1
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Jucht AE, Scholz CC. PHD1-3 oxygen sensors in vivo-lessons learned from gene deletions. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1307-1337. [PMID: 38509356 PMCID: PMC11310289 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensors enable cells to adapt to limited oxygen availability (hypoxia), affecting various cellular and tissue responses. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 1-3 (PHD1-3; also called Egln1-3, HIF-P4H 1-3, HIF-PH 1-3) proteins belong to the Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily and utilise molecular oxygen (O2) alongside 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrate to hydroxylate two proline residues of α subunits of the dimeric hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor. PHD1-3-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-α leads to its degradation and inactivation. Recently, various PHD inhibitors (PHI) have entered the clinics for treatment of renal anaemia. Pre-clinical analyses indicate that PHI treatment may also be beneficial in numerous other hypoxia-associated diseases. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed protective effects of PHIs are only partly understood, currently hindering their translation into the clinics. Moreover, the PHI-mediated increase of Epo levels is not beneficial in all hypoxia-associated diseases and PHD-selective inhibition may be advantageous. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the relevance and function of each of the three PHD isoforms in vivo, based on the deletion or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of each single corresponding gene in rodents. This information is crucial for our understanding of the physiological relevance and function of the PHDs as well as for elucidating their individual impact on hypoxia-associated diseases. Furthermore, this knowledge highlights which diseases may best be targeted by PHD isoform-selective inhibitors in case such pharmacologic substances become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Jucht
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Slawski J, Jaśkiewicz M, Barton A, Kozioł S, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. Regulation of the HIF switch in human endothelial and cancer cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151386. [PMID: 38262137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that reprogram the transcriptome for cells to survive hypoxic insults and oxidative stress. They are important during embryonic development and reprogram the cells to utilize glycolysis when the oxygen levels are extremely low. This metabolic change facilitates normal cell survival as well as cancer cell survival. The key feature in survival is the transition between acute hypoxia and chronic hypoxia, and this is regulated by the transition between HIF-1 expression and HIF-2/HIF-3 expression. This transition is observed in many human cancers and endothelial cells and referred to as the HIF Switch. Here we discuss the mechanisms involved in the HIF Switch in human endothelial and cancer cells which include mRNA and protein levels of the alpha chains of the HIFs. A major continuing effort in this field is directed towards determining the differences between normal and tumor cell utilization of this important pathway, and how this could lead to potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Slawski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- International Research Agenda 3P, Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Barton
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kozioł
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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3
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Xiao W, Shrimali N, Oldham WM, Clish CB, He H, Wong SJ, Wertheim BM, Arons E, Haigis MC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Branched chain α-ketoacids aerobically activate HIF1α signaling in vascular cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.595538. [PMID: 38853866 PMCID: PMC11160772 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.595538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is a master regulator of numerous biological processes under low oxygen tensions. Yet, the mechanisms and biological consequences of aerobic HIF1α activation by intrinsic factors, particularly in primary cells remain elusive. Here, we show that HIF1α signaling is activated in several human primary vascular cells under ambient oxygen tensions, and in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of normal human lung tissue, which contributed to a relative resistance to further enhancement of glycolytic activity in hypoxia. Mechanistically, aerobic HIFα activation is mediated by paracrine secretion of three branched chain α-ketoacids (BCKAs), which suppress prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) activity via direct inhibition and via lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)-mediated generation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG). Metabolic dysfunction induced by BCKAs was observed in the lungs of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from idiopathic PAH patients. BCKA supplementation stimulated glycolytic activity and promoted a phenotypic switch to the synthetic phenotype in PASMCs of normal and PAH subjects. In summary, we identify BCKAs as novel signaling metabolites that activate HIF1α signaling in normoxia and that the BCKA-HIF1α pathway modulates VSMC function and may be relevant to pulmonary vascular pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Xiao
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nishith Shrimali
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William M. Oldham
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Huamei He
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samantha J. Wong
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley M. Wertheim
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Arons
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcia C. Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jane A. Leopold
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Stepien BK, Wielockx B. From Vessels to Neurons-The Role of Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Embryonic Neurogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:621. [PMID: 38607059 PMCID: PMC11012138 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurogenesis can be defined as a period of prenatal development during which divisions of neural stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons. In the central nervous system of most mammals, including humans, the majority of neocortical neurogenesis occurs before birth. It is a highly spatiotemporally organized process whose perturbations lead to cortical malformations and dysfunctions underlying neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and in which oxygen availability plays a critical role. In case of deprived oxygen conditions, known as hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway is activated, resulting in the selective expression of a group of genes that regulate homeostatic adaptations, including cell differentiation and survival, metabolism and angiogenesis. While a physiological degree of hypoxia is essential for proper brain development, imbalanced oxygen levels can adversely affect this process, as observed in common obstetrical pathologies such as prematurity. This review comprehensively explores and discusses the current body of knowledge regarding the role of hypoxia and the HIF pathway in embryonic neurogenesis of the mammalian cortex. Additionally, it highlights existing gaps in our understanding, presents unanswered questions, and provides avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Stepien
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Zhang S, Mei Y, Zhao B. Editorial: New insights into dyserythropoiesis: from pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms to treatments for erythroid disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1321170. [PMID: 38020925 PMCID: PMC10653385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1321170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Baobing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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6
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Kragesteen BK, Giladi A, David E, Halevi S, Geirsdóttir L, Lempke OM, Li B, Bapst AM, Xie K, Katzenelenbogen Y, Dahl SL, Sheban F, Gurevich-Shapiro A, Zada M, Phan TS, Avellino R, Wang SY, Barboy O, Shlomi-Loubaton S, Winning S, Markwerth PP, Dekalo S, Keren-Shaul H, Kedmi M, Sikora M, Fandrey J, Korneliussen TS, Prchal JT, Rosenzweig B, Yutkin V, Racimo F, Willerslev E, Gur C, Wenger RH, Amit I. The transcriptional and regulatory identity of erythropoietin producing cells. Nat Med 2023; 29:1191-1200. [PMID: 37106166 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is the master regulator of erythropoiesis and oxygen homeostasis. Despite its physiological importance, the molecular and genomic contexts of the cells responsible for renal Epo production remain unclear, limiting more-effective therapies for anemia. Here, we performed single-cell RNA and transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) sequencing of an Epo reporter mouse to molecularly identify Epo-producing cells under hypoxic conditions. Our data indicate that a distinct population of kidney stroma, which we term Norn cells, is the major source of endocrine Epo production in mice. We use these datasets to identify the markers, signaling pathways and transcriptional circuits characteristic of Norn cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and RNA in situ hybridization in human kidney tissues, we further provide evidence that this cell population is conserved in humans. These preliminary findings open new avenues to functionally dissect EPO gene regulation in health and disease and may serve as groundwork to improve erythropoiesis-stimulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørt K Kragesteen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shahar Halevi
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Laufey Geirsdóttir
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga M Lempke
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andreas M Bapst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ken Xie
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Sophie L Dahl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fadi Sheban
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Gurevich-Shapiro
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Division of Haematology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Zada
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Truong San Phan
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roberto Avellino
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shuang-Yin Wang
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Barboy
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shir Shlomi-Loubaton
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sandra Winning
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Snir Dekalo
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Urology Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Kedmi
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin Sikora
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Josef T Prchal
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Barak Rosenzweig
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Vladimir Yutkin
- Department of Urology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fernando Racimo
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chamutal Gur
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roland H Wenger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research 'Kidney.CH', University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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7
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Yang J, Ruan Y, Wang D, Fan J, Luo N, Chen H, Li X, Chen W, Wang X. VHL-recruiting PROTAC attenuates renal fibrosis and preserves renal function via simultaneous degradation of Smad3 and stabilization of HIF-2α. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:203. [PMID: 36536448 PMCID: PMC9761961 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is the pathological foundation of various chronic kidney diseases progressing to end stage renal failure. However, there are currently no nephroprotective drugs targeted to the fibrotic process in clinical practice. Proteolytic targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which reversibly degrade target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, is a novel therapeutic modality. Smad3 is a key pathogenic factor in fibrogenesis while HIF-2α exhibits prominent renal protective effects, which is the natural substrate of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 Ligase. We hypothesied the construction of VHL-recruiting, Smad3-targeting PROTAC might combine the effects of Smad3 degradation and HIF-2α stabilization, which not only improving the clinical efficacy of PROTAC but also avoiding its potential off-target effects, could greatly improve the possibility of its translation into clinical drugs. METHODS By joining the Smad3-binding small molecule compound (SMC) to VHL-binding SMC with a linker, we designed and synthesized a Smad3-targeting, VHL-based PROTAC. The effects of this PROTAC on targeted proteins were verified both in vitro and in vivo. The toxicity and pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations were conducted with both male and female mice. The renal protection effects and mechanism of PROTAC were evaluated in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy (5/6Nx) mouse model. RESULTS By optimizing the linker and the Smad3-binding SMC, we got a stable and high efficient PROTAC which simultaneously degraded Smad3 and stabilized HIF-2α both in vivo and in vitro. The acute toxicity evaluation showed a pretty large therapeutic window of the PROTAC. The prominent renal protection effects and its underlying mechanism including anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory, improving renal anemia and promoting kidney repair, had all been verified in UUO and 5/6Nx mouse model. CONCLUSION By accurate combination of PROTAC targeted protein and E3 ligase, we got a Smad3-targeting, VHL-recruting PROTAC which caused Smad3 degradation and HIF-2α stabilization effects simultaneously, and led to the strong renal function protection effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Yuyi Ruan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Dan Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Jinjin Fan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Ning Luo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Huiting Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Wei Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XNHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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8
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Bouthelier A, Fernández-Arroyo L, Mesa-Ciller C, Cibrian D, Martín-Cófreces NB, Castillo-González R, Calero M, Herráez-Aguilar D, Guajardo-Grence A, Pacheco AM, Marcos-Jiménez A, Quiroga B, Morado M, Monroy F, Muñoz-Calleja C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Urrutia AA, Aragonés J. Erythroid SLC7A5/SLC3A2 amino acid carrier controls red blood cell size and maturation. iScience 2022; 26:105739. [PMID: 36582828 PMCID: PMC9792907 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the heterodimeric amino acid carrier SLC7A5/SLC3A2 (LAT1/CD98) has been widely studied in tumor biology but its role in physiological conditions remains largely unknown. Here we show that the SLC7A5/SLC3A2 heterodimer is constitutively present at different stages of erythroid differentiation but absent in mature erythrocytes. Administration of erythropoietin (EPO) further induces SLC7A5/SLC3A2 expression in circulating reticulocytes, as it also occurs in anemic conditions. Although Slc7a5 gene inactivation in the erythrocyte lineage does not compromise the total number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), their size and hemoglobin content are significantly reduced accompanied by a diminished erythroblast mTORC1 activity. Furthermore circulating Slc7a5-deficient reticulocytes are characterized by lower transferrin receptor (CD71) expression as well as mitochondrial activity, suggesting a premature transition to mature RBCs. These data reveal that SLC7A5/SLC3A2 ensures adequate maturation of reticulocytes as well as the proper size and hemoglobin content of circulating RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bouthelier
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández-Arroyo
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Mesa-Ciller
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Beatriz Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-González
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain,Pathology Anatomy Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Calero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain,Translational Biophysics. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Herráez-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Guajardo-Grence
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Quiroga
- Nephrology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Morado
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain,Translational Biophysics. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Nephrology Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés A. Urrutia
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Aragonés
- Research Unit, Hospital of Santa Cristina, Research Institute Princesa (IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author
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9
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Wen JH, Li DY, Liang S, Tang JX. Is LysM-Cre a good candidate Cre for knocking out Atg5 gene in mice? Front Immunol 2022; 13:964496. [PMID: 36420266 PMCID: PMC9678185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Dahl SL, Bapst AM, Khodo SN, Scholz CC, Wenger RH. Fount, fate, features, and function of renal erythropoietin-producing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:783-797. [PMID: 35750861 PMCID: PMC9338912 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Renal erythropoietin (Epo)-producing (REP) cells represent a rare and incompletely understood cell type. REP cells are fibroblast-like cells located in close proximity to blood vessels and tubules of the corticomedullary border region. Epo mRNA in REP cells is produced in a pronounced "on-off" mode, showing transient transcriptional bursts upon exposure to hypoxia. In contrast to "ordinary" fibroblasts, REP cells do not proliferate ex vivo, cease to produce Epo, and lose their identity following immortalization and prolonged in vitro culture, consistent with the loss of Epo production following REP cell proliferation during tissue remodelling in chronic kidney disease. Because Epo protein is usually not detectable in kidney tissue, and Epo mRNA is only transiently induced under hypoxic conditions, transgenic mouse models have been developed to permanently label REP cell precursors, active Epo producers, and inactive descendants. Future single-cell analyses of the renal stromal compartment will identify novel characteristic markers of tagged REP cells, which will provide novel insights into the regulation of Epo expression in this unique cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Dahl
- Institute of Physiology and National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas M Bapst
- Institute of Physiology and National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stellor Nlandu Khodo
- Institute of Physiology and National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Institute of Physiology and National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roland H Wenger
- Institute of Physiology and National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Christoph M, Pflücke C, Mensch M, Augstein A, Jellinghaus S, Ende G, Mierke J, Franke K, Wielockx B, Ibrahim K, Poitz DM. Myeloid PHD2 deficiency accelerates neointima formation via Hif-1α. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:48-58. [PMID: 35724581 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The key players of the hypoxic response are the hypoxia-inducible factors (Hif), whose α-subunits are tightly regulated by Prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD), predominantly by PHD2. Monocytes/Macrophages are involved in atherosclerosis but also restenosis and were found at hypoxic and sites of the lesion. Little is known about the role of the myeloid PHD2 in atherosclerosis and neointima formation. The study aimed to investigate the consequences of a myeloid deficiency of PHD2 in the process of neointima formation using an arterial denudation model. LysM-cre mice were crossed with PHD2fl/fl, PHD2fl/fl/Hif1αfl/fl and PHD2fl/fl/Hif2αfl/fl to get myeloid specific knockout of PHD2 and the Hif-α subunits. Denudation of the femoral artery was performed and animals were fed a western type diet afterwards with analysis of neointima formation 5 and 35 days after denudation. Increased neointima formation in myeloid PHD2 knockouts was observed, which was blunted by double-knockout of PHD2 and Hif1α whereas double knockout of PHD2 and Hif-2α showed comparable lesions to the PHD2 knockouts. Macrophage infiltration was comparable to the neointima formation, suggesting a more inflammatory reaction, and was accompanied by increased intimal VEGF-A expression. Collagen-content inversely correlated to the extent of neointima formation suggesting a destabilization of the plaque. This effect might be triggered by macrophage polarization. Therefore, in vitro results showed a distinct expression pattern in differentially polarized macrophages with high expression of Hif-1α, VEGF and MMP-1 in proinflammatory M1 macrophages. In conclusion, the results show that myeloid Hif-1α is involved in neointima hyperplasia. Our in vivo and in vitro data reveal a central role for this transcription factor in driving plaque-vascularization accompanied by matrix-degradation leading to plaque destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Christoph
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität, Dresden Campus, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Pflücke
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mensch
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Augstein
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jellinghaus
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Ende
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Mierke
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karim Ibrahim
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität, Dresden Campus, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - David M Poitz
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Wolf D, Muralidharan A, Mohan S. Role of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins in bone metabolism. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2022; 8:1-10. [PMID: 35415275 PMCID: PMC8987327 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism requires dissolved oxygen gas. Because evolutionary refinements have constrained mammalian dissolved oxygen levels, intracellular oxygen sensors are vital for optimizing the bioenergetic and biosynthetic use of dissolved oxygen. Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) homologs 1-3 (PHD1/2/3) are molecular oxygen dependent non-heme dioxygenases whose enzymatic activity is regulated by the concentration of dissolved oxygen. PHD oxygen dependency has evolved into an important intracellular oxygen sensor. The most well studied mechanism of PHD oxygen-sensing is its regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hypoxia signaling pathway. Heterodimeric HIF transcription factor activity is regulated post-translationally by selective PHD proline hydroxylation of its HIF1α subunit, accelerating HIF1α ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, preventing HIF heterodimer assembly, nuclear accumulation, and activation of its target oxygen homeostasis genes. Phd2 has been shown to be the key isoform responsible for HIF1α subunit regulation in many cell types and accordingly disruption of the Phd2 gene results in embryonic lethality. In bone cells Phd2 is expressed in high abundance and tightly regulated. Conditional disruption of the Phd1, Phd2 and/or Phd3 gene in various bone cell types using different Cre drivers reveals a major role for PHD2 in skeletal growth and development. In this review, we will summarize the state of current knowledge on the role and mechanism of action of PHD2 as oxygen sensor in regulating bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wolf
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Aruljothi Muralidharan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department Biochemistry and Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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13
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Hoang M, Jentz E, Janssen SM, Nasteska D, Cuozzo F, Hodson DJ, Tupling AR, Fong GH, Joseph JW. Isoform-specific Roles of Prolyl Hydroxylases in the Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Function. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6413706. [PMID: 34718519 PMCID: PMC8643417 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells can secrete insulin via 2 pathways characterized as KATP channel -dependent and -independent. The KATP channel-independent pathway is characterized by a rise in several potential metabolic signaling molecules, including the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and α-ketoglutarate (αKG). Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), which belong to the αKG-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, are known to regulate the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor α. In the current study, we assess the role of PHDs in vivo using the pharmacological inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and generated β-cell-specific knockout (KO) mice for all 3 isoforms of PHD (β-PHD1 KO, β-PHD2 KO, and β-PHD3 KO mice). DMOG inhibited in vivo insulin secretion in response to glucose challenge and inhibited the first phase of insulin secretion but enhanced the second phase of insulin secretion in isolated islets. None of the β-PHD KO mice showed any significant in vivo defects associated with glucose tolerance and insulin resistance except for β-PHD2 KO mice which had significantly increased plasma insulin during a glucose challenge. Islets from both β-PHD1 KO and β-PHD3 KO had elevated β-cell apoptosis and reduced β-cell mass. Isolated islets from β-PHD1 KO and β-PHD3 KO had impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated increases in the ATP/ADP and NADPH/NADP+ ratio. All 3 PHD isoforms are expressed in β-cells, with PHD3 showing the most distinct expression pattern. The lack of each PHD protein did not significantly impair in vivo glucose homeostasis. However, β-PHD1 KO and β-PHD3 KO mice had defective β-cell mass and islet insulin secretion, suggesting that these mice may be predisposed to developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Emelien Jentz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M Janssen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Federica Cuozzo
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jamie W Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Jamie W. Joseph, PhD, Health Science Campus Building A, Room 4008, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5.
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14
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Zhou M, Zhang T, Zhang B, Zhang X, Gao S, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Lin Y. A DNA Nanostructure-Based Neuroprotectant against Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibiting Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway in Acute Ischemic Stroke. ACS NANO 2021; 16:1456-1470. [PMID: 34967217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a main cause of cognitive neurological deficits and disability worldwide due to a plethora of neuronal apoptosis. Unfortunately, numerous neuroprotectants for neurons have failed because of biological toxicity, severe side effects, and poor efficacy. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) possess excellent biocompatibility and various biological functions. Here, we tested the efficacy of a tFNA for providing neuroprotection against neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. The tFNA prevented apoptosis of neurons (SHSY-5Y cells) caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation through interfering with ischemia cascades (excitotoxicity and oxidative stress) in vitro. It effectively ameliorated the microenvironment of the ischemic hemisphere by upregulating expression of erythropoietin and inhibiting inflammation, which reversed neuronal loss, alleviated cell apoptosis, significantly shrank the infarction volume from 33.9% to 2.7%, and attenuated neurological deficits in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat models in vivo. In addition, blocking the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential mechanism of the neuroprotection by tFNA in ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that tFNA is a safe pleiotropic nanoneuroprotectant and a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Broeker KAE, Fuchs MAA, Schrankl J, Lehrmann C, Schley G, Todorov VT, Hugo C, Wagner C, Kurtz A. Prolyl-4-hydroxylases 2 and 3 control erythropoietin production in renin-expressing cells of mouse kidneys. J Physiol 2021; 600:671-694. [PMID: 34863041 DOI: 10.1113/jp282615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hypoxia-signalling pathway induced by deletion of the ubiquitin-ligase von Hippel-Lindau protein causes an endocrine shift of renin-producing cells to erythropoietin (EPO)-expressing cells. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been investigated. Since oxygen-regulated stability of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors relevant for EPO expression is dependent on the activity of prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD) 2 and 3, this study aimed to determine the relevance of different PHD isoforms for the EPO expression in renin-producing cells in vivo. For this purpose, mice with inducible renin cell-specific deletions of different PHD isoforms were analysed. Our study shows that there are two subgroups of renal renin-expressing cells, juxtaglomerular renin+ cells and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β+ interstitial renin+ cells. These interstitial renin+ cells belong to the cell pool of native EPO-producing cells and are able to express EPO and renin in parallel. In contrast, co-deletion of PHD2 and PHD3, but not PHD2 deletion alone, induces EPO expression in juxtaglomerular and hyperplastic renin+ cells and downregulates renin expression. A strong basal PHD3 expression in juxtaglomerular renin+ cells seems to prevent the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-2-dependent phenotype shift into EPO cells. In summary, PHDs seem important for the stabilization of the juxtaglomerular renin cell phenotype. Moreover, these findings reveal tubulointerstitial cells as a novel site of renal renin expression and suggest a high endocrine plasticity of these cells. Our data concerning the distinct expression patterns and functions of PHD2 and PHD3 provide new insights into the regulation of renin-producing cells and highlight the need for selective PHD inhibitors. KEY POINTS: Renal renin-expressing cells can be clearly distinguished into two subgroups, the typical juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells and interstitial renin+ cells. Interstitial renin+ cells belong to the cell pool of native erythropoietin (EPO)-producing cells, show a fast EPO response to acute hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF-2) stabilization and are able to express EPO and renin in parallel. Only co-deletion of the prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD) 2 and 3, but not PHD2 deletion alone, induces EPO expression in juxtaglomerular renin+ cells. Chronic HIF-2 stabilization in juxtaglomerular renin-expressing cells leads to their phenotypic shift into EPO-producing cells. A strong basal PHD3 expression in juxtaglomerular renin+ cells seems to prevent a HIF-2-dependent phenotype shift into EPO cells suggesting PHD3 fulfils a stabilizer function for the juxtaglomerular renin cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lehrmann
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schley
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Watts D, Bechmann N, Meneses A, Poutakidou IK, Kaden D, Conrad C, Krüger A, Stein J, El-Armouche A, Chavakis T, Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M, Wielockx B. HIF2α regulates the synthesis and release of epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1655-1666. [PMID: 34480587 PMCID: PMC8542008 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal gland and its hormones regulate numerous fundamental biological processes; however, the impact of hypoxia signaling on adrenal function remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that deficiency of HIF (hypoxia inducible factors) prolyl hydroxylase domain protein-2 (PHD2) in the adrenal medulla of mice results in HIF2α-mediated reduction in phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) expression, and consequent reduction in epinephrine synthesis. Simultaneous loss of PHD2 in renal erythropoietin (EPO)-producing cells (REPCs) stimulated HIF2α-driven EPO overproduction, excessive RBC formation (erythrocytosis), and systemic hypoglycemia, which is necessary and sufficient to enhance exocytosis of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. Based on these results, we propose that the PHD2-HIF2α axis in the adrenal medulla regulates the synthesis of epinephrine, whereas in REPCs, it indirectly induces the release of this hormone. Our findings are also highly relevant to the testing of small molecule PHD inhibitors in phase III clinical trials for patients with renal anemia. KEY MESSAGES: HIF2α and not HIF1α modulates PNMT during epinephrine synthesis in chromaffin cells. The PHD2-HIF2α-EPO axis induces erythrocytosis and hypoglycemia. Reduced systemic glucose facilitates exocytosis of epinephrine from adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Watts
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ana Meneses
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioanna K Poutakidou
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Kaden
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catleen Conrad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Krüger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Stein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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HIF2α is a direct regulator of neutrophil motility. Blood 2021; 137:3416-3427. [PMID: 33619535 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchestrated recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed tissue is essential during the initiation of inflammation. Inflamed areas are usually hypoxic, and adaptation to reduced oxygen pressure is typically mediated by hypoxia pathway proteins. However, it remains unclear how these factors influence the migration of neutrophils to and at the site of inflammation during their transmigration through the blood-endothelial cell barrier, as well as their motility in the interstitial space. Here, we reveal that activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF2α) as a result of a deficiency in HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) boosts neutrophil migration specifically through highly confined microenvironments. In vivo, the increased migratory capacity of PHD2-deficient neutrophils resulted in massive tissue accumulation in models of acute local inflammation. Using systematic RNA sequencing analyses and mechanistic approaches, we identified RhoA, a cytoskeleton organizer, as the central downstream factor that mediates HIF2α-dependent neutrophil motility. Thus, we propose that the novel PHD2-HIF2α-RhoA axis is vital to the initial stages of inflammation because it promotes neutrophil movement through highly confined tissue landscapes.
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18
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Gaete D, Rodriguez D, Watts D, Sormendi S, Chavakis T, Wielockx B. HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Proteins (PHDs) in Cancer-Potential Targets for Anti-Tumor Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:988. [PMID: 33673417 PMCID: PMC7956578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are typically associated with unbridled proliferation of malignant cells, accompanied by an immature and dysfunctional tumor-associated vascular network. Consequent impairment in transport of nutrients and oxygen eventually leads to a hypoxic environment wherein cells must adapt to survive and overcome these stresses. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are central transcription factors in the hypoxia response and drive the expression of a vast number of survival genes in cancer cells and in cells in the tumor microenvironment. HIFs are tightly controlled by a class of oxygen sensors, the HIF-prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs), which hydroxylate HIFs, thereby marking them for proteasomal degradation. Remarkable and intense research during the past decade has revealed that, contrary to expectations, PHDs are often overexpressed in many tumor types, and that inhibition of PHDs can lead to decreased tumor growth, impaired metastasis, and diminished tumor-associated immune-tolerance. Therefore, PHDs represent an attractive therapeutic target in cancer research. Multiple PHD inhibitors have been developed that were either recently accepted in China as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) or are currently in phase III trials. We review here the function of HIFs and PHDs in cancer and related therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.G.); (D.R.); (D.W.); (S.S.); (T.C.)
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19
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HIF1α is a direct regulator of steroidogenesis in the adrenal gland. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3577-3590. [PMID: 33464382 PMCID: PMC8038963 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, derive from the adrenal cortex, and drastic or sustained changes in their circulatory levels affect multiple organ systems. Although hypoxia signaling in steroidogenesis has been suggested, knowledge on the true impact of the HIFs (Hypoxia-Inducible Factors) in the adrenocortical cells of vertebrates is scant. By creating a unique set of transgenic mouse lines, we reveal a prominent role for HIF1α in the synthesis of virtually all steroids in vivo. Specifically, mice deficient in HIF1α in adrenocortical cells displayed enhanced levels of enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis and a cognate increase in circulatory steroid levels. These changes resulted in cytokine alterations and changes in the profile of circulatory mature hematopoietic cells. Conversely, HIF1α overexpression resulted in the opposite phenotype of insufficient steroid production due to impaired transcription of necessary enzymes. Based on these results, we propose HIF1α to be a vital regulator of steroidogenesis as its modulation in adrenocortical cells dramatically impacts hormone synthesis with systemic consequences. In addition, these mice can have potential clinical significances as they may serve as essential tools to understand the pathophysiology of hormone modulations in a number of diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, auto-immunity or even cancer.
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20
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Aujla PK, Kassiri Z. Diverse origins and activation of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109869. [PMID: 33278559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs) have emerged as a heterogenous cell population. Fibroblasts are considered the main cell source for synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as such a dysregulation in cFB function, activity, or viability can lead to disrupted ECM structure or fibrosis. Fibrosis can be initiated in response to different injuries and stimuli, and can be reparative (beneficial) or reactive (damaging). FBs need to be activated to myofibroblasts (MyoFBs) which have augmented capacity in synthesizing ECM proteins, causing fibrosis. In addition to the resident FBs in the myocardium, a number of other cells (pericytes, fibrocytes, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cells) can transform into MyoFBs, further driving the fibrotic response. Multiple molecules including hormones, cytokines, and growth factors stimulate this process leading to generation of activated MyoFBs. Contribution of different cell types to cFBs and MyoFBs can result in an exponential increase in the number of MyoFBs and an accelerated pro-fibrotic response. Given the diversity of the cell sources, and the array of interconnected signalling pathways that lead to formation of MyoFBs and subsequently fibrosis, identifying a single target to limit the fibrotic response in the myocardium has been challenging. This review article will delineate the importance and relevance of fibroblast heterogeneity in mediating fibrosis in different models of heart failure and will highlight important signalling pathways implicated in myofibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetinder K Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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21
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Hypoxia Pathway Proteins are Master Regulators of Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218131. [PMID: 33143240 PMCID: PMC7662373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a complex process driving the production of red blood cells. During homeostasis, adult erythropoiesis takes place in the bone marrow and is tightly controlled by erythropoietin (EPO), a central hormone mainly produced in renal EPO-producing cells. The expression of EPO is strictly regulated by local changes in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) as under-deprived oxygen (hypoxia); the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-2 induces EPO. However, erythropoiesis regulation extends beyond the well-established hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-EPO axis and involves processes modulated by other hypoxia pathway proteins (HPPs), including proteins involved in iron metabolism. The importance of a number of these factors is evident as their altered expression has been associated with various anemia-related disorders, including chronic kidney disease. Eventually, our emerging understanding of HPPs and their regulatory feedback will be instrumental in developing specific therapies for anemic patients and beyond.
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22
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Hamza E, Metzinger L, Metzinger-Le Meuth V. Uremic Toxins Affect Erythropoiesis during the Course of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092039. [PMID: 32899941 PMCID: PMC7565991 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem characterized by progressive kidney failure due to uremic toxicity and the complications that arise from it. Anemia consecutive to CKD is one of its most common complications affecting nearly all patients with end-stage renal disease. Anemia is a potential cause of cardiovascular disease, faster deterioration of renal failure and mortality. Erythropoietin (produced by the kidney) and iron (provided from recycled senescent red cells) deficiencies are the main reasons that contribute to CKD-associated anemia. Indeed, accumulation of uremic toxins in blood impairs erythropoietin synthesis, compromising the growth and differentiation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to a subsequent impairment of erythropoiesis. In this review, we mainly focus on the most representative uremic toxins and their effects on the molecular mechanisms underlying anemia of CKD that have been studied so far. Understanding molecular mechanisms leading to anemia due to uremic toxins could lead to the development of new treatments that will specifically target the pathophysiologic processes of anemia consecutive to CKD, such as the newly marketed erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Hamza
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025 Amiens, France; (E.H.); (V.M.-L.M.)
| | - Laurent Metzinger
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025 Amiens, France; (E.H.); (V.M.-L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2282-5356
| | - Valérie Metzinger-Le Meuth
- HEMATIM UR 4666, C.U.R.S, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80025 Amiens, France; (E.H.); (V.M.-L.M.)
- INSERM UMRS 1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), UFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CEDEX, 93017 Bobigny, France
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23
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Wielockx B, Grinenko T, Mirtschink P, Chavakis T. Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020155. [PMID: 30781787 PMCID: PMC6406588 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of oxygen (O₂) levels is crucial in embryogenesis and adult life, as O₂ controls a multitude of key cellular functions. Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) are relevant for tissue physiology as they are integral to adequate metabolism regulation and cell fate. Hence, the hypoxia response is of utmost importance for cell, organ and organism function and is dependent on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. HIF pathway activity is strictly regulated by the family of oxygen-sensitive HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins. Physiologic hypoxia is a hallmark of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the bone marrow. This niche facilitates HSC quiescence and survival. The present review focuses on current knowledge and the many open questions regarding the impact of PHDs/HIFs and other proteins of the hypoxia pathway on the HSC niche and on normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tatyana Grinenko
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peter Mirtschink
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Guttenplan KA, Liddelow SA. Astrocytes and microglia: Models and tools. J Exp Med 2018; 216:71-83. [PMID: 30541903 PMCID: PMC6314517 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An amazing array of tools both old and new are available to investigate the function of astrocytes and microglia. Guttenplan and Liddelow discuss tools available to study the physiology and pathophysiology of these cells both in vivo and in culture systems. Glial cells serve as fundamental regulators of the central nervous system in development, homeostasis, and disease. Discoveries into the function of these cells have fueled excitement in glial research, with enthusiastic researchers addressing fundamental questions about glial biology and producing new scientific tools for the community. Here, we outline the pros and cons of in vivo and in vitro techniques to study astrocytes and microglia with the goal of helping researchers quickly identify the best approach for a given research question in the context of glial biology. It is truly a great time to be a glial biologist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Generation of renal Epo-producing cell lines by conditional gene tagging reveals rapid HIF-2 driven Epo kinetics, cell autonomous feedback regulation, and a telocyte phenotype. Kidney Int 2018; 95:375-387. [PMID: 30502050 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is essential for erythropoiesis and is mainly produced by the fetal liver and the adult kidney following hypoxic stimulation. Epo regulation is commonly studied in hepatoma cell lines, but differences in Epo regulation between kidney and liver limit the understanding of Epo dysregulation in polycythaemia and anaemia. To overcome this limitation, we have generated a novel transgenic mouse model expressing Cre recombinase specifically in the active fraction of renal Epo-producing (REP) cells. Crossing with reporter mice confirmed the inducible and highly specific tagging of REP cells, located in the corticomedullary border region where there is a steep drop in oxygen bioavailability. A novel method was developed to selectively grow primary REP cells in culture and to generate immortalized clonal cell lines, called fibroblastoid atypical interstitial kidney (FAIK) cells. FAIK cells show very early hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α induction, which precedes Epo transcription. Epo induction in FAIK cells reverses rapidly despite ongoing hypoxia, suggesting a cell autonomous feedback mechanism. In contrast, HIF stabilizing drugs resulted in chronic Epo induction in FAIK cells. RNA sequencing of three FAIK cell lines derived from independent kidneys revealed a high degree of overlap and suggests that REP cells represent a unique cell type with properties of pericytes, fibroblasts, and neurons, known as telocytes. These novel cell lines may be helpful to investigate myofibroblast differentiation in chronic kidney disease and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HIF stabilizing drugs currently in phase III studies to treat anemia in end-stage kidney disease.
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26
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Wu Y, Jiang Z, Li Z, Gu J, You Q, Zhang X. Click Chemistry-Based Discovery of [3-Hydroxy-5-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)picolinoyl]glycines as Orally Active Hypoxia-Inducing Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors with Favorable Safety Profiles for the Treatment of Anemia. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5332-5349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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27
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Hematopoietic Stem Cells but Not Multipotent Progenitors Drive Erythropoiesis during Chronic Erythroid Stress in EPO Transgenic Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1908-1919. [PMID: 29754961 PMCID: PMC5989815 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment consists of a small pool of cells capable of replenishing all blood cells. Although it is established that the hematopoietic system is assembled as a hierarchical organization under steady-state conditions, emerging evidence suggests that distinct differentiation pathways may exist in response to acute stress. However, it remains unclear how different hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell subpopulations behave under sustained chronic stress. Here, by using adult transgenic mice overexpressing erythropoietin (EPO; Tg6) and a combination of in vivo, in vitro, and deep-sequencing approaches, we found that HSCs respond differentially to chronic erythroid stress compared with their closely related multipotent progenitors (MPPs). Specifically, HSCs exhibit a vastly committed erythroid progenitor profile with enhanced cell division, while MPPs display erythroid and myeloid cell signatures and an accumulation of uncommitted cells. Thus, our results identify HSCs as master regulators of chronic stress erythropoiesis, potentially circumventing the hierarchical differentiation-detour.
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28
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Serocki M, Bartoszewska S, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Ochocka RJ, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. miRNAs regulate the HIF switch during hypoxia: a novel therapeutic target. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:183-202. [PMID: 29383635 PMCID: PMC5878208 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The decline of oxygen tension in the tissues below the physiological demand leads to the hypoxic adaptive response. This physiological consequence enables cells to recover from this cellular insult. Understanding the cellular pathways that mediate recovery from hypoxia is therefore critical for developing novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The master regulators of oxygen homeostasis that control angiogenesis during hypoxia are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIF-1 and HIF-2 function as transcriptional regulators and have both unique and overlapping target genes, whereas the role of HIF-3 is less clear. HIF-1 governs the acute adaptation to hypoxia, whereas HIF-2 and HIF-3 expressions begin during chronic hypoxia in human endothelium. When HIF-1 levels decline, HIF-2 and HIF-3 increase. This switch from HIF-1 to HIF-2 and HIF-3 signaling is required in order to adapt the endothelium to prolonged hypoxia. During prolonged hypoxia, the HIF-1 levels and activity are reduced, despite the lack of oxygen-dependent protein degradation. Although numerous protein factors have been proposed to modulate the HIF pathways, their application for HIF-targeted therapy is rather limited. Recently, the miRNAs that endogenously regulate gene expression via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway have been shown to play critical roles in the hypoxia response pathways. Furthermore, these classes of RNAs provide therapeutic possibilities to selectively target HIFs and thus modulate the HIF switch. Here, we review the significance of the microRNAs on the relationship between the HIFs under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Serocki
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata J Ochocka
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
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29
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Kaplan JM, Sharma N, Dikdan S. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Its Role in the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020389. [PMID: 29382128 PMCID: PMC5855611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays a crucial role in the response to hypoxia at the cellular, tissue, and organism level. New agents under development to pharmacologically manipulate HIF may provide new and exciting possibilities in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as in multiple other disease states involving ischemia-reperfusion injury. This article provides an overview of recent studies describing current standards of care for patients with anemia in CKD and associated clinical issues, and those supporting the clinical potential for targeting HIF stabilization with HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI) in these patients. Additionally, articles reporting the clinical potential for HIF-PHIs in 'other' putative therapeutic areas, the tissue and intracellular distribution of HIF- and prolyl-hydroxylase domain (PHD) isoforms, and HIF isoforms targeted by the different PHDs, were identified. There is increasing uncertainty regarding the optimal treatment for anemia of CKD with poorer outcomes associated with treatment to higher hemoglobin targets, and the increasing use of iron and consequent risk of iron imbalance. Attainment and maintenance of more physiologic erythropoietin levels associated with HIF stabilization may improve the management of patients resistant to treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and improve outcomes at higher hemoglobin targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Kaplan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, I512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, I512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Sean Dikdan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, I512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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30
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McCubbrey AL, Janssen WJ. Modulation of Myeloid Cell Function Using Conditional and Inducible Transgenic Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1809:145-168. [PMID: 29987790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8570-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice have emerged as a central tool in the study of lung myeloid cells during homeostasis and disease. The use of Cre/Lox site-specific recombination allows for conditional deletion of a gene of interest in a spatially controlled manner. The basic Cre/Lox system can be further refined to include an inducible trigger, enabling conditional deletion of a gene of interest in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. Here we provide an overview of commercially available conditional and inducible conditional mouse strains that target lung myeloid cells and describe the appropriate breeding schemes and controls for transgenic animal systems that can be used to modulate myeloid cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L McCubbrey
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - William J Janssen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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31
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Hypoxia, HIF, and Associated Signaling Networks in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050950. [PMID: 28468297 PMCID: PMC5454863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex and apparently multifactorial. Hypoxia or decrease in oxygen supply in kidney tissues has been implicated in CKD. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) are a small family of transcription factors that are mainly responsive to hypoxia and mediate hypoxic response. HIF plays a critical role in renal fibrosis during CKD through the modulation of gene transcription, crosstalk with multiple signaling pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, HIF also contributes to the development of various pathological conditions associated with CKD, such as anemia, inflammation, aberrant angiogenesis, and vascular calcification. Treatments targeting HIF and related signaling pathways for CKD therapy are being developed with promising clinical benefits, especially for anemia. This review presents an updated analysis of hypoxia response, HIF, and their associated signaling network involved in the pathogenesis of CKD.
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32
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Notch Downregulation and Extramedullary Erythrocytosis in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase 2-Deficient Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00529-16. [PMID: 27821476 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00529-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytosis is driven mainly by erythropoietin, which is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Mutations in HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 (HIF-P4H-2) (PHD2/EGLN1), the major downregulator of HIFα subunits, are found in familiar erythrocytosis, and large-spectrum conditional inactivation of HIF-P4H-2 in mice leads to severe erythrocytosis. Although bone marrow is the primary site for erythropoiesis, spleen remains capable of extramedullary erythropoiesis. We studied HIF-P4H-2-deficient (Hif-p4h-2gt/gt) mice, which show slightly induced erythropoiesis upon aging despite nonincreased erythropoietin levels, and identified spleen as the site of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Splenic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of these mice exhibited increased erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) growth, and the mice were protected against anemia. HIF-1α and HIF-2α were stabilized in the spleens, while the Notch ligand genes Jag1, Jag2, and Dll1 and target Hes1 became downregulated upon aging HIF-2α dependently. Inhibition of Notch signaling in wild-type spleen HSCs phenocopied the increased BFU-E growth. HIFα stabilization can thus mediate non-erythropoietin-driven splenic erythropoiesis via altered Notch signaling.
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33
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Gao JL, Shui YM, Jiang W, Huang EY, Shou QY, Ji X, He BC, Lv GY, He TC. Hypoxia pathway and hypoxia-mediated extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis are involved in ursolic acid's anti-metastatic effect in 4T1 tumor bearing mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:71802-71816. [PMID: 27708244 PMCID: PMC5342124 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic in the tumor mass is leading to the myeloproliferative-like disease (leukemoid reaction) and anemia of body, which characterized by strong extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) in spleen. As the key transcription factor of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activates the expression of genes essential for EMH processes including enhanced blood cell production and angiogenesis. We found ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, inhibited growth of breast cancer both in vivo and in vitro. The suppression was mediated through the inhibition of multiple cell pathways linked to inflammation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. UA also suppressed the leukemoid reaction and the EMH phenomenon of the tumor bearing mice without any significant suppression on body weight (i.p. by 20 mg/kg for 28 days). This is associated with the significant decrease in white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT) and spleen weight. During this process, we also detected the down-regulation of cell proliferative genes (PCNA, and β-catenin), and metastatic genes (VEGF, and HIF-1α), as well as the depression of nuclear protein intensity of HIF-1α. Furthermore, the expression of E2F1, p53 and MDM2 genes were increased in UA group when the VEGF and HIF-1α was over-expressed. Cancer cells were sensitive to UA treating after the silencing of HIF-1α and the response of Hypoxic pathway reporter to UA was suppressed when HIF-1α was over expressed. Overall, our results from experimental and predictive studies suggest that the anticancer activity of UA may be at least in part caused by suppressing the cancer hypoxia and hypoxia-mediated EMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Gao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yan-Mei Shui
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - En-Yi Huang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi-Yang Shou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xin Ji
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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34
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Thomson AK, Somers E, Powis RA, Shorrock HK, Murphy K, Swoboda KJ, Gillingwater TH, Parson SH. Survival of motor neurone protein is required for normal postnatal development of the spleen. J Anat 2016; 230:337-346. [PMID: 27726134 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), traditionally described as a predominantly childhood form of motor neurone disease, is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Although motor neurones are undoubtedly the primary affected cell type, the severe infantile form of SMA (Type I SMA) is now widely recognised to represent a multisystem disorder where a variety of organs and systems in the body are also affected. Here, we report that the spleen is disproportionately small in the 'Taiwanese' murine model of severe SMA (Smn-/- ;SMN2tg/0 ), correlated to low levels of cell proliferation and increased cell death. Spleen lacks its distinctive red appearance and presents with a degenerated capsule and a disorganised fibrotic architecture. Histologically distinct white pulp failed to form and this was reflected in an almost complete absence of B lymphocytes necessary for normal immune function. In addition, megakaryoctyes persisted in the red pulp. However, the vascular density remained unchanged in SMA spleen. Assessment of the spleen in SMA patients with the infantile form of the disease indicated a range of pathologies. We conclude that development of the spleen fails to occur normally in SMA mouse models and human patients. Thus, further analysis of immune function is likely to be required to fully understand the full extent of systemic disease pathology in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Thomson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Eilidh Somers
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rachael A Powis
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Hannah K Shorrock
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kelley Murphy
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn J Swoboda
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, Scotland.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Simon H Parson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, Scotland
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35
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Rauner M, Franke K, Murray M, Singh RP, Hiram-Bab S, Platzbecker U, Gassmann M, Socolovsky M, Neumann D, Gabet Y, Chavakis T, Hofbauer LC, Wielockx B. Increased EPO Levels Are Associated With Bone Loss in Mice Lacking PHD2 in EPO-Producing Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1877-1887. [PMID: 27082941 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main oxygen sensor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) is a critical regulator of tissue homeostasis during erythropoiesis, hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, and wound healing. Recent studies point toward a role for the PHD2-erythropoietin (EPO) axis in the modulation of bone remodeling, even though the studies produced conflicting results. Here, we used a number of mouse strains deficient of PHD2 in different cell types to address the role of PHD2 and its downstream targets HIF-1α and HIF-2α in bone remodeling. Mice deficient for PHD2 in several cell lineages, including EPO-producing cells, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic cells (CD68:cre-PHD2f/f ) displayed a severe reduction of bone density at the distal femur as well as the vertebral body due to impaired bone formation but not bone resorption. Importantly, using osteoblast-specific (Osx:cre-PHD2f/f ) and osteoclast-specific PHD2 knock-out mice (Vav:cre- PHD2f/f ), we show that this effect is independent of the loss of PHD2 in osteoblast and osteoclasts. Using different in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show here that this bone phenotype, including the suppression of bone formation, is directly linked to the stabilization of the α-subunit of HIF-2, and possibly to the subsequent moderate induction of serum EPO, which directly influenced the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast progenitors resulting in lower bone density. Taken together, our data identify the PHD2:HIF-2α:EPO axis as a so far unknown regulator of osteohematology by controlling bone homeostasis. Further, these data suggest that patients treated with PHD inhibitors or EPO should be monitored with respect to their bone status. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Murray
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rashim Pal Singh
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Merav Socolovsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Drorit Neumann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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36
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Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 and 3 coregulate murine erythropoietin in brain pericytes. Blood 2016; 128:2550-2560. [PMID: 27683416 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-713545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A classic response to systemic hypoxia is the increased production of red blood cells due to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated induction of erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is essential for normal erythropoiesis and is predominantly synthesized by peritubular renal interstitial fibroblast-like cells, which express cellular markers characteristic of neuronal cells and pericytes. To investigate whether the ability to synthesize EPO is a general functional feature of pericytes, we used conditional gene targeting to examine the von Hippel-Lindau/prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD)/HIF axis in cell-expressing neural glial antigen 2, a known molecular marker of pericytes in multiple organs. We found that pericytes in the brain synthesized EPO in mice with genetic HIF activation and were capable of responding to systemic hypoxia with the induction of Epo. Using high-resolution multiplex in situ hybridization, we determined that brain pericytes represent an important cellular source of Epo in the hypoxic brain (up to 70% of all Epo-expressing cells). We furthermore determined that Epo transcription in brain pericytes was HIF-2 dependent and cocontrolled by PHD2 and PHD3, oxygen- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent prolyl-4-hydroxylases that regulate HIF activity. In summary, our studies provide experimental evidence that pericytes in the brain have the ability to function as oxygen sensors and respond to hypoxia with EPO synthesis. Our findings furthermore suggest that the ability to synthesize EPO may represent a functional feature of pericytes in the brain and kidney.
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The Zinc Finger of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Protein 2 Is Essential for Efficient Hydroxylation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor α. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2328-43. [PMID: 27325674 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00090-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) (also known as EGLN1) is a key oxygen sensor in mammals that posttranslationally modifies hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) and targets it for degradation. In addition to its catalytic domain, PHD2 contains an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger domain, which we have previously proposed recruits PHD2 to the HSP90 pathway to promote HIF-α hydroxylation. Here, we provide evidence that this recruitment is critical both in vitro and in vivo We show that in vitro, the zinc finger can function as an autonomous recruitment domain to facilitate interaction with HIF-α. In vivo, ablation of zinc finger function by a C36S/C42S Egln1 knock-in mutation results in upregulation of the erythropoietin gene, erythrocytosis, and augmented hypoxic ventilatory response, all hallmarks of Egln1 loss of function and HIF stabilization. Hence, the zinc finger ordinarily performs a critical positive regulatory function. Intriguingly, the function of this zinc finger is impaired in high-altitude-adapted Tibetans, suggesting that their adaptation to high altitude may, in part, be due to a loss-of-function EGLN1 allele. Thus, these findings have important implications for understanding both the molecular mechanism of the hypoxic response and human adaptation to high altitude.
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38
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Liang R, Ghaffari S. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of erythropoiesis in homeostasis and disease. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:661-73. [PMID: 27442953 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia or decreased blood haemoglobin is the most common blood disorder often characterized by reduced red blood cell (RBC) numbers. RBCs are produced from differentiation and commitment of haematopoietic stem cells to the erythroid lineage by a process called erythropoiesis. Coordination of erythropoietin receptor signalling with several erythroid transcription factors including GATA1 is essential for this process. A number of additional players that are critical for RBC production have been identified in recent years. Major technological advances, such as the development of RNA interference, genetically modified animals, including zebrafish, and imaging flow cytometry have led to these discoveries; the emergence of -omics approaches in combination with the optimization of ex vivo erythroid cultures have also produced a more comprehensive understanding of erythropoiesis. Here we summarize studies describing novel regulators of erythropoiesis that modulate erythroid cell production in the context of human erythroid disorders involving hypoxia, iron regulation, immune-related molecules, and the transcription factor FOXO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liang
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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39
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HIF-1α and HIF-2α induced angiogenesis in gastrointestinal vascular malformation and reversed by thalidomide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27280. [PMID: 27249651 PMCID: PMC4888746 DOI: 10.1038/srep27280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide is used in clinical practice to treat gastrointestinal vascular malformation (GIVM), but the pathogenesis of GIVM is not clear. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and 2 alpha (HIF-2α/EPAS1) are in the same family and act as master regulators of the adaptive response to hypoxia. HIF-1α and HIF-2α are up-regulated in vascular malformations in intestinal tissues from GIVM patients, but not in adjacent normal vessels. Therefore, we investigated the role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α during angiogenesis and the mechanism of thalidomide action. In vitro experiments confirmed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was a direct target of HIF-2α and that HIF-1α and HIF-2α regulated NOTCH1, Ang2, and DLL4, which enhanced vessel-forming of endothelial cells. Thalidomide down-regulated the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α and inhibited angiogenesis. In vivo zebrafish experiments suggested that HIF-2α overexpression was associated with abnormal subintestinal vascular (SIV) sprouting, which was reversed by thalidomide. This result indicated that thalidomide regulated angiogenesis via the inhibition of HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression, which further regulated downstream factors, including VEGF, NOTCH1, DLL4, and Ang2. The abnormally high expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α may contribute to GIVM.
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40
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Abstract
Oxygen represents one of the major molecules required for the development and maintenance of life. An adequate response to hypoxia is therefore required for the functioning of the majority of living organisms and relies on the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain-2 (PHD2) has long been recognized as the major regulator of this response, controlling a myriad of outcomes that range from cell death to proliferation. However, this enzyme has been associated with more pathways, making the role of this protein remarkably complex under distinct pathologies. While a protective role seems to exist in physiological conditions such as erythropoiesis; the picture is more complex during pathologies such as cancer. Since the regulation of this enzyme and its closest family members is currently considered as a possible therapy for various diseases, understanding the different particular roles of this protein is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Meneses
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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41
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Shin J, Nunomiya A, Kitajima Y, Dan T, Miyata T, Nagatomi R. Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 deficiency promotes skeletal muscle fiber-type transition via a calcineurin/NFATc1-dependent pathway. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:5. [PMID: 26949511 PMCID: PMC4779261 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia exposure is known to induce an alteration in skeletal muscle fiber-type distribution mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α. The downstream pathway of HIF-α leading to fiber-type shift, however, has not been elucidated. The calcineurin pathway is one of the pathways responsible for slow muscle fiber transition. Because calcineurin pathway is activated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the factors induced by HIF-1α, we hypothesized that the stabilization of HIF-1α may lead to slow muscle fiber transition via the activation of calcineurin pathway in skeletal muscles. To induce HIF-1α stabilization, we used a loss of function strategy to abrogate Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein (PHD) 2 responsible for HIF-1α hydroxylation making HIF-1α susceptible to ubiquitin dependent degradation by proteasome. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the effect of HIF-1α stabilization in PHD2 conditional knockout mouse on skeletal muscle fiber-type transition and to elucidate the involvement of calcineurin pathway on muscle fiber-type transition. Results PHD2 deficiency resulted in an increased capillary density in skeletal muscles due to the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor. It also elicited an alteration of skeletal muscle phenotype toward the type I fibers in both of the soleus (35.8 % in the control mice vs. 46.7 % in the PHD2-deficient mice, p < 0.01) and the gastrocnemius muscle (0.94 vs. 1.89 %, p < 0.01), and the increased proportion of type I fibers appeared to correspond to the area of increased capillary density. In addition, calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFATc1) protein levels were increased in both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, suggesting that the calcineurin/NFATc1 pathway was responsible for the type I fiber transition regardless of PGC-1α, which responded minimally to PHD2 deficiency. Indeed, we found that tacrolimus (FK-506), a calcineurin inhibitor, successfully suppressed slow fiber-type formation in PHD2-deficient mice. Conclusions Taken together, stabilized HIF-1α induced by PHD2 conditional knockout resulted in the transition of muscle fibers toward a slow fiber type via a calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling pathway. PHD2 conditional knockout mice may serve as a model for chronic HIF-1α stabilization as in mice exposed to low oxygen concentration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-016-0079-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchul Shin
- Department of Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Aki Nunomiya
- Department of Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan.,Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan.,Center for Sports Medicine and Science, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
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42
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Hodson EJ, Nicholls LG, Turner PJ, Llyr R, Fielding JW, Douglas G, Ratnayaka I, Robbins PA, Pugh CW, Buckler KJ, Ratcliffe PJ, Bishop T. Regulation of ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body proliferation in hypoxia by the PHD2/HIF-2 pathway. J Physiol 2016; 594:1179-95. [PMID: 26337139 PMCID: PMC4771794 DOI: 10.1113/jp271050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia increases in response to continued hypoxic exposure as part of acute acclimatisation. Although this process is incompletely understood, insights have been gained through studies of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylase system. Genetic studies implicate these pathways widely in the integrated physiology of hypoxia, through effects on developmental or adaptive processes. In keeping with this, mice that are heterozygous for the principal HIF prolyl hydroxylase, PHD2, show enhanced ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia and carotid body hyperplasia. Here we have sought to understand this process better through comparative analysis of inducible and constitutive inactivation of PHD2 and its principal targets HIF-1α and HIF-2α. We demonstrate that general inducible inactivation of PHD2 in tamoxifen-treated Phd2(f/f);Rosa26(+/CreERT2) mice, like constitutive, heterozygous PHD2 deficiency, enhances hypoxic ventilatory responses (HVRs: 7.2 ± 0.6 vs. 4.4 ± 0.4 ml min(-1) g(-1) in controls, P < 0.01). The ventilatory phenotypes associated with both inducible and constitutive inactivation of PHD2 were strongly compensated for by concomitant inactivation of HIF-2α, but not HIF-1α. Furthermore, inducible inactivation of HIF-2α strikingly impaired ventilatory acclimatisation to chronic hypoxia (HVRs: 4.1 ± 0.5 vs. 8.6 ± 0.5 ml min(-1) g(-1) in controls, P < 0.0001), as well as carotid body cell proliferation (400 ± 81 vs. 2630 ± 390 bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells mm(-2) in controls, P < 0.0001). The findings demonstrate the importance of the PHD2/HIF-2α enzyme-substrate couple in modulating ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Hodson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynn G Nicholls
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Philip J Turner
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Ronan Llyr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James W Fielding
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Indrika Ratnayaka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Christopher W Pugh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Keith J Buckler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tammie Bishop
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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43
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Abstract
Uncontrolled or non-resolving inflammation underpins a range of disease states including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis. Hypoxia is a prominent feature of chronically inflamed tissues. This is due to elevated oxygen consumption by highly metabolically active inflamed resident cells and activated infiltrating immunocytes, as well as diminished oxygen supply due to vascular dysfunction. Tissue hypoxia can have a significant impact upon inflammatory signaling pathways in immune and non-immune cells and this can impact upon disease progression. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between tissue hypoxia and inflammation and identify how hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Cummins
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crean
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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44
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Cheng S, Xing W, Pourteymoor S, Schulte J, Mohan S. Conditional Deletion of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Protein 2 (Phd2) Gene Reveals Its Essential Role in Chondrocyte Function and Endochondral Bone Formation. Endocrinology 2016; 157:127-40. [PMID: 26562260 PMCID: PMC4701886 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic growth plate cartilage requires hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways to maintain chondrocyte survival and differentiation. HIF proteins are tightly regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (Phd2)-mediated proteosomal degradation. We conditionally disrupted the Phd2 gene in chondrocytes by crossing Phd2 floxed mice with type 2 collagen-α1-Cre transgenic mice and found massive increases (>50%) in the trabecular bone mass of long bones and lumbar vertebra of the Phd2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice caused by significant increases in trabecular number and thickness and reductions in trabecular separation. Cortical thickness and tissue mineral density at the femoral middiaphysis of the cKO mice were also significantly increased. Dynamic histomorphometric analyses revealed increased longitudinal length and osteoid surface per bone surface in the primary spongiosa of the cKO mice, suggesting elevated conversion rate from hypertrophic chondrocytes to mineralized bone matrix as well as increased bone formation in the primary spongiosa. In the secondary spongiosa, bone formation measured by mineralizing surface per bone surface and mineral apposition rate were not changed, but resorption was slightly reduced. Increases in the mRNA levels of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9, osterix (Osx), type 2 collagen, aggrecan, alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, and glycolytic enzymes in the growth plate of cKO mice were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increased HIF-1α protein level in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of cKO mice. Infection of chondrocytes isolated from Phd2 floxed mice with adenoviral Cre resulted in similar gene expression patterns as observed in the cKO growth plate chondrocytes. Our findings indicate that Phd2 suppresses endochondral bone formation, in part, via HIF-dependent mechanisms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Jan Schulte
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
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45
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Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are α/β heterodimeric transcription factors that direct multiple cellular and systemic responses in response to changes in oxygen availability. The oxygen sensitive signal is generated by a series of iron and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that catalyze post-translational hydroxylation of specific prolyl and asparaginyl residues in HIFα subunits and thereby promote their destruction and inactivation in the presence of oxygen. In hypoxia, these processes are suppressed allowing HIF to activate a massive transcriptional cascade. Elucidation of these pathways has opened several new fields of cardiovascular research. Here, we review the role of HIF hydroxylase pathways in cardiac development and in cardiovascular control. We also consider the current status, opportunities, and challenges of therapeutic modulation of HIF hydroxylases in the therapy of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Bishop
- From the Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- From the Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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46
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Abstract
Improved understanding of the oxygen-dependent regulation of erythropoiesis has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of anaemia associated with renal failure and has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents for its treatment. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 is a key regulator of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. HIF-2 is activated by hypoxic conditions and controls the production of erythropoietin by renal peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells and hepatocytes. In anaemia associated with renal disease, erythropoiesis is suppressed due to inadequate erythropoietin production in the kidney, inflammation and iron deficiency; however, pharmacologic agents that activate the HIF axis could provide a physiologic approach to the treatment of renal anaemia by mimicking hypoxia responses that coordinate erythropoiesis with iron metabolism. This Review discusses the functional inter-relationships between erythropoietin, iron and inflammatory mediators under physiologic conditions and in relation to the pathogenesis of renal anaemia, as well as recent insights into the molecular and cellular basis of erythropoietin production in the kidney. It furthermore provides a detailed overview of current clinical experience with pharmacologic activators of HIF signalling as a novel comprehensive and physiologic approach to the treatment of anaemia.
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47
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Iqbal et al created a novel mouse model with a strong expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) in monocytes, tissue resident macrophages, and inflammatory macrophages, and may provide an important tool for future studies focusing on macrophage biology. Several transgenic mice with expression of fluorescent proteins in myeloid cells exist, among them the CCR2-RFP and the CX3CR1GFP mouse. However, both of these mice have several limitations: they are knock-in constructs under control of chemokine receptors with potential effects on monocyte mobilization from the bone marrow, recruitment to sites of inflammation, or survival. Alteration of chemokine receptor expression during macrophage differentiation may affect expression of fluorescent proteins and thus render macrophages nonfluorescent.
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48
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Vallelian F, Gelderman-Fuhrmann MP, Schaer CA, Puglia M, Opitz L, Baek JH, Vostal J, Buehler PW, Schaer DJ. Integrative proteome and transcriptome analysis of extramedullary erythropoiesis and its reversal by transferrin treatment in a mouse model of beta-thalassemia. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1089-100. [PMID: 25566950 DOI: 10.1021/pr5010778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia results from mutations of the β-hemoglobin (Hbb) gene and reduced functional Hbb synthesis. Excess α-Hb causes globin chain aggregation, oxidation, cytoskeletal damage, and increased red blood cell clearance. These events result in anemia, altered iron homeostasis, and expansion of extramedullary erythropoiesis. Serum transferrin (Tf) is suggested to be an important regulator of erythropoiesis in murine models of thalassemia. The present study was conducted to establish a quantitative proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of transferrin-modulated extramedullary erythropoiesis in the spleen of wild type and thalassemic Hbb(th3/+) mice. Our LC-MS/MS protein analysis and mRNA sequencing data provide quantitative expression estimates of 1590 proteins and 24,581 transcripts of the murine spleen and characterize key processes of erythropoiesis and RBC homeostasis such as the whole heme synthesis pathway as well as critical components of the red blood cell antioxidant systems and the proliferative cell cycling pathway. The data confirm that Tf treatment of nontransfused Hbb(th3/+) mice induces a systematic correction of these processes at a molecular level. Tf treatment of Hbb(th3/+) mice for 60 days leads to a complete molecular restoration of the normal murine spleen phenotype. These findings support further investigation of plasma-derived Tf as a treatment for thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Vallelian
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich , CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Abstract
Humans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude in several locations, and recent genome-wide studies have indicated a genetic basis. In some populations, genetic signatures have been identified in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, which orchestrates the transcriptional response to hypoxia. In Tibetans, they have been found in the HIF2A (EPAS1) gene, which encodes for HIF-2α, and the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2, also known as EGLN1) gene, which encodes for one of its key regulators, PHD2. High-altitude adaptation may be due to multiple genes that act in concert with one another. Unraveling their mechanism of action can offer new therapeutic approaches toward treating common human diseases characterized by chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Frank S Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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50
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Abrams MT, Koser M, Burchard J, Strapps W, Mehmet H, Gindy M, Zaller D, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Stickens D. A Single Dose of EGLN1 siRNA Yields Increased Erythropoiesis in Nonhuman Primates. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:405-12. [PMID: 25272050 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Koser
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Marian Gindy
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
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