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Ziętara KJ, Wróblewska K, Zajączkowska M, Taczała J, Lejman M. The Role of the JAK-STAT Pathway in Childhood B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6844. [PMID: 38999955 PMCID: PMC11241568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia is a hematologic neoplasm that poses a serious health concern in childhood. Genetic aberrations, such as mutations in the genes IL-7, IL7R, JAK1, JAK2, TLSP, CRLF2, and KTM2A or gene fusions involving BCR::ABL1, ETV6::RUNX1, and PAX5::JAK2, often correlate with the onset of this disease. These aberrations can lead to malfunction of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which is implicated in various important biological processes, including those related to immunology. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the malfunction of the JAK-STAT pathway holds potential for research on drugs targeting its components. Available drugs that interfere with the JAK-STAT pathway include fludarabine, ruxolitinib, and fedratinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Joanna Ziętara
- Student Scientific Society, Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.Z.); (K.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Kinga Wróblewska
- Student Scientific Society, Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.Z.); (K.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Monika Zajączkowska
- Student Scientific Society, Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.Z.); (K.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Joanna Taczała
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Monovich AC, Gurumurthy A, Ryan RJH. The Diverse Roles of ETV6 Alterations in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Other Hematopoietic Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:291-320. [PMID: 39017849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Genetic alterations of the repressive ETS family transcription factor gene ETV6 are recurrent in several categories of hematopoietic malignancy, including subsets of B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL and T-ALL), myeloid neoplasms, and mature B-cell lymphomas. ETV6 is essential for adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), contributes to specific functions of some mature immune cells, and plays a key role in thrombopoiesis as demonstrated by familial ETV6 mutations associated with thrombocytopenia and predisposition to hematopoietic cancers, particularly B-ALL. ETV6 appears to have a tumor suppressor role in several hematopoietic lineages, as demonstrated by recurrent somatic loss-of-function (LoF) and putative dominant-negative alterations in leukemias and lymphomas. ETV6 rearrangements contribute to recurrent fusion oncogenes such as the B-ALL-associated transcription factor (TF) fusions ETV6::RUNX1 and PAX5::ETV6, rare drivers such as ETV6::NCOA6, and a spectrum of tyrosine kinase gene fusions encoding hyperactive signaling proteins that self-associate via the ETV6 N-terminal pointed domain. Another subset of recurrent rearrangements involving the ETV6 gene locus appear to function primarily to drive overexpression of the partner gene. This review surveys what is known about the biochemical and genome regulatory properties of ETV6 as well as our current understanding of how alterations in these functions contribute to hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Monovich
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Russell J H Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Yin H, Wang J, Tan Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Meng G. Transcription factor abnormalities in B-ALL leukemogenesis and treatment. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:855-870. [PMID: 37407363 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological regulation of transcription factors (TFs) and repressor proteins is an important mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis. In B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) TF abnormalities occur at high frequency and are often recognized as the major driving factor in carcinogenesis. We provide an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of six major TF rearrangements in B-ALL, including DUX4-rearranged (DUX4-R), MEF2D-R, ZNF384-R, ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusions, and KMT2A-R. In addition, the therapeutic options and prognoses for patients who harbor these TF abnormalities are discussed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date panoramic view of how TF-based oncogenic fusions might drive carcinogenesis and impact on potential therapeutic exploration of B-ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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4
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Kodgule R, Goldman JW, Monovich AC, Saari T, Aguilar AR, Hall CN, Rajesh N, Gupta J, Chu SCA, Ye L, Gurumurthy A, Iyer A, Brown NA, Chiang MY, Cieslik MP, Ryan RJ. ETV6 Deficiency Unlocks ERG-Dependent Microsatellite Enhancers to Drive Aberrant Gene Activation in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:34-53. [PMID: 36350827 PMCID: PMC9820540 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal enhancers play critical roles in sustaining oncogenic gene-expression programs. We identify aberrant enhancer-like activation of GGAA tandem repeats as a characteristic feature of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with genetic defects of the ETV6 transcriptional repressor, including ETV6-RUNX1+ and ETV6-null B-ALL. We show that GGAA repeat enhancers are direct activators of previously identified ETV6-RUNX1+/- like B-ALL "signature" genes, including the likely leukemogenic driver EPOR. When restored to ETV6-deficient B-ALL cells, ETV6 directly binds to GGAA repeat enhancers, represses their acetylation, downregulates adjacent genes, and inhibits B-ALL growth. In ETV6-deficient B-ALL cells, we find that the ETS transcription factor ERG directly binds to GGAA microsatellite enhancers and is required for sustained activation of repeat enhancer-activated genes. Together, our findings reveal an epigenetic gatekeeper function of the ETV6 tumor suppressor gene and establish microsatellite enhancers as a key mechanism underlying the unique gene-expression program of ETV6-RUNX1+/- like B-ALL. SIGNIFICANCE We find a unifying mechanism underlying a leukemia subtype-defining gene-expression signature that relies on repetitive elements with poor conservation between humans and rodents. The ability of ETV6 to antagonize promiscuous, nonphysiologic ERG activity may shed light on other roles of these key regulators in hematolymphoid development and human disease. See related commentary by Mercher, p. 2. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kodgule
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Travis Saari
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Athalee R. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cody N. Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Niharika Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juhi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shih-Chun A. Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ashwin Iyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah A. Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Y. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marcin P. Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Russell J.H. Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Garcia-Gimenez A, Richardson SE. The role of microenvironment in the initiation and evolution of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1150612. [PMID: 36959797 PMCID: PMC10029760 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is a malignant disorder of immature B lineage immune progenitors and is the commonest cancer in children. Despite treatment advances it remains a leading cause of death in childhood and response rates in adults remain poor. A preleukemic state predisposing children to BCP-ALL frequently arises in utero, with an incidence far higher than that of transformed leukemia, offering the potential for early intervention to prevent disease. Understanding the natural history of this disease requires an appreciation of how cell-extrinsic pressures, including microenvironment, immune surveillance and chemotherapy direct cell-intrinsic genetic and epigenetic evolution. In this review, we outline how microenvironmental factors interact with BCP-ALL at different stages of tumorigenesis and highlight emerging therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garcia-Gimenez
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E. Richardson
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon E. Richardson,
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6
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Mack R, Zhang L, Breslin Sj P, Zhang J. The Fetal-to-Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transition and its Role in Childhood Hematopoietic Malignancies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2059-2080. [PMID: 34424480 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As with most organ systems that undergo continuous generation and maturation during the transition from fetal to adult life, the hematopoietic and immune systems also experience dynamic changes. Such changes lead to many unique features in blood cell function and immune responses in early childhood. The blood cells and immune cells in neonates are a mixture of fetal and adult origin due to the co-existence of both fetal and adult types of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HPCs). Fetal blood and immune cells gradually diminish during maturation of the infant and are almost completely replaced by adult types of cells by 3 to 4 weeks after birth in mice. Such features in early childhood are associated with unique features of hematopoietic and immune diseases, such as leukemia, at these developmental stages. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which hematopoietic and immune changes occur throughout ontogeny will provide useful information for the study and treatment of pediatric blood and immune diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies on hematopoietic initiation during early embryonic development, the expansion of both fetal and adult types of HSCs and HPCs in the fetal liver and fetal bone marrow stages, and the shift from fetal to adult hematopoiesis/immunity during neonatal/infant development. We also discuss the contributions of fetal types of HSCs/HPCs to childhood leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin Sj
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Classifying the hematological malignancies by assigning cells to their normal counterpart and describing the nature of disease progression are entirely reliant on an accurate picture for the development of the multifarious types of blood and immune cells. In recent years, our understanding of the complex relationships between the various hematopoietic stem cell-derived cell lineages has undergone substantial revision. There has been similar progress in how we describe the nature of the "target" cells that genetic insults transform to give rise to the hematological malignancies. Here I describe how both longstanding and new information has influenced classifying, for diagnosis, the hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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8
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Wang H, Cui B, Sun H, Zhang F, Rao J, Wang R, Zhao S, Shen S, Liu Y. Aberrant GATA2 Activation in Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:795529. [PMID: 35087776 PMCID: PMC8787225 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.795529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA2 is a transcription factor that is critical for the generation and survival of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It also plays an important role in the regulation of myeloid differentiation. Accordingly, GATA2 expression is restricted to HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors as well as early erythroid cells and megakaryocytic cells. Here we identified aberrant GATA2 expression in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) by analyzing transcriptome sequencing data obtained from St. Jude Cloud. Differentially expressed genes upon GATA2 activation showed significantly myeloid-like transcription signature. Further analysis identified several tumor-associated genes as targets of GATA2 activation including BAG3 and EPOR. In addition, the correlation between KMT2A-USP2 fusion and GATA2 activation not only indicates a potential trans-activating mechanism of GATA2 but also suggests that GATA2 is a target of KMT2A-USP2. Furthermore, by integrating whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data, we showed that GATA2 is also cis activated. A somatic focal deletion located in the GATA2 neighborhood that disrupts the boundaries of topologically associating domains was identified in one B-ALL patient with GATA2 activation. These evidences support the hypothesis that GATA2 could be involved in leukemogenesis of B-ALL and can be transcriptionally activated through multiple mechanisms. The findings of aberrant activation of GATA2 and its molecular function extend our understanding of transcriptional factor dysregulation in B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Cui
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Rao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Shen
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Mehtonen J, Teppo S, Lahnalampi M, Kokko A, Kaukonen R, Oksa L, Bouvy-Liivrand M, Malyukova A, Mäkinen A, Laukkanen S, Mäkinen PI, Rounioja S, Ruusuvuori P, Sangfelt O, Lund R, Lönnberg T, Lohi O, Heinäniemi M. Single cell characterization of B-lymphoid differentiation and leukemic cell states during chemotherapy in ETV6-RUNX1-positive pediatric leukemia identifies drug-targetable transcription factor activities. Genome Med 2020; 12:99. [PMID: 33218352 PMCID: PMC7679990 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight regulatory loops orchestrate commitment to B cell fate within bone marrow. Genetic lesions in this gene regulatory network underlie the emergence of the most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The initial genetic hits, including the common translocation that fuses ETV6 and RUNX1 genes, lead to arrested cell differentiation. Here, we aimed to characterize transcription factor activities along the B-lineage differentiation trajectory as a reference to characterize the aberrant cell states present in leukemic bone marrow, and to identify those transcription factors that maintain cancer-specific cell states for more precise therapeutic intervention. METHODS We compared normal B-lineage differentiation and in vivo leukemic cell states using single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and several complementary genomics profiles. Based on statistical tools for scRNA-seq, we benchmarked a workflow to resolve transcription factor activities and gene expression distribution changes in healthy bone marrow lymphoid cell states. We compared these to ALL bone marrow at diagnosis and in vivo during chemotherapy, focusing on leukemias carrying the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion. RESULTS We show that lymphoid cell transcription factor activities uncovered from bone marrow scRNA-seq have high correspondence with independent ATAC- and ChIP-seq data. Using this comprehensive reference for regulatory factors coordinating B-lineage differentiation, our analysis of ETV6-RUNX1-positive ALL cases revealed elevated activity of multiple ETS-transcription factors in leukemic cells states, including the leukemia genome-wide association study hit ELK3. The accompanying gene expression changes associated with natural killer cell inactivation and depletion in the leukemic immune microenvironment. Moreover, our results suggest that the abundance of G1 cell cycle state at diagnosis and lack of differentiation-associated regulatory network changes during induction chemotherapy represent features of chemoresistance. To target the leukemic regulatory program and thereby overcome treatment resistance, we show that inhibition of ETS-transcription factors reduced cell viability and resolved pathways contributing to this using scRNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a detailed picture of the transcription factor activities characterizing both normal B-lineage differentiation and those acquired in leukemic bone marrow and provide a rational basis for new treatment strategies targeting the immune microenvironment and the active regulatory network in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Mehtonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Teppo
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Lahnalampi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aleksi Kokko
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riina Kaukonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Oksa
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Bouvy-Liivrand
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alena Malyukova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Artturi Mäkinen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Laukkanen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Petri I Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Pekka Ruusuvuori
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olle Sangfelt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riikka Lund
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Lohi
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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10
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Biswas A, Rajesh Y, Mitra P, Mandal M. ETV6 gene aberrations in non-haematological malignancies: A review highlighting ETV6 associated fusion genes in solid tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188389. [PMID: 32659251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ETV6 (translocation-Ets-leukemia virus) gene is a transcriptional repressor mainly involved in haematopoiesis and maintenance of vascular networks and has developed to be a major oncogene with the potential ability of forming fusion partners with many other genes with carcinogenic consequences. ETV6 fusions function primarily by constitutive activation of kinase activity of the fusion partners, modifications in the normal functions of ETV6 transcription factor, loss of function of ETV6 or the partner gene and activation of a proto-oncogene near the site of translocation. The role of ETV6 fusion gene in tumorigenesis has been well-documented and more variedly found in haematological malignancies. However, the role of the ETV6 oncogene in solid tumors has also risen to prominence due to an increasing number of cases being reported with this malignancy. Since, solid tumors can be well-targeted, the diagnosis of this genre of tumors based on ETV6 malignancy is of crucial importance for treatment. This review highlights the important ETV6 associated fusions in solid tumors along with critical insights as to existing and novel means of targeting it. A consolidation of novel therapies such as immune, gene, RNAi, stem cell therapy and protein degradation hitherto unused in the case of ETV6 solid tumor malignancies may open further therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Yetirajam Rajesh
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pralay Mitra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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11
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Montaño A, Ordoñez JL, Alonso-Pérez V, Hernández-Sánchez J, Santos S, González T, Benito R, García-Tuñón I, Hernández-Rivas JM. ETV6/ RUNX1 Fusion Gene Abrogation Decreases the Oncogenicity of Tumour Cells in a Preclinical Model of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Cells 2020; 9:E215. [PMID: 31952221 PMCID: PMC7017301 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The t(12;21)(p13;q22), which fuses ETV6 and RUNX1 genes, is the most common genetic abnormality in children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The implication of the fusion protein in leukemogenesis seems to be clear. However, its role in the maintenance of the disease continues to be controversial. METHODS Generation of an in vitroETV6/RUNX1 knock out model using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system. Functional characterization by RNA sequencing, proliferation assays, apoptosis and pharmacologic studies, and generation of edited-cell xenograft model. RESULTS The expression of ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene was completely eliminated, thus generating a powerful model on which to study the role of the fusion gene in leukemic cells. The loss of fusion gene expression led to the deregulation of biological processes affecting survival such as apoptosis resistance and cell proliferation capacity. Tumour cells showed higher levels of apoptosis, lower proliferation rate and a greater sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors in vitro along as a decrease in tumour growth in xenografts models after ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene abrogation. CONCLUSIONS ETV6/RUNX1 fusion protein seems to play an important role in the maintenance of the leukemic phenotype and could thus become a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Montaño
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Jose Luis Ordoñez
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso-Pérez
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Jesús Hernández-Sánchez
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Sandra Santos
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Teresa González
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Benito
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Ignacio García-Tuñón
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Jesús María Hernández-Rivas
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Cancer Research Center, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.M.); (J.L.O.); (V.A.-P.); (J.H.-S.); (S.S.); (T.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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12
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Fararjeh AS, Liu YN. ZBTB46, SPDEF, and ETV6: Novel Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2802. [PMID: 31181727 PMCID: PMC6600524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common killer among men in Western countries. Targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the current therapeutic regime for patients newly diagnosed with metastatic PCa. However, most patients relapse and become resistant to ADT, leading to metastatic castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and eventually death. Several proposed mechanisms have been proposed for CRPC; however, the exact mechanism through which CRPC develops is still unclear. One possible pathway is that the AR remains active in CRPC cases. Therefore, understanding AR signaling networks as primary PCa changes into metastatic CRPC is key to developing future biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for PCa and CRPC. In the current review, we focused on three novel biomarkers (ZBTB46, SPDEF, and ETV6) that were demonstrated to play critical roles in CRPC progression, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) drug resistance, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for patients treated with ADT or AR inhibition. In addition, we summarize how these potential biomarkers can be used in the clinic for diagnosis and as therapeutic targets of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulFattah Salah Fararjeh
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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13
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Polak R, Bierings MB, van der Leije CS, Sanders MA, Roovers O, Marchante JRM, Boer JM, Cornelissen JJ, Pieters R, den Boer ML, Buitenhuis M. Autophagy inhibition as a potential future targeted therapy for ETV6-RUNX1-driven B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 104:738-748. [PMID: 30381299 PMCID: PMC6442983 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(12;21), resulting in the ETV6-RUNX1 (or TEL-AML1) fusion protein, is present in 25% of pediatric patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is considered a first hit in leukemogenesis. A targeted therapy approach is not available for children with this subtype of leukemia. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia, we performed gene expression profiling of healthy hematopoietic progenitors in which we ectopically expressed ETV6-RUNX1. We reveal an ETV6-RUNX1-driven transcriptional network that induces proliferation, survival and cellular homeostasis. In addition, Vps34, an important regulator of autophagy, was found to be induced by ETV6-RUNX1 and up-regulated in ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemic patient cells. We show that induction of Vps34 was transcriptionally regulated by ETV6-RUNX1 and correlated with high levels of autophagy. Knockdown of Vps34 in ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines severely reduced proliferation and survival. Inhibition of autophagy by hydroxychloroquine, a well-tolerated autophagy inhibitor, reduced cell viability in both ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines and primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples, and selectively sensitized primary ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemia samples to L asparaginase. These findings reveal a causal relationship between ETV6-RUNX1 and autophagy, and provide pre-clinical evidence for the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors in ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Polak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Marc B Bierings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | | | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Roovers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - João R M Marchante
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Judith M Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Jan J Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam .,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Miranda Buitenhuis
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
In this Review, I present evidence supporting a multifactorial causation of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a major subtype of paediatric cancer. ALL evolves in two discrete steps. First, in utero initiation by fusion gene formation or hyperdiploidy generates a covert, pre-leukaemic clone. Second, in a small fraction of these cases, the postnatal acquisition of secondary genetic changes (primarily V(D)J recombination-activating protein (RAG) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-driven copy number alterations in the case of ETS translocation variant 6 (ETV6)-runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1)+ ALL) drives conversion to overt leukaemia. Epidemiological and modelling studies endorse a dual role for common infections. Microbial exposures earlier in life are protective but, in their absence, later infections trigger the critical secondary mutations. Risk is further modified by inherited genetics, chance and, probably, diet. Childhood ALL can be viewed as a paradoxical consequence of progress in modern societies, where behavioural changes have restrained early microbial exposure. This engenders an evolutionary mismatch between historical adaptations of the immune system and contemporary lifestyles. Childhood ALL may be a preventable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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15
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Pathogenesis of ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mechanisms underlying its relapse. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35445-35459. [PMID: 28418909 PMCID: PMC5471068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV6/RUNX1 (E/R) is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Multiple lines of evidence imply a “two-hit” model for the molecular pathogenesis of E/R-positive ALL, whereby E/R rearrangement is followed by a series of secondary mutations that trigger overt leukemia. The cellular framework in which E/R arises and the maintenance of a pre-leukemic condition by E/R are fundamental to the mechanism that underlies leukemogenesis. Accordingly, a variety of studies have focused on the relationship between the clones giving rise to the primary and recurrent E/R-positive ALL. We review here the most recent insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying E/R-positive ALL, as well as the molecular abnormalities prevailing at relapse.
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16
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Ghazavi F, De Moerloose B, Van Loocke W, Wallaert A, Helsmoortel HH, Ferster A, Bakkus M, Plat G, Delabesse E, Uyttebroeck A, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Van Roy N, Speleman F, Benoit Y, Lammens T, Van Vlierberghe P. Unique long non-coding RNA expression signature in ETV6/RUNX1-driven B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73769-73780. [PMID: 27650541 PMCID: PMC5342012 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs have essential roles in tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, their role in the molecular pathogenesis of pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia has not been extensively explored. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the long non-coding RNA transcriptome in ETV6/RUNX1-positive BCP-ALL, one of the most frequent subtypes of pediatric leukemia. First, we used primary leukemia patient samples to identify an ETV6/RUNX1 specific expression signature consisting of 596 lncRNA transcripts. Next, integration of this lncRNA signature with RNA sequencing of BCP-ALL cell lines and lncRNA profiling of an in vitro model system of ETV6/RUNX1 knockdown, revealed that lnc-NKX2-3-1, lnc-TIMM21-5, lnc-ASTN1-1 and lnc-RTN4R-1 are truly regulated by the oncogenic fusion protein. Moreover, sustained inactivation of lnc-RTN4R-1 and lnc-NKX2-3-1 in ETV6/RUNX1 positive cells caused profound changes in gene expression. All together, our study defined a unique lncRNA expression signature associated with ETV6/RUNX1-positive BCP-ALL and identified lnc-RTN4R-1 and lnc-NKX2-3-1 as lncRNAs that might be functionally implicated in the biology of this prevalent subtype of human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Ghazavi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelynn Wallaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hetty H Helsmoortel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alina Ferster
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, HUDERF, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marleen Bakkus
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geneviève Plat
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Department of Hematology, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie de Toulouse, University Toulouse-III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadine Van Roy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Benoit
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Böiers C, Richardson SE, Laycock E, Zriwil A, Turati VA, Brown J, Wray JP, Wang D, James C, Herrero J, Sitnicka E, Karlsson S, Smith AJH, Jacobsen SEW, Enver T. A Human IPS Model Implicates Embryonic B-Myeloid Fate Restriction as Developmental Susceptibility to B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Associated ETV6-RUNX1. Dev Cell 2017; 44:362-377.e7. [PMID: 29290585 PMCID: PMC5807056 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ETV6-RUNX1 is associated with childhood acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) functioning as a first-hit mutation that initiates a clinically silent pre-leukemia in utero. Because lineage commitment hierarchies differ between embryo and adult, and the impact of oncogenes is cell-context dependent, we hypothesized that the childhood affiliation of ETV6-RUNX1 cALL reflects its origins in a progenitor unique to embryonic life. We characterize the first emerging B cells in first-trimester human embryos, identifying a developmentally restricted CD19-IL-7R+ progenitor compartment, which transitions from a myeloid to lymphoid program during ontogeny. This developmental series is recapitulated in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), thereby providing a model for the initiation of cALL. Genome-engineered hPSCs expressing ETV6-RUNX1 from the endogenous ETV6 locus show expansion of the CD19-IL-7R+ compartment, show a partial block in B lineage commitment, and produce proB cells with aberrant myeloid gene expression signatures and potential: features (collectively) consistent with a pre-leukemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Böiers
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Emma Laycock
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Alya Zriwil
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - John Brown
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jason P Wray
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Chela James
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Javier Herrero
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ewa Sitnicka
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Andrew J H Smith
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sten Erik W Jacobsen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tariq Enver
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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18
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Ke L, Zhou H, Wang C, Xiong G, Xiang Y, Ling Y, Khabir A, Tsao GS, Zeng Y, Zeng M, Busson P, Kieff E, Guo X, Zhao B. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma super-enhancer-driven ETV6 correlates with prognosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9683-9688. [PMID: 28831010 PMCID: PMC5594663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705236114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) most frequently occurs in southern China and southeast Asia. Epidemiology studies link NPC to genetic predisposition, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and environmental factors. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in chromatin-modifying enzymes are the most frequent genetic alterations in NPC. Here, we used H3K27ac chromatin immune precipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) to define the NPC epigenome in primary NPC biopsies, NPC xenografts, and an NPC cell line, and compared them to immortalized normal nasopharyngeal or oral epithelial cells. We identified NPC-specific enhancers and found these enhancers were enriched with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IFN-responsive factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF2, and ETS family members ETS1 motifs. Normal cell-specific enhancers were enriched with basic leucine zipper family members and TP53 motifs. NPC super-enhancers with extraordinarily broad and high H3K27ac signals were also identified, and they were linked to genes important for oncogenesis including ETV6. ETV6 was also highly expressed in NPC biopsies by immunohistochemistry. High ETV6 expression correlated with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, we defined the EBV episome epigenetic landscapes in primary NPC tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangru Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hufeng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Geng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yanqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdelmajid Khabir
- Pathology Department, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 4100 Medenine, Tunisia
- School of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - George S Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China;
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China;
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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19
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GATA2 regulates the erythropoietin receptor in t(12;21) ALL. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66061-66074. [PMID: 29029492 PMCID: PMC5630392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(12;21) (p13;q22) chromosomal translocation resulting in the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene is the most frequent structural cytogenetic abnormality in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), usually associated with erythroid progenitor cells, is highly expressed in ETV6/RUNX1 positive cases compared to other B-lineage ALL subtypes. Gene expression analysis of a microarray database and direct quantitative analysis of patient samples revealed strong correlation between EPOR and GATA2 expression in ALL, and higher expression of GATA2 in t(12;21) patients. The mechanism of EPOR regulation was mainly investigated using two B-ALL cell lines: REH, which harbor and express the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene; and NALM-6, which do not. Expression of EPOR was increased in REH cells compared to NALM-6 cells. Moreover, of the six GATA family members only GATA2 was differentially expressed with substantially higher levels present in REH cells. GATA2 was shown to bind to the EPOR 5'-UTR in REH, but did not bind in NALM-6 cells. Overexpression of GATA2 led to an increase in EPOR expression in REH cells only, indicating that GATA2 regulates EPOR but is dependent on the cellular context. Both EPOR and GATA2 are hypomethylated and associated with increased mRNA expression in REH compared to NALM-6 cells. Decitabine treatment effectively reduced methylation of CpG sites in the GATA2 promoter leading to increased GATA2 expression in both cell lines. Although Decitabine also reduced an already low level of methylation of the EPOR in NALM-6 cells there was no increase in EPOR expression. Furthermore, EPOR and GATA2 are regulated post-transcriptionally by miR-362 and miR-650, respectively. Overall our data show that EPOR expression in t(12;21) B-ALL cells, is regulated by GATA2 and is mediated through epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, contingent upon the genetic subtype of the disease.
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20
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Brown LM, Hanna DT, Khaw SL, Ekert PG. Dysregulation of BCL-2 family proteins by leukemia fusion genes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14325-14333. [PMID: 28717011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.799056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic lesions that characterize acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood include recurrent translocations that result in the expression of fusion proteins that typically involve genes encoding tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, and transcription factors. These genetic rearrangements confer phenotypic hallmarks of malignant transformation, including unrestricted proliferation and a relative resistance to apoptosis. In this Minireview, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that link these fusions to the control of cell death. We examine how these fusion genes dysregulate the BCL-2 family of proteins, preventing activation of the apoptotic effectors, BAX and BAK, and promoting cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Brown
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne
| | - Diane T Hanna
- the Royal Children's Hospital, and.,the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Seong L Khaw
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.,the Royal Children's Hospital, and.,the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, .,the Royal Children's Hospital, and
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21
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Navarrete-Meneses MDP, Pérez-Vera P. Alteraciones epigenéticas en leucemia linfoblástica aguda. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2017; 74:243-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Sundaresh A, Williams O. Mechanism of ETV6-RUNX1 Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:201-216. [PMID: 28299659 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation is the most frequently occurring single genetic abnormality in pediatric leukemia. This translocation results in the fusion of the ETV6 and RUNX1 genes. Since its discovery in the 1990s, the function of the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene has attracted intense interest. In this chapter, we will summarize current knowledge on the clinical significance of ETV6-RUNX1, the experimental models used to unravel its function in leukemogenesis, the identification of co-operating mutations and the mechanisms responsible for their acquisition, the function of the encoded transcription factor and finally, the future therapeutic approaches available to mitigate the associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sundaresh
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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24
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Sakamoto K, Tanaka S, Tomoyasu C, Tomii T, Yano M, Takagi K, Yasuhiko T, Uoshima N, Komatsu H, Imamura T. Development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with IgH-EPOR in a patient with secondary erythrocytosis. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:741-743. [PMID: 27544511 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the first patient to develop ALL with a fusion gene of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) with immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) 22 years after a diagnosis of secondary erythrocytosis with unknown etiology. The IgH-EPOR rearrangement is known to induce increased expression of EPOR, and activates EPO-associated signal pathways by exogenous EPO stimulation, resulting in the increased proliferation and survival of IgH-EPOR-positive leukemic cells. Interestingly, this case may provide supporting the possibility that IgH-EPOR-positive ALL has a growth advantage under sustained high concentrations of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sakamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Maizuru Medical Center, Maizuru, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Seiji Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Maizuru Medical Center, Maizuru, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tomoyasu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tomii
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mio Yano
- Department of Pediatrics, Maizuru Medical Center, Maizuru, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Takagi
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Maizuru Kyosai Hospital, Maizuru, Japan
| | - Tsutsumi Yasuhiko
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uoshima
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Maizuru Medical Center, Maizuru, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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25
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Daakour S, Hajingabo LJ, Kerselidou D, Devresse A, Kettmann R, Simonis N, Dequiedt F, Twizere JC. Systematic interactome mapping of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cancer gene products reveals EXT-1 tumor suppressor as a Notch1 and FBWX7 common interactor. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:335. [PMID: 27229929 PMCID: PMC4882867 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbed genotypes in cancer can now be identified by whole genome sequencing of large number of diverse tumor samples, and observed gene mutations can be used for prognosis and classification of cancer subtypes. Although mutations in a few causative genes are directly linked to key signaling pathways perturbation, a global understanding of how known cancer genes drive oncogenesis in human is difficult to assess. METHODS We collected available information about mutated genes in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Validated human protein interactions (PPI) were collected from IntAct, HPRD and BioGRID interactomics databases, or obtained using yeast two-hybrid screening assay. RESULTS We have mapped interconnections between 116 cancer census gene products associated with ALL. Combining protein-protein interactions data and cancer-specific gene mutations information, we observed that 63 ALL-gene products are interconnected and identified 37 human proteins interacting with at least 2 ALL-gene products. We highlighted exclusive and coexistence genetic alterations in key signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT and the NOTCH pathways. We then used different cell lines and reporter assay systems to validate the involvement of EXT1 in the Notch pathway. CONCLUSION We propose that novel ALL-gene candidates can be identified based on their functional association with well-known cancer genes. We identified EXT1, a gene not previously linked to ALL via mutations, as a common interactor of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 regulating the NOTCH pathway in an FBXW7-dependend manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Daakour
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Leon Juvenal Hajingabo
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Bioinformatique des Génomes et des Réseaux (BiGRe), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Despoina Kerselidou
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Aurelie Devresse
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Richard Kettmann
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Simonis
- Laboratoire de Bioinformatique des Génomes et des Réseaux (BiGRe), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Molecular Biology in Diseases Unit, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium.
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26
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Iacobucci I, Li Y, Roberts KG, Dobson SM, Kim JC, Payne-Turner D, Harvey RC, Valentine M, McCastlain K, Easton J, Yergeau D, Janke LJ, Shao Y, Chen IML, Rusch M, Zandi S, Kornblau SM, Konopleva M, Jabbour E, Paietta EM, Rowe JM, Pui CH, Gastier-Foster J, Gu Z, Reshmi S, Loh ML, Racevskis J, Tallman MS, Wiernik PH, Litzow MR, Willman CL, McPherson JD, Downing JR, Zhang J, Dick JE, Hunger SP, Mullighan CG. Truncating Erythropoietin Receptor Rearrangements in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:186-200. [PMID: 26859458 PMCID: PMC4750652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements are a hallmark of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are important ALL initiating events. We describe four different rearrangements of the erythropoietin receptor gene EPOR in Philadelphia chromosome-like (Ph-like) ALL. All of these rearrangements result in truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of EPOR at residues similar to those mutated in primary familial congenital polycythemia, with preservation of the proximal tyrosine essential for receptor activation and loss of distal regulatory residues. This resulted in deregulated EPOR expression, hypersensitivity to erythropoietin stimulation, and heightened JAK-STAT activation. Expression of truncated EPOR in mouse B cell progenitors induced ALL in vivo. Human leukemic cells with EPOR rearrangements were sensitive to JAK-STAT inhibition, suggesting a therapeutic option in high-risk ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephanie M Dobson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jaeseung C Kim
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Debbie Payne-Turner
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard C Harvey
- University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Marcus Valentine
- Cytogenetics Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kelly McCastlain
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laura J Janke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - I-Ming L Chen
- University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sasan Zandi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Jacob M Rowe
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medicak Center, Jerusalem 910310, Israel
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Julie Gastier-Foster
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shalini Reshmi
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics and the Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Janis Racevskis
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter H Wiernik
- Cancer Research Foundation of New York, Bronx, NY 10514, USA
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cheryl L Willman
- University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - John D McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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27
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Yang YL, Yen CT, Pai CH, Chen HY, Yu SL, Lin CY, Hu CY, Jou ST, Lin DT, Lin SR, Lin SW. A Double Negative Loop Comprising ETV6/RUNX1 and MIR181A1 Contributes to Differentiation Block in t(12;21)-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142863. [PMID: 26580398 PMCID: PMC4651427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with t(12;21), which results in expression of the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene, is the most common chromosomal lesion in precursor-B (pre-B) ALL. We identified 17 microRNAs that were downregulated in ETV6/RUNX1+ compared with ETV6/RUNX1- clinical samples. Among these microRNAs, miR-181a-1 was the most significantly reduced (by ~75%; P < 0.001). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that ETV6/RUNX1 directly binds the regulatory region of MIR181A1, and knockdown of ETV6/RUNX1 increased miR-181a-1 level. We further showed that miR-181a (functional counterpart of miR-181a-1) could target ETV6/RUNX1 and cause a reduction in the level of the oncoprotein ETV6/RUNX1, cell growth arrest, an increase in apoptosis, and induction of cell differentiation in ETV6/RUNX1+ cell line. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-181a also resulted in decreased CD10 hyperexpression in ETV6/RUNX1+ primary patient samples. Taken together, our results demonstrate that MIR181A1 and ETV6/RUNX1 regulate each other, and we propose that a double negative loop involving MIR181A1 and ETV6/RUNX1 may contribute to ETV6/RUNX1-driven arrest of differentiation in pre-B ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Li Yang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tzu Yen
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsueh Pai
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Hu
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiann-Tarng Jou
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Tsamn Lin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Rung Lin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Nanotechnology and Center for Biomedical Technology, College of Science, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Layton Tovar CF, Mendieta Zerón H. Intracellular Signaling Pathways Involved in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; Molecular Targets. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2015; 32:141-53. [PMID: 27065575 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. ALL is the most common hematologic malignancy in early childhood, and it reaches peak incidence between the ages of 2 and 3 years. The prognosis of ALL is associated with aberrant gene expression, in addition to the presence of numerical or structural chromosomal alterations, age, race, and immunophenotype. The Relapse rate with regard to pharmacological treatment rises in childhood; thus, the expression of biomarkers associated with the activation of cell signaling pathways is crucial to establish the disease prognosis. Intracellular pathways involved in ALL are diverse, including Janus kinase/Signal transducers and transcription activators (JAK-STAT), Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT), Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK), Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), Nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), and Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α), among others. In this review, we present several therapeutic targets, intracellular pathways, and molecular markers that are being studied extensively at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fabián Layton Tovar
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex), Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de Mexico Mexico
| | - Hugo Mendieta Zerón
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex), Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de Mexico Mexico ; Asociación Científica Latina A.C. (ASCILA) and Ciprés Grupo Médico (CGM), Felipe Villanueva sur 1209, Col. Rancho Dolores, 50170 Toluca, Estado de Mexico Mexico
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29
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Eswaran J, Sinclair P, Heidenreich O, Irving J, Russell LJ, Hall A, Calado DP, Harrison CJ, Vormoor J. The pre-B-cell receptor checkpoint in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:1623-31. [PMID: 25943180 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) and its immature form, the precursor-BCR (pre-BCR), have a central role in the control of B-cell development, which is dependent on a sequence of cell-fate decisions at specific antigen-independent checkpoints. Pre-BCR expression provides the first checkpoint, which controls differentiation of pre-B to immature B-cells in normal haemopoiesis. Pre-BCR signalling regulates and co-ordinates diverse processes within the pre-B cell, including clonal selection, proliferation and subsequent maturation. In B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL), B-cell development is arrested at this checkpoint. Moreover, malignant blasts avoid clonal extinction by hijacking pre-BCR signalling in favour of the development of BCP-ALL. Here, we discuss three mechanisms that occur in different subtypes of BCP-ALL: (i) blocking pre-BCR expression; (ii) activating pre-BCR-mediated pro-survival and pro-proliferative signalling, while inhibiting cell cycle arrest and maturation; and (iii) bypassing the pre-BCR checkpoint and activating pro-survival signalling through pre-BCR independent alternative mechanisms. A complete understanding of the BCP-ALL-specific signalling networks will highlight their application in BCP-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eswaran
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Sinclair
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - O Heidenreich
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Irving
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L J Russell
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Hall
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D P Calado
- 1] Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK [2] Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - C J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Vormoor
- 1] Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK [2] Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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30
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de Laurentiis A, Hiscott J, Alcalay M. The TEL-AML1 fusion protein of acute lymphoblastic leukemia modulates IRF3 activity during early B-cell differentiation. Oncogene 2015; 34:6018-28. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Hajingabo LJ, Daakour S, Martin M, Grausenburger R, Panzer-Grümayer R, Dequiedt F, Simonis N, Twizere JC. Predicting interactome network perturbations in human cancer: application to gene fusions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3973-85. [PMID: 25273558 PMCID: PMC4244205 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic variations such as gene fusions are directly or indirectly associated with human diseases. A method is presented combining gene expression and interactome data analyses to identify specific targets in leukemia. The Myc network and the mRNA export machinery are perturbed in ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 subtypes of leukemia. Genomic variations such as point mutations and gene fusions are directly or indirectly associated with human diseases. They are recognized as diagnostic, prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. However, predicting the functional effect of these genetic alterations beyond affected genes and their products is challenging because diseased phenotypes are likely dependent of complex molecular interaction networks. Using as models three different chromosomal translocations—ETV6-RUNX1 (TEL-AML1), BCR-ABL1, and TCF3-PBX1 (E2A-PBX1)—frequently found in precursor-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preB-ALL), we develop an approach to extract perturbed molecular interactions from gene expression changes. We show that the MYC and JunD transcriptional circuits are specifically deregulated after ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 gene fusions, respectively. We also identified the bulk mRNA NXF1-dependent machinery as a direct target for the TCF3-PBX1 fusion protein. Through a novel approach combining gene expression and interactome data analysis, we provide new insight into TCF3-PBX1 and ETV6-RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Juvenal Hajingabo
- Laboratoire de Bioinformatique des Génomes et des Réseaux, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sarah Daakour
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Maud Martin
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Panzer-Grümayer
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Simonis
- Laboratoire de Bioinformatique des Génomes et des Réseaux, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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32
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Palmi C, Fazio G, Savino AM, Procter J, Howell L, Cazzaniga V, Vieri M, Longinotti G, Brunati I, Andrè V, Della Mina P, Villa A, Greaves M, Biondi A, D'Amico G, Ford A, Cazzaniga G. Cytoskeletal regulatory gene expression and migratory properties of B-cell progenitors are affected by the ETV6-RUNX1 rearrangement. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1796-806. [PMID: 25061103 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0056-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion is a frequent initiating event in childhood leukemia, its role in leukemogenesis is only partly understood. The main impact of the fusion itself is to generate and sustain a clone of clinically silent preleukemic B-cell progenitors (BCP). Additional oncogenic hits, occurring even several years later, are required for overt disease. The understanding of the features and interactions of ETV6-RUNX1-positive cells during this "latency" period may explain how these silent cells can persist and whether they could be prone to additional genetic changes. In this study, two in vitro murine models were used to investigate whether ETV6-RUNX1 alters the cellular adhesion and migration properties of BCP. ETV6-RUNX1-expressing cells showed a significant defect in the chemotactic response to CXCL12, caused by a block in CXCR4 signaling, as demonstrated by inhibition of CXCL12-associated calcium flux and lack of ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, the induction of ETV6-RUNX1 caused changes in the expression of cell-surface adhesion molecules. The expression of genes regulating the cytoskeleton was also affected, resulting in a block of CDC42 signaling. The abnormalities described here could alter the interaction of ETV6-RUNX1 preleukemic BCP with the microenvironment and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. IMPLICATIONS Alterations in the expression of cytoskeletal regulatory genes and migration properties of BCP represent early events in the evolution of the disease, from the preleukemic phase to the clinical onset, and suggest new strategies for effective eradication of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Angela M Savino
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Julia Procter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Howell
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Margherita Vieri
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Longinotti
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Brunati
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Andrè
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Pamela Della Mina
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Consortium, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonello Villa
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Consortium, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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33
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Elevated TIM3+ hematopoietic stem cells in untreated myelodysplastic syndrome displayed aberrant differentiation, overproliferation and decreased apoptosis. Leuk Res 2014; 38:714-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Marshall GM, Carter DR, Cheung BB, Liu T, Mateos MK, Meyerowitz JG, Weiss WA. The prenatal origins of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:277-89. [PMID: 24599217 PMCID: PMC4041218 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept that some childhood malignancies arise from postnatally persistent embryonal cells has a long history. Recent research has strengthened the links between driver mutations and embryonal and early postnatal development. This evidence, coupled with much greater detail on the cell of origin and the initial steps in embryonal cancer initiation, has identified important therapeutic targets and provided renewed interest in strategies for the early detection and prevention of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia; and the Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Marion K Mateos
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick 2031, New South Wales, Australia; and the Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia
| | - Justin G Meyerowitz
- Department of Neurology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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35
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B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(14;19)(q32;p13.1) involving IGH/EPOR: a clinically aggressive subset of disease. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:382-9. [PMID: 24030742 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with t(14;19)(q32;p13.1), in which IGH and EPOR are juxtaposed, has been reported rarely. We describe the clinicopathological features of six patients, three men and three women, with a median age of 39 years. Initial and follow-up bone marrow samples were examined from each patient. The clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic results were compared with data obtained from conventional cytogenetic analysis and by using home-brew fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes for IGH at 14q32 and EPOR at 19p13.1. The bone marrow specimens were hypercellular (median 90%; range 80-100%), with a median blast count of 90% (range 60-93%). Immunophenotypic analysis performed by flow cytometry demonstrated a stable, precursor B-cell immunophenotype. The t(14;19)(q32;p13.1) was present in all cases with morphologic evidence of disease. The translocation was stable and appeared morphologically subtle on conventional karyotypic analysis. Detection was facilitated using FISH, which confirmed IGH/EPOR rearrangement in all cases. All patients received aggressive multiagent chemotherapy as part of a variety of regimens. Four of six patients achieved an initial complete remission, but all relapsed. At last follow-up, five of six patients had died of disease (median survival, 12 months after diagnosis). We conclude that B-ALL associated with t(14;19)(q32;p13.1) is a distinctive form of disease that is associated with younger patient age and an aggressive clinical course.
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36
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Kaindl U, Morak M, Portsmouth C, Mecklenbräuker A, Kauer M, Zeginigg M, Attarbaschi A, Haas OA, Panzer-Grümayer R. Blocking ETV6/RUNX1-induced MDM2 overexpression by Nutlin-3 reactivates p53 signaling in childhood leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:600-8. [PMID: 24240203 PMCID: PMC3948158 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ETV6/RUNX1 (E/R) is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is responsible for the initiation of leukemia but also indispensable for disease maintenance and propagation, although its function in these latter processes is less clear. We therefore investigated the effects of the perceived p53 pathway alterations in model cell lines and primary leukemias and, in particular, how E/R upregulates MDM2, the predominant negative regulator of p53. We found that E/R transactivates MDM2 in both p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) HCT116 cells by binding to promoter-inherent RUNX1 motifs, which indicates that this activation occurs in a direct and p53-independent manner. Treatment of E/R-positive leukemic cell lines with Nutlin-3, a small molecule that inhibits the MDM2/p53 interaction, arrests their cell cycle and induces apoptosis. These phenomena concur with a p53-induced expression of p21, pro-apoptotic BAX and PUMA, as well as caspase 3 activation and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage. The addition of DNA-damaging and p53-activating chemotherapeutic drugs intensifies apoptosis. Moreover, Nutlin-3 exposure leads to an analogous p53 accumulation and apoptotic surge in E/R-positive primary leukemic cells. Our findings clarify the role of p53 signaling in E/R-positive leukemias and outline the potential basis for its therapeutic exploitation in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kaindl
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Morak
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Portsmouth
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mecklenbräuker
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kauer
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Zeginigg
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Attarbaschi
- St Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O A Haas
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- St Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Panzer-Grümayer
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Chatterton Z, Morenos L, Mechinaud F, Ashley DM, Craig JM, Sexton-Oates A, Halemba MS, Parkinson-Bates M, Ng J, Morrison D, Carroll WL, Saffery R, Wong NC. Epigenetic deregulation in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenetics 2014; 9:459-67. [PMID: 24394348 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to most cancers, genome-wide DNA methylation profiles are commonly altered in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, recent observations highlight that a large portion of malignancy-associated DNA methylation alterations are not accompanied by related gene expression changes. By analyzing and integrating the methylome and transcriptome profiles of pediatric B-cell ALL cases and primary tissue controls, we report 325 genes hypermethylated and downregulated and 45 genes hypomethylated and upregulated in pediatric B-cell ALL, irrespective of subtype. Repressed cation channel subunits and cAMP signaling activators and transducers are overrepresented, potentially indicating a reduced cellular potential to receive and propagate apoptotic signals. Furthermore, we report specific DNA methylation alterations with concurrent gene expression changes within individual ALL subtypes. The ETV6-RUNX1 translocation was associated with downregulation of ASNS and upregulation of the EPO-receptor, while Hyperdiploid patients (> 50 chr) displayed upregulation of B-cell lymphoma (BCL) members and repression of PTPRG and FHIT. In combination, these data indicate genetically distinct B-cell ALL subtypes contain cooperative epimutations and genome-wide epigenetic deregulation is common across all B-cell ALL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac Chatterton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Leah Morenos
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | | | - David M Ashley
- Andrew Love Cancer Centre; Deakin University; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Minhee S Halemba
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Mandy Parkinson-Bates
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Jane Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | | | | | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wong
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
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38
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Linka Y, Ginzel S, Krüger M, Novosel A, Gombert M, Kremmer E, Harbott J, Thiele R, Borkhardt A, Landgraf P. The impact of TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) expression in precursor B cells and implications for leukaemia using three different genome-wide screening methods. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e151. [PMID: 24121163 PMCID: PMC3816209 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), the most common structural genomic alteration in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children, results in a chimeric transcription factor TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1). We identified directly and indirectly regulated target genes utilizing an inducible TEL-AML1 system derived from the murine pro B-cell line BA/F3 and a monoclonal antibody directed against TEL-AML1. By integration of promoter binding identified with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip, gene expression and protein output through microarray technology and stable labelling of amino acids in cell culture, we identified 217 directly and 118 indirectly regulated targets of the TEL-AML1 fusion protein. Directly, but not indirectly, regulated promoters were enriched in AML1-binding sites. The majority of promoter regions were specific for the fusion protein and not bound by native AML1 or TEL. Comparison with gene expression profiles from TEL-AML1-positive patients identified 56 concordantly misregulated genes with negative effects on proliferation and cellular transport mechanisms and positive effects on cellular migration, and stress responses including immunological responses. In summary, this work for the first time gives a comprehensive insight into how TEL-AML1 expression may directly and indirectly contribute to alter cells to become prone for leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Linka
- Heinrich-Heine University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Clinic for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Dusseldorf, Germany
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39
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Abstract
Key Points
STAT3 activity is necessary for TEL-AML1 leukemia maintenance. TEL-AML1 induces STAT3 activation via RAC1 and leading to induction of MYC expression.
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40
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Busche S, Ge B, Vidal R, Spinella JF, Saillour V, Richer C, Healy J, Chen SH, Droit A, Sinnett D, Pastinen T. Integration of high-resolution methylome and transcriptome analyses to dissect epigenomic changes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4323-36. [PMID: 23722552 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. Although the genetic determinants underlying disease onset remain unclear, epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation are suggested to contribute significantly to leukemogenesis. Using the Illumina 450K array, we assessed DNA methylation in matched tumor-normal samples of 46 childhood patients with pre-B ALL, extending single CpG-site resolution analysis of the pre-B ALL methylome beyond CpG-islands (CGI). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of CpG-site neighborhood, gene, or microRNA (miRNA) gene-associated methylation levels separated the tumor cohort according to major pre-B ALL subtypes, and methylation in CGIs, CGI shores, and in regions around the transcription start site was found to significantly correlate with transcript expression. Focusing on samples carrying the t(12;21) ETV6-RUNX1 fusion, we identified 119 subtype-specific high-confidence marker CpG-loci. Pathway analyses linked the CpG-loci-associated genes with hematopoiesis and cancer. Further integration with whole-transcriptome data showed the effects of methylation on expression of 17 potential drivers of leukemogenesis. Independent validation of array methylation and sequencing-derived transcript expression with Sequenom Epityper technology and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, respectively, indicates more than 80% empirical accuracy of our genome-wide findings. In summary, genome-wide DNA methylation profiling enabled us to separate pre-B ALL according to major subtypes, to map epigenetic biomarkers specific for the t(12;21) subtype, and through a combined methylome and transcriptome approach to identify downstream effects on candidate drivers of leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Busche
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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41
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Orentas RJ, Yang JJ, Wen X, Wei JS, Mackall CL, Khan J. Identification of cell surface proteins as potential immunotherapy targets in 12 pediatric cancers. Front Oncol 2012; 2:194. [PMID: 23251904 PMCID: PMC3523547 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances now allow us to rapidly produce CARs and other antibody-derived therapeutics targeting cell surface receptors. To maximize the potential of these new technologies, relevant extracellular targets must be identified. The Pediatric Oncology Branch of the NCI curates a freely accessible database of gene expression data for both pediatric cancers and normal tissues, through which we have defined discrete sets of over-expressed transcripts in 12 pediatric cancer subtypes as compared to normal tissues. We coupled gene expression profiles to current annotation databases (i.e., Affymetrix, Gene Ontology, Entrez Gene), in order to categorize transcripts by their sub-cellular location. In this manner we generated a list of potential immune targets expressed on the cell surface, ranked by their difference from normal tissue. Global differences from normal between each of the pediatric tumor types studied varied, indicating that some malignancies expressed transcript sets that were more highly diverged from normal tissues than others. The validity of our approach is seen by our findings for pre-B cell ALL, where targets currently in clinical trials were top-ranked hits (CD19, CD22). For some cancers, reagents already in development could potentially be applied to a new disease class, as exemplified by CD30 expression on sarcomas. Moreover, several potential new targets shared among several pediatric solid tumors are herein identified, such as MCAM (MUC18), metadherin (MTDH), and glypican-2 (GPC2). These targets have been identified at the mRNA level and are yet to be validated at the protein level. The safety of targeting these antigens has yet to be demonstrated and therefore the identified transcripts should be considered preliminary candidates for new CAR and therapeutic antibody targets. Prospective candidate targets will be evaluated by proteomic analysis including Westerns and immunohistochemistry of normal and tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimas J Orentas
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Mullighan CG. Molecular genetics of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3407-15. [PMID: 23023711 DOI: 10.1172/jci61203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood tumor and the leading cause of cancer-related death in children and young adults. The majority of B-ALL cases are aneuploid or harbor recurring structural chromosomal rearrangements that are important initiating events in leukemogenesis but are insufficient to explain the biology and heterogeneity of disease. Recent studies have used microarrays and sequencing to comprehensively identify all somatic genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These studies have identified cryptic or submicroscopic genetic alterations that define new ALL subtypes, cooperate with known chromosomal rearrangements, and influence prognosis. This article reviews these advances, discusses results from ongoing second-generation sequencing studies of ALL, and highlights challenges and opportunities for future genetic profiling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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