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Lelliott EJ, Naddaf J, Ganio K, Michie J, Wang S, Liu L, Silke N, Ahn A, Ramsbottom KM, Brennan AJ, Freeman AJ, Goel S, Vervoort SJ, Kearney CJ, Beavis PA, McDevitt CA, Silke J, Oliaro J. Intracellular zinc protects tumours from T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01369-4. [PMID: 39261596 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour immune evasion presents a significant challenge to the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. Recent advances in high-throughput screening techniques have uncovered that loss of antigen presentation and cytokine signalling pathways are central mechanisms by which tumours evade T cell immunity. To uncover additional vulnerabilities in tumour cells beyond the well-recognized antigen presentation pathway, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes that mediate resistance to chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, which function independently of classical antigen presentation. Our study revealed that loss of core-binding factor subunit beta (CBFβ) enhances tumour cell resistance to T cell killing, mediated through T cell-derived TNF. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing and elemental analyses revealed that deletion of CBFβ disrupts numerous pathways including those involved in zinc homoeostasis. Moreover, we demonstrated that modulation of cellular zinc, achieved by supplementation or chelation, significantly altered tumour cell susceptibility to TNF by regulating the levels of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Consistent with this, treatment of tumour cells with a membrane-permeable zinc chelator had no impact on tumour cell viability alone, but significantly increased tumour cell lysis by CD8+ T cells in a TNF-dependent but perforin-independent manner. These results underscore the crucial role of intracellular zinc in regulating tumour cell susceptibility to T cell-mediated killing, revealing a novel vulnerability in tumour cells that might be exploited for the development of future cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lelliott
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Naddaf
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Shelly Wang
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lin Liu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natasha Silke
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Antonio Ahn
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Amelia J Brennan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Freeman
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Shom Goel
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Cho Y, Doh J. The extracellular matrix in solid tumor immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:705-714. [PMID: 39164157 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of solid tumors impacts the antitumor activities of CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells in a variety of ways. Cell motility is restricted by the tumor ECM which creates physical barriers. The tumor ECM directly alter the phenotypes and functions of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and indirectly influences immunological synapse-mediated interactions between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells. Therefore, strategies to improve solid tumor immunotherapy should be established by considering complex ternary interactions between cytotoxic lymphocytes, cancer cells, and the tumor ECM. Novel bioengineering tools approximating key characteristics of the tumor ECM, such as in vitro reconstituted 3D ECMs and microfluidics are valuable from a fundamental study viewpoint and from a translational perspective, aiming to enable systematic screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbum Cho
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, BioMAX, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Shaver J, Horton D, Halford Z. Targeting GPRC5D With Talquetamab: A New Frontier in Bispecific Antibody Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Ann Pharmacother 2024:10600280241271192. [PMID: 39192558 DOI: 10.1177/10600280241271192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety, dosing, administration, and clinical implications of talquetamab-tgvs, a novel bispecific antibody, in the treatment of relapsed or refractory (R/R) multiple myeloma (MM). DATA SOURCES A comprehensive English-language literature search of PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov from January 2000 to May 2024 was conducted using the terms talquetamab, Talvey, JNJ-64407564, and "Multiple Myeloma." STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Relevant clinical trials, guidelines, and prescribing information were systematically reviewed and analyzed. DATA SYNTHESIS Talquetamab-tgvs received accelerated approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration based on results from the pivotal phase I/II MonumenTAL-1 clinical trial, which demonstrated an overall response rate of nearly 74% in key cohorts. The median progression-free survival was 7.5 months in the 0.4 mg/kg weekly dosing cohort and 11.9 months in the 0.8 mg/kg biweekly dosing cohort. Treatment-related adverse events (AEs) included cytokine release syndrome, skin- and nail-related AEs, dysgeusia, infections, and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE As a first-in-class anti-GPRC5D T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibody, talquetamab-tgvs represents a compelling treatment option for patients with R/R MM who have received at least 4 prior lines of therapy. No head-to-head clinical trials have been conducted comparing talquetamab-tgvs to other T-cell-redirecting therapies. CONCLUSIONS While talquetamab-tgvs showed significant efficacy in the pivotal MonumenTAL-1 trial, long-term safety and efficacy data are needed. Additional clinical trials are necessary to establish the optimal timing, sequencing, patient population, and overall role of talquetamab-tgvs in the rapidly evolving treatment landscape of R/R MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Shaver
- College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Horton
- College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, TN, USA
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Coënon L, Geindreau M, Ghiringhelli F, Villalba M, Bruchard M. Natural Killer cells at the frontline in the fight against cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:614. [PMID: 39179536 PMCID: PMC11343846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that play a pivotal role as first line defenders in the anti-tumor response. To prevent tumor development, NK cells are searching for abnormal cells within the body and appear to be key players in immunosurveillance. Upon recognition of abnormal cells, NK cells will become activated to destroy them. In order to fulfill their anti-tumoral function, they rely on the secretion of lytic granules, expression of death receptors and production of cytokines. Additionally, NK cells interact with other cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will first focus on NK cells' activation and cytotoxicity mechanisms as well as NK cells behavior during serial killing. Lastly, we will review NK cells' crosstalk with the other immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Coënon
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mannon Geindreau
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.
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5
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Matsubara JA, Choy JC, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in aging and age-related pathologies. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00204-1. [PMID: 39181801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for pathologies that manifest later in life. Much attention is devoted towards elucidating how prolonged environmental exposures and inflammation promote biological (accelerated) tissue aging. Granzymes, a family of serine proteases, are increasingly recognized for their emerging roles in biological aging and disease. Widely recognized as intracellular mediators of cell death, granzymes, particularly granzyme B (GzmB), also accumulate in the extracellular milieu of tissues with age, contributing to chronic tissue injury, inflammation, and impaired healing. Consequently, this has prompted the field to reconsider how GzmB regulation, accumulation, and proteolysis impact health and disease with age. While GzmB is observed in numerous age-related conditions, the current review focuses on mechanistic studies where proof-of-concept has been forwarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Sharma G, Round J, Teng F, Ali Z, May C, Yung E, Holt RA. A synthetic cytotoxic T cell platform for rapidly prototyping TCR function. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:182. [PMID: 39160299 PMCID: PMC11333705 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Current tools for functionally profiling T cell receptors with respect to cytotoxic potency and cross-reactivity are hampered by difficulties in establishing model systems to test these proteins in the contexts of different HLA alleles and against broad arrays of potential antigens. We have implemented a granzyme-activatable sensor of T cell cytotoxicity in a universal prototyping platform which enables facile recombinant expression of any combination of TCR-, peptide-, and class I MHC-coding sequences and direct assessment of resultant responses. This system consists of an engineered cell platform based on the immortalized natural killer cell line, YT-Indy, and the MHC-null antigen-presenting cell line, K562. These cells were engineered to furnish the YT-Indy/K562 pair with appropriate protein domains required for recombinant TCR expression and function in a non-T cell chassis, integrate a fluorescence-based target-centric early detection reporter of cytotoxic function, and deploy a set of protective genetic interventions designed to preserve antigen-presenting cells for subsequent capture and downstream characterization. Our data show successful reconstitution of the surface TCR complex in the YT-Indy cell line at biologically relevant levels. We also demonstrate successful induction and highly sensitive detection of antigen-specific response in multiple distinct model TCRs. Additionally, we monitored destruction of targets in co-culture and found that our survival-optimized system allowed for complete preservation after 24 h exposure to cytotoxic effectors. With this bioplatform, we anticipate investigators will be empowered to rapidly express and characterize T cell receptor responses, generate knowledge regarding the patterns of T cell receptor recognition, and optimize therapeutic T cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Round
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fei Teng
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zahra Ali
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris May
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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7
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Gómez-Morón Á, Tsukalov I, Scagnetti C, Pertusa C, Lozano-Prieto M, Martínez-Fleta P, Requena S, Martín P, Alfranca A, Martin-Gayo E, Martin-Cofreces NB. Cytosolic protein translation regulates cell asymmetry and function in early TCR activation of human CD8 + T lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411957. [PMID: 39114656 PMCID: PMC11303187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are highly effective in defending against viral infections and tumours. They are activated through the recognition of peptide-MHC-I complex by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulation. This cognate interaction promotes the organisation of intimate cell-cell connections that involve cytoskeleton rearrangement to enable effector function and clearance of the target cell. This is key for the asymmetric transport and mobilisation of lytic granules to the cell-cell contact, promoting directed secretion of lytic mediators such as granzymes and perforin. Mitochondria play a role in regulating CTL function by controlling processes such as calcium flux, providing the necessary energy through oxidative phosphorylation, and its own protein translation on 70S ribosomes. However, the effect of acute inhibition of cytosolic translation in the rapid response after TCR has not been studied in mature CTLs. Methods Here, we investigated the importance of cytosolic protein synthesis in human CTLs after early TCR activation and CD28 co-stimulation for the dynamic reorganisation of the cytoskeleton, mitochondria, and lytic granules through short-term chemical inhibition of 80S ribosomes by cycloheximide and 80S and 70S by puromycin. Results We observed that eukaryotic ribosome function is required to allow proper asymmetric reorganisation of the tubulin cytoskeleton and mitochondria and mTOR pathway activation early upon TCR activation in human primary CTLs. Discussion Cytosolic protein translation is required to increase glucose metabolism and degranulation capacity upon TCR activation and thus to regulate the full effector function of human CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gómez-Morón
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilya Tsukalov
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Camila Scagnetti
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Videomicroscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Pertusa
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Lozano-Prieto
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Requena
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Regulatory Molecules of Inflammatory Processes, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martin-Cofreces
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Videomicroscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Sutton VR, Watt SV, Akhlaghi H, Cipolla DC, Chen KJ, LaSala D, McDonald PP, Beavis PA, Munoz I, Hodel AW, Noori T, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Pharmacologic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (cathepsin C) does not block in vitro granzyme-mediated target cell killing by CD8 T or NK cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1396710. [PMID: 39021839 PMCID: PMC11251990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1396710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently developed small-molecule inhibitors of the lysosomal protease dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1), also known as cathepsin C (CatC), can suppress suppurative inflammation in vivo by blocking the processing of zymogenic (pro-) forms of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), including neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G. DPP1 also plays an important role in activating granzyme serine proteases that are expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. Therefore, it is critical to determine whether DPP1 inhibition can also cause off-target suppression of CTL/NK-cell-mediated killing of virus-infected or malignant cells. Herein, we demonstrate that the processing of human granzymes A and B, transitioning from zymogen to active proteases, is not solely dependent on DPP1. Thus, the killing of target cells by primary human CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and gene-engineered anti-CD19 CAR T cells was not blocked in vitro even after prior exposure to high concentrations of the reversible DPP1 inhibitor brensocatib. Consistent with this observation, the turnover of model granzyme A/B peptide substrates in the human CTL/NK cell lysates was not significantly reduced by brensocatib. In contrast, preincubation with brensocatib almost entirely abolished (>90%) both the cytotoxic activity of mouse CD8+ T cells and granzyme substrate turnover. Overall, our finding that the effects of DPP1 inhibition on human cytotoxic lymphocytes are attenuated in comparison to those of mice indicates that granzyme processing/activation pathways differ between mice and humans. Moreover, the in vitro data suggest that human subjects treated with reversible DPP1 inhibitors, such as brensocatib, are unlikely to experience any appreciable deficits in CTL/NK-cell-mediated immunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien R. Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sally V. Watt
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Kuan-Ju Chen
- Insmed Incorporated, Bridgewater, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Paul A. Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Isabelle Munoz
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrian W. Hodel
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Ye Z, Cheng P, Huang Q, Hu J, Huang L, Hu G. Immunocytes interact directly with cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment: one coin with two sides and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388176. [PMID: 38840908 PMCID: PMC11150710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is closely linked to the initiation, promotion, and progression of solid tumors. Among its constitutions, immunologic cells emerge as critical players, facilitating immune evasion and tumor progression. Apart from their indirect impact on anti-tumor immunity, immunocytes directly influence neoplastic cells, either bolstering or impeding tumor advancement. However, current therapeutic modalities aimed at alleviating immunosuppression from regulatory cells on effector immune cell populations may not consistently yield satisfactory results in various solid tumors, such as breast carcinoma, colorectal cancer, etc. Therefore, this review outlines and summarizes the direct, dualistic effects of immunocytes such as T cells, innate lymphoid cells, B cells, eosinophils, and tumor-associated macrophages on tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment. The review also delves into the underlying mechanisms involved and presents the outcomes of clinical trials based on these direct effects, aiming to propose innovative and efficacious therapeutic strategies for addressing solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Ye
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), Shaoxing People’s Hospital; Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pu Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), Shaoxing People’s Hospital; Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoming Hu
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Wu LY, Park SH, Jakobsson H, Shackleton M, Möller A. Immune Regulation and Immune Therapy in Melanoma: Review with Emphasis on CD155 Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1950. [PMID: 38893071 PMCID: PMC11171058 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is commonly diagnosed in a younger population than most other solid malignancies and, in Australia and most of the world, is the leading cause of skin-cancer-related death. Melanoma is a cancer type with high immunogenicity; thus, immunotherapies are used as first-line treatment for advanced melanoma patients. Although immunotherapies are working well, not all the patients are benefitting from them. A lack of a comprehensive understanding of immune regulation in the melanoma tumour microenvironment is a major challenge of patient stratification. Overexpression of CD155 has been reported as a key factor in melanoma immune regulation for the development of therapy resistance. A more thorough understanding of the actions of current immunotherapy strategies, their effects on immune cell subsets, and the roles that CD155 plays are essential for a rational design of novel targets of anti-cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we comprehensively discuss current anti-melanoma immunotherapy strategies and the immune response contribution of different cell lineages, including tumour endothelial cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, cytotoxic T cells, cancer-associated fibroblast, and nature killer cells. Finally, we explore the impact of CD155 and its receptors DNAM-1, TIGIT, and CD96 on immune cells, especially in the context of the melanoma tumour microenvironment and anti-cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- JC STEM Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Su-Ho Park
- JC STEM Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haakan Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Paula Fox Melanoma and Cancer Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Mark Shackleton
- Department of Medical Oncology, Paula Fox Melanoma and Cancer Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia;
- JC STEM Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Park HW, Lee W, Kim S, Jangid AK, Park J, Lee CE, Kim K. Optimized Design of Hyaluronic Acid-Lipid Conjugate Biomaterial for Augmenting CD44 Recognition of Surface-Engineered NK Cells. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1959-1971. [PMID: 38379131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents treatment challenges due to a lack of detectable surface receptors. Natural killer (NK) cell-based adaptive immunotherapy is a promising treatment because of the characteristic anticancer effects of killing malignant cells directly by secreting cytokines and lytic granules. To maximize the cancer recognition ability of NK cells, biomaterial-mediated ex vivo cell surface engineering has been developed for sufficient cell membrane immobilization of tumor-targeting ligands via hydrophobic anchoring. In this study, we optimized amphiphilic balances of NK cell coating materials composed of CD44-targeting hyaluronic acid (HA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid to improve TNBC recognition and the anticancer effect. Changes in the modular design of our material by differentiating hydrophilic PEG length and incorporating lipid amount into HA backbones precisely regulated the amphiphilic nature of HA-PEG-lipid conjugates. The optimized biomaterial demonstrated improved anchoring into NK cell membranes and facilitating the surface presentation level of HA onto NK cell surfaces. This led to enhanced cancer targeting via increasing the formation of immune synapse, thereby augmenting the anticancer capability of NK cells specifically toward CD44-positive TNBC cells. Our approach addresses targeting ability of NK cell to solid tumors with a deficiency of surface tumor-specific antigens while offering a valuable material design strategy using amphiphilic balance in immune cell surface engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Won Park
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjeong Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Kumar Jangid
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Park
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yu PJ, Zhou M, Liu Y, Du J. Senescent T Cells in Age-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0219. [PMID: 38502582 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-induced alterations in human immunity are often considered deleterious and are referred to as immunosenescence. The immune system monitors the number of senescent cells in the body, while immunosenescence may represent the initiation of systemic aging. Immune cells, particularly T cells, are the most impacted and involved in age-related immune function deterioration, making older individuals more prone to different age-related diseases. T-cell senescence can impact the effectiveness of immunotherapies that rely on the immune system's function, including vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies. The research and practice of using senescent T cells as therapeutic targets to intervene in age-related diseases are in their nascent stages. Therefore, in this review, we summarize recent related literature to investigate the characteristics of senescent T cells as well as their formation mechanisms, relationship with various aging-related diseases, and means of intervention. The primary objective of this article is to explore the prospects and possibilities of therapeutically targeting senescent T cells, serving as a valuable resource for the development of immunotherapy and treatment of age-related diseases.
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13
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Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhou L, Zhou N, Wang Z, Chen J, Pang R, Fu H, Huang Q, Dong F, Cheng H, Zhang H, Tang K, Ma J, Lv J, Cheng T, Fiskesund R, Zhang X, Huang B. Cell softness renders cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T leukemic cells resistant to perforin-mediated killing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1405. [PMID: 38360940 PMCID: PMC10869718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force contributes to perforin pore formation at immune synapses, thus facilitating the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)-mediated killing of tumor cells in a unidirectional fashion. How such mechanical cues affect CTL evasion of perforin-mediated autolysis remains unclear. Here we show that activated CTLs use their softness to evade perforin-mediated autolysis, which, however, is shared by T leukemic cells to evade CTL killing. Downregulation of filamin A is identified to induce softness via ZAP70-mediated YAP Y357 phosphorylation and activation. Despite the requirements of YAP in both cell types for softness induction, CTLs are more resistant to YAP inhibitors than malignant T cells, potentially due to the higher expression of the drug-resistant transporter, MDR1, in CTLs. As a result, moderate inhibition of YAP stiffens malignant T cells but spares CTLs, thus allowing CTLs to cytolyze malignant cells without autolysis. Our findings thus hint a mechanical force-based immunotherapeutic strategy against T cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Zhou
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dianheng Wang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Zhou
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyang Pang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Fu
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiusha Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Roland Fiskesund
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Sekine T, Galgano D, Casoni GP, Meeths M, Cron RQ, Bryceson YT. CD8 + T Cell Biology in Cytokine Storm Syndromes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:129-144. [PMID: 39117812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Familial forms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are caused by loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding perforin as well as those required for release of perforin-containing cytotoxic granule constituent. Perforin is expressed by subsets of CD8+ T cells and NK cells, representing lymphocytes that share mechanism of target cell killing yet display distinct modes of target cell recognition. Here, we highlight recent findings concerning the genetics of familial HLH that implicate CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of HLH and discuss mechanistic insights from animal models as well as patients that reveal how CD8+ T cells may contribute to or drive disease, at least in part through release of IFN-γ. Intriguingly, CD8+ T cells and NK cells may act differentially in severe hyperinflammatory diseases such as HLH. We also discuss how CD8+ T cells may promote or drive pathology in other cytokine release syndromes (CSS). Moreover, we review the molecular mechanisms underpinning CD8+ T cell-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity, key to the development of familial HLH. Together, recent insights to the pathophysiology of CSS in general and HLH in particular are providing promising new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sekine
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donatella Galgano
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanna P Casoni
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Meeths
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Randy Q Cron
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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15
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Aggio V, Fabbella L, Poletti S, Lorenzi C, Finardi A, Colombo C, Zanardi R, Furlan R, Benedetti F. Circulating cytotoxic immune cell composition, activation status and toxins expression associate with white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22209. [PMID: 38097657 PMCID: PMC10721611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) show higher immuno-inflammatory setpoints, with in vivo alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure and post-mortem infiltration of T cells in the brain. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can enter and damage the brain in inflammatory disorders, but little is known in BD. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between cytotoxic T cells and WM alterations in BD. In a sample of 83 inpatients with BD in an active phase of illness (68 depressive, 15 manic), we performed flow cytometry immunophenotyping to investigate frequencies, activation status, and expression of cytotoxic markers in CD8+ and tested for their association with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of WM microstructure. Frequencies of naïve and activated CD8+ cell populations expressing Perforin, or both Perforin and Granzyme, negatively associated with WM microstructure. CD8+ Naïve cells negative for Granzyme and Perforin positively associates with indexes of WM integrity, while the frequency of CD8+ memory cells negatively associates with index of WM microstructure, irrespective of toxins expression. The resulting associations involve measures representative of orientational coherence and myelination of the fibers (FA and RD), suggesting disrupted oligodendrocyte-mediated myelination. These findings seems to support the hypothesis that immunosenescence (less naïve, more memory T cells) can detrimentally influence WM microstructure in BD and that peripheral CD8+ T cells may participate in inducing an immune-related WM damage in BD mediated by killer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Aggio
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorena Fabbella
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Zanardi
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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16
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Ryguła I, Pikiewicz W, Kaminiów K. Novel Janus Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Dermatologic Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:8064. [PMID: 38138551 PMCID: PMC10745734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase inhibitors, also known as JAK inhibitors, JAKinibs or JAKi, are a new group of disease-modifying drugs. They work by inhibiting enzymes involved in the transmission of information from receptors located in the cell membrane to the cell interior, specifically to the cell nucleus, thus disrupting the JAK-STAT pathway. This pathway plays a role in key cellular processes such as the immune response and cell growth. This feature is used in the treatment of patients with rheumatological, gastroenterological and hematological diseases. Recently, it has been discovered that JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors also show therapeutic potential against dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata and acquired vitiligo. Studies are underway to use them in the treatment of several other dermatoses. Janus kinase inhibitors represent a promising class of drugs for the treatment of skin diseases refractory to conventional therapy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest knowledge on the use of JAKi in dermatological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Ryguła
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Pikiewicz
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum—Faculty of Medicine, WSB University, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
| | - Konrad Kaminiów
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum—Faculty of Medicine, WSB University, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
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17
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Giansanti M, Theinert T, Boeing SK, Haas D, Schlegel PG, Vacca P, Nazio F, Caruana I. Exploiting autophagy balance in T and NK cells as a new strategy to implement adoptive cell therapies. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:201. [PMID: 38071322 PMCID: PMC10709869 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular homeostasis pathway initiated by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient deprivation to viral infection, playing a key role in human health and disease. At present, a growing number of evidence suggests a role of autophagy as a primitive innate immune form of defense for eukaryotic cells, interacting with components of innate immune signaling pathways and regulating thymic selection, antigen presentation, cytokine production and T/NK cell homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy is intimately involved in the immunological control of tumor progression and response to therapy. However, very little is known about the role and impact of autophagy in T and NK cells, the main players in the active fight against infections and tumors. Important questions are emerging: what role does autophagy play on T/NK cells? Could its modulation lead to any advantages? Could specific targeting of autophagy on tumor cells (blocking) and T/NK cells (activation) be a new intervention strategy? In this review, we debate preclinical studies that have identified autophagy as a key regulator of immune responses by modulating the functions of different immune cells and discuss the redundancy or diversity among the subpopulations of both T and NK cells in physiologic context and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Giansanti
- Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Theinert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Katharina Boeing
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Haas
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul-Gerhardt Schlegel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paola Vacca
- Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nazio
- Immunology Research Area, Innate Lymphoid Cells Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Caruana
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Jose J, Law RHP, Leung EWW, Wai DCC, Akhlaghi H, Chandrashekaran IR, Caradoc-Davies TT, Voskoboinik I, Feutrill J, Middlemiss D, Jeevarajah D, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich T, Giddens AC, Lee TW, Jamieson SMF, Trapani JA, Whisstock JC, Spicer JA, Norton RS. Fragment-based and structure-guided discovery of perforin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115786. [PMID: 37716187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein whose normal function enables cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells to kill virus-infected and transformed cells. Conversely, unwanted perforin activity can also result in auto-immune attack, graft rejection and aberrant responses to pathogens. Perforin is critical for the function of the granule exocytosis cell death pathway and is therefore a target for drug development. In this study, by screening a fragment library using NMR and surface plasmon resonance, we identified 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (dapsone) as a perforin ligand. We also found that dapsone has modest (mM) inhibitory activity of perforin lytic activity in a red blood cell lysis assay in vitro. Sequential modification of this lead fragment, guided by structural knowledge of the ligand binding site and binding pose, and supported by SPR and ligand-detected 19F NMR, enabled the design of nanomolar inhibitors of the cytolytic activity of intact NK cells against various tumour cell targets. Interestingly, the ligands we developed were largely inert with respect to direct perforin-mediated red blood cell lysis but were very potent in the context of perforin's action on delivering granzymes in the immune synapse, the context in which it functions physiologically. Our work indicates that a fragment-based, structure-guided drug discovery strategy can be used to identify novel ligands that bind perforin. Moreover, these molecules have superior physicochemical properties and solubility compared to previous generations of perforin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothy C C Wai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Indu R Chandrashekaran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tom T Caradoc-Davies
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John Feutrill
- SYNthesis med chem (Australia) Pty Ltd, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Middlemiss
- XaviaPharm, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 5EX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Devadharshini Jeevarajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Anna C Giddens
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Sharma G, Round J, Teng F, Ali Z, May C, Yung E, Holt RA. A Synthetic Cytotoxic T cell Platform for Rapidly Prototyping TCR Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567960. [PMID: 38045272 PMCID: PMC10690155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Current tools for functionally profiling T cell receptors with respect to cytotoxic potency and cross-reactivity are hampered by difficulties in establishing model systems to test these proteins in the contexts of different HLA alleles and against broad arrays of potential antigens. We have implemented and validated a granzyme-activatable sensor of T cell cytotoxicity in a novel universal prototyping platform which enables facile recombinant expression of any combination of TCR-, peptide-, and class I MHC-coding sequences and direct assessment of resultant responses. This system consists of an engineered cell platform based on the immortalized natural killer cell line, YT-Indy, and the MHC-null antigen-presenting cell line, K562. These cells were engineered using contemporary gene-editing techniques to furnish the YT-Indy/K562 pair with appropriate protein domains required for recombinant TCR expression and function in a non-T cell chassis, integrate a fluorescence-based target-centric early detection reporter of cytotoxic function, and deploy a set of protective genetic interventions designed to preserve antigen-presenting cells for subsequent capture and downstream characterization. Our data show successful reconstitution of the surface TCR complex in the YT-Indy cell line at biologically relevant levels. We also demonstrate successful induction and highly sensitive detection of antigen-specific response in multiple distinct model TCRs, with significant responses (p < 0.05 and Cohen's d >1.9) in all cases. Additionally, we monitored destruction of targets in co-culture and found that our survival-optimized system allowed for complete preservation after 24-hour exposure to cytotoxic effectors. With this bioplatform, we anticipate investigators will be empowered to rapidly express and characterize T cell receptor responses, generate new knowledge regarding the patterns of T cell receptor recognition, and optimize novel therapeutic T cell receptors for improved cytotoxic potential and reduced cross-reactivity to undesired antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - James Round
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Fei Teng
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Zahra Ali
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Chris May
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Robert A. Holt
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; C201 – 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1; Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; SSB8166 – 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6; Canada
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20
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Conedera FM, Runnels JM, Stein JV, Alt C, Enzmann V, Lin CP. Assessing the role of T cells in response to retinal injury to uncover new therapeutic targets for the treatment of retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:206. [PMID: 37689689 PMCID: PMC10492418 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration is a disease affecting the eye, which is an immune-privileged site because of its anatomical and physiological properties. Alterations in retinal homeostasis-because of injury, disease, or aging-initiate inflammatory cascades, where peripheral leukocytes (PL) infiltrate the parenchyma, leading to retinal degeneration. So far, research on PL's role in retinal degeneration was limited to observing a few cell types at specific times or sectioning the tissue. This restricted our understanding of immune cell interactions and response duration. METHODS In vivo microscopy in preclinical mouse models can overcome these limitations enabling the spatio-temporal characterization of PL dynamics. Through in vivo imaging, we assessed structural and fluorescence changes in response to a focal injury at a defined location over time. We also utilized minimally invasive techniques, pharmacological interventions, and knockout (KO) mice to determine the role of PL in local inflammation. Furthermore, we investigated PL abundance and localization during retinal degeneration in human eyes by histological analysis to assess to which extent our preclinical study translates to human retinal degeneration. RESULTS We demonstrate that PL, especially T cells, play a detrimental role during retinal injury response. In mice, we observed the recruitment of helper and cytotoxic T cells in the parenchyma post-injury, and T cells also resided in the macula and peripheral retina in pathological conditions in humans. Additionally, we found that the pharmacological PL reduction and genetic depletion of T-cells reduced injured areas in murine retinas and rescued the blood-retina barrier (BRB) integrity. Both conditions promoted morphological changes of Cx3cr1+ cells, including microglial cells, toward an amoeboid phenotype during injury response. Interestingly, selective depletion of CD8+ T cells accelerated recovery of the BRB compared to broader depletions. After anti-CD8 treatment, the retinal function improved, concomitant to a beneficial immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel insights into the adaptive immune response to retinal injury in mice and human retinal degeneration. Such information is fundamental to understanding retinal disorders and developing therapeutics to modulate immune responses to retinal degeneration safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Conedera
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judith M Runnels
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Alt
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Nozaki K, Miao EA. Bucket lists must be completed during cell death. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:803-815. [PMID: 36958996 PMCID: PMC10440244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death occurs in many forms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis. Most obviously, the purpose of these pathways is to kill the cell. However, many cells need to complete a set of effector programs before they die, which we define as a cellular 'bucket list'. These effector programs are specific to the cell type, and mode and circumstances of death. For example, intestinal epithelial cells need to complete the process of extrusion before they die. Cells use regulatory mechanisms to temporarily prolong their life, including endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)- and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-driven membrane repair. These allow cells to complete their bucket lists before they die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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22
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Chen M, Venturi V, Munier CML. Dissecting the Protective Effect of CD8 + T Cells in Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination and the Potential Link with Lymph Node CD8 + T Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1035. [PMID: 37508464 PMCID: PMC10376827 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a crucial role in effectively reducing COVID-19 disease severity, with a new generation of vaccines that use messenger RNA (mRNA) technology being administered globally. Neutralizing antibodies have featured as the heroes of vaccine-induced immunity. However, vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells may have a significant impact on the early protective effects of the mRNA vaccine, which are evident 12 days after initial vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells have been shown to respond to multiple epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and exhibit polyfunctionality in the periphery at the early stage, even when neutralizing antibodies are scarce. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce diverse subsets of memory CD8+ T cells that persist for more than six months following vaccination. However, the protective role of CD8+ T cells in response to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines remains a topic of debate. In addition, our understanding of CD8+ T cells in response to vaccination in the lymph nodes, where they first encounter antigen, is still limited. This review delves into the current knowledge regarding the protective role of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in controlling the virus, the response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, and the contribution to supporting B cell activity and promoting immune protection in the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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23
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Naneh O, Kozorog M, Merzel F, Gilbert R, Anderluh G. Surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis approaches for determining the affinity of perforin for calcium ions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181020. [PMID: 37545534 PMCID: PMC10400287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein that plays a crucial role in the immune system by clearing virus-infected or tumor cells. It is released from cytotoxic granules of immune cells and forms pores in targeted lipid membranes to deliver apoptosis-inducing granzymes. It is a very cytotoxic protein and is therefore adapted not to act in producing cells. Its activity is regulated by the requirement for calcium ions for optimal activity. However, the exact affinity of perforin for calcium ions has not yet been determined. We conducted a molecular dynamics simulation in the absence or presence of calcium ions that showed that binding of at least three calcium ions is required for stable perforin binding to the lipid membrane. Biophysical studies using surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis were then performed to estimate the binding affinities of native human and recombinant mouse perforin for calcium ions. Both approaches showed that mouse perforin has a several fold higher affinity for calcium ions than that of human perforin. This was attributed to a particular residue, tryptophan at position 488 in mouse perforin, which is replaced by arginine in human perforin. This represents an additional mechanism to control the activity of human perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Naneh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirijam Kozorog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franci Merzel
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kamiya M, Kimura N, Umezawa N, Hasegawa H, Yasuda S. Muscle fiber necroptosis in pathophysiology of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and its potential as target of novel treatment strategy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191815. [PMID: 37483632 PMCID: PMC10361824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), which are a group of chronic and diverse inflammatory diseases, are primarily characterized by weakness in the proximal muscles that progressively leads to persistent disability. Current treatments of IIMs depend on nonspecific immunosuppressive agents (including glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants). However, these therapies sometimes fail to regulate muscle inflammation, and some patients suffer from infectious diseases and other adverse effects related to the treatment. Furthermore, even after inflammation has subsided, muscle weakness persists in a significant proportion of the patients. Therefore, the elucidation of pathophysiology of IIMs and development of a better therapeutic strategy that not only alleviates muscle inflammation but also improves muscle weakness without increment of opportunistic infection is awaited. Muscle fiber death, which has been formerly postulated as "necrosis", is a key histological feature of all subtypes of IIMs, however, its detailed mechanisms and contribution to the pathophysiology remained to be elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that muscle fibers of IIMs undergo necroptosis, a newly recognized form of regulated cell death, and promote muscle inflammation and dysfunction through releasing inflammatory mediators such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The research on murine model of polymyositis, a subtype of IIM, revealed that the inhibition of necroptosis or HMGB1, one of major DAMPs released from muscle fibers undergoing necroptosis, ameliorated muscle inflammation and recovered muscle weakness. Furthermore, not only the necroptosis-associated molecules but also PGAM5, a mitochondrial protein, and reactive oxygen species have been shown to be involved in muscle fiber necroptosis, indicating the multiple target candidates for the treatment of IIMs acting through necroptosis regulation. This article overviews the research on muscle injury mechanisms in IIMs focusing on the contribution of necroptosis in their pathophysiology and discusses the potential treatment strategy targeting muscle fiber necroptosis.
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25
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Gonzalez-Fierro C, Fonte C, Dufourd E, Cazaentre V, Aydin S, Engelhardt B, Caspi RR, Xu B, Martin-Blondel G, Spicer JA, Trapani JA, Bauer J, Liblau RS, Bost C. Effects of a Small-Molecule Perforin Inhibitor in a Mouse Model of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200117. [PMID: 37080596 PMCID: PMC10119812 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the interface between blood and CNS parenchyma is prominent in most neuroinflammatory diseases. In several neurologic diseases, including cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome, a CD8 T cell-mediated targeting of endothelial cells of the BBB (BBB-ECs) has been implicated in pathogenesis. METHODS In this study, we used an experimental mouse model to evaluate the ability of a small-molecule perforin inhibitor to prevent neuroinflammation resulting from cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated damage of BBB-ECs. RESULTS Using an in vitro coculture system, we first identified perforin as an essential molecule for killing of BBB-ECs by CD8 T cells. We then found that short-term pharmacologic inhibition of perforin commencing after disease onset restored motor function and inhibited the neuropathology. Perforin inhibition resulted in preserved BBB-EC viability, maintenance of the BBB, and reduced CD8 T-cell accumulation in the brain and retina. DISCUSSION Therefore, perforin-dependent cytotoxicity plays a key role in the death of BBB-ECs inflicted by autoreactive CD8 T cells in a preclinical model and potentially represents a therapeutic target for CD8 T cell-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases, such as cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gonzalez-Fierro
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Coralie Fonte
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Eloïse Dufourd
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Vincent Cazaentre
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Sidar Aydin
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Biying Xu
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Julie A Spicer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Jan Bauer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France.
| | - Chloé Bost
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
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Iwanowski T, Kołkowski K, Nowicki RJ, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M. Etiopathogenesis and Emerging Methods for Treatment of Vitiligo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119749. [PMID: 37298700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired chronic depigmenting disorder of skin. It is mostly asymptomatic and characterized by amelanotic macules and patches that affects 0.5% to 2% of the world's population. The etiology of vitiligo has not been clearly elucidated and multiple theories have been proposed regarding the causes of the disorder. Among the most prevalent theories, the genetic predisposition, oxidative stress theory, promotion of cellular stress and pathologic influence of lymphocytes T have been highlighted. As a result of increases in in-depth knowledge concerning the pathogenetic processes in vitiligo, we review the most recent information concerning its etiopathogenesis and treatment methods including topical and oral Janus kinase inhibitors, prostaglandins and their analogues, namely afamelanotide, Wnt/β-catenin-signaling agonists and cell-based therapies. Topical ruxolitinib has been registered for vitiligo treatment, whereas other agents as oral ritlecitinib, afamelanotide and latanoprost have been studied in ongoing clinical trials. New highly effective therapeutic strategies may be developed thanks to molecular and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Kołkowski
- Dermatological Students Scientific Association, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Roman Janusz Nowicki
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sokołowska-Wojdyło
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
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27
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Kim IY, Kim HY, Song HW, Park JO, Choi YH, Choi E. Functional enhancement of exosomes derived from NK cells by IL-15 and IL-21 synergy against hepatocellular carcinoma cells: The cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16962. [PMID: 37484408 PMCID: PMC10361042 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are released by various cells, including natural killer (NK) cells and transport signaling molecules for the intercellular communication. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also known as primary liver cancer, is often inoperable and difficult to accurate diagnosis. Notably, the prognosis and underlying mechanisms of HCC are not fully understood. Exosomes-derived NK cells (NK-exos) express unique cytotoxic proteins with a killing ability in tumors and can easily penetrate tumor tissues to improve their targeting ability. NK cell functions, inducing cellular cytotoxicity are modulated by cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21. However, the mechanisms and effects of cytokines-stimulated NK-exos for the treatment of liver cancer, including HCC, are not well known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the synergistic anti-tumor effects of NK-exos stimulated with IL-15 and IL-21 (NK-exosIL-15/21) in Hep3B cells. Our findings revealed that NK-exosIL-15/21 expressed cytotoxic proteins (perforin and granzyme B) and contained typical exosome markers (CD9 and CD63) within the size range of 100-150 nm. Moreover, we demonstrated that NK-exosIL-15/21 induced the enhancement of cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity in Hep3B cells by activating the specific pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP, perforin, and granzyme B) and inhibiting the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2). In summary, our results suggest that NK-exosIL-15/21 regulate strong anti-tumor effects of HCC cells, by increasing the cytotoxicity and apoptosis through the activation of specific cytotoxic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Kim
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yong Kim
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-woo Song
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - You Hee Choi
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ahmed H, Mahmud AR, Siddiquee MFR, Shahriar A, Biswas P, Shimul MEK, Ahmed SZ, Ema TI, Rahman N, Khan MA, Mizan MFR, Emran TB. Role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy: Opportunities and challenges. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:116-126. [PMID: 38328405 PMCID: PMC10846312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies boosting the immune system's ability to target cancer cells are promising for the treatment of various tumor types, yet clinical responses differ among patients and cancers. Recently, there has been increasing interest in novel cancer immunotherapy practices aimed at triggering T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Antigen-directed cytotoxicity mediated by T lymphocytes has become a central focal point in the battle against cancer utilizing the immune system. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the actions of T lymphocytes have directed new therapeutic approaches in cancer immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade, adoptive and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, and cancer vaccinology. This review addresses all the strategies targeting tumor pathogenesis, including metabolic pathways, to evaluate the clinical significance of current and future immunotherapies for patients with cancer, which are further engaged in T cell activation, differentiation, and response against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossain Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative (UODA), 4/4B, Block A, Lalmatia, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | | | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Partha Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ebrahim Khalil Shimul
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Shahlaa Zernaz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzila Ismail Ema
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Nova Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Arif Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative (UODA), 4/4B, Block A, Lalmatia, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
| | | | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
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29
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Ren J, Feng X, Guo Y, Kong D, Wang Y, Xiao J, Jiang W, Feng X, Liu X, Li A, Sun C, He M, Li B, Wang J, Jiang Y, Zheng C. GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway plays crucial roles in the regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity against myeloma cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22821. [PMID: 36794671 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201658rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The plasma cell malignancy, multiple myeloma (MM), has significantly improved by the application of new drugs and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, MM remains incurable. A number of studies have revealed an anti-MM effect of natural killer (NK) cells; however, their clinical efficacy is limited. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β inhibitors show an antitumor function. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential roles of a GSK-3β inhibitor (TWS119) in the regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity against MM. Our results showed that, in the presence of TWS119, the NK cell line, NK-92, and in vitro-expanded primary NK cells exhibited a significantly higher degranulation activity, expression of activating receptors, cellular cytotoxicity, and cytokine secretion when they were exposed to MM cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that TWS119 treatment markedly upregulated RAB27A expression, a key molecule for NK cell degranulation, and induced the colocalization of β-catenin with NF-κB in the nucleus of NK cells. More importantly, GSK-3β inhibition combined with the adoptive transfer of TWS119-treated NK-92 cells significantly reduced tumor volume and prolonged the survival time of myeloma-bearing mice. In summary, our novel findings suggest that targeting GSK-3β through the activation of β-catenin/NF-κB pathway may be an important approach to improve therapeutic efficacy of NK cell transfusion for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiumei Feng
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dexiao Kong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ai Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingming He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bingen Li
- R&D Department, Weihai Zhengsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Weihai, China
| | - Juandong Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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30
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McKenzie B, Valitutti S. Resisting T cell attack: tumor-cell-intrinsic defense and reparation mechanisms. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:198-211. [PMID: 36593148 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are antigen-specific killer cells equipped to identify and eliminate host cells that have been altered through infection or transformation. Both chimeric antigen-receptor (CAR) T cell therapies and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies are based on successful elimination of tumor cells by cytotoxic effectors. In this opinion article, we outline cell-intrinsic mechanisms by which tumor cells defend against CTLs, highlighting pathways that confer resistance and proposing opportunities for combination therapies. We discuss how exogenous killing entities [e.g., supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs)] offer a novel strategy to circumvent cellular resistance mechanisms. Our opinion article highlights the importance of identifying, quantifying, and targeting tumor defense mechanisms at the interface between tumor cells and CTLs as a critical consideration in the development of immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienne McKenzie
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France.
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France.
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31
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Bozorgmehr N, Hnatiuk M, Peters AC, Elahi S. Depletion of polyfunctional CD26 highCD8 + T cells repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:13. [PMID: 36707896 PMCID: PMC9881277 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ T cells play an essential role against tumors but the role of human CD8+CD26+ T cell subset against tumors, in particular, haematological cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains unknown. Although CD4+CD26high T cells are considered for adoptive cancer immunotherapy, the role of CD8+CD26+ T cells is ill-defined. Therefore, further studies are required to better determine the role of CD8+CD26+ T cells in solid tumors and haematological cancers. METHODS We studied 55 CLL and 44 age-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). The expression of CD26 on different T cell subsets (e.g. naïve, memory, effector, and etc.) was analyzed. Also, functional properties of CD8+CD26+ and CD8+CD26- T cells were evaluated. Finally, the plasma cytokine/chemokine and Galectin-9 (Gal-9) levels were examined. RESULTS CD26 expression identifies three CD8+ T cell subsets with distinct immunological properties. While CD26negCD8+ T cells are mainly transitional, effector memory and effectors, CD26lowCD8+ T cells are mainly naïve, stem cell, and central memory but CD26high T cells are differentiated to transitional and effector memory. CD26+CD8+ T cells are significantly reduced in CLL patients versus HCs. CD26high cells are enriched with Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells co-expressing CD161TVα7.2 and IL-18Rα. Also, CD26high cells have a rich chemokine receptor profile (e.g. CCR5 and CCR6), profound cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2), and cytolytic molecules (Granzyme B, K, and perforin) expression upon stimulation. CD26high and CD26low T cells exhibit significantly lower frequencies of CD160, 2B4, TIGIT, ICOS, CD39, and PD-1 but higher levels of CD27, CD28, and CD73 versus CD26neg cells. To understand the mechanism linked to CD26high depletion, we found that malignant B cells by shedding Galectin-9 (Gal-9) contribute to the elevation of plasma Gal-9 in CLL patients. In turn, Gal-9 and the inflammatory milieu (IL-18, IL-12, and IL-15) in CLL patients contribute to increased apoptosis of CD26high T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CD26+ T cells possess a natural polyfunctionality to traffic and exhibit effector functions and resist exhaustion. Therefore, they can be proposed for adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Finally, neutralizing and/or inhibiting Gal-9 may preserve CD26highCD8+ T cells in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Bozorgmehr
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XSchool of Dentistry, Division of Foundational Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Mark Hnatiuk
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepatment of Medicine Division of Hematology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Anthea C. Peters
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XSchool of Dentistry, Division of Foundational Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XLi Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
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32
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Terrén I, Astarloa-Pando G, Amarilla-Irusta A, Borrego F. P815-based redirected degranulation assay to study human NK cell effector functions. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 173:33-48. [PMID: 36653084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system, the classic cytotoxic population of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). They can directly kill virus-infected or tumor cells through different mechanisms without prior sensitization using their lytic functions in response to different signals (target cell ligands and/or inflammatory cytokines) and secreting cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). NK cells use antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to recognize and kill cells expressing target antigens when they are antibody coated. Redirected cytotoxicity is a technique used to target cells that do not per se activate NK cells. Here, we use redirected degranulation, a surrogate technique that correlates with redirected lysis. The P815 cell line (mouse mastocytoma) express fragment crystallizable gamma receptor II (FcγRII) and therefore could bind the Fc portion of mouse IgG antibodies, which through their fragment antigen-binding (Fab) may recognize NK cells activating receptors leading to target cell lysis. This technique could be used to determine the inhibitory or activating capacity of different receptors or isoforms and in immunotherapy using T cell and NK cell activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Borrego
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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Rudd-Schmidt JA, Laine RF, Noori T, Brennan AJ, Voskoboinik I. ALFA-PRF: a novel approach to detect murine perforin release from CTLs into the immune synapse. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931820. [PMID: 36618385 PMCID: PMC9813862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When killing through the granule exocytosis pathway, cytotoxic lymphocytes release key effector molecules into the immune synapse, perforin and granzymes, to initiate target cell killing. The pore-forming perforin is essential for the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, as its pores disrupt the target cell membrane and allow diffusion of pro-apoptotic serine proteases, granzyme, into the target cell, where they initiate various cell death cascades. Unlike human perforin, the detection of its murine counterpart in a live cell system has been problematic due its relatively low expression level and the lack of sensitive antibodies. The lack of a suitable methodology to visualise murine perforin secretion into the synapse hinders the study of the cytotoxic lymphocyte secretory machinery in murine models of human disease. Here, we describe a novel recombinant technology, whereby a short ALFA-tag sequence has been fused with the amino-terminus of a mature murine perforin, and this allowed its detection by the highly specific FluoTag®-X2 anti-ALFA nanobodies using both Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy of an artificial synapse, and confocal microscopy of the physiological immune synapse with a target cell. This methodology can have broad application in the field of cytotoxic lymphocyte biology and for the many models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. Rudd-Schmidt
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Ilia Voskoboinik, ; Jesse A. Rudd-Schmidt,
| | - Romain F. Laine
- Medical Research Council (MRC)-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom,MicrographiaBio, Translation & Innovation Hub, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amelia J. Brennan
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Ilia Voskoboinik, ; Jesse A. Rudd-Schmidt,
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34
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Nüssing S, Sutton VR, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Beyond target cell death - Granzyme serine proteases in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101152. [PMID: 36368281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of small (∼32 kDa) serine proteases with a range of substrate specificities that are stored in, and released from, the cytoplasmic secretory vesicles ('granules') of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granzymes are not digestive proteases but finely tuned processing enzymes that target their substrates in specific ways to activate various signalling pathways, or to inactivate viral proteins and other targets. Great emphasis has been placed on studying the pro-apoptotic functions of granzymes, which largely depend on their synergy with the pore-forming protein perforin, on which they rely for penetration into the target cell cytosol to access their substrates. While a critical role for granzyme B in target cell apoptosis is undisputed, both it and the remaining granzymes also influence a variety of other biological processes (including important immunoregulatory functions), which are discussed in this review. This includes the targeting of many extracellular as well as intracellular substrates, and can also lead to deleterious outcomes for the host if granzyme expression or function are dysregulated or abrogated. A final important consideration is that granzyme repertoire, biochemistry and function vary considerably across species, probably resulting from the pressures applied by viruses and other pathogens across evolutionary time. This has implications for the interpretation of granzyme function in preclinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, ACT, Australia.
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35
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Weigelin B, Friedl P. T cell-mediated additive cytotoxicity - death by multiple bullets. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:980-987. [PMID: 35965200 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune effector cells, including cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), induce apoptosis and eliminate target cells by direct cell-cell contacts. In vivo, CTLs fail to efficiently kill solid tumor cells by individual contacts but rely upon multihit interactions by many CTLs (swarming). Recent evidence has indicated that multihit interactions by CTLs induce a series of sublethal damage events in target cells, including perforin-mediated membrane damage, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. Individual damage can be repaired, but when induced in rapid sequence, sublethal damage can accumulate and induce target cell death. Here, we summarize the sublethal damage and additive cytotoxicity concepts for CTL-induced and other cell stresses and discuss the implications for improving immunotherapy and multitargeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands (CGC.nl), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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36
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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37
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Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Jose J, Dimitrov I, Akhlaghi H, Sutton VR, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Perforin as Focused Immunosuppressants for Infection and Autoimmunity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14305-14325. [PMID: 36263926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New drugs that precisely target the immune mechanisms critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell driven pathologies are desperately needed. In this perspective, we explore the cytolytic protein perforin as a target for therapeutic intervention. Perforin plays an indispensable role in CTL/NK killing and controls a range of immune pathologies, while being encoded by a single copy gene with no redundancy of function. An immunosuppressant targeting this protein would provide the first-ever therapy focused specifically on one of the principal cell death pathways contributing to allotransplant rejection and underpinning multiple autoimmune and postinfectious diseases. No drugs that selectively block perforin-dependent cell death are currently in clinical use, so this perspective will review published novel small molecule inhibitors, concluding with in vivo proof-of-concept experiments performed in mouse models of perforin-mediated immune pathologies that provide a potential pathway toward a clinically useful therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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38
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Govendir MA, Kempe D, Sianati S, Cremasco J, Mazalo JK, Colakoglu F, Golo M, Poole K, Biro M. T cell cytoskeletal forces shape synapse topography for targeted lysis via membrane curvature bias of perforin. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2237-2247.e8. [PMID: 36113483 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse target cells by delivering lytic granules that contain the pore former perforin to the cytotoxic immunological synapse. Here, we establish that opposing cytoskeletal forces drive lytic granule polarization and simultaneously shape T cell synapse topography to enhance target perforation. At the cell rear, actomyosin contractility drives the anterograde movement of lytic granules toward the nucleus. At the synapse, dynein-derived forces induce negatively curved membrane pockets to which granules are transported around the nucleus. These highly concave degranulation pockets are located directly opposite positively curved bulges on the target cell membrane. We identify a curvature bias in the action of perforin, which preferentially perforates positively curved tumor cell membrane. Together, these findings demonstrate murine and human T cell-mediated cytotoxicity to be a highly tuned mechano-biochemical system, in which the forces that polarize lytic granules locally bend the synaptic membrane to favor the unidirectional perforation of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt A Govendir
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Setareh Sianati
- Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James Cremasco
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica K Mazalo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Feyza Colakoglu
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matteo Golo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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39
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Lelliott EJ, Ramsbottom KM, Dowling MR, Shembrey C, Noori T, Kearney CJ, Michie J, Parish IA, Jordan MA, Baxter AG, Young ND, Brennan AJ, Oliaro J. NKG7 Enhances CD8+ T Cell Synapse Efficiency to Limit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931630. [PMID: 35874669 PMCID: PMC9299089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are essential for anti-tumor immunity, and for effective responses to cancer immunotherapy. Natural killer cell granule protein 7 (NKG7) is expressed at high levels in cytotoxic lymphocytes infiltrating tumors from patients treated with immunotherapy, but until recently, the role of this protein in cytotoxic lymphocyte function was largely unknown. Unexpectedly, we found that highly CD8+ T cell-immunogenic murine colon carcinoma (MC38-OVA) tumors grew at an equal rate in Nkg7+/+ and Nkg7-/- littermate mice, suggesting NKG7 may not be necessary for effective CD8+ T cell anti-tumor activity. Mechanistically, we found that deletion of NKG7 reduces the ability of CD8+ T cells to degranulate and kill target cells in vitro. However, as a result of inefficient cytotoxic activity, NKG7 deficient T cells form a prolonged immune synapse with tumor cells, resulting in increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). By deleting the TNF receptor, TNFR1, from MC38-OVA tumors, we demonstrate that this hyper-secretion of TNF compensates for reduced synapse-mediated cytotoxic activity against MC38-OVA tumors in vivo, via increased TNF-mediated tumor cell death. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NKG7 enhances CD8+ T cell immune synapse efficiency, which may serve as a mechanism to accelerate direct cytotoxicity and limit potentially harmful inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lelliott
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn Shembrey
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tahereh Noori
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret A Jordan
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan G Baxter
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amelia J Brennan
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Density and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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40
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Gartlan KH, Jaiswal JK, Bull MR, Akhlaghi H, Sutton VR, Alexander KA, Chang K, Hill GR, Miller CK, O'Connor PD, Jose J, Trapani JA, Charman SA, Spicer JA, Jamieson SMF. Preclinical Activity and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship for a Series of Novel Benzenesulfonamide Perforin Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:429-439. [PMID: 35711815 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a key effector of lymphocyte-mediated cell death pathways and contributes to transplant rejection of immunologically mismatched grafts. We have developed a novel series of benzenesulfonamide (BZS) inhibitors of perforin that can mitigate graft rejection during allogeneic bone marrow/stem cell transplantation. Eight such perforin inhibitors were tested for their murine pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding, and their ability to block perforin-mediated lysis in vitro and to block the rejection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mouse bone marrow cells. All compounds showed >99% binding to plasma proteins and demonstrated perforin inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. A lead compound, compound 1, that showed significant increases in allogeneic bone marrow preservation was evaluated for its plasma pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy at multiple dosing regimens to establish a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship. The strongest PK/PD correlation was observed between perforin inhibition in vivo and time that total plasma concentrations remained above 900 μM, which correlates to unbound concentrations similar to 3× the unbound in vitro IC90 of compound 1. This PK/PD relationship will inform future dosing strategies of BZS perforin inhibitors to maintain concentrations above 3× the unbound IC90 for as long as possible to maximize efficacy and enhance progression toward clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Gartlan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jagdish K Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Bull
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kylie A Alexander
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Karshing Chang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Christian K Miller
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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41
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Ramírez-Labrada A, Pesini C, Santiago L, Hidalgo S, Calvo-Pérez A, Oñate C, Andrés-Tovar A, Garzón-Tituaña M, Uranga-Murillo I, Arias MA, Galvez EM, Pardo J. All About (NK Cell-Mediated) Death in Two Acts and an Unexpected Encore: Initiation, Execution and Activation of Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896228. [PMID: 35651603 PMCID: PMC9149431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are key mediators of immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward infected and transformed cells, being one of the main executors of cell death in the immune system. NK cells recognize target cells through an array of inhibitory and activating receptors for endogenous or exogenous pathogen-derived ligands, which together with adhesion molecules form a structure known as immunological synapse that regulates NK cell effector functions. The main and best characterized mechanisms involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity are the granule exocytosis pathway (perforin/granzymes) and the expression of death ligands. These pathways are recognized as activators of different cell death programmes on the target cells leading to their destruction. However, most studies analyzing these pathways have used pure recombinant or native proteins instead of intact NK cells and, thus, extrapolation of the results to NK cell-mediated cell death might be difficult. Specially, since the activation of granule exocytosis and/or death ligands during NK cell-mediated elimination of target cells might be influenced by the stimulus received from target cells and other microenvironment components, which might affect the cell death pathways activated on target cells. Here we will review and discuss the available experimental evidence on how NK cells kill target cells, with a special focus on the different cell death modalities that have been found to be activated during NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity; including apoptosis and more inflammatory pathways like necroptosis and pyroptosis. In light of this new evidence, we will develop the new concept of cell death induced by NK cells as a new regulatory mechanism linking innate immune response with the activation of tumour adaptive T cell responses, which might be the initiating stimulus that trigger the cancer-immunity cycle. The use of the different cell death pathways and the modulation of the tumour cell molecular machinery regulating them might affect not only tumour cell elimination by NK cells but, in addition, the generation of T cell responses against the tumour that would contribute to efficient tumour elimination and generate cancer immune memory preventing potential recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ramírez-Labrada
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología (UNATI), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cecilia Pesini
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB), CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra Hidalgo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adanays Calvo-Pérez
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Oñate
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Andrés-Tovar
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcela Garzón-Tituaña
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel A Arias
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB), CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo ARAID Foundation, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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42
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McKenzie B, Khazen R, Valitutti S. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: How Tumor Cells Defend Against the Siege Weapons of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894306. [PMID: 35592329 PMCID: PMC9110820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the main cellular effectors of the adaptive immune response against cancer cells, which in turn have evolved sophisticated cellular defense mechanisms to withstand CTL attack. Herein we provide a critical review of the pertinent literature on early and late attack/defense events taking place at the CTL/target cell lytic synapse. We examine the earliest steps of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity (“the poison arrows”) elicited within seconds of CTL/target cell encounter, which face commensurately rapid synaptic repair mechanisms on the tumor cell side, providing the first formidable barrier to CTL attack. We examine how breach of this first defensive barrier unleashes the inextinguishable “Greek fire” in the form of granzymes whose broad cytotoxic potential is linked to activation of cell death executioners, injury of vital organelles, and destruction of intracellular homeostasis. Herein tumor cells deploy slower but no less sophisticated defensive mechanisms in the form of enhanced autophagy, increased reparative capacity, and dysregulation of cell death pathways. We discuss how the newly discovered supra-molecular attack particles (SMAPs, the “scorpion bombs”), seek to overcome the robust defensive mechanisms that confer tumor cell resistance. Finally, we discuss the implications of the aforementioned attack/defense mechanisms on the induction of regulated cell death (RCD), and how different contemporary RCD modalities (including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis) may have profound implications for immunotherapy. Thus, we propose that understanding and targeting multiple steps of the attack/defense process will be instrumental to enhance the efficacy of CTL anti-tumor activity and meet the outstanding challenges in clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienne McKenzie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxana Khazen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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43
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Abstract
Removing membrane pores may help cancer cells survive T cell assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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44
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Ritter AT, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Weigel A, Hoffman DP, Freeman M, Iyer N, Alivodej N, Ackerman D, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J, Hess HF, Mellman I. ESCRT-mediated membrane repair protects tumor-derived cells against T cell attack. Science 2022; 376:377-382. [PMID: 35446649 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells kill virus-infected and tumor cells through the polarized release of perforin and granzymes. Perforin is a pore-forming toxin that creates a lesion in the plasma membrane of the target cell through which granzymes enter the cytosol and initiate apoptosis. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins are involved in the repair of small membrane wounds. We found that ESCRT proteins were precisely recruited in target cells to sites of CTL engagement immediately after perforin release. Inhibition of ESCRT machinery in cancer-derived cells enhanced their susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing. Thus, repair of perforin pores by ESCRT machinery limits granzyme entry into the cytosol, potentially enabling target cells to resist cytolytic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Aubrey Weigel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David P Hoffman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Melanie Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nirmala Iyer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nensi Alivodej
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David Ackerman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Trapani
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Harald F Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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45
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Knörck A, Schäfer G, Alansary D, Richter J, Thurner L, Hoth M, Schwarz EC. Cytotoxic Efficiency of Human CD8+ T Cell Memory Subtypes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838484. [PMID: 35493468 PMCID: PMC9043813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is important to protect humans against recurring diseases. Memory CD8+ T cells are required for quick expansion into effector cells but also provide immediate cytotoxicity against their targets. Whereas many functions of the two main cytotoxic subtypes, effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM) and central memory CD8+ T cells (TCM), are well defined, single TEM and TCM cell cytotoxicity has not been quantified. To quantify cytotoxic efficiency of TEM and TCM, we developed a FRET-based single cell fluorescent assay with NALM6 target cells which allows analysis of target cell apoptosis, secondary necrosis following apoptosis, and primary necrosis after TEM- or TCM-target cell contact. Both, single cell and population cytotoxicity assays reveal a higher cytotoxic efficiency of TEM compared to TCM, as quantified by target cell apoptosis and secondary necrosis. Perforin, granzyme B, FasL, but not TRAIL expression are higher in TEM compared to TCM. Higher perforin levels (likely in combination with higher granzyme levels) mediate higher cytotoxic efficiency of TEM compared to TCM. Both, TEM and TCM need the same time to find their targets, however contact time between CTL and target, time to induce apoptosis, and time to induce secondary necrosis are all shorter for TEM. In addition, immune synapse formation in TEM appears to be slightly more efficient than in TCM. Defining and quantifying single TEM and TCM cytotoxicity and the respective mechanisms is important to optimize future subset-based immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Knörck
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schäfer
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Richter
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- Internal Medicine I, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C. Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Eva C. Schwarz,
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46
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Zeng X, Zheng M, Liu T, Bahabayi A, Song S, Alimu X, Kang R, Lu S, Song Y, Liu C. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Expressing GPR56 are Up-regulated in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Reflect Disease Progression. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1804-1819. [PMID: 35404706 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2058403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to elucidate the changes in the percentage of GPR56 and/or granzyme B (GZMB) positive cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, and to explore their clinical value in diagnosing and reflecting the progression of RA. METHODS The percentages of GPR56 and/or GZMB positive cells were analyzed in peripheral blood (PB) and spleen T cells in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model established in DBA/1 mice. The percentages of GPR56+ and/or GZMB+ cells were further analyzed in PBs from RA patients and healthy controls. Correlation analysis was performed between clinical indicators and GPR56+, GZMB+, and GPR56+ GZMB+ T cells. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the value of GPR56 and GZMB in differentiating active and stable remitting RA. RESULTS GPR56+ levels were increased in CD4 and CD8 T cells in the PB of CIA mice. The percentages of GPR56+ and GZMB+ cells were increased in both CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets in patients with active RA. GPR56+, GZMB+, and GPR56+ GZMB+ cells were positively correlated with rheumatoid factor and DAS28. ROC analysis revealed that AUCs for GPR56+, GZMB+, and GPR56+ GZMB+ cell percentages to distinguish active RA from stable remission RA were 0.7106, 0.6941, 0.7024, with cut-off values of 16.35, 16.40, 14.80 in CD4 + T cells, and 0.8031, 0.8086, 0.8196 with cut-off values 60.25, 62.15, 40.15 in CD8 + T cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS GPR56+ and/or GZMB+ T cells are up-regulated in patients with active RA and reflect their condition. The detection of GPR56 and GZMB is helpful for RA disease assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mohan Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ayibaota Bahabayi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiayidan Alimu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songsong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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47
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Heib M, Weiß J, Saggau C, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Adam D. Ars moriendi: Proteases as sculptors of cellular suicide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119191. [PMID: 34973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ars moriendi, which translates to "The Art of Dying," encompasses two Latin texts that gave advice on how to die well and without fear according to the Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. Given that ten to hundred billion cells die in our bodies every day, it is obvious that the concept of a well and orderly ("regulated") death is also paramount at the cellular level. In apoptosis, as the most well-studied form of regulated cell death, proteases of the caspase family are the central mediators. However, caspases are not the only proteases that act as sculptors of cellular suicide, and therefore, we here provide an overview of the impact of proteases in apoptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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48
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Tuomela K, Ambrose AR, Davis DM. Escaping Death: How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867098. [PMID: 35401556 PMCID: PMC8984481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are critical in our immune defence against cancer and infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells can directly lyse malignant or infected cells in at least two ways: granule-mediated cytotoxicity, involving perforin and granzyme B, or death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, involving the death receptor ligands, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). In either case, a multi-step pathway is triggered to facilitate lysis, relying on active pro-death processes and signalling within the target cell. Because of this reliance on an active response from the target cell, each mechanism of cell-mediated killing can be manipulated by malignant and infected cells to evade cytolytic death. Here, we review the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and examine how cells may evade these cytolytic processes. This includes resistance to perforin through degradation or reduced pore formation, resistance to granzyme B through inhibition or autophagy, and resistance to death receptors through inhibition of downstream signalling or changes in protein expression. We also consider the importance of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms against this pathway. Altogether, it is clear that target cells are not passive bystanders to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms can significantly constrain immune cell-mediated killing. Understanding these processes of immune evasion may lead to novel ideas for medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel M. Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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49
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Larsen SE, Williams BD, Rais M, Coler RN, Baldwin SL. It Takes a Village: The Multifaceted Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840225. [PMID: 35359957 PMCID: PMC8960931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite co-evolving with humans for centuries and being intensely studied for decades, the immune correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have yet to be fully defined. This lapse in understanding is a major lag in the pipeline for evaluating and advancing efficacious vaccine candidates. While CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) pro-inflammatory responses have a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, the historically narrow focus on this cell population may have eclipsed the characterization of other requisite arms of the immune system. Over the last decade, the tuberculosis (TB) research community has intentionally and intensely increased the breadth of investigation of other immune players. Here, we review mechanistic preclinical studies as well as clinical anecdotes that suggest the degree to which different cell types, such as NK cells, CD8+ T cells, γ δ T cells, and B cells, influence infection or disease prevention. Additionally, we categorically outline the observed role each major cell type plays in vaccine-induced immunity, including Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Novel vaccine candidates advancing through either the preclinical or clinical pipeline leverage different platforms (e.g., protein + adjuvant, vector-based, nucleic acid-based) to purposefully elicit complex immune responses, and we review those design rationales and results to date. The better we as a community understand the essential composition, magnitude, timing, and trafficking of immune responses against Mtb, the closer we are to reducing the severe disease burden and toll on human health inflicted by TB globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittany D. Williams
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maham Rais
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Susan L. Baldwin,
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50
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Panda A, Betigeri A, Ganesan S. A Gene Panel for Early Identification of Future Responders to Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Front Genet 2022; 13:706468. [PMID: 35309122 PMCID: PMC8928072 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.706468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), therapies that target the PD-1 pathway, CTLA-4 pathway, and other checkpoint pathways, lead to durable responses in many cancer types. Since only a minority of patients respond to ICB, it may be useful to identify the future responders early in the course of treatment. In this study we evaluated a small (15 genes) biologically motivated panel, consisting of genes involved in immune activation and checkpoint pathways, for early identification of future responders to ICB. The panel passed consistency check, pathological and in-silico validations, and was an excellent predictor (area under ROC curve >0.95) of eventual response to ICB, both CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade, when applied to metastatic melanoma patients undergoing ICB (i.e., “on-treatment”) in a publicly available dataset. These results suggest that this small biologically motivated panel may be useful for early identification of future responders to ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Panda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Anshuman Panda,
| | - Anil Betigeri
- Akash Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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