1
|
Kaminski J, Fleming RA, Alvarez-Calderon F, Winschel MB, McGuckin C, Ho EE, Eng F, Rui X, Keskula P, Cagnin L, Charles J, Zavistaski J, Margossian SP, Kapadia MA, Rottman JB, Lane J, Baumeister SHC, Tkachev V, Shalek AK, Kean LS, Gerdemann U. B-cell-directed CAR T-cell therapy activates CD8+ cytotoxic CARneg bystander T cells in patients and nonhuman primates. Blood 2024; 144:46-60. [PMID: 38558106 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells hold promise as a therapy for B-cell-derived malignancies, and despite their impressive initial response rates, a significant proportion of patients ultimately experience relapse. Although recent studies have explored the mechanisms of in vivo CAR T-cell function, little is understood about the activation of surrounding CARneg bystander T cells and their potential to enhance tumor responses. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on nonhuman primate (NHP) and patient-derived T cells to identify the phenotypic and transcriptomic hallmarks of bystander activation of CARneg T cells following B-cell-targeted CAR T-cell therapy. Using a highly translatable CD20 CAR NHP model, we observed a distinct population of activated CD8+ CARneg T cells emerging during CAR T-cell expansion. These bystander CD8+ CARneg T cells exhibited a unique transcriptional signature with upregulation of natural killer-cell markers (KIR3DL2, CD160, and KLRD1), chemokines, and chemokine receptors (CCL5, XCL1, and CCR9), and downregulation of naïve T-cell-associated genes (SELL and CD28). A transcriptionally similar population was identified in patients after a tisagenlecleucel infusion. Mechanistic studies revealed that interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 exposure induced bystander-like CD8+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro activated and patient-derived T cells with a bystander phenotype efficiently killed leukemic cells through a T-cell receptor-independent mechanism. Collectively, to our knowledge, these data provide the first comprehensive identification and profiling of CARneg bystander CD8+ T cells following B-cell-targeting CAR T-cell therapy and suggest a novel mechanism through which CAR T-cell infusion might trigger enhanced antileukemic responses. Patient samples were obtained from the trial #NCT03369353, registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Kaminski
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ryan A Fleming
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Francesca Alvarez-Calderon
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marlana B Winschel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Connor McGuckin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Xianliang Rui
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paula Keskula
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lorenzo Cagnin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joanne Charles
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jillian Zavistaski
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Steven P Margossian
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Malika A Kapadia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jennifer Lane
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Susanne H C Baumeister
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ulrike Gerdemann
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sommer C, Jacob S, Bargmann T, Shoaib M, Alshaikhdeeb B, Satagopam VP, Dehmel S, Neuhaus V, Braun A, Sewald K. Bridging therapy-induced phenotypes and genetic immune dysregulation to study interleukin-2-induced immunotoxicology. Clin Immunol 2024; 266:110288. [PMID: 38950723 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) holds promise for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, but its high-dose usage is associated with systemic immunotoxicity. Differential IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) regulation might impact function of cells upon IL-2 stimulation, possibly inducing cellular changes similar to patients with hypomorphic IL2RB mutations, presenting with multiorgan autoimmunity. Here, we show that sustained high-dose IL-2 stimulation of human lymphocytes drastically reduces IL-2Rβ surface expression especially on T cells, resulting in impaired IL-2R signaling which correlates with high IL-2Rα baseline expression. IL-2R signaling in NK cells is maintained. CD4+ T cells, especially regulatory T cells are more broadly affected than CD8+ T cells, consistent with lineage-specific differences in IL-2 responsiveness. Given the resemblance of cellular characteristics of high-dose IL-2-stimulated cells and cells from patients with IL-2Rβ defects, impact of continuous IL-2 stimulation on IL-2R signaling should be considered in the onset of clinical adverse events during IL-2 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Jacob
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tonia Bargmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Basel Alshaikhdeeb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Venkata P Satagopam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rakebrandt N, Yassini N, Kolz A, Schorer M, Lambert K, Goljat E, Estrada Brull A, Rauld C, Balazs Z, Krauthammer M, Carballido JM, Peters A, Joller N. Innate acting memory Th1 cells modulate heterologous diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312837121. [PMID: 38838013 PMCID: PMC11181110 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312837121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Through immune memory, infections have a lasting effect on the host. While memory cells enable accelerated and enhanced responses upon rechallenge with the same pathogen, their impact on susceptibility to unrelated diseases is unclear. We identify a subset of memory T helper 1 (Th1) cells termed innate acting memory T (TIA) cells that originate from a viral infection and produce IFN-γ with innate kinetics upon heterologous challenge in vivo. Activation of memory TIA cells is induced in response to IL-12 in combination with IL-18 or IL-33 but is TCR independent. Rapid IFN-γ production by memory TIA cells is protective in subsequent heterologous challenge with the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila. In contrast, antigen-independent reactivation of CD4+ memory TIA cells accelerates disease onset in an autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis. Our findings demonstrate that memory Th1 cells can acquire additional TCR-independent functionality to mount rapid, innate-like responses that modulate susceptibility to heterologous challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Rakebrandt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nima Yassini
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kolz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152Planegg, Germany
| | - Michelle Schorer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Lambert
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Goljat
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Estrada Brull
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Rauld
- Novartis Biomedical Research, 4002Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Balazs
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krauthammer
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anneli Peters
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152Planegg, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152Planegg, Germany
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sommer C, Cohen JN, Dehmel S, Neuhaus V, Schaudien D, Braun A, Sewald K, Rosenblum MD. Interleukin-2-induced skin inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350580. [PMID: 38430129 PMCID: PMC11015984 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant human IL-2 has been used to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer; however, side effects like skin rashes limit the use of this therapeutic. To identify key molecules and cells inducing this side effect, we characterized IL-2-induced cutaneous immune reactions and investigated the relevance of CD25 (IL-2 receptor α) in the process. We injected IL-2 intradermally into WT mice and observed increases in immune cell subsets in the skin with preferential increases in frequencies of IL-4- and IL-13-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells and IL-17-producing dermal γδ T cells. This overall led to a shift toward type 2/type 17 immune responses. In addition, using a novel topical genetic deletion approach, we reduced CD25 on skin, specifically on all cutaneous cells, and found that IL-2-dependent effects were reduced, hinting that CD25 - at least partly - induces this skin inflammation. Reduction of CD25 specifically on skin Tregs further augmented IL-2-induced immune cell infiltration, hinting that CD25 on skin Tregs is crucial to restrain IL-2-induced inflammation. Overall, our data support that innate lymphoid immune cells are key cells inducing side effects during IL-2 therapy and underline the significance of CD25 in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balint E, Feng E, Giles EC, Ritchie TM, Qian AS, Vahedi F, Montemarano A, Portillo AL, Monteiro JK, Trigatti BL, Ashkar AA. Bystander activated CD8 + T cells mediate neuropathology during viral infection via antigen-independent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:896. [PMID: 38316762 PMCID: PMC10844499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many viral infections are linked to the development of neurological disorders, the mechanism governing virus-induced neuropathology remains poorly understood, particularly when the virus is not directly neuropathic. Using a mouse model of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we found that the severity of neurological disease did not correlate with brain ZIKV titers, but rather with infiltration of bystander activated NKG2D+CD8+ T cells. Antibody depletion of CD8 or blockade of NKG2D prevented ZIKV-associated paralysis, suggesting that CD8+ T cells induce neurological disease independent of TCR signaling. Furthermore, spleen and brain CD8+ T cells exhibited antigen-independent cytotoxicity that correlated with NKG2D expression. Finally, viral infection and inflammation in the brain was necessary but not sufficient to induce neurological damage. We demonstrate that CD8+ T cells mediate virus-induced neuropathology via antigen-independent, NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity, which may serve as a therapeutic target for treatment of virus-induced neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Balint
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Feng
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Giles
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tyrah M Ritchie
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander S Qian
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amelia Montemarano
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ana L Portillo
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Monteiro
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee H, Park SH, Shin EC. IL-15 in T-Cell Responses and Immunopathogenesis. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e11. [PMID: 38455459 PMCID: PMC10917573 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-15 belongs to the common gamma chain cytokine family and has pleiotropic immunological functions. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine essential for the development and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells. In addition, IL-15 plays a critical role in the activation, effector functions, tissue residency, and senescence of CD8+ T cells. IL-15 also activates virtual memory T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. Recently, IL-15 has been highlighted as a major trigger of TCR-independent activation of T cells. This mechanism is involved in T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis in diverse diseases, including viral infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Deeper understanding of IL-15-mediated T-cell responses and their underlying mechanisms could optimize therapeutic strategies to ameliorate host injury by T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent advancements in comprehending the role of IL-15 in relation to T cell responses and immunopathogenesis under various host conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Lee
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Le CT, Vick LV, Collins C, Dunai C, Sheng MK, Khuat LT, Barao I, Judge SJ, Aguilar EG, Curti B, Dave M, Longo DL, Blazar BR, Canter RJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ. Regulation of human and mouse bystander T cell activation responses by PD-1. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173287. [PMID: 37737264 PMCID: PMC10561715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bystander activation of memory T cells occurs via cytokine signaling alone in the absence of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and provides a means of amplifying T cell effector responses in an antigen-nonspecific manner. While the role of Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) on antigen-specific T cell responses is extensively characterized, its role in bystander T cell responses is less clear. We examined the role of the PD-1 pathway during human and mouse non-antigen-specific memory T cell bystander activation and observed that PD-1+ T cells demonstrated less activation and proliferation than activated PD-1- populations in vitro. Higher activation and proliferative responses were also observed in the PD-1- memory population in both mice and patients with cancer receiving high-dose IL-2, mirroring the in vitro phenotypes. This inhibitory effect of PD-1 could be reversed by PD-1 blockade in vivo or observed using memory T cells from PD-1-/- mice. Interestingly, increased activation through abrogation of PD-1 signaling in bystander-activated T cells also resulted in increased apoptosis due to activation-induced cell death (AICD) and eventual T cell loss in vivo. These results demonstrate that the PD-1/PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway inhibited bystander-activated memory T cell responses but also protected cells from AICD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lam T. Khuat
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Isabel Barao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Sean J. Judge
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ethan G. Aguilar
- Masonic Cancer Center, and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maneesh Dave
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center, and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert J. Canter
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang R, Chen L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zheng X, Yang Y, Zhu Y. Tumor microenvironment responsive metal nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237361. [PMID: 37575228 PMCID: PMC10413122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors have a unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes mild acidity, hypoxia, overexpressed reactive oxygen species (ROS), and high glutathione (GSH) levels, among others. Recently, TME regulation approaches have attracted widespread attention in cancer immunotherapy. Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems have ability to modulate the hydrophilicity of drugs to affect drug uptake and efflux in tumor. Especially, the metal nanoparticles have been extensive applied for tumor immunotherapy due to their unique physical properties and elaborate design. However, the potential deficiencies of metal nanoparticles due to their low biodegradability, toxicity and treatment side effects restrict their clinical application. In this review, we briefly introduce the feature characteristics of the TME and the recent advances in tumor microenvironment responsive metal nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy. In addition, nanoparticles could be combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy also is presented. Finally, the challenges and outlook for improving the antitumor immunotherapy efficiency, side effect and potential risks of metal nanoparticles has been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tominaga K, Takeuchi K, Takakuma S, Sakamoto E, Hatanaka S, Kajimoto Y, Toda E, Terasaki Y, Kunugi S, Terasaki M, Shimizu A. Immune checkpoint inhibitors associated granulomatous small vessel vasculitis accompanied with tubulointerstitial nephritis: a case report. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:48. [PMID: 36894873 PMCID: PMC9997013 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided significant benefits in cancer treatment, but they could develop immune-related adverse events (irAE). ICI-associated renal adverse effects are rare and tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is the most common in the renal irAE. However, only a few case reports of renal vasculitis associated with ICI have been reported. In addition, the characteristics of infiltrating inflammatory cells of ICI-associated TIN and renal vasculitis have been uncertain. CASE PRESENTATION A 65-year-old man received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) and anti-PD-1 (programmed cell death 1) antibodies for aggravated metastatic malignant melanoma. About 1 week after the second administration of nivolumab and ipilimumab, acute kidney injury developed. A renal biopsy was performed that showed TIN and non-necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis in interlobular arteries. Massive CD3+ T cells and CD163+ macrophages infiltrated both tubulointerstitium and interlobular arteries. Many infiltrating cells tested positive for Ki-67 and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1), but negative for PD-1. In CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells were predominantly infiltrated, and these cells were positive for Granzyme B (GrB) and cytotoxic granule TIA-1, but negative for CD25, indicating antigen-independent activated CD8+ T cells. Infiltration of CD4+ T cells was noted without obvious CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. His renal dysfunction recovered within 2 months of treatment with prednisolone in addition to discontinuation of nivolumab and ipilimumab. CONCLUSIONS We herein reported a case of ICI-related TIN and renal granulomatous vasculitis with infiltration of massive antigen-independent activated CD8+ T cells and CD163+ macrophages, and none or few CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells. These infiltrating cells might be a characteristic of the development of renal irAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Tominaga
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Takakuma
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Sakamoto
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Hatanaka
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kajimoto
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Toda
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kunugi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohya M, Tateishi A, Matsumoto Y, Satomi H, Kobayashi M. Bystander CD8 + T cells may be involved in the acute phase of diffuse alveolar damage. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:605-613. [PMID: 36849560 PMCID: PMC9970130 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious complication of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a histological manifestation of ARDS. Endothelial cell injury is mainly responsible for ARDS. Many neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes, which are inflammatory cells that play a role in innate immunity, infiltrate the lung tissue in DAD. In recent years, it has become clear that CD8 plays an important role not only in the acquired immune system, but also in the innate immune system. Non-antigen-activated bystander CD8 + T cells express the unique granzyme B (GrB) + /CD25-/programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-phenotype. The involvement of bystander CD8 + T cells in lung tissue in DAD is an unexplored field. This study aimed to determine whether bystander CD8 is involved in DAD. Twenty-three consecutive autopsy specimens were retrieved from patients with DAD, and the phenotypes of infiltrating lymphocytes in the DAD lesions were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. In most cases, the number of CD8 + T cells was higher than that of CD4 + T cells, and many GrB + cells were also observed. However, the number of CD25 + and PD-1 + cells was low. We conclude that bystander CD8 + T cells may be involved in cell injury during the development of DAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ohya
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ayako Tateishi
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Satomi
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, Marunouchi Hospital, 1-7-45, Nagisa, Matsumoto, 390-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mangani D, Yang D, Anderson AC. Learning from the nexus of autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2023; 56:256-271. [PMID: 36792572 PMCID: PMC9986833 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays critical roles in both autoimmunity and cancer, diseases at opposite ends of the immune spectrum. Autoimmunity arises from loss of T cell tolerance against self, while in cancer, poor immunity against transformed self fails to control tumor growth. Blockade of pathways that preserve self-tolerance is being leveraged to unleash immunity against many tumors; however, widespread success is hindered by the autoimmune-like toxicities that arise in treated patients. Knowledge gained from the treatment of autoimmunity can be leveraged to treat these toxicities in patients. Further, the understanding of how T cell dysfunction arises in cancer can be leveraged to induce a similar state in autoreactive T cells. Here, we review what is known about the T cell response in autoimmunity and cancer and highlight ways in which we can learn from the nexus of these two diseases to improve the application, efficacy, and management of immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mangani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland.
| | - Dandan Yang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seok J, Cho SD, Seo SJ, Park SH. Roles of Virtual Memory T Cells in Diseases. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e11. [PMID: 36911806 PMCID: PMC9995991 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells that mediate fast and effective protection against reinfections are usually generated upon recognition on foreign Ags. However, a "memory-like" T-cell population, termed virtual memory T (TVM) cells that acquire a memory phenotype in the absence of foreign Ag, has been reported. Although, like innate cells, TVM cells reportedly play a role in first-line defense to bacterial or viral infections, their protective or pathological roles in immune-related diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of TVM cells, focusing on their distinct characteristics, immunological properties, and roles in various immune-related diseases, such as infections and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sung-Dong Cho
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Viano ME, Baez NS, Savid-Frontera C, Lidon NL, Hodge DL, Herbelin A, Gombert JM, Barbarin A, Rodriguez-Galan MC. Virtual Memory CD8 + T Cells: Origin and Beyond. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:624-642. [PMID: 36083273 PMCID: PMC9835308 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of CD8+ T cells with a memory phenotype in nonimmunized mice has been noted for decades, but it was not until about 2 decades ago that they began to be studied in greater depth. Currently called virtual memory CD8+ T cells, they consist of a heterogeneous group of cells with memory characteristics, without any previous contact with their specific antigens. These cells were identified in mice, but a few years ago, a cell type with characteristics equivalent to the murine ones was described in healthy humans. In this review, we address the different aspects of its biology mainly developed in murine models and what is currently known about its cellular equivalent in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Estefania Viano
- Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Soledad Baez
- Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Savid-Frontera
- Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Leonel Lidon
- Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - André Herbelin
- Inserm U1313, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- Inserm U1313, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service d'Immunologie et Inflammation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Alice Barbarin
- Inserm U1313, Poitiers, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tietze JK. [Tumor-infiltrating natural killer and T cells in melanoma]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 73:929-936. [PMID: 36401123 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-05076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly immunogenic cancer with an increased infiltration of lymphocytes (TIL). TIL are a very heterogeneous population which consists among others of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells and may differ highly between melanoma patients. Distribution, concentration, phenotype, and activation status of the infiltrating lymphocytes vary greatly and impact the prognosis. Different subpopulations of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells have been identified and have been associated with both the course of the disease and the therapeutic response to different therapies. Increased knowledge of the different functions, interactions, activation, and possibilities of actively influencing relevant subgroups may lead to novel, innovative, and promising therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Tietze
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar S, Schoonderwoerd MJA, Kroonen JS, de Graaf IJ, Sluijter M, Ruano D, González-Prieto R, Verlaan-de Vries M, Rip J, Arens R, de Miranda NFCC, Hawinkels LJAC, van Hall T, Vertegaal ACO. Targeting pancreatic cancer by TAK-981: a SUMOylation inhibitor that activates the immune system and blocks cancer cell cycle progression in a preclinical model. Gut 2022; 71:2266-2283. [PMID: 35074907 PMCID: PMC9554032 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the characteristics of high-density desmoplastic stroma, a distinctive immunosuppressive microenvironment and is profoundly resistant to all forms of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, leading to a 5-year survival rate of 9%. Our study aims to add novel small molecule therapeutics for the treatment of PDAC. DESIGN We have studied whether TAK-981, a novel highly selective and potent small molecule inhibitor of the small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) activating enzyme E1 could be used to treat a preclinical syngeneic PDAC mouse model and we have studied the mode of action of TAK-981. RESULTS We found that SUMOylation, a reversible post-translational modification required for cell cycle progression, is increased in PDAC patient samples compared with normal pancreatic tissue. TAK-981 decreased SUMOylation in PDAC cells at the nanomolar range, thereby causing a G2/M cell cycle arrest, mitotic failure and chromosomal segregation defects. TAK-981 efficiently limited tumour burden in the KPC3 syngeneic mouse model without evidence of systemic toxicity. In vivo treatment with TAK-981 enhanced the proportions of activated CD8 T cells and natural killer (NK) cells but transiently decreased B cell numbers in tumour, peripheral blood, spleen and lymph nodes. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed activation of the interferon response on TAK-981 treatment in lymphocytes including T, B and NK cells. TAK-981 treatment of CD8 T cells ex vivo induced activation of STAT1 and interferon target genes. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that pharmacological inhibition of the SUMO pathway represents a potential strategy to target PDAC via a dual mechanism: inhibiting cancer cell cycle progression and activating anti-tumour immunity by inducing interferon signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jessie S Kroonen
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilona J de Graaf
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Ruano
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Román González-Prieto
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jasper Rip
- Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pre-Existing HSV-1 Immunity Enhances Anticancer Efficacy of a Novel Immune-Stimulating Oncolytic Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112327. [PMID: 36366425 PMCID: PMC9693100 DOI: 10.3390/v14112327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can specifically replicate in the host and cause cancer cell lysis while inducing an antitumor immune response. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of either pre-existing immunity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) or multicycle treatment with OVs on anticancer efficacy of VG161, an HSV-1 OV in phase 2 clinical trial. VG161 efficacy was tested in CT26 mouse models by comparing the efficacy and immune response in naïve mice or in mice that were immunized with VG161. Moreover, VG161 efficacy in HLA-matched CD34+ humanized intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models was also tested in multicycle treatment and was compared to standard chemotherapy for this type of cancer (gemcitabine). The HSV-1-immunized mice significantly inhibited tumor growth in VG161-treated mice compared to control naïve treated mice. RNA expression profiling and ELISPOT analyses indicated changes in the tumor's immune profile in the immunized and treated group compared to naïve and treated mice, as well as enhanced T cell function depicted by higher numbers of tumor specific lymphocytes, which was enhanced by immunization. In the ICC PDX model, repeated treatment of VG161 with 2 or 3 cycles seemed to increase the anticancer efficacy of VG161. In conclusion, the anticancer efficacy of VG161 can be enhanced by pre-immunization with HSV-1 and multicycle administration when the virus is given intratumorally, indicating that pre-existing antiviral immunity might enhance OV-induced antitumor immunity. Our results suggest potential clinical benefits of HSV-1-based OV therapy in HSV-1-seropositive patients and multicycle administration of VG161 for long-term maintenance treatment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Savid-Frontera C, Viano ME, Baez NS, Lidon NL, Fontaine Q, Young HA, Vimeux L, Donnadieu E, Rodriguez-Galan MC. Exploring the immunomodulatory role of virtual memory CD8+ T cells: Role of IFN gamma in tumor growth control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:971001. [PMID: 36330506 PMCID: PMC9623162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual memory CD8+ T cells (TVM) have been described as cells with a memory-like phenotype but without previous antigen (Ag) exposure. TVM cells have the ability to respond better to innate stimuli rather than by TCR engagement, producing large amounts of interferon gamma (IFNγ) after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-12 plus IL-18. As a result of the phenotypic similarity, TVM cells have been erroneously included in the central memory T cell subset for many years. However, they can now be discriminated via the CD49d receptor, which is up-regulated only on conventional memory T cells (TMEM) and effector T cells (TEFF) after specific cognate Ag recognition by a TCR. In this work we show that systemic expression of IL-12 plus IL-18 induced an alteration in the normal TVM vs TMEM/TEFF distribution in secondary lymphoid organs and a preferential enrichment of TVM cells in the melanoma (B16) and the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (KPC) tumor models. Using our KPC bearing OT-I mouse model, we observed a significant increase in CD8+ T cell infiltrating the tumor islets after IL-12+IL-18 stimulation with a lower average speed when compared to those from control mice. This finding indicates a stronger interaction of T cells with tumor cells after cytokine stimulation. These results correlate with a significant reduction in tumor size in both tumor models in IL-12+IL-18-treated OT-I mice compared to control OT-I mice. Interestingly, the absence of IFNγ completely abolished the high antitumor capacity induced by IL-12+IL-18 expression, indicating an important role for these cytokines in early tumor growth control. Thus, our studies provide significant new information that indicates an important role of TVM cells in the immune response against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Savid-Frontera
- Inmunología CIBICI-CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Estefania Viano
- Inmunología CIBICI-CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia S. Baez
- Inmunología CIBICI-CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolas L. Lidon
- Inmunología CIBICI-CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Quentin Fontaine
- Inmunología CIBICI-CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Maria Cecilia Rodriguez-Galan
- Inmunología CIBICI-CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maria Cecilia Rodriguez-Galan,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is known to be caused by unregulated self-antigen-specific T cells, causing tissue damage. Although antigen specificity is an important mechanism of the adaptive immune system, antigen non-related T cells have been found in the inflamed tissues in various conditions. Bystander T cell activation refers to the activation of T cells without antigen recognition. During an immune response to a pathogen, bystander activation of self-reactive T cells via inflammatory mediators such as cytokines can trigger autoimmune diseases. Other antigen-specific T cells can also be bystander-activated to induce innate immune response resulting in autoimmune disease pathogenesis along with self-antigen-specific T cells. In this review, we summarize previous studies investigating bystander activation of various T cell types (NKT, γδ T cells, MAIT cells, conventional CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) and discuss the role of innate-like T cell response in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also review previous findings of bystander T cell function in infection and cancer. A better understanding of bystander-activated T cells versus antigen-stimulated T cells provides a novel insight to control autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Hyeon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sookyung Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Institute for Rheumatology Research, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bystander T cells in cancer immunology and therapy. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:143-155. [PMID: 35228747 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-specific T cells are required for effective anti-cancer immunity and have a central role in cancer immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence suggests that only a small fraction of tumor-infiltrating T cells are cancer specific, and T cells that recognize cancer-unrelated antigens (so-called 'bystanders') are abundant. Although the role of cancer-specific T cells in anti-cancer immunity has been well established, the implications of bystander T cells in tumors are only beginning to be understood. It is becoming increasingly clear that bystander T cells are not a homogeneous group of cells but, instead, they differ in their specificities, their activation states and effector functions. In this Perspective, we discuss recent studies of bystander T cells in tumors, including experimental and computational approaches that enable their identification and functional analysis and viewpoints on how these insights could be used to develop new therapeutic approaches for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Significance of bystander T cell activation in microbial infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:13-22. [PMID: 34354279 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During microbial infection, pre-existing memory CD8+ T cells that are not specific for the infecting pathogens can be activated by cytokines without cognate antigens, termed bystander activation. Studies in mouse models and human patients demonstrate bystander activation of memory CD8+ T cells, which exerts either protective or detrimental effects on the host, depending on the infection model or disease. Research has elucidated mechanisms underlying the bystander activation of CD8+ T cells in terms of the responsible cytokines and the effector mechanisms of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells. In this Review, we describe the history of research on bystander CD8+ T cell activation as well as evidence of bystander activation. We also discuss the mechanisms and immunopathological roles of bystander activation in various microbial infections.
Collapse
|
21
|
Predictive Biomarkers for Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in Melanoma: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246366. [PMID: 34944986 PMCID: PMC8699321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have strongly improved the survival of melanoma patients. However, as durable response to ICIs are only seen in a minority, there is an unmet need to identify biomarkers that predict response. Therefore, we provide a systematic review that evaluates all biomarkers studied in association with outcomes of melanoma patients receiving ICIs. We searched Pubmed, COCHRANE Library, Embase, Emcare, and Web of Science for relevant articles that were published before June 2020 and studied blood, tumor, or fecal biomarkers that predicted response or survival in melanoma patients treated with ICIs. Of the 2536 identified reports, 177 were included in our review. Risk of bias was high in 40%, moderate in 50% and low in 10% of all studies. Biomarkers that correlated with response were myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), CD8+ memory T-cells, T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), gene expression profiling (GEP), and a favorable gut microbiome. This review shows that biomarkers for ICIs in melanoma patients are widely studied, but heterogeneity between studies is high, average sample sizes are low, and validation is often lacking. Future studies are needed to further investigate the predictive utility of some promising candidate biomarkers.
Collapse
|
22
|
Vitiello GAF, Ferreira WAS, Cordeiro de Lima VC, Medina TDS. Antiviral Responses in Cancer: Boosting Antitumor Immunity Through Activation of Interferon Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782852. [PMID: 34925363 PMCID: PMC8674309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it became apparent that cancers either associated with viral infections or aberrantly expressing endogenous retroviral elements (EREs) are more immunogenic, exhibiting an intense intra-tumor immune cell infiltration characterized by a robust cytolytic apparatus. On the other hand, epigenetic regulation of EREs is crucial to maintain steady-state conditions and cell homeostasis. In line with this, epigenetic disruptions within steady-state cells can lead to cancer development and trigger the release of EREs into the cytoplasmic compartment. As such, detection of viral molecules by intracellular innate immune sensors leads to the production of type I and type III interferons that act to induce an antiviral state, thus restraining viral replication. This knowledge has recently gained momentum due to the possibility of triggering intratumoral activation of interferon responses, which could be used as an adjuvant to elicit strong anti-tumor immune responses that ultimately lead to a cascade of cytokine production. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being tested using this rationale to improve responses to cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms operating in viral infections, show evidence that exogenous viruses and endogenous retroviruses in cancer may enhance tumor immunogenicity, dissect the epigenetic control of EREs, and point to interferon pathway activation in the tumor milieu as a promising molecular predictive marker and immunotherapy target. Finally, we briefly discuss current strategies to modulate these responses within tumor tissues, including the clinical use of innate immune receptor agonists and DNA demethylating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Translational Immuno-Oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Translational Immuno-Oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maurice NJ, Taber AK, Prlic M. The Ugly Duckling Turned to Swan: A Change in Perception of Bystander-Activated Memory CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:455-462. [PMID: 33468558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells (Tmem) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, Tmem also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiological relevance and the consequences of T cell bystander activation have only become more evident in recent years. In this review, we discuss the scenarios that trigger CD8 Tmem bystander activation including acute and chronic infections that are either systemic or localized, as well as evidence for bystander CD8 Tmem within tumors and following vaccination. We summarize the possible consequences of bystander activation for the T cell itself, the subsequent immune response, and the host. We highlight when T cell bystander activation appears to benefit or harm the host and briefly discuss our current knowledge gaps regarding regulatory signals that can control bystander activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alexis K Taber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Immunological effects of hybrid minimally invasive versus conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy - A single center cohort study. Pancreatology 2021; 21:965-974. [PMID: 33832820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive surgery is a field of rapid development. Evidence from randomized controlled trials in visceral surgery however still falls short of attesting unequivocal superiority to laparoscopic procedures over conventional open approaches with regard to postoperative outcome. The aim of this study was to explore the perioperative immune status of patients undergoing hybrid minimally invasive or conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy in a prospective cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subtyping, quantification and functional analysis of circulating immune cells and determination of cytokine-levels in blood samples from patients receiving either hybrid minimally invasive (laPD) or conventional open pancreatoduodenectomy (oPD) was performed. Samples were taken from 29 patients (laPD: n = 14, oPD: n = 15) prior, during and up to six weeks after surgery. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, cytokines/chemokines were measured by proximity extension and enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS Open surgery induced higher levels of circulating inflammatory CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes. In contrast, hybrid minimally invasive resection was accompanied by increased numbers of circulating regulatory CD4+CD25+CD127low T-cells and by a reduced response of peripheral blood CD3+CD4+ T-cell populations to superantigen stimulation. Yet, rates of postoperative morbidity and infectious complications were similar. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this exploratory study may suggest a more balanced postoperative inflammatory response and a better-preserved immune regulation after hybrid minimally invasive pancreatoduodenectomy when compared to open surgery. Whether these results may translate to or be harnessed for improved patient outcome needs to be determined by future studies including larger cohorts and fully laparoscopic or robotic procedures.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sponaas AM, Waage A, Vandsemb EN, Misund K, Børset M, Sundan A, Slørdahl TS, Standal T. Bystander Memory T Cells and IMiD/Checkpoint Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: A Dangerous Tango? Front Immunol 2021; 12:636375. [PMID: 33679794 PMCID: PMC7928324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article we discuss the role of the memory T cells in multiple myeloma (MM) and how they may influence immune responses in patients that received immunomodulating drugs and check point therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marit Sponaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Esten N Vandsemb
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tobias Schmidt Slørdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center for Myeloma Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comparison of Exosomes Derived from Non- and Gamma-Irradiated Melanoma Cancer Cells as a Potential Antigenic and Immunogenic Source for Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapeutic Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040699. [PMID: 33228229 PMCID: PMC7712075 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can secrete exosomes under various stressful conditions, whose functions are involved in the delivery of various biologically active materials into host cells and/or modulation of host immune responses. Therefore, an improved understanding of the immunological interventions that stress-induced tumor exosomes have may provide novel therapeutic approaches and more effective vaccine designs. Here, we confirmed the phenotypical and functional alterations of dendritic cells (DCs), which act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity, following non-irradiated (N-exo) and gamma-irradiated melanoma cancer cell-derived exosome (G-exo) stimulation, and evaluated the N-exo- and G-exo-stimulated DCs as therapeutic cancer vaccine candidates. We demonstrated that G-exo-stimulated DCs result in DC maturation by the upregulation of surface molecule expression, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and antigen-presenting ability, and the downregulation of endocytic capacity. In addition, these cells promoted T cell proliferation and the generation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. However, N-exo-stimulated DCs induced semi-mature phenotypes and functions, eventually inhibiting T cell proliferation, decreasing IFN-γ, and increasing IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells. In addition, although N-exo and G-exo stimulations showed similar levels of antigen-specific IFN-γ production, which served as tumor antigen sources in melanoma-specific T cells, G-exo-stimulated DC vaccination conferred a stronger tumor growth inhibition than N-exo-stimulated DC vaccination; further, this was accompanied by a high frequency of tumor-specific, multifunctional effector T cells. These results suggest that gamma irradiation could provide important clues for designing and developing effective exosome vaccines that can induce strong immunogenicity, especially tumor-specific multifunctional T cell responses.
Collapse
|
27
|
Thiele D, La Gruta NL, Nguyen A, Hussain T. Hiding in Plain Sight: Virtually Unrecognizable Memory Phenotype CD8 + T cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228626. [PMID: 33207648 PMCID: PMC7698292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual memory T (TVM) cells are a recently described population of conventional CD8+ T cells that, in spite of their antigen inexperience, express markers of T cell activation. TVM cells exhibit rapid responsiveness to both antigen-specific and innate stimuli in youth but acquire intrinsic antigen-specific response defects in the elderly. In this article, we review how the identification of TVM cells necessitates a re-evaluation of accepted paradigms for conventional memory T (TMEM) cells, the potential for heterogeneity within the TVM population, and the defining characteristics of TVM cells. Further, we highlight recent literature documenting the development of TVM cells as a distinct CD8+ T cell lineage as well their biological significance in the context of disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Maryamchik E, Gallagher KME, Preffer FI, Kadauke S, Maus MV. New directions in chimeric antigen receptor T cell [CAR-T] therapy and related flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 98:299-327. [PMID: 32352629 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells provide a promising approach to the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Flow cytometry is a powerful analytical modality, which plays an expanding role in all stages of CAR T therapy, from lymphocyte collection, to CAR T cell manufacturing, to in vivo monitoring of the infused cells and evaluation of their function in the tumor environment. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the new directions is important for designing and implementing CAR T-related flow cytometry assays in the clinical and investigational settings. However, the speed of new discoveries and the multitude of clinical and preclinical trials make it challenging to keep up to date in this complex field. In this review, we summarize the current state of CAR T therapy, highlight the areas of emergent research, discuss applications of flow cytometry in modern cell therapy, and touch upon several considerations particular to CAR detection and assessing the effectiveness of CAR T therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maryamchik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Frederic I Preffer
- Clinical Cytometry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan Kadauke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alvarez M, Simonetta F, Baker J, Morrison AR, Wenokur AS, Pierini A, Berraondo P, Negrin RS. Indirect Impact of PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade on a Murine Model of NK Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 32117218 PMCID: PMC7026672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of exhaustion on effector immune cells is an important limiting factor for cancer immunotherapy efficacy as these cells undergo a hierarchical loss of proliferation and cytolytic activity due to chronic stimulation. Targeting PD-1 has shown unprecedented clinical benefits for many cancers, which have been attributed to the prevention of immune suppression and exhaustion with enhanced anti-tumor responses. In this study, we sought to evaluate the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in murine natural killer (NK) cell activation, function, and exhaustion. In an in vivo IL-2-dependent exhaustion mouse model, neutralization of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway improved NK cell activation after chronic stimulation when compared to control-treated mice. These cells displayed higher proliferative capabilities and enhanced granzyme B production. However, the blockade of these molecules during long-term in vitro IL-2 stimulation did not alter the progression of NK cell exhaustion (NCE), suggesting an indirect involvement of PD-1/PD-L1 on NCE. Given the expansion of CD8 T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) observed upon acute and chronic stimulation with IL-2, either of these two populations could influence NK cell homeostasis after PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. Importantly, CD8 T cell activation and functional phenotype were indeed enhanced by PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, particularly with anti-PD-1 treatment that resulted in the highest upregulation of CD25 during chronic stimulation and granted an advantage for IL-2 over NK cells. These results indicate a competition for resources between NK and CD8 T cells that arguably delays the onset of NCE rather than improving its activation during chronic stimulation. Supporting this notion, the depletion of CD8 T cells reversed the benefits of PD-1 therapy on chronically stimulated NK cells. These data suggest a bystander effect of anti-PD1 on NK cells, resulting from the global competition that exists between NK and CD8 T cells for IL-2 as a key regulator of these cells' activation. Thus, achieving an equilibrium between these immune cells might be important to accomplish long-term efficacy during anti-PD-1/IL-2 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Alvarez
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Federico Simonetta
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alyssa R Morrison
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Arielle S Wenokur
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The tumor microenvironment has been widely implicated in tumorigenesis because it harbors tumor cells that interact with surrounding cells through the circulatory and lymphatic systems to influence the development and progression of cancer. In addition, nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment play critical roles in all the stages of carcinogenesis by stimulating and facilitating uncontrolled cell proliferation. Aim: This study aims to explore the concept of the tumor microenvironment by conducting a critical review of previous studies on the topic. Materials and Methods: This review relies on evidence presented in previous studies related to the topic. The articles included in this review were obtained from different medical and health databases. Results and Discussion: The tumor microenvironment has received significant attention in the cancer literature, with a particular focus on its role in tumor development and progression. Previous studies have identified various components of the tumor microenvironment that influence malignant behavior and progression. In addition to malignant cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts are present in the tumor microenvironment. Each of these cell types has unique immunological capabilities that determine whether the tumor will survive and affect neighboring cells. Conclusion: The tumor microenvironment harbors cancer stem cells and other molecules that contribute to tumor development and progression. Consequently, targeting and manipulating the cells and factors in the tumor microenvironment during cancer treatment can help control malignancies and achieve positive health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The activation of bystander CD8 + T cells and their roles in viral infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31827070 PMCID: PMC6906361 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The BAFF receptor BR3 plays key roles in B-cell activation, maturation, and survival whereas the function of BR3 on T lymphocytes is less well characterized. Previous reports have demonstrated that BR3 costimulates human T-cell activation in vitro in the presence of high nonphysiological levels of plate-bound BAFF. Here, relying on the soluble and membrane-bound BAFF expressed by T cells themselves, we investigated the function of BR3 on activated primary CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes using a BR3-specific neutralization antibody and shRNA gene down-modulation. Interestingly, the anti-BR3 blocking antibody resulted in significant augmentation of CD25 and IFN-γ expression by both subsets, as did shRNA-mediated down-modulation of BR3. In addition, granzyme B expression was substantially elevated in anti-BR3-treated and BR3-silenced T cells. Anti-BR3 blockade increased the expression of CD25 on cytolytic CRTAM T cells. Importantly, anti-BR3 significantly enhanced redirected killing of P-815 cells by both CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T cells [cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)]. Furthermore, anti-BR3-augmented CD4 T-cell-mediated killing of class II melanoma cell line A375 and cervical cancer cell line HeLa in vitro, increasing the level of granzyme B activity as measured by PARP-1 cleavage and active caspase 3. Together, our data indicate that BR3 neutralization increases the activation and cytolytic function of CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Our findings provide a novel strategy for ex vivo T-cell activation applicable to T-cell immunotherapy platforms such as TIL or CAR-T cell therapeutics.
Collapse
|
33
|
Yu M, Scherwitzl I, Opp S, Tsirigos A, Meruelo D. Molecular and metabolic pathways mediating curative treatment of a non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma by Sindbis viral vectors and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:185. [PMID: 31307539 PMCID: PMC6632218 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limitations to current therapies for treating non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma include relapse, toxicity and high cost. Thus, there remains a need for novel therapies. Oncolytic viral (OV) therapy has become a promising cancer immunotherapy because of its potential effectiveness, specificity and long-lasting immunity. We describe and characterize a novel cancer immunotherapy combining Sindbis virus (SV) vectors and the agonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the T cell costimulatory receptor, 4-1BB (CD137). Methods A20 lymphoma was transfected with luciferase and tumor cells were inoculated to BALB/c mice. Tumor growth was monitored by IVIS imaging. Tumor bearing mice were treated with Sindbis virus, α4-1BB Ab or SV plus α4-1BB Ab. On day 7 after treatment, splenocytes were harvested and surface markers, cytokines, and transcription factors were measured by flow cytometry or Elispot. Splenic T cells were isolated and RNA transcriptome analysis was performed. Tumor cured mice were rechallenged with tumor for testing immunological memory. Results SV vectors in combination with α4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) completely eradicated a B-cell lymphoma in a preclinical mouse model, a result that could not be achieved with either treatment alone. Tumor elimination involves a synergistic effect of the combination that significantly boosts T cell cytotoxicity, IFNγ production, T cell proliferation, migration, and glycolysis. In addition, all mice that survived after treatment developed long lasting antitumor immunity, as shown by the rejection of A20 tumor rechallenge. We identified the molecular pathways, including upregulated cytokines, chemokines and metabolic pathways in T cells that are triggered by the combined therapy and help to achieve a highly effective anti-tumor response. Conclusions Our study provides a novel, alternative method for B cell lymphoma treatment and describes a rationale to help translate SV vectors plus agonistic mAb into clinical applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0664-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yu
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, NYU Gene Therapy Center, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Iris Scherwitzl
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, NYU Gene Therapy Center, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Silvana Opp
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, NYU Gene Therapy Center, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, NYU Gene Therapy Center, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Meruelo
- Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health, NYU Gene Therapy Center, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wu Q, Wang Q, Tang X, Xu R, Zhang L, Chen X, Xue Q, Wang Z, Shi R, Wang F, Ju F, Zhang B, Zhou YL. Correlation between patients' age and cancer immunotherapy efficacy. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1568810. [PMID: 30906662 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1568810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although immunosenescence-induced difference on overall immune function and immune cell subsets between younger and older populations has been well characterized, the potential effect of patients' age on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains little known. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate whether age differences play a role in cancer immunotherapy efficacy based on a large amount of clinical data. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and MEDLINE for relevant randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was secondary outcome. The interaction test was used to assess the heterogeneity of HR between younger and older groups. Results: In total, 19 clinical randomized trials involving 11157 patients were included. The pooled HR for OS was 0.73 (95% CI 0.69-0.78) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.52-0.73) for PFS in younger patients receiving ICIs treatments, when compared with younger patients treated with controls. For older patients treated with ICIs, the pooled HR for OS compared with controls was 0.64 (95% CI 0.59-0.69) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.58-0.74) for PFS. The difference on OS efficacy between younger and older patients treated with ICIs was significant (Pheterogeneity = 0.025). Conclusions: Immune checkpoint inhibitors significantly improved OS and PFS in both younger and older patients compared with controls, but the magnitude of benefit was clinically age-dependent. Patients ≥65 y can benefit more from immunotherapy than younger patients. Future research should take age difference into consideration in trials and focus on tolerance and toxicity of ICIs in older patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Medical school, Nantong university, Nantong, P.R. China.,The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Ran Xu
- Medical school, Nantong university, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Luzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Xinming Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Ziheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University Xinling college, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Department of anesthesiology, The First people's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rongfeng Shi
- Department of Interventional, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Feiran Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ju
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - You Lang Zhou
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baez NS, Cerbán F, Savid-Frontera C, Hodge DL, Tosello J, Acosta-Rodriguez E, Almada L, Gruppi A, Viano ME, Young HA, Rodriguez-Galan MC. Thymic expression of IL-4 and IL-15 after systemic inflammatory or infectious Th1 disease processes induce the acquisition of "innate" characteristics during CD8+ T cell development. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007456. [PMID: 30608984 PMCID: PMC6319713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate CD8+ T cells express a memory-like phenotype and demonstrate a strong cytotoxic capacity that is critical during the early phase of the host response to certain bacterial and viral infections. These cells arise in the thymus and depend on IL-4 and IL-15 for their development. Even though innate CD8+ T cells exist in the thymus of WT mice in low numbers, they are highly enriched in KO mice that lack certain kinases, leading to an increase in IL-4 production by thymic NKT cells. Our work describes that in C57BL/6 WT mice undergoing a Th1 biased infectious disease, the thymus experiences an enrichment of single positive CD8 (SP8) thymocytes that share all the established phenotypical and functional characteristics of innate CD8+ T cells. Moreover, through in vivo experiments, we demonstrate a significant increase in survival and a lower parasitemia in mice adoptively transferred with SP8 thymocytes from OT I—T. cruzi-infected mice, demonstrating that innate CD8+ thymocytes are able to protect against a lethal T. cruzi infection in an Ag-independent manner. Interestingly, we obtained similar results when using thymocytes from systemic IL-12 + IL-18-treated mice. This data indicates that cytokines triggered during the acute stage of a Th1 infectious process induce thymic production of IL-4 along with IL-15 expression resulting in an adequate niche for development of innate CD8+ T cells as early as the double positive (DP) stage. Our data demonstrate that the thymus can sense systemic inflammatory situations and alter its conventional CD8 developmental pathway when a rapid innate immune response is required to control different types of pathogens. Murine innate CD8+ T cells demonstrate strong cytotoxic capacity during the early phase of certain bacterial and viral infections. Such cells have been reported to be present in both mice and humans but many questions remain as to their differentiation and maturation process. Innate CD8+ T cells arise in the thymus and depend on IL-4 and IL-15 for their development. A description of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved during their thymic development has been obtained from KO mice that lack kinases and transcription factors important for TCR signaling. In these mice, SP8 thymocytes with an innate phenotype are highly enriched over the conventional SP8 cells. Our work describes, for the first time, that in WT mice, thymic IL-4 and IL-15 expression triggered by Th1 infectious processes induce an adequate niche for development of innate rather than conventional CD8+ T cells. Our data show that the thymus is able to sense a systemic inflammatory response (probably mediated by systemic IL-12 and IL-18 production) and alter its ontogeny when pathogen control is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Baez
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio Cerbán
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Savid-Frontera
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Deborah L. Hodge
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Acosta-Rodriguez
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Almada
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Estefania Viano
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Maria Cecilia Rodriguez-Galan
- Inmunología. CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer Triggers a Change in Immune Response within Mouse Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120498. [PMID: 30544810 PMCID: PMC6315808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a relatively low survival rate. Immune-based therapies have shown promise in the treatment of melanoma, but overall complete response rates are still low. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of plasmid IL-12 (pIL-12) delivered by gene electrotransfer (GET) to be an effective immunotherapy for melanoma. However, events occurring in the tumor microenvironment following delivery have not been delineated. Therefore, utilizing a B16F10 mouse melanoma model, we evaluated changes in the tumor microenvironment following delivery of pIL-12 using different GET parameters or injection of plasmid alone. The results revealed a unique immune cell composition after intratumoral injection of pIL-12 GET. The number of immune memory cells was markedly increased in pIL-12 GET melanoma groups compared to control group. This was validated using flow cytometry to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as delineating immune cell content using immunohistochemistry. Significant differences in multiple cell types were observed, including CD8⁺ T cells, regulatory T cells and myeloid cells, which were induced to mount a CD8⁺PD1- T cells immune response. Taken together, these findings suggest a basic understanding of the sequence of immune activity following pIL-12 GET and also illuminates that adjuvant immunotherapy can have a positive influence on the host immune response to cancer.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bystander T Cells: A Balancing Act of Friends and Foes. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:1021-1035. [PMID: 30413351 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are essential for appropriate protection against pathogens. T cell immunity is achieved through the ability to discriminate between foreign and self-molecules, and this relies heavily on stringent T cell receptor (TCR) specificity. Recently, bystander activated T lymphocytes, that are specific for unrelated epitopes during an antigen-specific response, have been implicated in diverse diseases. Numerous infection models have challenged the classic dogma of T cell activation as being solely dependent on TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) interactions, indicating an unappreciated role for pathogen-associated receptors on T cells. We discuss here the specific roles of bystander activated T cells in pathogenesis, shedding light on the ability of these cells to modulate disease severity independently from TCR recognition.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kugel CH, Douglass SM, Webster MR, Kaur A, Liu Q, Yin X, Weiss SA, Darvishian F, Al-Rohil RN, Ndoye A, Behera R, Alicea GM, Ecker BL, Fane M, Allegrezza MJ, Svoronos N, Kumar V, Wang DY, Somasundaram R, Hu-Lieskovan S, Ozgun A, Herlyn M, Conejo-Garcia JR, Gabrilovich D, Stone EL, Nowicki TS, Sosman J, Rai R, Carlino MS, Long GV, Marais R, Ribas A, Eroglu Z, Davies MA, Schilling B, Schadendorf D, Xu W, Amaravadi RK, Menzies AM, McQuade JL, Johnson DB, Osman I, Weeraratna AT. Age Correlates with Response to Anti-PD1, Reflecting Age-Related Differences in Intratumoral Effector and Regulatory T-Cell Populations. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5347-5356. [PMID: 29898988 PMCID: PMC6324578 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We have shown that the aged microenvironment increases melanoma metastasis, and decreases response to targeted therapy, and here we queried response to anti-PD1.Experimental Design: We analyzed the relationship between age, response to anti-PD1, and prior therapy in 538 patients. We used mouse models of melanoma, to analyze the intratumoral immune microenvironment in young versus aged mice and confirmed our findings in human melanoma biopsies.Results: Patients over the age of 60 responded more efficiently to anti-PD-1, and likelihood of response to anti-PD-1 increased with age, even when we controlled for prior MAPKi therapy. Placing genetically identical tumors in aged mice (52 weeks) significantly increased their response to anti-PD1 as compared with the same tumors in young mice (8 weeks). These data suggest that this increased response in aged patients occurs even in the absence of a more complex mutational landscape. Next, we found that young mice had a significantly higher population of regulatory T cells (Tregs), skewing the CD8+:Treg ratio. FOXP3 staining of human melanoma biopsies revealed similar increases in Tregs in young patients. Depletion of Tregs using anti-CD25 increased the response to anti-PD1 in young mice.Conclusions: While there are obvious limitations to our study, including our inability to conduct a meta-analysis due to a lack of available data, and our inability to control for mutational burden, there is a remarkable consistency in these data from over 500 patients across 8 different institutes worldwide. These results stress the importance of considering age as a factor for immunotherapy response. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5347-56. ©2018 AACR See related commentary by Pawelec, p. 5193.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanpreet Kaur
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Xiangfan Yin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Sarah A Weiss
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Farbod Darvishian
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rami N Al-Rohil
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Abibatou Ndoye
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Reeti Behera
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | | | | | | | | | - Vinit Kumar
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel Y Wang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Alpaslan Ozgun
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - Theodore S Nowicki
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey Sosman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajat Rai
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Marais
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Zeynep Eroglu
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael A Davies
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wei Xu
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Douglas B Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Iman Osman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rahman M, Dastmalchi F, Karachi A, Mitchell D. The role of CMV in glioblastoma and implications for immunotherapeutic strategies. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1514921. [PMID: 30546954 PMCID: PMC6287786 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1514921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy surrounds the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in glioblastoma (GBM). However, several studies have shown that CMV nucleic acids and proteins are present within GBM tumor tissue. CMV has been implicated in GBM pathogenesis by affecting tumor stem cell factors, angiogenesis and immune pathways. Anti-viral therapy has not been found to definitively improve outcomes for patients with GBM. Several studies have leveraged CMV by targeting CMV antigens using ex-vivo expanded T cells or dendritic cell vaccines. The initial results from these studies are promising and larger studies are underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahman
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aida Karachi
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
In vasculitis of small muscular arteries, activation of vessel-infiltrating CD8 T cells seems to be antigen-independent. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:271-279. [PMID: 29128969 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) and localized PAN is still unknown, although a T cell-mediated immune mechanism has been considered. CD8 T cells participate not only in the antigen-dependent adaptive immune system, but also in the antigen-independent innate immune system. Non-antigen-activated CD8 T cells express a unique phenotype: granzyme B (GrB) positive /CD25 negative /programmed death-1 (PD-1) negative. The aims of this study were to assess the participation of T cells, especially innate CD8 T cells, in the development of vasculitis. Twenty-eight consecutive cases of skin biopsy specimens with cutaneous vasculitis of small muscular arteries (CVSMA) were retrieved. The series comprises of 21 cases of cutaneous arteritis, three cases of PAN, and four cases of rheumatoid vasculitis. Cases of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis were excluded. The phenotypes of infiltrating lymphocytes in vasculitis lesions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In most cases of CVSMA, the number of CD8 T cells infiltrating the intima was higher than that of CD4 T cells, and significant numbers of GrB-positive cells, which represent activated CD8 T cells, were observed. However, GrB/CD25-double-positive cells, which correspond to antigen-activated T cells, were very few in a small number of cases. Cells positive for PD-1, which is also expressed on antigen-activated CD8 T cells, were not detected. We conclude that a T cell-mediated immune mechanism, involving cytotoxic CD8 T cells, may play a role in the development of CVSMA. Low expression of CD25 in activated CD8 T cells suggests that activation was antigen-independent.
Collapse
|
41
|
Sckisel GD, Mirsoian A, Minnar CM, Crittenden M, Curti B, Chen JQ, Blazar BR, Borowsky AD, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ. Differential phenotypes of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in the spleen and peripheral tissues following immunostimulatory therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:33. [PMID: 28428882 PMCID: PMC5394626 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies assessing immune parameters typically utilize human PBMCs or murine splenocytes to generate data that is interpreted as representative of immune status. Using splenocytes, we have shown memory CD4-T cells that expand following systemic immunostimulatory therapies undergo rapid IFNg-mediated activation induced cell death (AICD) resulting in a net loss of total CD4-T cells which correlates with elevated PD-1 expression. This is in contrast to CD8-T cells which expand with minimal PD-1 upregulation and apoptosis. In this study we expand upon our previous work by evaluating CD4 and CD8-T cell phenotype and distribution in peripheral organs which are more representative of immune responses occurring at metastatic sites following immunotherapy. Methods Phenotypic assessment of T cells in both lymphoid (spleen and LN) as well as peripheral organs (liver and lungs) in control and immunotherapy treated mice was performed to survey the impact of location on memory phenotype and activation marker status. Peripheral blood from patients undergoing systemic high dose IL-2 was also assessed for expression of PD-1 and memory phenotype. Results Here we reveal that, similar to what occurs in the spleen and lymph nodes, CD4-T cell numbers decreased while CD8-T cells expanded at these peripheral sites. In contrast to having differential expression of PD-1 as occurs in the spleen, both CD4 and CD8-T cells had significantly elevated levels of PD-1 in both the liver and lungs. Further analysis correlated PD-1 expression to CD62Llow (T effector/effector memory,TE/EM) expression which are more prevalent in CD4-T cells in general as well as CD8-T cells in peripheral organs. Similar elevated PD-1 expression on TE/EM cells was observed in patients undergoing systemic high-dose IL-2 therapy. Conclusions These data highlight PD-1 expressing and/or TE/EM subsets of T cells in circulation as more representative of cells at immune sites and underscore the importance of valuation both in lymphoid as well as target organs when making determinations about immune status. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01416831. Registered August 12, 2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0235-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Christine M Minnar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Marka Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213 USA.,The Oregon Clinic, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR 97220 USA
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213 USA.,The Oregon Clinic, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR 97220 USA
| | - Jane Q Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, G-140, Sacramento, CA CA 95817 USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Andrada E, Liébana R, Merida I. Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Limits Cytokine-dependent Expansion of CD8 + T Cells with Broad Antitumor Capacity. EBioMedicine 2017; 19:39-48. [PMID: 28438506 PMCID: PMC5440620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 and -15 drive expansion/differentiation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that eliminate targets via antigen-independent killing. This property is clinically relevant for the improvement of T cell-based antitumor therapies. Diacylglycerol kinase α and ζ (DGKα/ζ) metabolize the diacylglycerol generated following antigen recognition by T lymphocytes. Enhanced expression of these two lipid kinases in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells promotes a hyporesponsive state that contributes to tumor immune escape. Inhibition of these two enzymes might thus be of interest for potentiating conventional antigen-directed tumor elimination. In this study, we sought to characterize the contribution of DGKα and ζ to antigen-independent cytotoxic functions of CD8+ T cells. Analysis of DGKζ-deficient mice showed an increase in bystander memory-like CD8+ T cell populations not observed in DGKα-deficient mice. We demonstrate that DGKζ limits cytokine responses in an antigen-independent manner. Cytokine-specific expansion of DGKζ-deficient CD8+ T cells promoted enhanced differentiation of innate-like cytotoxic cells in vitro, and correlated with the more potent in vivo anti-tumor responses of DGKζ-deficient mice engrafted with the murine A20 lymphoma. Our studies reveal a isoform-specific function for DGKζ downstream of IL-2/IL-15-mediated expansion of innate-like cytotoxic T cells, Pharmacological manipulation of DGKζ activity is of therapeutic interest for cytokine-directed anti-tumor treatments. DGKζ, a well-characterized negative regulator of TCR signals, also limits IL-2/15 function. DGKζ impairs cytokine-induced differentiation of cytotoxic T cell populations with innate-like ability to kill targets. As a result, DGKζ-deficient mice demonstrate enhanced rejection of implanted B cell lymphoma compared to wild type mice. Targeting DGKζ activity might be of interest to enhance cytokine-mediated antitumor therapies.
The immune system defends the body from foreign invaders. In cancer, tumors disguise as self-body cells and evade immune attack. For this reason it is important to identify the mechanism that stop T lymphocytes from recognize and destroy tumors. In this study we investigate the role of Diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKζ) as an inhibitor of antitumor T cell functions. We demonstrate that lymphoma cells injected in mice genetically modified to lack DGKζ expression develop smaller tumors that resolve more rapidly than those grown in normal mice. Our studies suggest that inhibition of DGKζ could help to reinforce the antitumor capacity of immune T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Andrada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Liébana
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tietze JK, Angelova D, Heppt MV, Reinholz M, Murphy WJ, Spannagl M, Ruzicka T, Berking C. The proportion of circulating CD45RO +CD8 + memory T cells is correlated with clinical response in melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Eur J Cancer 2017; 75:268-279. [PMID: 28242504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been a breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. But with only about 20-40% long-term responders and severe side-effects in about 12-17%, finding predictive markers for treatment response is of great interest. METHODS We prospectively assessed clinical data, haematologic parameters and freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 patients treated with ipilimumab (n = 21) and pembrolizumab (n = 9) prior to the first 4 cycles with ICB and before the first tumour assessment. RESULTS We discovered that the baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells significantly differed among the patients. Thirteen (43%) of our patients had normal baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells, whereas 17 (57%) patients were low on CD45RO+CD8+ T cells. The baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells correlated significantly with the response to ipilimumab but not pembrolizumab. Patients with baseline levels of lower/equal 25% of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells did not respond to treatment with ipilimumab. Phenotyping the CD8+ T cells in patients treated with ipilimumab revealed an activated HLA-DR+CD25- phenotype, implying antigen non-specific stimulation. The levels of the HLA-DR+CD25-CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in patients with a normal baseline of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells and even increased significantly during treatment. Furthermore, proliferation of melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1)-specific CD8+ T cells was not observed. Patients with normal baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells showed a significant longer overall survival when treated with ipilimumab but not pembrolizumab. CONCLUSION Patients with normal baseline levels of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells respond significantly more frequently to treatment with ipilimumab and the CD8+ T cells appear to be antigen non-specifically activated. The baseline level of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells represents a promising factor as biomarker for the prediction of the response to ipilimumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Tietze
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Angelova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus V Heppt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Reinholz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Michael Spannagl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Beatty GL, Li Y, Long KB. Cancer immunotherapy: activating innate and adaptive immunity through CD40 agonists. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 17:175-186. [PMID: 27927088 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1270208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD40 is a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. In patients with advanced solid malignancies, CD40 agonists have demonstrated some anti-tumor activity and a manageable toxicity profile. A 2nd generation of CD40 agonists has now been designed with optimized Fc receptor (FcR) binding based on preclinical evidence suggesting a critical role for FcR engagement in defining the potency of CD40 agonists in vivo. Areas covered: We provide a comprehensive review using PubMed and Google Patent databases on the current clinical status of CD40 agonists, strategies for applying CD40 agonists in cancer therapy, and the preclinical data that supports and is guiding the future development of CD40 agonists. Expert commentary: There is a wealth of preclinical data that provide rationale on several distinct approaches for using CD40 agonists in cancer immunotherapy. This data illustrates the need to strategically combine CD40 agonists with other clinically active treatment regimens in order to realize the full potential of activating CD40 in vivo. Thus, critical to the success of this class of immune-oncology drugs, which have the potential to restore both innate and adaptive immunosurveillance, will be the identification of biomarkers for monitoring and predicting responses as well as informing mechanisms of treatment resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beatty
- a Abramson Cancer Center , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Yan Li
- a Abramson Cancer Center , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Kristen B Long
- a Abramson Cancer Center , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Goplen NP, Saxena V, Knudson KM, Schrum AG, Gil D, Daniels MA, Zamoyska R, Teixeiro E. IL-12 Signals through the TCR To Support CD8 Innate Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2434-43. [PMID: 27521342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells must integrate antigenic and inflammatory signals to differentiate into efficient effector and memory T cells able to protect us from infections. The mechanisms by which TCR signaling and proinflammatory cytokine receptor signaling cooperate in these processes are poorly defined. In this study, we show that IL-12 and other proinflammatory cytokines transduce signals through the TCR signalosome in a manner that requires Fyn activity and self-peptide-MHC (self-pMHC) interactions. This mechanism is crucial for CD8 innate T cell functions. Loss of Fyn activity or blockade of self-pMHC interactions severely impaired CD8 T cell IFN-γ and NKG2D expression, proliferation, and cytotoxicity upon cytokine-mediated bystander activation. Most importantly, in the absence of self-pMHC interactions, CD8 memory T cells fail to undergo bystander activation upon an unrelated infection. Thus, CD8 T cell bystander activation, although independent of cognate Ag, still requires self-pMHC and TCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Goplen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Adam G Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Minnar CM, Murphy WJ. Immunoregulatory pathways following strong inflammatory processes markedly impair CD4+ T cell responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2249-52. [PMID: 27409155 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1174357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the research and use of immunotherapies is expanding, isolating ideal combinational strategies has become the next goal for many investigators. Vaccine therapies are also becoming one of the many combinational strategies being utilized in conjunction with immunostimulatory antibodies such as checkpoint blockade or adjuvants to stimulate immune responses. Here we review aspects of the immune responses that remain to be considered for designing future targeted therapies given the recent findings of the role of out of order T cell activation signaling. Specifically, we review some considerations in generating primary T cell responses under conditions of strong immunostimulatory signals based on recent studies completed by our group and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Minnar
- a Department of Dermatology , School of Medicine, University of California, Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - William J Murphy
- a Department of Dermatology , School of Medicine, University of California, Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA.,b Department of Internal Medicine , School of Medicine, University of California, Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kuai J, Yang F, Li GJ, Fang XJ, Gao BQ. In vitro-activated tumor-specific T lymphocytes prolong the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3763-70. [PMID: 27382313 PMCID: PMC4922768 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional tumor managements have limited survival benefits and cause severely impaired immune function in patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) whereas immunotherapies could restore antitumor immunity. This prospective cohort study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of in vitro-activated tumor-specific T lymphocytes combined with chemotherapy on the survival of patients with advanced GC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred and seventy-four postoperative patients were enrolled in this study to receive either activated T lymphocytes immunotherapy combining chemotherapy (71 patients) or only receive postoperative chemotherapy (203 patients). Overall survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier with log-rank test and Cox's regression methods. RESULTS The immunotherapy prolonged 9.8-month median survival for advanced gastric cancer (29.70 vs 19.70 months, P=0.036). Furthermore, immunotherapy significantly benefited the survival of patients who underwent radical, palliative resection, and stage III malignancy. No serious adverse effect was observed in the immunotherapy group. CONCLUSION In vitro-activated tumor-specific T lymphocytes prolonged survival in patients with advanced GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang-Jie Fang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xin-Xiang Medical University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Slichter CK, McDavid A, Miller HW, Finak G, Seymour BJ, McNevin JP, Diaz G, Czartoski JL, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Prlic M. Distinct activation thresholds of human conventional and innate-like memory T cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27331143 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional memory CD8+ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are found in blood, liver, and mucosal tissues and have similar effector potential following activation, specifically expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B. To better understand each subset's unique contributions to immunity and pathology, we interrogated inflammation- and TCR-driven activation requirements using human memory CD8+ T and MAIT cells isolated from blood and mucosal tissue biopsies in ex vivo functional assays and single cell gene expression experiments. We found that MAIT cells had a robust IFN-γ and granzyme B response to inflammatory signals but limited responsiveness when stimulated directly via their TCR. Importantly, this is not due to an overall hyporesponsiveness to TCR signals. When delivered together, TCR and inflammatory signals synergize to elicit potent effector function in MAIT cells. This unique control of effector function allows MAIT cells to respond to the same TCR signal in a dichotomous and situation-specific manner. We propose that this could serve to prevent responses to antigen in noninflamed healthy mucosal tissue, while maintaining responsiveness and great sensitivity to inflammation-eliciting infections. We discuss the implications of these findings in context of inflammation-inducing damage to tissues such as BM transplant conditioning or HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe K Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew McDavid
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah W Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda J Seymour
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John P McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriela Diaz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie L Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Adaptive Immunität durch T-Lymphozyten. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
50
|
Sckisel GD, Mirsoian A, Bouchlaka MN, Tietze JK, Chen M, Blazar BR, Murphy WJ. Late administration of murine CTLA-4 blockade prolongs CD8-mediated anti-tumor effects following stimulatory cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1541-52. [PMID: 26423422 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that immunostimulatory therapies such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and anti-CD40 (αCD40) can be combined to deliver synergistic anti-tumor effects. While this strategy has shown success, efficacy varies depending on a number of factors including tumor type and severe toxicities can be seen. We sought to determine whether blockade of negative regulators such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) could simultaneously prolong CD8(+) T cell responses and augment T cell anti-tumor effects. We devised a regimen in which anti-CTLA-4 was administered late so as to delay contraction and minimize toxicities. This late administration both enhanced and prolonged CD8 T cell activation without the need for additional IL-2. The quality of the T cell response was improved with increased frequency of effector/effector memory phenotype cells along with improved lytic ability and bystander expansion. This enhanced CD8 response translated to improved anti-tumor responses both at the primary and metastatic sites. Importantly, toxicities were not exacerbated with combination. This study provides a platform for rational design of immunotherapy combinations to maximize anti-tumor immunity while minimizing toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Sckisel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, IRC Building Rm 1630, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, IRC Building Rm 1630, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Myriam N Bouchlaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, IRC Building Rm 1630, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Julia K Tietze
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, IRC Building Rm 1630, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, IRC Building Rm 1630, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|