1
|
Yadav R, Mahajan S, Singh H, Mehra NK, Madan J, Doijad N, Singh PK, Guru SK. Emerging In Vitro and In Vivo Models: Hope for the Better Understanding of Cancer Progression and Treatment. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300487. [PMID: 38581078 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Various cancer models have been developed to aid the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tumor development and evaluate the effectiveness of various anticancer drugs in preclinical studies. These models accurately reproduce the critical stages of tumor initiation and development to mimic the tumor microenvironment better. Using these models for target validation, tumor response evaluation, resistance modeling, and toxicity comprehension can significantly enhance the drug development process. Herein, various in vivo or animal models are presented, typically consisting of several mice and in vitro models ranging in complexity from transwell models to spheroids and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. While in vitro models have been used for decades and dominate the early stages of drug development, they are still limited primary to simplistic tests based on testing on a single cell type cultivated in Petri dishes. Recent advancements in developing new cancer therapies necessitate the generation of complicated animal models that accurately mimic the tumor's complexity and microenvironment. Mice make effective tumor models as they are affordable, have a short reproductive cycle, exhibit rapid tumor growth, and are simple to manipulate genetically. Human cancer mouse models are crucial to understanding the neoplastic process and basic and clinical research improvements. The following review summarizes different in vitro and in vivo metastasis models, their advantages and disadvantages, and their ability to serve as a model for cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Srushti Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Hoshiyar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Nandkumar Doijad
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Q, Zhang J, Parikh K, Brinkley A, Lin S, Zakarian C, Pernet O, Shimizu S, Khamaikawin W, Hacke K, Kasahara N, An DS. In vivo selection of anti-HIV-1 gene-modified human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to enhance engraftment and HIV-1 inhibition. Mol Ther 2024; 32:384-394. [PMID: 38087779 PMCID: PMC10862071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC)-based anti-HIV-1 gene therapy holds great promise to eradicate HIV-1 or to provide long-term remission through a continuous supply of anti-HIV-1 gene-modified cells without ongoing antiretroviral therapy. However, achieving sufficient engraftment levels of anti-HIV gene-modified HSPC to provide therapeutic efficacy has been a major limitation. Here, we report an in vivo selection strategy for anti-HIV-1 gene-modified HSPC by introducing 6-thioguanine (6TG) chemoresistance through knocking down hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) expression using RNA interference (RNAi). We developed a lentiviral vector capable of co-expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against HPRT alongside two anti-HIV-1 genes: shRNA targeting HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 and a membrane-anchored HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, C46, for efficient in vivo selection of anti-HIV-1 gene-modified human HSPC. 6TG-mediated preconditioning and in vivo selection significantly enhanced engraftment of HPRT-knockdown anti-HIV-1 gene-modified cells (>2-fold, p < 0.0001) in humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (huBLT) mice. Viral load was significantly reduced (>1 log fold, p < 0.001) in 6TG-treated HIV-1-infected huBLT mice compared to 6TG-untreated mice. We demonstrated that 6TG-mediated preconditioning and in vivo selection considerably improved engraftment of HPRT-knockdown anti-HIV-1 gene-modified HSPC and repopulation of anti-HIV-1 gene-modified hematopoietic cells in huBLT mice, allowing for efficient HIV-1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keval Parikh
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Brinkley
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samantha Lin
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christina Zakarian
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Olivier Pernet
- Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Katrin Hacke
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- UCSF, Neurological Surgery, Radiation Oncology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dong Sung An
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; UCLA School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur K, Jewett A. Osteoclasts and Probiotics Mediate Significant Expansion, Functional Activation and Supercharging in NK, γδ T, and CD3+ T Cells: Use in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2024; 13:213. [PMID: 38334605 PMCID: PMC10854567 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have introduced osteoclasts (OCs) as major activators of NK cells. It was found that OCs exhibit the capabilities of inducing cell expansion as well as increasing the cytotoxic activity of NK cells by granule release and increasing the secretion of TNF-α and TRAIL, leading to increased lysis of tumors in short-term as well as long-term periods, respectively. OC- induced expanded NK cells were named supercharged NK cells (sNK) due to their significantly high functional activity as well as their significantly higher cell expansion rate. It is, however, unclear whether the OC-mediated effect in NK cells is specific or whether other cytotoxic immune cells can also be expanded and activated by OCs. We chose to focus on γδ T cells and pan T cells, which also include CD8+ T cells. In this paper, we report that OCs are capable of expanding and functionally activating both γδ T cells and pan T cells. Expanded γδ T and pan T cells were capable of secreting high levels of INF-γ, albeit with different dynamics to those of NK cells, and, moreover, they are unable to kill NK-specific targets. Since we used humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice as a model of human disease, we next determined whether NK and T cell activation through OCs is also evident in cells obtained from hu-BLT mice. Similar to humans, OCs were capable of increasing the cell expansion and secretion of IFN-γ in the culture of either NK or T cells from hu-BLT mice, providing yet further evidence that these mice are appropriate models to study human disease. Therefore, these studies indicated that CD3+ T or γδ T cells can proliferate and be supercharged by OCs similar to the NK cells; thus, they can be used individually or in combination in the cell therapy of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaur K, Jewett A. Role of Natural Killer Cells as Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Oral Tumor Eradication and Differentiation Both In Vivo and In Vitro. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:87-98. [PMID: 38618731 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2024052389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite advancements in the field of cancer therapeutics, the five-year survival rate remains low in oral cancer patients. Therefore, the effective therapeutics are needed against oral cancer. Also, several studies including ours, have shown severely suppressed function and number of NK cells in oral cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the approach to inhibit the tumor growth and metastasis by direct killing or NK cell-mediated tumor differentiation. This review also provides an overview on supercharging NK cells using osteoclasts and probiotic bacteria, and their efficacy as cancer immunotherapeutic in humanized-BLT mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaur K, Jewett A. Similarities and Differences between Osteoclast-Mediated Functional Activation of NK, CD3+ T, and γδ T Cells from Humans, Humanized-BLT Mice, and WT Mice. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:61-75. [PMID: 38305337 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study is focused on assessing the activation in NK, CD3+ T, and γδ T cells when they interact with osteoclasts (OCs) and monocytes in the presence or absence of zoledronate (ZOL), both in humans and WT mice. OCs resulted in increased IFN-γ secretion in NK, CD3+ T, and γδ T cells, however, the significantly highest increase was seen when cells were co-cultured with ZOL-treated OCs. Our previous studies have demonstrated increased IFN-γ secretion in the peripheral blood-derived immune cells of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) mice model. This could be due to increased OCs-induced activation of immune cells with ZOL treatment. We also observed increased IFN-γ secretion in humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice NK cells when were co-cultured with OCs or monocytes, and higher IFN-γ secretion levels were seen in the presence of OCs or ZOL-treated OCs. In addition, similar effects on IFN-γ secretion levels of NK, CD3+ T, and γδ T cells were seen whether cells were co-cultured with allogeneic OCs or autologous OCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Ojha CR, Hermann KJ, Hu WS, Torbett BE, Pathak VK. Potent dual block to HIV-1 infection using lentiviral vectors expressing fusion inhibitor peptide mC46- and Vif-resistant APOBEC3G. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:794-809. [PMID: 37662965 PMCID: PMC10470399 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy strategies that effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication are needed to reduce the requirement for lifelong antiviral therapy and potentially achieve a functional cure. We previously designed self-activating lentiviral vectors that efficiently delivered and expressed a Vif-resistant mutant of APOBEC3G (A3G-D128K) to T cells, which potently inhibited HIV-1 replication and spread with no detectable virus. Here, we developed vectors that express A3G-D128K, membrane-associated fusion inhibitor peptide mC46, and O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) selectable marker for in vivo selection of transduced CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. MGMT-selected T cell lines MT4, CEM, and PM1 expressing A3G-D128K (with or without mC46) potently inhibited NL4-3 infection up to 45 days post infection with no detectable viral replication. Expression of mC46 was sufficient to block infection >80% in a single-cycle assay. Importantly, expression of mC46 provided a selective advantage to the A3G-D128K-modified T cells in the presence of replication competent virus. This combinational approach to first block HIV-1 entry with mC46, and then block any breakthrough infection with A3G-D128K, could provide an effective gene therapy treatment and a potential functional cure for HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista A. Delviks-Frankenberry
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chet R. Ojha
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kip J. Hermann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei-Shau Hu
- Viral Recombination Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaur K, Chen PC, Ko MW, Mei A, Senjor E, Malarkannan S, Kos J, Jewett A. Sequential therapy with supercharged NK cells with either chemotherapy drug cisplatin or anti-PD-1 antibody decreases the tumor size and significantly enhances the NK function in Hu-BLT mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132807. [PMID: 37197660 PMCID: PMC10183580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and methods In this study we report that sequential treatment of supercharged NK (sNK) cells with either chemotherapeutic drugs or check-point inhibitors eliminate both poorly differentiated and well differentiated tumors in-vivo in humanized-BLT mice. Background and results sNK cells were found to be a unique population of activated NK cells with genetic, proteomic, and functional attributes that are very different from primary untreated or IL-2 treated NK cells. Furthermore, NK-supernatant differentiated or well-differentiated oral or pancreatic tumor cell lines are not susceptible to IL-2 activated primary NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity; however, they are greatly killed by the CDDP and paclitaxel in in-vitro assays. Injection of one dose of sNK cells at 1 million cells per mouse to aggressive CSC-like/poorly differentiated oral tumor bearing mice, followed by an injection of CDDP, inhibited tumor weight and growth, and increased IFN-γ secretion as well as NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity substantially in bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood derived immune cells. Similarly, the use of check point inhibitor anti-PD-1 antibody increased IFN-γ secretion and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and decreased the tumor burden in-vivo, and tumor growth of resected minimal residual tumors from hu-BLT mice when used sequentially with sNK cells. The addition of anti-PDL1 antibody to poorly differentiated MP2, NK-differentiated MP2 or well-differentiated PL-12 pancreatic tumors had different effects on tumor cells depending on the differentiation status of the tumor cells, since differentiated tumors expressed PD-L1 and were susceptible to NK cell mediated ADCC, whereas poorly differentiated OSCSCs or MP2 did not express PD-L1 and were killed directly by the NK cells. Conclusions Therefore, the ability to target combinatorially clones of tumors with NK cells and chemotherapeutic drugs or NK cells with checkpoint inhibitors at different stages of tumor differentiation may be crucial for successful eradication and cure of cancer. Furthermore, the success of check point inhibitor PD-L1 may relate to the levels of expression on tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ao Mei
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Emanuela Senjor
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaur K, Sun Y, Kanayama K, Morinaga K, Hokugo A, Nishimura I, Jewett A. Augmentation of IFN-γ by bone marrow derived immune cells in the presence of severe suppression of IFN-γ in gingivae induced by zoledronic acid and denosumab in Hu-BLT mice model of ONJ. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1111627. [PMID: 36742414 PMCID: PMC9895394 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The potential mechanisms governing drug induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is not well understood, and is one of the objectives of this study. Thus, we tested the release of IFN-γ within different immune compartments including bone marrow and gingivae upon treatment with zoledronic acid (ZOL) and denosumab which are known to induce ONJ in susceptible individuals. Methods We used humanized-BLT mouse model for the in-vivo studies reported in this paper. To determine the effects of zoledronic acid and denosumab on IFN-γ secretion and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity; peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen and gingiva were obtained after the injection of ZOL and denosumab in mice. Results Percentages of B cells are much higher in wild-type mice whereas the proportions of immune subsets in humans and reconstituted hu-BLT peripheral-blood are similar. Therefore, hu-BLT mice are preferable model to study human disease, in particular, immune-pathologies induced by ZOL and denosumab. Both agents resulted in a severe suppression of IFN-γ in the gingiva, whereas they heightened the release of IFN-γ and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the BM-derived immune cells. ZOL increased the IFN-γ secretion by the spleen and peripheral blood immune cells, whereas denosumab decreased the release IFN-γ by these cells significantly. Discussion ZOL and denosumab may likely suppress IFN-γ secretion in gingiva through different mechanisms. In addition, to the suppression of IFN-γ secretion, denosumab mediated effect could in part be due to the decrease in the bone resorptive function of osteoclasts due to the induction of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and lysis of osteoclasts, whereas ZOL is able to mediate cell death of osteoclasts directly. Suppression of IFN-gamma in gingiva is largely responsible for the inhibition of immune cell function, leading to dysregulated osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities. Restoration of IFN-gamma in the local microenvironment may result in establishment of homeostatic balance in the gingiva and prevention of osteonecrosis of jaw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yujie Sun
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keiichi Kanayama
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Periodontology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenzo Morinaga
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaur K, Jewett A. Differences in Tumor Growth and Differentiation in NSG and Humanized-BLT Mice; Analysis of Human vs. Humanized-BLT-Derived NK Expansion and Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:112. [PMID: 36612108 PMCID: PMC9817973 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant interest and debate regarding the best mouse model of human disease, since studies in wild-type mice may not always recapitulate human diseases. The NSG mouse model has been one of the most commonly used mouse models to study cancer; however, this mouse model, even though it has several advantages in regard to the ease of tumor implantation and financial feasibility, does not represent human disease due to the immunodeficient nature of this model. In this study, we performed oral and pancreatic tumor studies in NSG and hu-BLT mice and found several distinguishing features that make hu-BLT model more suitable for studying human cancer. In addition, we compared the immune function of humans to hu-BLT mice to understand the differences and similarities of the models. Oral and pancreatic cancer stem cells were implanted in NSG and hu-BLT mice. Both tumors grew robustly in NSG mice and killed them within a short period of time. On the contrary, unlike NSG mice, tumor-bearing hu-BLT mice survived longer, grew smaller tumors, and the grown tumors exhibited lower rates of expansion, with a higher surface expression of MHC-class I and lower NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity that was previously shown to have more of a differentiated phenotype. Although the peripheral blood of hu-BLT mice in comparison to that of humans had lower percentages of NK cells and cytotoxic function, it mediated a higher secretion of IFN-γ, likely contributing to the differentiation of the tumor cells and subsequent decrease in the tumor size in the hu-BLT mice in comparison to the NSG mice. Spleen-derived hu-BLT mouse NK cells were able to expand in the presence of autologous osteoclasts and substantially increase both cytotoxicity and secretion of IFN-γ, similar to those seen in peripheral blood-derived human NK cells, indicating that NK cells from hu-BLT mice are capable of expansion and functional activation when activating signals are given. Thus, the many similarities between human and hu-BLT mouse immune systems make this mouse model more appropriate to study human cancer. In particular, it is well-suited for studies of allogeneic NK cell-based immunotherapy in cancer treatment. The advantages and challenges of hu-BLT mice in cancer studies are also discussed in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, University of California, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, University of California, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeng Z, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. CCL5/CCR5 axis in human diseases and related treatments. Genes Dis 2022; 9:12-27. [PMID: 34514075 PMCID: PMC8423937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among them, chemokines act as crucial regulators in defense systems. CCL5/CCR5 combination is known for facilitating inflammatory responses, as well as inducing the adhesion and migration of different T cell subsets in immune responses. In addition, recent studies have shown that the interaction between CCL5 and CCR5 is involved in various pathological processes including inflammation, chronic diseases, cancers as well as the infection of COVID-19. This review focuses on how CCL5/CCR5 axis participates in the pathological processes of different diseases and their relevant signaling pathways for the regulation of the axis. Moreover, we highlighted the gene therapy and chemotherapy studies for treating CCR5-related diseases, including the ongoing clinical trials. The barriers and perspectives for future application and translational research were also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Suryawanshi GW, Arokium H, Kim S, Khamaikawin W, Lin S, Shimizu S, Chupradit K, Lee Y, Xie Y, Guan X, Suryawanshi V, Presson AP, An DS, Chen ISY. Longitudinal clonal tracking in humanized mice reveals sustained polyclonal repopulation of gene-modified human-HSPC despite vector integration bias. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:528. [PMID: 34620229 PMCID: PMC8499514 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of hematopoiesis is largely derived from mouse models that are physiologically distant from humans. Humanized mice provide the most physiologically relevant small animal model to study human diseases, most notably preclinical gene therapy studies. However, the clonal repopulation dynamics of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) in these animal models is only partially understood. Using a new clonal tracking methodology designed for small sample volumes, we aim to reveal the underlying clonal dynamics of human cell repopulation in a mouse environment. METHODS Humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mice were generated by transplanting lentiviral vector-transduced human fetal liver HSPC (FL-HSPC) in NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice implanted with a piece of human fetal thymus. We developed a methodology to track vector integration sites (VIS) in a mere 25 µl of mouse blood for longitudinal and quantitative clonal analysis of human HSPC repopulation in mouse environment. We explored transcriptional and epigenetic features of human HSPC for possible VIS bias. RESULTS A total of 897 HSPC clones were longitudinally tracked in hu-BLT mice-providing a first-ever demonstration of clonal dynamics and coordinated expansion of therapeutic and control vector-modified human cell populations simultaneously repopulating in the same humanized mice. The polyclonal repopulation stabilized at 19 weeks post-transplant and the contribution of the largest clone doubled within 4 weeks. Moreover, 550 (~ 60%) clones persisted over 6 weeks and were highly shared between different organs. The normal clonal profiles confirmed the safety of our gene therapy vectors. Multi-omics analysis of human FL-HSPC revealed that 54% of vector integrations in repopulating clones occurred within ± 1 kb of H3K36me3-enriched regions. CONCLUSIONS Human repopulation in mice is polyclonal and stabilizes more rapidly than that previously observed in humans. VIS preference for H3K36me3 has no apparent negative effects on HSPC repopulation. Our study provides a methodology to longitudinally track clonal repopulation in small animal models extensively used for stem cell and gene therapy research and with lentiviral vectors designed for clinical applications. Results of this study provide a framework for understanding the clonal behavior of human HPSC repopulating in a mouse environment, critical for translating results from humanized mice models to the human settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra W Suryawanshi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, BSRB, Rm 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hubert Arokium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, BSRB, Rm 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Samantha Lin
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - YooJin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, BSRB, Rm 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yiming Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, BSRB, Rm 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, BSRB, Rm 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vasantika Suryawanshi
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Angela P Presson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Dong-Sung An
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Irvin S Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, BSRB, Rm 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Zheng W, Wang H, Cheng Y, Fang Y, Wu F, Sun G, Sun G, Lv C, Hui B. Application of Animal Models in Cancer Research: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2455-2475. [PMID: 33758544 PMCID: PMC7979343 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s302565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models refers to the animal experimental objects and related materials that can simulate human body established in medical research. As the second-largest disease in terms of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular disease, cancer has always been the focus of human attention all over the world, which makes it a research hotspot in the medical field. At the same time, more and more animal models have been constructed and used in cancer research. With the deepening of research, the construction methods of cancer animal models are becoming more and more diverse, including chemical induction, xenotransplantation, gene programming, and so on. In recent years, patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDX) model has become a research hotspot because it can retain the microenvironment of the primary tumor and the basic characteristics of cells. Animal models can be used not only to study the biochemical and physiological processes of the occurrence and development of cancer in objects but also for the screening of cancer drugs and the exploration of gene therapy. In this paper, several main tumor animal models and the application progress of animal models in tumor research are systematically reviewed. Finally, combined with the latest progress and development trend in this field, the future research of tumor animal model was prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wubin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqing Hui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Using a humanized mouse model, we developed melanoma specific CD8 T cells from genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC). The transgenic T cells were functional both in vivo and ex vivo, effectively limiting and clearing tumor growth. Finally, the transduced hHSC stably populated the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vatakis
- Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology-Oncology; UCLA AIDS Institute; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaur K, Ko MW, Ohanian N, Cook J, Jewett A. Osteoclast-expanded super-charged NK-cells preferentially select and expand CD8+ T cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20363. [PMID: 33230147 PMCID: PMC7683603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) and much less dendritic cells (DCs) induce significant expansion and functional activation of NK cells, and furthermore, the OC-expanded NK cells preferentially increase the expansion and activation of CD8+ T cells by targeting CD4+ T cells. When autologous OCs were used to expand patient NK cells much lower percentages of expanded CD8+ T cells, decreased numbers of expanded NK cells and decreased functions of NK cells could be observed, and the addition of allogeneic healthy OCs increased the patients' NK function. Mechanistically, OC-expanded NK cells were found to lyse CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells suggesting potential selection of CD8+ T cells before their expansion by OC activated NK cells. In agreement, Increased IFN-γ secretion, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and higher percentages of CD8+ T cells, in various tissue compartments of oral tumor-bearing hu-BLT mice in response to immunotherapy by OC-expanded NK cells were observed. Thus, our results indicate an important relationship between NK and CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nick Ohanian
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jessica Cook
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mu W, Carrillo MA, Kitchen SG. Engineering CAR T Cells to Target the HIV Reservoir. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:410. [PMID: 32903563 PMCID: PMC7438537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV reservoir remains to be a difficult barrier to overcome in order to achieve a therapeutic cure for HIV. Several strategies have been developed to purge the reservoir, including the “kick and kill” approach, which is based on the notion that reactivating the latent reservoir will allow subsequent elimination by the host anti-HIV immune cells. However, clinical trials testing certain classes of latency reactivating agents (LRAs) have so far revealed the minimal impact on reducing the viral reservoir. A robust immune response to reactivated HIV expressing cells is critical for this strategy to work. A current focus to enhance anti-HIV immunity is through the use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Currently, HIV-specific CARs are being applied to peripheral T cells, NK cells, and stem cells to boost recognition and killing of HIV infected cells. In this review, we summarize current developments in engineering HIV directed CAR-expressing cells to facilitate HIV elimination. We also summarize current LRAs that enhance the “kick” strategy and how new generation and combinations of LRAs with HIV specific CAR T cell therapies could provide an optimal strategy to target the viral reservoir and achieve HIV clearance from the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayra A Carrillo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suryawanshi GW, Khamaikawin W, Wen J, Shimizu S, Arokium H, Xie Y, Wang E, Kim S, Choi H, Zhang C, Yu H, Presson AP, Kim N, An DS, Chen ISY, Kim S. The clonal repopulation of HSPC gene modified with anti-HIV-1 RNAi is not affected by preexisting HIV-1 infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9206. [PMID: 32766447 PMCID: PMC7385479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) transplant for HIV-1-infected patients, the impact of a preexisting HIV-1 infection on the engraftment and clonal repopulation of HSPCs remains poorly understood. We have developed a long terminal repeat indexing-mediated integration site sequencing (LTRi-Seq) method that provides a multiplexed clonal quantitation of both anti-HIV-1 RNAi (RNA interference) gene-modified and control vector-modified cell populations, together with HIV-1-infected cells-all within the same animal. In our HIV-1-preinfected humanized mice, both therapeutic and control HSPCs repopulated efficiently without abnormalities. Although the HIV-1-mediated selection of anti-HIV-1 RNAi-modified clones was evident in HIV-1-infected mice, the organ-to-organ and intra-organ clonal distributions in infected mice were indistinguishable from those in uninfected mice. HIV-1-infected cells showed clonal patterns distinct from those of HSPCs. Our data demonstrate that, despite the substantial impact of HIV-1 infection on CD4+ T cells, HSPC repopulation remains polyclonal, thus supporting the use of HSPC transplant for anti-HIV treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra W. Suryawanshi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hubert Arokium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiming Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eugene Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shihyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chong Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Hannah Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela P. Presson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Namshin Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung An
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Generation of HIV-1-infected patients' gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cells using feeder-free culture conditions. AIDS 2020; 34:1127-1139. [PMID: 32501846 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has brought promise to regenerative medicine as it breaks the ethical barrier of using embryonic stem cells. Such cell culture-derived patient-specific autologous stem cells are needed for transplantation. Here we report deriving HIV-1-infected patients' iPSC lines under transgene-free methods and under feeder-free and xeno-free culture conditions to meet the requirement for clinical application. METHODS AND RESULTS We have reprogrammed patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells with EBNA1/OriP episomal vectors, or a defective and persistent Sendai virus vector (SeVdp) to ensure a nonintegrating iPSC generation. Both single picked and pooled iPSC lines demonstrated high pluripotency and were able to differentiate into various lineage cells in vivo. The established cell lines could be modified by genetic editing using the TALENs or CRISPR/Cas 9 technology to have a bi-allelic CCR5Δ32 mutations seamlessly. All generated iPSC lines and modified cell lines had no evidence of HIV integration and maintained normal karyotype after expansion. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a reproducible simple procedure for generating therapeutic grade iPSCs from HIV-infected patients and for engineering these cells to possess a naturally occurring genotype for resistance to HIV-1 infection when differentiated into immune cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Agarwal Y, Beatty C, Biradar S, Castronova I, Ho S, Melody K, Bility MT. Moving beyond the mousetrap: current and emerging humanized mouse and rat models for investigating prevention and cure strategies against HIV infection and associated pathologies. Retrovirology 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 32276640 PMCID: PMC7149862 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective combination antiretroviral therapies for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection over the past several decades has significantly reduced HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have provided an effective means of protection against HIV transmission. Despite these advances, significant limitations exist; namely, the inability to eliminate HIV reservoirs, the inability to reverse lymphoid tissues damage, and the lack of an effective vaccine for preventing HIV transmission. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines for eliminating HIV reservoirs and preventing HIV transmission requires robust in vivo models. Since HIV is a human-specific pathogen, that targets hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues, in vivo animal models for HIV-host interactions require incorporation of human hematopoietic lineage cells and lymphoid tissues. In this review, we will discuss the construction of mouse models with human lymphoid tissues and/or hematopoietic lineage cells, termed, human immune system (HIS)-humanized mice. These HIS-humanized mouse models can support the development of functional human innate and adaptive immune cells, along with primary (thymus) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid tissues. We will discuss applications of HIS-humanized mouse models in evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutics against HIV reservoirs and associated immunopathology, and delineate the human immune response elicited by candidate HIV vaccines. In addition to focusing on how these HIS-humanized mouse models have already furthered our understanding of HIV and contributed to HIV therapeutics development, we discuss how emerging HIS-humanized rat models could address the limitations of HIS-mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cole Beatty
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Isabella Castronova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sara Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Melody
- Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Moses Turkle Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaur K, Kozlowska AK, Topchyan P, Ko MW, Ohanian N, Chiang J, Cook J, Maung PO, Park SH, Cacalano N, Fang C, Jewett A. Probiotic-Treated Super-Charged NK Cells Efficiently Clear Poorly Differentiated Pancreatic Tumors in Hu-BLT Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010063. [PMID: 31878338 PMCID: PMC7017229 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background and Aims: We have previously demonstrated that the stage of differentiation of tumors has profound effect on the function of NK cells, and that stem-like/poorly differentiated tumors were preferentially targeted by the NK cells. Therefore, in this study we determined the role of super-charged NK cells in immune mobilization, lysis, and differentiation of stem-like/undifferentiated tumors implanted in the pancreas of humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice fed with or without AJ2 probiotics. The phenotype, growth rate and metastatic potential of pancreatic tumors differentiated by the NK cells (NK-differentiated) or patient derived differentiated or stem-like/undifferentiated pancreatic tumors were investigated. Methods: Pancreatic tumor implantation was performed in NSG and hu-BLT mice. Stage of differentiation of tumors was determined using our published criteria for well-differentiated tumors exhibiting higher surface expression of MHC- class I, CD54, and PD-L1 (B7H1) and lower expression of CD44 receptors. The inverse was seen for poorly-differentiated tumors. Results: Stem-like/undifferentiated pancreatic tumors grew rapidly and formed large tumors and exhibited lower expression of above-mentioned differentiation antigens in the pancreas of NSG and hu-BLT mice. Unlike stem-like/undifferentiated tumors, NK-differentiated MP2 (MiaPaCa-2) tumors or patient-derived differentiated tumors were not able to grow or grew smaller tumors, and were unable to metastasize in NSG or hu-BLT mice, and they were susceptible to chemotherapeutic drugs. Stem-like/undifferentiated pancreatic tumors implanted in the pancreas of hu-BLT mice and injected with super-charged NK cells formed much smaller tumors, proliferated less, and exhibited differentiated phenotype. When differentiation of stem-like tumors by the NK cells was prevented by the addition of antibodies to IFN-γ and TNF-α, tumors grew rapidly and metastasized, and they remained resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Greater numbers of immune cells infiltrated the tumors of NK-injected and AJ2-probiotic bacteria-fed mice. Moreover, increased IFN-γ secretion in the presence of decreased IL-6 was seen in tumors resected and cultured from NK-injected and AJ2 fed mice. Tumor-induced decreases in NK cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion were restored/increased within PBMCs, spleen, and bone marrow when mice received NK cells and were fed with AJ2. Conclusion: NK cells prevent growth of pancreatic tumors through lysis and differentiation, thereby curtailing the growth and metastatic potential of stem-like/undifferentiated-tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Anna Karolina Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Nick Ohanian
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jessica Chiang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jessica Cook
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Phyu Ou Maung
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Nicholas Cacalano
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Changge Fang
- BioPro Diagnostics, LLC, 4919 Brook Hills Drive, Annandale, VA 22003, USA;
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (K.K.); (A.K.K.); (P.T.); (M.-W.K.); (N.O.); (J.C.); (J.C.); (P.O.M.); (S.-H.P.)
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-968-4994; Fax: +1-310-794-7109
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brendel C, Rio P, Verhoeyen E. Humanized mice are precious tools for evaluation of hematopoietic gene therapies and preclinical modeling to move towards a clinical trial. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113711. [PMID: 31726047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, incrementally improved xenograft mouse models, which support the engraftment and development of a human hemato-lymphoid system, have been developed and represent an important fundamental and preclinical research tool. Immunodeficient mice can be transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and this process is accompanied by HSC homing to the murine bone marrow. This is followed by stem cell expansion, multilineage hematopoiesis, long-term engraftment, and functional human antibody and cellular immune responses. The most significant contributions made by these humanized mice are the identification of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells, the characterization of the human hematopoietic hierarchy, screening of anti-cancer therapies and their use as preclinical models for gene therapy applications. This review article focuses on several gene therapy applications that have benefited from evaluation in humanized mice such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for cancer, anti-viral therapies and gene therapies for multiple monogenetic diseases. Humanized mouse models have been and still are of great value for the gene therapy field since they provide a more reliable understanding of sometimes complicated therapeutic approaches such as recently developed therapeutic gene editing strategies, which seek to correct a gene at its endogenous genomic locus. Additionally, humanized mouse models, which are of great importance with regard to testing new vector technologies in vivo for assessing safety and efficacy prior toclinical trials, help to expedite the critical translation from basic findings to clinical applications. In this review, innovative gene therapies and preclinical studies to evaluate T- and B-cell and HSC-based therapies in humanized mice are discussed and illustrated by multiple examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brendel
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula Rio
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, UMR 5308, 69007 Lyon, France; Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Houghton PJ, Kurmasheva RT. Challenges and Opportunities for Childhood Cancer Drug Development. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:671-697. [PMID: 31558580 PMCID: PMC6768308 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer in children is rare with approximately 15,700 new cases diagnosed in the United States annually. Through use of multimodality therapy (surgery, radiation therapy, and aggressive chemotherapy), 70% of patients will be "cured" of their disease, and 5-year event-free survival exceeds 80%. However, for patients surviving their malignancy, therapy-related long-term adverse effects are severe, with an estimated 50% having chronic life-threatening toxicities related to therapy in their fourth or fifth decade of life. While overall intensive therapy with cytotoxic agents continues to reduce cancer-related mortality, new understanding of the molecular etiology of many childhood cancers offers an opportunity to redirect efforts to develop effective, less genotoxic therapeutic options, including agents that target oncogenic drivers directly, and the potential for use of agents that target the tumor microenvironment and immune-directed therapies. However, for many high-risk cancers, significant challenges remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Raushan T Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Norton TD, Zhen A, Tada T, Kim J, Kitchen S, Landau NR. Lentiviral Vector-Based Dendritic Cell Vaccine Suppresses HIV Replication in Humanized Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:960-973. [PMID: 30962161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected individuals are treated with lifelong antiretroviral drugs to control the infection. A means to strengthen the antiviral T cell response might allow them to control viral loads without antiretroviral drugs. We report the development of a lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in which HIV-1 antigen is co-expressed with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and a soluble, high-affinity programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) dimer. CD40L activates the DCs, whereas PD-1 binds programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to prevent checkpoint activation and strengthen the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. The injection of humanized mice with DCs transduced with vector expressing CD40L and the HIV-1 SL9 epitope induced antigen-specific T cell proliferation and memory differentiation. Upon HIV-1 challenge of vaccinated mice, viral load was suppressed by 2 logs for 6 weeks. Introduction of the soluble PD-1 dimer into a vector that expressed full-length HIV-1 proteins accelerated the antiviral response. The results support development of this approach as a therapeutic vaccine that might allow HIV-1-infected individuals to control virus replication without antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Norton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Takuya Tada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cellular HIV Reservoirs and Viral Rebound from the Lymphoid Compartments of 4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine (EFdA)-Suppressed Humanized Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030256. [PMID: 30871222 PMCID: PMC6466357 DOI: 10.3390/v11030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) greatly suppresses HIV replication, lymphoid tissues remain a sanctuary site where the virus may replicate. Tracking the earliest steps of HIV spread from these cellular reservoirs after drug cessation is pivotal for elucidating how infection can be prevented. In this study, we developed an in vivo model of HIV persistence in which viral replication in the lymphoid compartments of humanized mice was inhibited by the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) to very low levels, which recapitulated ART-suppression in HIV-infected individuals. Using a combination of RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we quantitatively investigated the distribution of HIV in the lymphoid tissues of humanized mice during active infection, EFdA suppression, and after drug cessation. The lymphoid compartments of EFdA-suppressed humanized mice harbored very rare transcription/translation-competent HIV reservoirs that enable viral rebound. Our data provided the visualization and direct measurement of the early steps of HIV reservoir expansion within anatomically intact lymphoid tissues soon after EFdA cessation and suggest a strategy to enhance therapeutic approaches aimed at eliminating the HIV reservoir.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsukamoto T. Gene Therapy Approaches to Functional Cure and Protection of Hematopoietic Potential in HIV Infection. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E114. [PMID: 30862061 PMCID: PMC6470728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current antiretroviral drug therapy can suppress the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lifelong prescription is necessary to avoid viral rebound. The problem of persistent and ineradicable viral reservoirs in HIV-infected people continues to be a global threat. In addition, some HIV-infected patients do not experience sufficient T-cell immune restoration despite being aviremic during treatment. This is likely due to altered hematopoietic potential. To achieve the global eradication of HIV disease, a cure is needed. To this end, tremendous efforts have been made in the field of anti-HIV gene therapy. This review will discuss the concepts of HIV cure and relative viral attenuation and provide an overview of various gene therapy approaches aimed at a complete or functional HIV cure and protection of hematopoietic functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka 5898511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Allen AG, Chung CH, Atkins A, Dampier W, Khalili K, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Gene Editing of HIV-1 Co-receptors to Prevent and/or Cure Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2940. [PMID: 30619107 PMCID: PMC6304358 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), transforming the disease into one that can be controlled with lifelong therapy. The search for an HIV-1 vaccine has plagued researchers for more than three decades with little to no success from clinical trials. Due to these failures, scientists have turned to alternative methods to develop next generation therapeutics that could allow patients to live with HIV-1 without the need for daily medication. One method that has been proposed has involved the use of a number of powerful gene editing tools; Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Transcription Activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 to edit the co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4) required for HIV-1 to infect susceptible target cells efficiently. Initial safety studies in patients have shown that editing the CCR5 locus is safe. More in depth in vitro studies have shown that editing the CCR5 locus was able to inhibit infection from CCR5-utilizing virus, but CXCR4-utilizing virus was still able to infect cells. Additional research efforts were then aimed at editing the CXCR4 locus, but this came with other safety concerns. However, in vitro studies have since confirmed that CXCR4 can be edited without killing cells and can confer resistance to CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1. Utilizing these powerful new gene editing technologies in concert could confer cellular resistance to HIV-1. While the CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 axis for cell-free infection has been the most studied, there are a plethora of reports suggesting that the cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is significantly more efficient. These reports also indicated that while broadly neutralizing antibodies are well suited with respect to blocking cell-free infection, cell-to-cell transmission remains refractile to this approach. In addition to stopping cell-free infection, gene editing of the HIV-1 co-receptors could block cell-to-cell transmission. This review aims to summarize what has been shown with regard to editing the co-receptors needed for HIV-1 entry and how they could impact the future of HIV-1 therapeutic and prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cheng-Han Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Atkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Will Dampier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Translational AIDS Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carrillo MA, Zhen A, Kitchen SG. The Use of the Humanized Mouse Model in Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy for HIV and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:746. [PMID: 29755454 PMCID: PMC5932400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and cancer remain prevailing sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are current efforts to discover novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment or cure of these diseases. Humanized mouse models provide the investigative tool to study the interaction between HIV or cancer and the human immune system in vivo. These humanized models consist of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cells, tissues, or hematopoietic stem cells that result in reconstitution with a nearly full human immune system. In this review, we discuss preclinical studies evaluating therapeutic approaches in stem cell-based gene therapy and T cell-based immunotherapies for HIV and cancer using a humanized mouse model and some recent advances in using checkpoint inhibitors to improve antiviral or antitumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaur K, Nanut MP, Ko MW, Safaie T, Kos J, Jewett A. Natural killer cells target and differentiate cancer stem-like cells/undifferentiated tumors: strategies to optimize their growth and expansion for effective cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:170-180. [PMID: 29653339 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known to select and differentiate cancer stem-like cells/undifferentiated tumors via lysis, and secreted/membrane bound IFN-γ and TNF-α respectively, resulting in the control of tumor growth. Several in vivo mouse models including humanized-BLT mice have been used to study the biology and significance of NK cells in selection/differentiation of stem-like tumors within the context of a reconstituted human immune system. In addition, we discuss the evidence and significance of NK cell loss at the pre-neoplastic stage. Therefore, because of their indispensable role in targeting CSCs/undifferentiated tumors, NK-cells should be placed high in the armamentarium of tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tahmineh Safaie
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kaur K, Topchyan P, Kozlowska AK, Ohanian N, Chiang J, Maung PO, Park SH, Ko MW, Fang C, Nishimura I, Jewett A. Super-charged NK cells inhibit growth and progression of stem-like/poorly differentiated oral tumors in vivo in humanized BLT mice; effect on tumor differentiation and response to chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1426518. [PMID: 29721395 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1426518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic role of NK cells in solid tumors was challenged previously even though their role in hematological malignancies has clearly been established. Furthermore, functions and numbers of NK cells are greatly suppressed in oral cancer patients necessitating effective future NK immunotherapeutic strategies to aid in the control of disease. The humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice were used to implant stem-like/undifferentiated oral tumors to study the role of super-charged NK cells with and without feeding with AJ2 probiotic bacteria. Implanted CSC/undifferentiated tumors resected from NK-injected mice exhibited differentiated phenotype, grew slowly, and did not cause weight loss, whereas those from tumor-bearing mice without NK-injection remained relatively more stem-like/poorly-differentiated, grew faster, and caused significant weight loss. Moreover, in vitro NK-differentiated tumors were sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs, and when implanted in the oral-cavity grew no or very small tumors in mice. When NK-mediated differentiation of tumors was blocked by IFN-γ and TNF-α antibodies before implantation, tumors grew rapidly, remained stem-like/poorly-differentiated and became resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Loss of NK cytotoxicity and decreased IFN-γ secretion in tumor-bearing mice in PBMCs, splenocytes, bone marrow derived immune cells and enriched NK cells was restored by the injection of super-charged NK cells with or without feeding with AJ2. Much greater infiltration of CD45+ and T cells were observed in tumors resected from the mice, along with the restored secretion of IFN-γ from purified T cells from splenocytes in NK-injected tumor-bearing mice fed with AJ2 probiotic bacteria. Thus, super-charged NK cells prevent tumor growth by restoring effector function resulting in differentiation of CSCs/undifferentiated-tumors in hu-BLT mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Karolina Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nick Ohanian
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Chiang
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phyu Ou Maung
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Changge Fang
- Pingan Advanced Personalized Diagnostics, Biomed Co. (USA and Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pham HT, Mesplède T. The latest evidence for possible HIV-1 curative strategies. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212522. [PMID: 29497452 PMCID: PMC5824924 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains a major health issue worldwide. In developed countries, antiretroviral therapy has extended its reach from treatment of people living with HIV-1 to post-exposure prophylaxis, treatment as prevention, and, more recently, pre-exposure prophylaxis. These healthcare strategies offer the epidemiological tools to curve the epidemic in rich settings and will be concomitantly implemented in developing countries. One of the remaining challenges is to identify an efficacious curative strategy. This review manuscript will focus on some of the current curative strategies aiming at providing a sterilizing or functional cure to HIV-1-positive individuals. These include the following: early treatment initiation in post-treatment controllers as a long-term HIV-1 remission strategy, latency reversal, gene editing with or without stem cell transplantation, and antibodies against either the viral envelope protein or the host integrin α4β7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Pham
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yong KSM, Her Z, Chen Q. Humanized Mice as Unique Tools for Human-Specific Studies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:245-266. [PMID: 29411049 PMCID: PMC6061174 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing human population, medical research is pushed to progress into an era of precision therapy. Humanized mice are at the very heart of this new forefront where it is acutely required to decipher human-specific disease pathogenesis and test an array of novel therapeutics. In this review, “humanized” mice are defined as immunodeficient mouse engrafted with functional human biological systems. Over the past decade, researchers have been conscientiously making improvements on the development of humanized mice as a model to closely recapitulate disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. Currently, literature is rife with descriptions of novel and innovative humanized mouse models that hold a significant promise to become a panacea for drug innovations to treat and control conditions such as infectious disease and cancer. This review will focus on the background of humanized mice, diseases, and human-specific therapeutics tested on this platform as well as solutions to improve humanized mice for future clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kaur K, Chang HH, Cook J, Eibl G, Jewett A. Suppression of Gingival NK Cells in Precancerous and Cancerous Stages of Pancreatic Cancer in KC and BLT-Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1606. [PMID: 29255459 PMCID: PMC5723011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our studies is to determine the dynamics of natural killer (NK) cell modulation in gingivae in precancerous and cancerous stages of pancreatic and oral cancers in P48+/Cre;LSL-KRASG12D (KC) mice carrying a pancreas-specific oncogenic Kras mutation and BLT-humanized mice. Wild type and KC mice fed with control diet (CD) or high-fat calorie diet (HFCD), and the pancreatic and oral tumor-bearing humanized BLT (hu-BLT) mice were used to determine precancerous and cancer induced changes in numbers and function of gingival NK cells. Increased numbers of PanIN lesions and the greatest score of inflammation in pancreas of KC mice fed with CD and HFCD co-related with significant decline in percentages of circulating and gingival NK cells, lack of DX5+ NK expansion and increased secretion of IFN-γ and IL-6 after culture. At the malignant stage of pancreatic cancer, hu-BLT tumor-bearing mice had the lowest secretion of IFN-γ from cells dissociated from the gingival tissues as compared to those from non-tumor-bearing mice. Injection of NK cells into tumor-bearing mice increased IFN-γ secretion, and the secretion was similar or higher than those obtained by gingival cells from non-tumor-bearing hu-BLT control mice. The highest increase in IFN-γ secretion was observed when tumor-bearing mice were fed with AJ2 probiotic bacteria and injected with the NK cells. Along with an increase in secretion of IFN-γ, injection of NK cells in the presence and absence of feeding with AJ2 in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice increased percentages of CD45+ and CD3+ T cells in oral gingival cells. Similar results were observed with oral tumors. In conclusion, these results indicated that oral cavity may mirror systemic disease and provide a rationale for why cancer patients may be prone to suffer from diverse oral pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hui-Hua Chang
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Cook
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Tumor Immunology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khamaikawin W, Shimizu S, Kamata M, Cortado R, Jung Y, Lam J, Wen J, Kim P, Xie Y, Kim S, Arokium H, Presson AP, Chen ISY, An DS. Modeling Anti-HIV-1 HSPC-Based Gene Therapy in Humanized Mice Previously Infected with HIV-1. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 9:23-32. [PMID: 29322065 PMCID: PMC5751878 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of anti-HIV-1 human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC)-based gene therapy have been performed by HIV-1 challenge after the engraftment of gene-modified HSPCs in humanized mouse models. However, the clinical application of gene therapy is to treat HIV-1-infected patients. Here, we developed a new method to investigate an anti-HIV-1 HSPC-based gene therapy in humanized mice previously infected with HIV-1. First, humanized mice were infected with HIV-1. When plasma viremia reached >107 copies/mL 3 weeks after HIV-1 infection, the mice were myeloablated with busulfan and transplanted with anti-HIV-1 gene-modified CD34+ HSPCs transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing two short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CCR5 and HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), along with human thymus tissue under the kidney capsule. Anti-HIV-1 vector-modified human CD34+ HSPCs successfully repopulated peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues in HIV-1 previously infected humanized mice. Anti-HIV-1 shRNA vector-modified CD4+ T lymphocytes showed selective advantage in HIV-1 previously infected humanized mice. This new method will be useful for investigations of anti-HIV-1 gene therapy when testing in a more clinically relevant experimental setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannisa Khamaikawin
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ruth Cortado
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yujin Jung
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Lam
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiming Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hubert Arokium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angela P Presson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Irvin S Y Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dong Sung An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Marsden MD, Loy BA, Wu X, Ramirez CM, Schrier AJ, Murray D, Shimizu A, Ryckbosch SM, Near KE, Chun TW, Wender PA, Zack JA. In vivo activation of latent HIV with a synthetic bryostatin analog effects both latent cell "kick" and "kill" in strategy for virus eradication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006575. [PMID: 28934369 PMCID: PMC5608406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of HIV to establish a long-lived latent infection within resting CD4+ T cells leads to persistence and episodic resupply of the virus in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), thereby preventing eradication of the disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators such as bryostatin 1 can activate these latently infected cells, potentially leading to their elimination by virus-mediated cytopathic effects, the host's immune response and/or therapeutic strategies targeting cells actively expressing virus. While research in this area has focused heavily on naturally-occurring PKC modulators, their study has been hampered by their limited and variable availability, and equally significantly by sub-optimal activity and in vivo tolerability. Here we show that a designed, synthetically-accessible analog of bryostatin 1 is better-tolerated in vivo when compared with the naturally-occurring product and potently induces HIV expression from latency in humanized BLT mice, a proven and important model for studying HIV persistence and pathogenesis in vivo. Importantly, this induction of virus expression causes some of the newly HIV-expressing cells to die. Thus, designed, synthetically-accessible, tunable, and efficacious bryostatin analogs can mediate both a "kick" and "kill" response in latently-infected cells and exhibit improved tolerability, therefore showing unique promise as clinical adjuvants for HIV eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Schrier
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Murray
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Ryckbosch
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Near
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAZ); (PAW)
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAZ); (PAW)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
New approaches for the enhancement of chimeric antigen receptors for the treatment of HIV. Transl Res 2017; 187:83-92. [PMID: 28755872 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection continues to be a life-long chronic disease in spite of the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling viral replication and preventing disease progression. However, because of the high cost of treatment, severe side effects, and inefficiency in curing the disease with ART, there is a call for alternative therapies that will provide a functional cure for HIV. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are vital in the control and clearance of viral infections and therefore immune-based therapies have attempted to engineer HIV-specific CTLs that would be able to clear the infection from the body. The development of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) provides an opportunity to engineer superior HIV-specific CTLs that will be independent of the major histocompatibility complex for target recognition. A CD4-based CAR has been previously tested in clinical trials to test the antiviral efficacy of peripheral T cells armed with this CD4-based CAR. The results from these clinical trials showed the safety and feasibility of CAR T cell therapy for HIV infection; however, minimal antiviral efficacy was seen. In this review, we will discuss the various strategies being developed to enhance the therapeutic potency of anti-HIV CARs with the goal of generating superior antiviral responses that will lead to life-long HIV immunity and clearance of the virus from the body.
Collapse
|
35
|
Herrera-Carrillo E, Berkhout B. Novel AgoshRNA molecules for silencing of the CCR5 co-receptor for HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177935. [PMID: 28542329 PMCID: PMC5443530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic transplantation of blood stem cells from a CCR5-Δ32 homozygous donor to an HIV-infected individual, the "Berlin patient", led to a cure. Since then there has been a search for approaches that mimic this intervention in a gene therapy setting. RNA interference (RNAi) has evolved as a powerful tool to regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner and can be used to inactivate the CCR5 mRNA. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules can impair CCR5 expression, but these molecules may cause unintended side effects and they will not be processed in cells that lack Dicer, such as monocytes. Dicer-independent RNAi pathways have opened opportunities for new AgoshRNA designs that rely exclusively on Ago2 for maturation. Furthermore, AgoshRNA processing yields a single active guide RNA, thus reducing off-target effects. In this study, we tested different AgoshRNA designs against CCR5. We selected AgoshRNAs that potently downregulated CCR5 expression on human T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and that had no apparent adverse effect on T cell development as assessed in a competitive cell growth assay. CCR5 knockdown significantly protected T cells from CCR5 tropic HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhen A, Carrillo MA, Kitchen SG. Chimeric antigen receptor engineered stem cells: a novel HIV therapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:401-410. [PMID: 28357916 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for suppressing HIV and improving patients' quality of life, HIV persists in cART-treated patients and remains an incurable disease. Financial burdens and health consequences of lifelong cART treatment call for novel HIV therapies that result in a permanent cure. Cellular immunity is central in controlling HIV replication. However, HIV adopts numerous strategies to evade immune surveillance. Engineered immunity via genetic manipulation could offer a functional cure by generating cells that have enhanced antiviral activity and are resistant to HIV infection. Recently, encouraging reports from several human clinical trials using an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T-cell therapy for treating B-cell malignancies have provided valuable insights and generated remarkable enthusiasm in engineered T-cell therapy. In this review, we discuss the development of HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptors and the use of stem cell based therapies to generate lifelong anti-HIV immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mayra A Carrillo
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kaur K, Cook J, Park SH, Topchyan P, Kozlowska A, Ohanian N, Fang C, Nishimura I, Jewett A. Novel Strategy to Expand Super-Charged NK Cells with Significant Potential to Lyse and Differentiate Cancer Stem Cells: Differences in NK Expansion and Function between Healthy and Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:297. [PMID: 28424683 PMCID: PMC5380683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known to target cancer stem cells and undifferentiated tumors. In this paper, we provide a novel strategy for expanding large numbers of super-charged NK cells with significant potential to lyse and differentiate cancer stem cells and demonstrate the differences in the dynamics of NK cell expansion between healthy donors and cancer patients. Decline in cytotoxicity and lower interferon (IFN)-γ secretion by osteoclast (OC)-expanded NK cells from cancer patients correlates with faster expansion of residual contaminating T cells within purified NK cells, whereas healthy donors’ OCs continue expanding super-charged NK cells while limiting T cell expansion for up to 60 days. Similar to patient NK cells, NK cells from tumor-bearing BLT-humanized mice promote faster expansion of residual T cells resulting in decreased numbers and function of NK cells, whereas NK cells from mice with no tumor continue expanding NK cells and retain their cytotoxicity. In addition, dendritic cells (DCs) in contrast to OCs are found to promote faster expansion of residual T cells within purified NK cells resulting in the decline in NK cell numbers from healthy individuals. Addition of anti-CD3 mAb inhibits T cell proliferation while enhancing NK cell expansion; however, expanding NK cells have lower cytotoxicity but higher secretion of IFN-γ. Expansion and functional activation of super-charged NK cells by OCs is dependent on interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-15. Thus, in this report, we not only provide a novel strategy to expand super-charged NK cells, but also demonstrate that rapid and sustained expansion of residual T cells within the purified NK cells during expansion with DCs or OCs could be a potential mechanism by which the numbers and function of NK cells decline in cancer patients and in BLT-humanized mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Cook
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nick Ohanian
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Changge Fang
- Pingan Advanced Personalized Diagnostics, Biomed Co. (USA and Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mehta V, Chandramohan D, Agarwal S. Genetic Modulation Therapy Through Stem Cell Transplantation for Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection. Cureus 2017; 9:e1093. [PMID: 28413739 PMCID: PMC5391252 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral treatment has changed the dimensions of the outcomes for patients suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, HIV infection is still an ailment which is spreading throughout the world extensively. Given the confinements of the present restorative methodologies and the non-availability of any strategic vaccination against HIV, there is a squeezing need to build a therapeutic treatment. Viral tropism for HIV includes CD4+ cells, macrophages, and microglial cells, and it is through binding with co-receptors C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). While these cell types are present in all individuals, there are rare cases that stayed uninfected even after getting exposed to an overwhelming load of HIV. Research revealed a homozygous 32-base pair deletion (Δ32/Δ32) in CCR5. After careful consideration, a hypothesis was proposed a few years back that a cure for HIV disease is possible, through hematopoietic stem cells transplantation from a donor homozygous for the CCR5-Δ32 deletion. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) based quality treatment may serve as a promising tool as these perpetual, self-renewing progenitor cells could be modified to oppose HIV infection. If done properly, the changed HSCs would offer the permanent creation of genetically modified cells that are resistant to HIV infection and/or have improved hostility to viral action which will eventually clear the contaminated cells. The purpose of this review is to concentrate on two facets of HSC genetic treatment for potentially life-threatening HIV infection: building HIV-resistant cells and designing cells that can target HIV disease. These two strategic approaches can be the frontline of a quality treatment plan against HIV infection and, as an individual treatment or a combination thereof, has been proposed to possibly destroy HIV altogether.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varshil Mehta
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Divya Chandramohan
- Department of Internal Medicine, SRM Medical College, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivika Agarwal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McAllery SA, Ahlenstiel CL, Suzuki K, Symonds GP, Kelleher AD, Turville SG. The feasibility of incorporating Vpx into lentiviral gene therapy vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 5:16066. [PMID: 27790625 PMCID: PMC5070512 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While current antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved, challenges still remain in life-long targeting of HIV-1 reservoirs. Lentiviral gene therapy has the potential to deliver protective genes into the HIV-1 reservoir. However, inefficient reverse transcription (RT) occurs in HIV-1 reservoirs during lentiviral gene delivery. The viral protein Vpx is capable of increasing lentiviral RT by antagonizing the restriction factor SAMHD1. Incorporating Vpx into lentiviral vectors could substantially increase gene delivery into the HIV-1 reservoir. The feasibility of this Vpx approach was tested in resting cell models utilizing macrophages and dendritic cells. Our results showed Vpx exposure led to increased permissiveness of cells over a period that exceeded 2 weeks. Consequently, significant lower potency of HIV-1 antiretrovirals inhibiting RT and integration was observed. When Vpx was incorporated with anti-HIV-1 genes inhibiting either pre-RT or post-RT stages of the viral life-cycle, transduction levels significantly increased. However, a stronger antiviral effect was only observed with constructs that inhibit pre-RT stages of the viral life cycle. In conclusion this study demonstrates a way to overcome the major delivery obstacle of gene delivery into HIV-1 reservoir cell types. Importantly, incorporating Vpx with pre-RT anti-HIV-1 genes, demonstrated the greatest protection against HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuo Suzuki
- St Vincent's Center for Applied Medical Research , Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Geoff P Symonds
- St Vincent's Center for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Calimmune Pty Ltd., Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Center for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Smith DJ, Lin LJ, Moon H, Pham AT, Wang X, Liu S, Ji S, Rezek V, Shimizu S, Ruiz M, Lam J, Janzen DM, Memarzadeh S, Kohn DB, Zack JA, Kitchen SG, An DS, Yang L. Propagating Humanized BLT Mice for the Study of Human Immunology and Immunotherapy. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1863-1873. [PMID: 27608727 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mouse model harbors a nearly complete human immune system, therefore providing a powerful tool to study human immunology and immunotherapy. However, its application is greatly limited by the restricted supply of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and fetal thymus tissues that are needed to generate these mice. The restriction is especially significant for the study of human immune systems with special genetic traits, such as certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes or monogene deficiencies. To circumvent this critical limitation, we have developed a method to quickly propagate established BLT mice. Through secondary transfer of bone marrow cells and human thymus implants from BLT mice into NSG (NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ-/-) recipient mice, we were able to expand one primary BLT mouse into a colony of 4-5 proBLT (propagated BLT) mice in 6-8 weeks. These proBLT mice reconstituted human immune cells, including T cells, at levels comparable to those of their primary BLT donor mouse. They also faithfully inherited the human immune cell genetic traits from their donor BLT mouse, such as the HLA-A2 haplotype that is of special interest for studying HLA-A2-restricted human T cell immunotherapies. Moreover, an EGFP reporter gene engineered into the human immune system was stably passed from BLT to proBLT mice, making proBLT mice suitable for studying human immune cell gene therapy. This method provides an opportunity to overcome a critical hurdle to utilizing the BLT humanized mouse model and enables its more widespread use as a valuable preclinical research tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drake J Smith
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,2 Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Levina J Lin
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Heesung Moon
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander T Pham
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Xi Wang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Siyuan Liu
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Sunjong Ji
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Valerie Rezek
- 3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,4 Department of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Saki Shimizu
- 5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,6 School of Nursing, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Marlene Ruiz
- 5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,6 School of Nursing, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Lam
- 5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,6 School of Nursing, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Deanna M Janzen
- 6 School of Nursing, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,7 Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanaz Memarzadeh
- 3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,7 Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,8 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,9 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Donald B Kohn
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,7 Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,10 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jerome A Zack
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,7 Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- 3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,4 Department of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Dong Sung An
- 5 AIDS Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,6 School of Nursing, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lili Yang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,7 Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California , Los Angeles, California.,8 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ernst W. Humanized mice in infectious diseases. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:29-38. [PMID: 27865261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of infectious agents with human tropism can only be properly studied in an in vivo model featuring human cells or tissue. Humanized mice represent a small animal model featuring human cells or tissue that can be infected by human-specific viruses, bacteria, and parasites and also providing a functional human immune system. This makes the analysis of a human immune response to infection possible and allows for preclinical testing of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Results of various studies using humanized mice to investigate pathogens with human tropism are presented in this review. In addition, the limitations of humanized mice and methods to improve this valuable animal model are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Ernst
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Swamy MN, Wu H, Shankar P. Recent advances in RNAi-based strategies for therapy and prevention of HIV-1/AIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:174-186. [PMID: 27013255 PMCID: PMC4935623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful tool to silence specific gene expression and has been widely used to suppress host factors such as CCR5 and/or viral genes involved in HIV-1 replication. Newer nuclease-based gene-editing technologies, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, also provide powerful tools to ablate specific genes. Because of differences in co-receptor usage and the high mutability of the HIV-1 genome, a combination of host factors and viral genes needs to be suppressed for effective prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Whereas the continued presence of small interfering/short hairpin RNA (si/shRNA) mediators is needed for RNAi to be effective, the continued expression of nucleases in the gene-editing systems is undesirable. Thus, RNAi provides the only practical way for expression of multiple silencers in infected and uninfected cells, which is needed for effective prevention/treatment of infection. There have been several advances in the RNAi field in terms of si/shRNA design, targeted delivery to HIV-1 susceptible cells, and testing for efficacy in preclinical humanized mouse models. Here, we comprehensively review the latest advances in RNAi technology towards prevention and treatment of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath N Swamy
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ebina H, Gee P, Koyanagi Y. Perspectives of Genome-Editing Technologies for HIV Therapy. Curr HIV Res 2016; 14:2-8. [PMID: 26255882 PMCID: PMC5384355 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150807105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current HIV antiretroviral therapies potently suppress virus replication and prevent patients from progressing to AIDS but are unable to completely eliminate HIV due to the existence of dormant viral reservoirs which threaten to reemerge at anytime. Recently, genome-editing technologies that can recognize specific DNA sequences, including viral DNA, are being touted as promising tools for curing HIV, owing to their specificity, ease of use, and ability to be custom designed. CONCLUSION Here, we introduce several novel strategies aimed at eradicating HIV proviruses with state-of-the-art genome-editing technologies and discuss perspectives of these approaches for curing HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ebina
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara- cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pernet O, Yadav SS, An DS. Stem cell-based therapies for HIV/AIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:187-201. [PMID: 27151309 PMCID: PMC4935568 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the current focuses in HIV/AIDS research is to develop a novel therapeutic strategy that can provide a life-long remission of HIV/AIDS without daily drug treatment and, ultimately, a cure for HIV/AIDS. Hematopoietic stem cell-based anti-HIV gene therapy aims to reconstitute the patient immune system by transplantation of genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells with anti-HIV genes. Hematopoietic stem cells can self-renew, proliferate and differentiate into mature immune cells. In theory, anti-HIV gene-modified hematopoietic stem cells can continuously provide HIV-resistant immune cells throughout the life of a patient. Therefore, hematopoietic stem cell-based anti-HIV gene therapy has a great potential to provide a life-long remission of HIV/AIDS by a single treatment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress of developing anti-HIV genes, genetic modification of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, engraftment and reconstitution of anti-HIV gene-modified immune cells, HIV inhibition in in vitro and in vivo animal models, and in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pernet
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Swati Seth Yadav
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Dong Sung An
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Hematology-Oncology, The Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhen A, Rezek V, Youn C, Rick J, Lam B, Chang N, Zack J, Kamata M, Kitchen S. Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404517 DOI: 10.3791/54048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic differentiation and immune function of the genetically modified cells. The humanized Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mouse model allows for full reconstitution of a human immune system in the periphery, which includes T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes. The human thymic implant also allows for thymic selection of T cells in autologous thymic tissue. In addition to the study of HIV infection, the model stands as a powerful tool to study differentiation, development and functionality of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we outline the construction of humanized non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-common gamma chain knockout (cγ(-/-))-Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (NSG-BLT) mice with HSCs transduced with CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (CD4CAR) lentivirus vector. We show that the CD4CAR HSCs can successfully differentiate into multiple lineages and have anti-HIV activity. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the use of NSG-BLT mouse model as an in vivo model for engineered immunity against HIV. It is worth noting that, because lentivirus and human tissue is used, experiments and surgeries should be performed in a Class II biosafety cabinet in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+) facility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Zhen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;
| | - Valerie Rezek
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Cindy Youn
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jonathan Rick
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Brianna Lam
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nelson Chang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jerome Zack
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Scott Kitchen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kozlowska AK, Kaur K, Topchyan P, Jewett A. Adoptive transfer of osteoclast-expanded natural killer cells for immunotherapy targeting cancer stem-like cells in humanized mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:835-45. [PMID: 27034236 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on data obtained from oral, pancreatic and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma, we have established that natural killer (NK) cells target cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). CSCs displaying low MHC class I, CD54, and PD-L1 are killed by cytotoxic NK cells and are differentiated by split anergized NK cells through both membrane bound and secreted forms of TNF-α and IFN-γ. NK cells select and differentiate both healthy and transformed stem-like cells, resulting in target cell maturation and shaping of their microenvironment. In our recent studies, we have observed that oral, pancreatic, and melanoma CSCs were capable of forming large tumors in humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (hu-BLT) mice with fully reconstituted human immune system. In addition, major human immune subsets including NK cells, T cells, B cells, and monocytes were present in the spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tumor microenvironment. Similar to our previously published in vitro data, CSCs differentiated with split anergized NK cells prior to implantation in mice formed smaller tumors. Intravenous injection of functionally potent osteoclast-expanded NK cells inhibited tumor growth through differentiation of CSCs in humanized mice. In this review, we present current approaches, advances, and existing limitations in studying interactions of the immune system with the tumor, in particular NK cells with CSCs, using in vivo preclinical hu-BLT mouse model. In addition, we discuss the use of osteoclast-expanded NK cells in targeting cancer stem-like tumors in humanized mice-a strategy that provides a much-needed platform to develop effective cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nalla AK, Trobridge GD. Prospects for Foamy Viral Vector Anti-HIV Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2016; 4:E8. [PMID: 28536375 PMCID: PMC5344253 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell gene therapy approaches for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection have been explored in clinical trials and several anti-HIV genes delivered by retroviral vectors were shown to block HIV replication. However, gammaretroviral and lentiviral based retroviral vectors have limitations for delivery of anti-HIV genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Foamy virus vectors have several advantages including efficient delivery of transgenes into HSC in large animal models, and a potentially safer integration profile. This review focuses on novel anti-HIV transgenes and the potential of foamy virus vectors for HSC gene therapy of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Nalla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
| | - Grant D Trobridge
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kim KC, Choi BS, Kim KC, Park KH, Lee HJ, Cho YK, Kim SI, Kim SS, Oh YK, Kim YB. A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:194-202. [PMID: 26564392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models derived from immune-deficient mice have been the primary tool for studies of human infectious viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the current protocol for constructing humanized mice requires elaborate procedures and complicated techniques, limiting the supply of such mice for viral studies. Here, we report a convenient method for constructing a simple HIV-1 mouse model. Without prior irradiation, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null (NSG) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 10(7) adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBMCs). Four weeks after PBMC inoculation, human CD45(+) cells, and CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were detected in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, whereas human CD19(+) cells were observed in lymph nodes and spleen. To examine the usefulness of hu-PBMC-inoculated NSG (hu-PBMC-NSG) mice as an HIV-1 infection model, we intravenously injected these mice with dual-tropic HIV-1DH12 and X4-tropic HIV-1NL4-3 strains. HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice showed significantly lower human CD4(+) T cell counts and high HIV viral loads in the peripheral blood compared with noninfected hu-PBMC-NSG mice. Following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and neutralizing antibody treatment, HIV-1 replication was significantly suppressed in HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice without detectable viremia or CD4(+) T cell depletion. Moreover, the numbers of human T cells were maintained in hu-PBMC-NSG mice for at least 10 weeks. Taken together, our results suggest that hu-PBMC-NSG mice may serve as a relevant HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis model that could facilitate in vivo studies of HIV-1 infection and candidate HIV-1 protective drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chang Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stable Delivery of CCR5-Directed shRNA into Human Primary Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells via a Lentiviral Vector. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1364:235-48. [PMID: 26472455 PMCID: PMC4918502 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RNAi is a powerful tool to achieve suppression of a specific gene expression and therefore it has tremendous potential for gene therapy applications. A number of vector systems have been developed to express short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to produce siRNAs within mammalian T-cells, primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC), human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and in animal model systems. Among these, vectors based on lentivirus backbones have significantly transformed our ability to transfer shRNAs into nondividing cells, such as HSPC, resulting in high transduction efficiencies. However, delivery and long-term expression of shRNAs should be carefully optimized for efficient knock down of target gene without causing cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Here, we describe our protocols for the development of shRNA against a major HIV co-receptor/chemokine receptor CCR5 and the use of lentiviral vectors for stable shRNA delivery and expression in primary human PBMC and HSPC.
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahlenstiel CL, Suzuki K, Marks K, Symonds GP, Kelleher AD. Controlling HIV-1: Non-Coding RNA Gene Therapy Approaches to a Functional Cure. Front Immunol 2015; 6:474. [PMID: 26441979 PMCID: PMC4584958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment strategy for HIV-1 involves prolonged and intensive combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), which successfully suppresses plasma viremia. It has transformed HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease. However, despite the success of cART, a latent form of HIV-1 infection persists as integrated provirus in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. Virus can reactivate from this reservoir upon cessation of treatment, and hence HIV requires lifelong therapy. The reservoir represents a major barrier to eradication. Understanding molecular mechanisms regulating HIV-1 transcription and latency are crucial to develop alternate treatment strategies, which impact upon the reservoir and provide a path toward a "functional cure" in which there is no detectable viremia in the absence of cART. Numerous reports have suggested ncRNAs are involved in regulating viral transcription and latency. This review will discuss the latest developments in ncRNAs, specifically short interfering (si)RNA and short hairpin (sh)RNA, targeting molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 transcription, which may represent potential future therapeutics. It will also briefly address animal models for testing potential therapeutics and current gene therapy clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Marks
- Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Immunovirology Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|