuodai-Iino, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8551, Japan
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32
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Weaver JC, Krilis SA, Giannakopoulos B. Oxidative post-translational modification of βeta 2-glycoprotein I in the pathophysiology of the anti-phospholipid syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:98-103. [PMID: 29604397 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is a prothrombotic autoimmune disorder characterized by either thrombosis or pregnancy complications in the setting of persistent anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL). βeta 2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is the major autoantigen in APS that binds anionic phospholipids as well as specific receptors on platelets and endothelial cells resulting in activation of prothrombotic pathways. β2-GPI consists of 5 Domains that exist in a circular or linear form, with the latter occurring after binding to anionic phospholipids. β2-GPI also undergoes dynamic posttranslational modification between oxidized and free thiol forms. The relationship between posttranslational modification and structural conformation is yet to be definitively clarified. Compared with controls, patients with the APS have higher levels of total β2-GPI and lower levels of free thiol β2-GPI. This raises the possibility of using quantification of β2-GPI posttranslational modification as a redox biomarker in the management and diagnosis of the APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Weaver
- Department of Cardiology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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33
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Saijun Z, Xin L, Jie W, Shumin X, Shuaihui L, Pei Y. Reduced β2GPI Inhibiting Glomerular Mesangial Cells VEGF-NO Axis Uncoupling Induced by High Glucose. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5484731. [PMID: 30112400 PMCID: PMC6077591 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5484731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
VEGF-NO axis uncoupling is an important pathogenesis for DN. Reduced β2GPI could play a part in VEGF signaling pathway and has a protective effect on diabetic vascular disease. This study investigates the effect of reduced β2GPI on glomerular mesangial cells VEGF-NO axis uncoupling induced by high glucose. Compared to control group, glomerular mesangial cell line HBZY-1 cells treated with high glucose expressed higher levels of VEGF mRNA and protein and produced more ROS but less NO. The related proteins related to VEGF-NO axis were assayed. High glucose could significantly increase the expression of the level of VEGFR2 and obviously increase phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS but significantly decrease the expression of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1), reducing the production of eNOS dimer. Both β2GPI and reduced β2GPI partly reverse these effects caused by high glucose. Reduced β2GPI had stronger effect than β2GPI. GCH-1 is the speed limit of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis enzyme. As the key part of eNOS cofactors, BH4 could partly restore eNOS dimer induced by high glucose. Our results indicated that high glucose could interfere with eNOS dimer formation. β2GPI and reduced β2GPI can partly reverse the VEGF-NO axis uncoupling by restoring the GCH-1 expression level and then promote eNOS dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Saijun
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li Xin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wang Jie
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiao Shumin
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Liu Shuaihui
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tongan Road No. 66, the District of Heping, Tianjin 300070, China
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Raimondo MG, Pericleous C, Radziszewska A, Borghi MO, Pierangeli S, Meroni PL, Giles I, Rahman A, Ioannou Y. Oxidation of β2-glycoprotein I associates with IgG antibodies to domain I in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186513. [PMID: 29049363 PMCID: PMC5648189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Domain I (DI) of beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) contains the immunodominant epitope for pathogenic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). DI is exposed in the linear form of the molecule but not in the circular form that comprises 90% of serum β2GPI. The majority of circulating β2GPI is biochemically reduced with two free thiols in Domain V. However, increased levels of oxidised β2GPI are found in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It is not known whether oxidation of β2GPI favours the linear form of the molecule and thus promotes development of anti-DI antibodies. We investigated whether the proportion of oxidised β2GPI associates with the presence of anti-DI in APS patients. Serum samples from 44 APS patients were screened for IgG, IgM and IgA anti-DI, anti-β2GPI, anti-cardiolipin (anti-CL) and biochemically reduced β2GPI. A negative correlation was found between the proportion of β2GPI in the biochemically reduced form and IgG anti-DI levels (r = -0.54, p = 0.0002), but not with IgM or IgA anti-DI. Moreover, the proportion of β2GPI in the reduced form was lower in IgG anti-DI positive than anti-DI negative APS patients (p = 0.02). The relative amount of reduced β2GPI was no different between patients who were positive or negative for IgG, IgM and IgA anti-β2GPI or anti-CL. This study demonstrates that oxidised β2GPI lacking free cysteine-thiol groups most closely associates with IgG anti-DI positivity compared to IgG anti-CL and anti-β2GPI. Future studies are required to ascertain the directionality of this association to define causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Raimondo
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Charis Pericleous
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Radziszewska
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pierangeli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ian Giles
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yiannis Ioannou
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, UCL Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Bechtel TJ, Weerapana E. From structure to redox: The diverse functional roles of disulfides and implications in disease. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28044432 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of disulfide bonds and their relevance to human disease. The critical roles of disulfide bonds in protein structure stabilization and redox regulation of protein activity are addressed. Disulfide bonds are essential to the structural stability of many proteins within the secretory pathway and can exist as intramolecular or inter-domain disulfides. The proper formation of these bonds often relies on folding chaperones and oxidases such as members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Many of the PDI family members catalyze disulfide-bond formation, reduction, and isomerization through redox-active disulfides and perturbed PDI activity is characteristic of carcinomas and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to catalytic function in oxidoreductases, redox-active disulfides are also found on a diverse array of cellular proteins and act to regulate protein activity and localization in response to oxidative changes in the local environment. These redox-active disulfides are either dynamic intramolecular protein disulfides or mixed disulfides with small-molecule thiols generating glutathionylation and cysteinylation adducts. The oxidation and reduction of redox-active disulfides are mediated by cellular reactive oxygen species and activity of reductases, such as glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. Dysregulation of cellular redox conditions and resulting changes in mixed disulfide formation are directly linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Zhou S, Lu M, Zhao J, Liu S, Li X, Zhang R, Liu H, Yu P. The purification of reduced β2-glycoprotein I showed its native activity in vitro. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:173. [PMID: 28903783 PMCID: PMC5597989 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New evidence has shown that reduced β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) has anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity. However, the details are still poorly understood. This study aims to prepare stable reduced β2GPI with its native bioactivity in vitro. Methods Human β2GPI was purified from plasma first with perchloric acid precipitation and then purified with a series of chromatography methods including Sephadex G-25 desalting, SP HP, AF-heparin HC-650 M, and Sephacryl S-200. The purified human β2GPI was reduced with thioredoxin-1 (TRX-1) activated by DL-dithiothreitol (DTT). Glutathione (GSH) was selected to block the free thiols in reduced β2GPI. LC/MS was used to verify the location of free thiols. Western blot analysis was used to detect β2GPI immunoreactivity. MTS and flow cytometry were conducted to investigate its biological effect on oxidative-stress-induced death of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-10 (IL-10),interleukin-12P70 (IL-12P70),interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein −1(MCP-1) in mouse serum were quantified to assess its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated systemic inflammation. Results We obtained approximately 10 mg β2GPI (purity 98.7%) from 200 ml plasma. The protein yield was 0.05 mg/ml plasma. β2GPI was then reduced by TRX-1/DTT in vitro; the free thiols were detected on Cys288 and Cys326 in domain V of β2GPI. The GSH blockage stabilized the reduced β2GPI in vitro. This reduced β2GPI can be recognized by the anti-β2GPI antibody, can significantly reduce the death of HUVECs after H2O2 treatment and can significantly decrease the levels of TNF-α, IL-6,IFN-γ and MCP-1 in mice upon LPS stimulation. Conclusion Stable reduced β2GPI can be obtained in vitro by TRX-1 deoxidation followed by the blockage of thiols with GSH. This reduced β2GPI maintains the same immunological activity as oxidized β2GPI and has the ability to counter the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in HUVECs and inflammation in LPS-mediated inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jiantong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shuaihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Βeta 2-glycoprotein I protects mice against gram-negative septicaemia in a sexually dimorphic manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8201. [PMID: 28811580 PMCID: PMC5557990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of males and females to bacterial infections display differences. The mechanisms that underlie this sexual dimorphism are multifactorial. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to the pathogenesis of endotoxaemia. We have previously demonstrated that the plasma protein beta-2 glycoprotein-1 (β2GPI) reduces LPS-induced inflammation in male mice. In the present study using a more robust infection model of septicaemia the role of β2GPI is examined in both male and female wild type (WT) and β2GPI deficient (β2GPI-/-) mice challenged with Escherichia coli (E. coli) intravenously. β2GPI deficiency led to an increase of E. coli colony forming units (CFU) in the circulation of both male and female mice. In male β2GPI-/- mice this was associated with a worse clinical severity score. This difference was not observed between female β2GPI-/- and female WT mice. Male WT mice had decreased levels of total and increased levels of free thiol β2GPI following administration of LPS or E. coli. This pattern of sexual dimorphic response was also observed in our cohort of humans with sepsis. These findings support a role for β2GPI in modulating the sex-specific susceptibility to gram-negative septicaemia.
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Zhang JY, Ma J, Yu P, Tang GJ, Li CJ, Yu DM, Zhang QM. Effects of reduced β2 glycoprotein I on high glucose‑induced cell death in HUVECs. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4208-4214. [PMID: 28731130 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) has been demonstrated to exhibit a beneficial effect in diabetic atherosclerosis and retinal neovascularization. However, the effect of reduced β2GPI on vascular disorders in diabetic mellitus (DM) remains to be elucidated. The present study established a high glucose‑induced injury model using human umbilical cords veins (HUVECs) and evaluated the protective effects of reduced β2GPI against the injury. The data demonstrated that a low concentration of reduced β2GPI (0.5 µM) mitigated high glucose‑induced cell loss, decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and resulted in calcium overloading. Mechanically, reduced β2GPI additionally reversed high glucose‑induced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) accumulation, decrease of protein kinase B phosphorylation and nitric oxide synthase activity, and increase of cyclooxygenase‑2 activity. It was further confirmed that PTEN inhibitor‑bpV (1 µM) exhibited similar effects to those resulting from reduced β2GPI. Overall, the data revealed that reduced β2GPI exerts protective effects from glucose‑induced injury in HUVECs, potentially via decreasing PTEN levels. The present study suggests reduced β2GPI may act as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of vascular disorders in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Pei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - De-Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
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Arachchillage DRJ, Laffan M. Pathogenesis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:181-195. [PMID: 28339096 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that have clear associations with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, and which together constitute the 'antiphospholipid syndrome' (APS). However, the pathophysiology of these complications is not well understood and their heterogeneity suggests that more than one pathogenic process may be involved. Diagnosis remains a combination of laboratory analysis and clinical observation but there have been significant advances in identifying specific pathogenic features, such as domain I-specific anti-β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies. This in turn has pointed to endothelial and complement activation as important factors in the pathogenesis of APS. Consequently, although anticoagulation remains the standard treatment for thrombotic APS and during pregnancy, the realisation that these additional pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of APS has significant implications for treatment: agents acting outside the coagulation system, such as hydroxychloroquine for pregnancy complications and sirolimus as an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, are now under evaluation and represent a radical change in thinking for haematologists. Conventional anticoagulation is also under challenge from new, direct acting anticoagulants. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving understanding of APS pathogenesis and how this and novel therapeutics will alter diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R J Arachchillage
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mike Laffan
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Redox Status of β2GPI in Different Stages of Diabetic Angiopathy. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:8246839. [PMID: 27818568 PMCID: PMC5081428 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8246839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We explored the redox status of beta 2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) in different stages of diabetic angiopathy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had a significantly lower proportion of reduced β2GPI as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). There was a trend that the mild coronal atherosclerosis heart disease (CAD) had higher proportion of reduced β2GPI than non-CAD and severe-CAD groups, however without significances (p > 0.05). The mild-A-stenosis group and mild-diabetic retinopathy (DR) groups had higher proportion of reduced β2GPI than their severely affected counterparts. The mild-slow nerve conduction velocity (NCVS) group had higher proportion of reduced β2GPI than normal nerve conduction velocity (NCVN group) and severe-NCVS groups. The proportion of reduced β2GPI was in positive correlation with 24 h urine microalbumin and total urine protein, and the proportion of reduced β2GPI was in negative correlation with serum and skin advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Taken together, our data implicate that the proportion of reduced β2GPI increased in the early stage of angiopathy and decreased with the aggravation of angiopathy.
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El-Assaad F, Krilis SA, Giannakopoulos B. Posttranslational forms of beta 2-glycoprotein I in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb J 2016; 14:20. [PMID: 27766046 PMCID: PMC5056467 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-016-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by a procoagulant state that predisposes to recurrent thrombosis and miscarriages. Two major discoveries have advanced our understanding of the underlying complex pathogenesis of the APS. The first was the discovery that beta-2 glycoprotein-1 (β2GPI) is the major auto antigen in APS. The second was the discovery in more recent years that β2GPI contains allosteric disulphide bonds susceptible to posttranslational modification that may be involved in the development of autoantibodies in APS. The main allosteric disulphide bond in the fifth domain of β2GPI can exist in two redox states: free thiol or oxidised. It is the conformational transformation of β2GPI from its free thiol form to its more immunogenic oxidised form that exposes neo-epitopes on the first and fifth domains. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent findings on the posttranslational forms of β2GPI in the pathogenesis of APS. We suggest that novel assays quantitating the different redox forms of β2GPI in plasma or serum may be used to supplement existing clinical and laboratory assays to more accurately stratify risk of thrombosis or miscarriage in APS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima El-Assaad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, Level 1, 2 South Street, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia ; St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Research and Education Centre, Level 3, 4 - 10 South St, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, Level 1, 2 South Street, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia ; St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Research and Education Centre, Level 3, 4 - 10 South St, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, Level 1, 2 South Street, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia ; St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Research and Education Centre, Level 3, 4 - 10 South St, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
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Zhang L, Cheng Q, Zhang L, Wang Y, Merrill GF, Ilani T, Fass D, Arnér ESJ, Zhang J. Serum thioredoxin reductase is highly increased in mice with hepatocellular carcinoma and its activity is restrained by several mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:426-435. [PMID: 27581528 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) levels in serum were recently identified as possible prognostic markers for human prostate cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma. We had earlier shown that serum levels of TrxR protein are very low in healthy mice, but can in close correlation to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase more than 200-fold upon chemically induced liver damage. We also found that enzymatic TrxR activity in serum is counteracted by a yet unidentified oxidase activity in serum. In the present study we found that mice carrying H22 hepatocellular carcinoma tumors present highly increased levels of TrxR in serum, similarly to that reported in human patients. In this case ALT levels did not parallel those of TrxR. We also discovered here that the TrxR-antagonistic oxidase activity in serum is due to the presence of quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1). We furthermore found that the chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin or auranofin, when given systemically to H22 tumor bearing mice, can further inhibit TrxR activities in serum. The TrxR serum activity was also inhibited by endogenous electrophilic inhibitors, found to increase in tumor-bearing mice and to include protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Thus, hepatocellular carcinoma triggers high levels of serum TrxR that are not paralleled by ALT, and TrxR enzyme activity in serum is counteracted by several different mechanisms. The physiological role of TrxR in serum, if any, as well as its potential value as a prognostic marker for tumor progression, needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Longjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Gary F Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tal Ilani
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
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Gram Negative Bacterial Inflammation Ameliorated by the Plasma Protein Beta 2-Glycoprotein I. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33656. [PMID: 27670000 PMCID: PMC5037396 DOI: 10.1038/srep33656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer wall of gram negative bacteria. In high doses LPS contributes to the inflammation in gram negative sepsis, and in low doses contributes to the low grade inflammation characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. We wanted to assess the role of beta2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) a highly conserved plasma protein and its different biochemical forms in a mouse model of LPS systemic inflammation. Normal and β2GPI deficient mice were administered LPS through their veins and assessed for a range of inflammation markers in their blood and liver. Different biochemical forms of β2GPI were measured in normal mice given either saline or LPS. We show that β2GPI has a significant role in inhibiting LPS induced inflammation. In this study we provide some evidence that β2GPI serves a protective role in a mouse model of LPS inflammation. This resolves the controversy of previous studies which used LPS and β2GPI in test tube based models of LPS induced activation of white cells. We also highlight the potential relevance of a newly discovered biochemical form of β2GPI in LPS mediated inflammation and we speculate that this form has a protective role against LPS induced pathology.
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Chiu WC, Chiou TJ, Chung MJ, Chiang AN. β2-Glycoprotein I Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Angiogenesis by Suppressing the Phosphorylation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2, Akt, and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161950. [PMID: 27579889 PMCID: PMC5006999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation, and it plays a key role in various physiological and pathological conditions. The β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is a plasma glycoprotein with multiple biological functions, some of which remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify the contribution of 2-GPI on the angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic factor that may regulate endothelial remodeling, and its underlying mechanism. Our results revealed that β2-GPI dose-dependently decreased the VEGF-induced increase in endothelial cell proliferation, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays. Furthermore, incubation with both β2-GPI and deglycosylated β2-GPI inhibited the VEGF-induced tube formation. Our results suggest that the carbohydrate residues of β2-GPI do not participate in the function of anti-angiogenesis. Using in vivo Matrigel plug and angioreactor assays, we show that β2-GPI remarkably inhibited the VEGF-induced angiogenesis at a physiological concentration. Moreover, β2-GPI inhibited the VEGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In summary, our in vitro and in vivo data reveal for the first time that β2-GPI inhibits the VEGF-induced angiogenesis and highlights the potential for β2-GPI in anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ju Chung
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Na Chiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Thiol isomerases are multifunctional enzymes that influence protein structure via their oxidoreductase, isomerase, and chaperone activities. These enzymes localize at high concentrations in the endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotic cells where they serve an essential function in folding nascent proteins. However, thiol isomerases can escape endoplasmic retention and be secreted and localized on plasma membranes. Several thiol isomerases including protein disulfide isomerase, ERp57, and ERp5 are secreted by and localize to the membranes of platelets and endothelial cells. These vascular thiol isomerases are released following vessel injury and participate in thrombus formation. Although most of the activities of vascular thiol isomerases that contribute to thrombus formation are yet to be defined at the molecular level, allosteric disulfide bonds that are modified by thiol isomerases have been described in substrates such as αIIbβ3, αvβ3, GPIbα, tissue factor, and thrombospondin. Vascular thiol isomerases also act as redox sensors. They respond to the local redox environment and influence S-nitrosylation of surface proteins on platelets and endothelial cells. Despite our rudimentary understanding of the mechanisms by which thiol isomerases control vascular function, the clinical utility of targeting them in thrombotic disorders is already being explored in clinical trials.
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Pericleous C, Ferreira I, Borghi O, Pregnolato F, McDonnell T, Garza-Garcia A, Driscoll P, Pierangeli S, Isenberg D, Ioannou Y, Giles I, Meroni PL, Rahman A. Measuring IgA Anti-β2-Glycoprotein I and IgG/IgA Anti-Domain I Antibodies Adds Value to Current Serological Assays for the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156407. [PMID: 27253369 PMCID: PMC4890741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently available clinical assays to detect antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) test for IgG and IgM antibodies to cardiolipin (aCL) and β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI). It has been suggested that testing for IgA aPL and for antibodies to Domain I (DI), which carries the key antigenic epitopes of β2GPI, could add value to these current tests. We performed an observational, multicenter cohort study to evaluate the utility of IgG, IgM and IgA assays to each of CL, β2GPI and DI in APS. Methods Serum from 230 patients with APS (n = 111), SLE but not APS (n = 119), and 200 healthy controls were tested for IgG, IgM and IgA aCL, aβ2GPI and aDI activity. Patients with APS were further classified into thrombotic or obstetric APS. Logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic analyses were employed to compare results from the nine different assays. Results All assays displayed good specificity for APS; IgG aCL and IgG aβ2GPI assays however, had the highest sensitivity. Testing positive for IgA aβ2GPI resulted in a higher hazard ratio for APS compared to IgM aβ2GPI. Positive IgG, IgM or IgA aDI were all associated with APS, and in subjects positive for aCL and/or aβ2GPI, the presence of aDI raised the hazard ratio for APS by 3–5 fold. IgG aCL, aβ2GPI, aDI and IgA aDI were associated with thrombotic but not obstetric complications in patients with APS. Conclusion Measuring IgG aDI and IgA aβ2GPI and aDI may be useful in the management of patients with APS, particularly thrombotic APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Pericleous
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orietta Borghi
- Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pregnolato
- Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas McDonnell
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- Structural Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Driscoll
- Structural Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Pierangeli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yiannis Ioannou
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, UCL Hospital and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Giles
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang P, Weaver JC, Chen G, Beretov J, Atsumi T, Qi M, Bhindi R, Qi JC, Madigan MC, Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA. The Fifth Domain of Beta 2 Glycoprotein I Protects from Natural IgM Mediated Cardiac Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152681. [PMID: 27031114 PMCID: PMC4816326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion after a period of ischemia results in reperfusion injury (IRI) which involves activation of the inflammatory cascade. In cardiac IRI, IgM natural antibodies (NAb) play a prominent role through binding to altered neoepitopes expressed on damaged cells. Beta 2 Glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a plasma protein that binds to neoepitopes on damaged cells including anionic phospholipids through its highly conserved Domain V. Domain I of β2GPI binds circulating IgM NAbs and may provide a link between the innate immune system, IgM NAb binding and cardiac IRI. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of Β2GPI and its Domain V in cardiac IRI using wild-type (WT), Rag-1 -/- and β2GPI deficient mice. Compared with control, treatment with Domain V prior to cardiac IRI prevented binding of endogenous β2GPI to post-ischemic myocardium and resulted in smaller myocardial infarction size in both WT and β2GPI deficient mice. Domain V treatment in WT mice also resulted in less neutrophil infiltration, less apoptosis and improved ejection fraction at 24 h. Rag-1 -/- antibody deficient mice reconstituted with IgM NAbs confirmed that Domain V prevented IgM NAb induced cardiac IRI. Domain V remained equally effective when delivered at the time of reperfusion which has therapeutic clinical relevance.Based upon this study Domain V may function as a universal inhibitor of IgM NAb binding in the setting of cardiac IRI, which offers promise as a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cardiac IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - James C. Weaver
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- Anatomical Pathology, SEALS St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ravinay Bhindi
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jian C. Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michele C. Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney and Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven A. Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Sexual Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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López-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Jimenez-Gomez Y, Collantes-Estevez E, Aguirre MA, Cuadrado MJ. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis associated with anti-phospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: new therapeutic approaches. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:2096-2108. [PMID: 27018059 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is a recurrent complication in APS and SLE patients. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a key player underlying this process. Autoantibodies have been pointed to as the main contributors to abnormality in the oxidative status observed in APS and SLE patients, promoting the increased production of oxidant species and the reduction of antioxidant molecules. This imbalance causes vascular damage through the activation of immune cells, including monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils, causing the expression of pro-inflammatory and procoagulant molecules, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and the adhesion of these cells to the endothelium; the induction of cellular apoptosis and impaired cell clearance, which in turn enhances autoantibody neogeneration; and cytotoxicity of endothelial cells. This review describes the mechanisms underlying the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis associated with APS and SLE, focused on the effect of autoantibodies, the different cell types involved and the diverse effectors, including cytokines, procoagulant proteins and their main modulators, such as oxidant/antioxidant species and intracellular pathways in each pathology. We further discuss new therapies aimed at restoring the oxidative stress balance and subsequently to tackle atherothrombosis in APS and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chary López-Pedrera
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Jimenez-Gomez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Collantes-Estevez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ma Angeles Aguirre
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ma Jose Cuadrado
- Rheumatology Service, St Thomas Hospital, Lupus Research Unit, London, UK
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Abstract
Disulfide bonds represent versatile posttranslational modifications whose roles encompass the structure, catalysis, and regulation of protein function. Due to the oxidizing nature of the extracellular environment, disulfide bonds found in secreted proteins were once believed to be inert. This notion has been challenged by the discovery of redox-sensitive disulfides that, once cleaved, can lead to changes in protein activity. These functional disulfides are twisted into unique configurations, leading to high strain and potential energy. In some cases, cleavage of these disulfides can lead to a gain of function in protein activity. Thus, these motifs can be referred to as switches. We describe the couples that control redox in the extracellular environment, examine several examples of proteins with switchable disulfides, and discuss the potential applications of disulfides in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; ,
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , .,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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50
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Otomo K, Amengual O, Fujieda Y, Nakagawa H, Kato M, Oku K, Horita T, Yasuda S, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Hatakeyama S, Koike T, Atsumi T. Role of apolipoprotein B100 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the monocyte tissue factor induction mediated by anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies. Lupus 2016; 25:1288-98. [PMID: 26964561 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316638165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to elucidate the not yet known plasma molecule candidates involved in the induction of tissue factor (TF) expression mediated by β2GPI-dependent anticardiolipin antibody (aCL/β2GPI) on monocytes. METHODS Human serum incubated with FLAG-β2GPI was applied for affinity chromatography with anti- FLAG antibody. Immunopurified proteins were analyzed by a liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). TF mRNA induced by the identified molecules on monocytes was also analyzed. RESULTS Apolipoprotein B100 (APOB) was the only identified serum molecule in the MS search. Oxidized LDL, containing APOB as well as ox-Lig1 (a known ligand of β2GPI), was revealed as a β2GPI-binding molecule in the immunoprecipitation assay. TF mRNA was markedly induced by oxidized LDL/β2GPI complexes with either WBCAL-1 (monoclonal aCL/β2GPI) or purified IgG from APS patients. The activities of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, one of the component molecules of oxidized LDL, were significantly higher in serum from APS patients than in those from controls. CONCLUSION APOB (or oxidized LDL) was detected as a major β2GPI binding serum molecule by LC-MS search. Oxidized LDL/aCL/β2GPI complexes significantly induced TF expressions on monocytes. These data suggest that complexes of oxidized LDL and aCL/β2GPI may have a crucial role in the pathophysiology of APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - O Amengual
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Fujieda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Nakagawa
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Kato
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Oku
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Horita
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Yasuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Matsumoto
- Division of Proteomics, Multi-scale Research Center for Prevention of Medical Science, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K I Nakayama
- Division of Proteomics, Multi-scale Research Center for Prevention of Medical Science, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Koike
- Sapporo Medical Center NTT EC, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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