1
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Ludwig N, Cucinelli S, Hametner S, Muckenthaler MU, Schirmer L. Iron scavenging and myeloid cell polarization. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:625-638. [PMID: 39054114 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid cells that populate all human organs and blood are a versatile class of innate immune cells. They are crucial for sensing and regulating processes as diverse as tissue homeostasis and inflammation and are frequently characterized by their roles in either regulating or promoting inflammation. Recent studies in cultured cells and mouse models highlight the role of iron in skewing the functional properties of myeloid cells in tissue damage and repair. Here, we review certain emerging concepts on how iron influences and determines myeloid cell polarization in the context of its uptake, storage, and metabolism, including in conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), sickle cell disease, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ludwig
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Cucinelli
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Medical Neuroscience Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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2
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Liu D, Hu Z, Lu J, Yi C. Redox-Regulated Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Ovarian Cancer: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:791. [PMID: 39061859 PMCID: PMC11274267 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC), known for its lethality and resistance to chemotherapy, is closely associated with iron metabolism and ferroptosis-an iron-dependent cell death process, distinct from both autophagy and apoptosis. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of iron metabolism could play a crucial role in OC by inducing an imbalance in the redox system, which leads to ferroptosis, offering a novel therapeutic approach. This review examines how disruptions in iron metabolism, which affect redox balance, impact OC progression, focusing on its essential cellular functions and potential as a therapeutic target. It highlights the molecular interplay, including the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), between iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and explores their interactions with key immune cells such as macrophages and T cells, as well as inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. The review also discusses how glycolysis-related iron metabolism influences ferroptosis via reactive oxygen species. Targeting these pathways, especially through agents that modulate iron metabolism and ferroptosis, presents promising therapeutic prospects. The review emphasizes the need for deeper insights into iron metabolism and ferroptosis within the redox-regulated system to enhance OC therapy and advocates for continued research into these mechanisms as potential strategies to combat OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China; (D.L.); (Z.H.)
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Zewen Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China; (D.L.); (Z.H.)
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Jinzhi Lu
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Jingzhou 434000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Cunjian Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China; (D.L.); (Z.H.)
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Jingzhou 434000, China
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3
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Horvat N, Chocarro S, Marques O, Bauer TA, Qiu R, Diaz-Jimenez A, Helm B, Chen Y, Sawall S, Sparla R, Su L, Klingmüller U, Barz M, Hentze MW, Sotillo R, Muckenthaler MU. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Reprogram the Tumor Microenvironment and Reduce Lung Cancer Regrowth after Crizotinib Treatment. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11025-11041. [PMID: 38626916 PMCID: PMC11064219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
ALK-positive NSCLC patients demonstrate initial responses to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatments, but eventually develop resistance, causing rapid tumor relapse and poor survival rates. Growing evidence suggests that the combination of drug and immune therapies greatly improves patient survival; however, due to the low immunogenicity of the tumors, ALK-positive patients do not respond to currently available immunotherapies. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in facilitating lung cancer growth by suppressing tumoricidal immune activation and absorbing chemotherapeutics. However, they can also be programmed toward a pro-inflammatory tumor suppressive phenotype, which represents a highly active area of therapy development. Iron loading of TAMs can achieve such reprogramming correlating with an improved prognosis in lung cancer patients. We previously showed that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles containing core-cross-linked polymer micelles (SPION-CCPMs) target macrophages and stimulate pro-inflammatory activation. Here, we show that SPION-CCPMs stimulate TAMs to secrete reactive nitrogen species and cytokines that exert tumoricidal activity. We further show that SPION-CCPMs reshape the immunosuppressive Eml4-Alk lung tumor microenvironment (TME) toward a cytotoxic profile hallmarked by the recruitment of CD8+ T cells, suggesting a multifactorial benefit of SPION-CCPM application. When intratracheally instilled into lung cancer-bearing mice, SPION-CCPMs delay tumor growth and, after first line therapy with a TKI, halt the regrowth of relapsing tumors. These findings identify SPIONs-CCPMs as an adjuvant therapy, which remodels the TME, resulting in a delay in the appearance of resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie
K. Horvat
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular
Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht
Karl University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Chocarro
- Division
of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht
Karl University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular
Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias A. Bauer
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruiyue Qiu
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Diaz-Jimenez
- Division
of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht
Karl University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Helm
- Division
of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Translational Lung Research Center
Heidelberg (TRLC), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Division
of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Sawall
- X-ray
Imaging and CT, German Cancer Research Center
(DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer
Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Sparla
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lu Su
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division
of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Translational Lung Research Center
Heidelberg (TRLC), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center
of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Hentze
- Molecular
Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr.1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rocío Sotillo
- Division
of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Translational Lung Research Center
Heidelberg (TRLC), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department
of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular
Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German
Center for Lung Research (DZL) and Translational Lung Research Center
Heidelberg (TRLC), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, 69120, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Galy B, Conrad M, Muckenthaler M. Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:133-155. [PMID: 37783783 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, hundreds of proteins use iron in a multitude of cellular functions, including vital processes such as mitochondrial respiration, gene regulation and DNA synthesis or repair. Highly orchestrated regulatory systems control cellular and systemic iron fluxes ensuring sufficient iron delivery to target proteins is maintained, while limiting its potentially deleterious effects in iron-mediated oxidative cell damage and ferroptosis. In this Review, we discuss how cells acquire, traffick and export iron and how stored iron is mobilized for iron-sulfur cluster and haem biogenesis. Furthermore, we describe how these cellular processes are fine-tuned by the combination of various sensory and regulatory systems, such as the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)-iron-responsive element (IRE) network, the nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy pathway, the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis or the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) regulatory hub. We further describe how these pathways interact with systemic iron homeostasis control through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to ensure appropriate iron fluxes. This knowledge is key for the identification of novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent diseases of cellular and/or systemic iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galy
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Virus-associated Carcinogenesis (F170), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Ganz T, Nemeth E. Hypoferremia of inflammation: Innate host defense against infections. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 104:102777. [PMID: 37391347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for microbes, plants and animals. Multicellular organisms have evolved multiple strategies to control invading microbes by restricting microbial access to iron. Hypoferremia of inflammation is a rapidly-acting organismal response that prevents the formation of iron species that would be readily accessible to microbes. This review takes an evolutionary perspective to explore the mechanisms and host defense function of hypoferremia of inflammation and its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA; Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA.
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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6
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Davaanyam D, Lee H, Seol SI, Oh SA, Kim SW, Lee JK. HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2402-2416. [PMID: 37907744 PMCID: PMC10689467 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of brain iron levels causes functional disturbances and damages neurons. Hepcidin (a peptide hormone) plays a principal role in regulating intracellular iron levels by modulating ferroportin (FPN, the only known iron exporter) through triggering its internalization and lysosomal degradation. We observed a significant and rapid iron surge in the cortices of ischemic hemispheres at 3 h after cerebral ischemia (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) that was maintained until 4 d post-MCAO. We showed upregulation of hepcidin expression in the brain as early as 3 h post-MCAO, mainly in astrocytes, and significant hepcidin accumulation in serum from 6 h post-MCAO, and these inductions were maintained for 1 day and 7 days, respectively. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a prototypic danger-associated molecular pattern, accumulates markedly after transient MCAO and plays critical roles in damage aggravation via its proinflammatory effects. Here, we demonstrated that treatment with recombinant HMGB1 stimulated astrocytes to induce hepcidin expression in a TLR4- and CXCR4-dependent manner. Furthermore, hepcidin-mediated intracellular iron accumulation in neurons was confirmed by an experiment using N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-conditioned medium-treated primary astrocytes and fresh primary cortical neurons treated with hepcidin-containing astrocyte-conditioned medium. Moreover, HMGB1-mediated local hepcidin upregulation and subsequent local iron surge were found to cause ferroptosis in the postischemic brain, which was suppressed by the functional blocking of HMGB1 using intranasally administered HMGB1 A box or anti-HMGB1 antibody. These findings show that HMGB1 serves as a ferroptosis inducer by upregulating hepcidin in astrocytes and thus aggravates acute damage in the postischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashdulam Davaanyam
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Hahnbi Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Song-I Seol
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Sang-A Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, 22212, Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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7
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Hunger J, Schregel K, Boztepe B, Agardy DA, Turco V, Karimian-Jazi K, Weidenfeld I, Streibel Y, Fischer M, Sturm V, Santarella-Mellwig R, Kilian M, Jähne K, Sahm K, Wick W, Bunse L, Heiland S, Bunse T, Bendszus M, Platten M, Breckwoldt MO. In vivo nanoparticle-based T cell imaging can predict therapy response towards adoptive T cell therapy in experimental glioma. Theranostics 2023; 13:5170-5182. [PMID: 37908732 PMCID: PMC10614679 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Intrinsic brain tumors, such as gliomas are largely resistant to immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade. Adoptive cell therapies (ACT) including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic T cell therapy targeting glioma-associated antigens are an emerging field in glioma immunotherapy. However, imaging techniques for non-invasive monitoring of adoptively transferred T cells homing to the glioma microenvironment are currently lacking. Methods: Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) can be visualized non-invasively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dedicated MRI sequences such as T2* mapping. Here, we develop a protocol for efficient ex vivo labeling of murine and human TCR-transgenic and CAR T cells with iron oxide NPs. We assess labeling efficiency and T cell functionality by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). NP labeled T cells are visualized by MRI at 9.4 T in vivo after adoptive T cell transfer and correlated with 3D models of cleared brains obtained by light sheet microscopy (LSM). Results: NP are incorporated into T cells in subcellular cytoplasmic vesicles with high labeling efficiency without interfering with T cell viability, proliferation and effector function as assessed by cytokine secretion and antigen-specific killing assays in vitro. We further demonstrate that adoptively transferred T cells can be longitudinally monitored intratumorally by high field MRI at 9.4 Tesla in a murine glioma model with high sensitivity. We find that T cell influx and homogenous spatial distribution of T cells within the TME as assessed by T2* imaging predicts tumor response to ACT whereas incomplete T cell coverage results in treatment resistance. Conclusion: This study showcases a rational for monitoring adoptive T cell therapies non-invasively by iron oxide NP in gliomas to track intratumoral T cell influx and ultimately predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hunger
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schregel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berin Boztepe
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Alexander Agardy
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Turco
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Ina Weidenfeld
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Streibel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Fischer
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Sturm
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kilian
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Sahm
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKTK within DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Bunse
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bunse
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael O. Breckwoldt
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Hsu YC, Huang HC, Tang KS, Su LT, Huang YH, Huang HC, Chen IL. Elevated Urinary Hepcidin Level and Hypoferremia in Infants with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050870. [PMID: 37238418 DOI: 10.3390/children10050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the kinetics of serum and urinary hepcidin levels along with anemia-related parameters during the infection course of infants with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), we enrolled febrile infants aged one to four months in this prospective study. Febrile patients with UTI were allocated into Escherichia coli (E. coli) or non-E. coli groups according to urine culture results. Septic workup, blood hepcidin, iron profile, urinalysis, and urinary hepcidin-creatinine ratio were collected upon admission and 3 days after antibiotic treatment. In total, 118 infants were included. On admission, the febrile UTI group showed a significant reduction in serum iron level and a significant elevation of urinary hepcidin-creatinine ratio compared to the febrile control counterpart. Moreover, urinary hepcidin-creatinine ratio had the highest odds ratio, 2.01, in logistics regression analysis. After 3 days of antibiotic treatment, hemoglobin and the urinary hepcidin-creatinine ratio were significantly decreased. Patients with an E. coli UTI had a significantly decreased urinary hepcidin-creatinine ratio after 3 days of antibiotics treatment, whereas the non-E. coli group showed insignificant changes. Our study suggested that the urinary hepcidin-creatinine ratio elevated during acute febrile urinary tract infection and significantly decreased after 3 days of antibiotics treatment, especially in E. coli UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Su Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Su
- Antai Medical Care Corporation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou 33302, Taiwan
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9
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Theobald V, Grünig E, Benjamin N, Seyfarth H, Halank M, Schneider MA, Richtmann S, Kazdal D, Hinderhofer K, Xanthouli P, Egenlauf B, Harutyunova S, Hoeper MM, Jonigk D, Sparla R, Muckenthaler MU, Eichstaedt CA. Is iron deficiency caused by BMPR2 mutations or dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients? Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12242. [PMID: 37292089 PMCID: PMC10247310 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is common in idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension patients (I/HPAH). A previous report suggested a dysregulation of the iron hormone hepcidin, which is controlled by BMP/SMAD signaling involving the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR-II). Pathogenic variants in the BMPR2 gene are the most common cause of HPAH. Their effect on patients' hepcidin levels has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess whether iron metabolism and regulation of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin was disturbed in I/HPAH patients with and without a pathogenic variant in the gene BMPR2 compared to healthy controls. In this explorative, cross-sectional study hepcidin serum levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We measured iron status, inflammatory parameters and hepcidin modifying proteins such as IL6, erythropoietin, and BMP2, BMP6 in addition to BMPR-II protein and mRNA levels. Clinical routine parameters were correlated with hepcidin levels. In total 109 I/HPAH patients and controls, separated into three groups, 23 BMPR2 variant-carriers, 56 BMPR2 noncarriers and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. Of these, 84% had iron deficiency requiring iron supplementation. Hepcidin levels were not different between groups and corresponded to the degree of iron deficiency. The levels of IL6, erythropoietin, BMP2, or BMP6 showed no correlation with hepcidin expression. Hence, iron homeostasis and hepcidin regulation was largely independent from these parameters. I/HPAH patients had a physiologically normal iron regulation and no false elevation of hepcidin levels. Iron deficiency was prevalent albeit independent of pathogenic variants in the BMPR2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Theobald
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicola Benjamin
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Seyfarth
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic IIUniversity Hospital of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Michael Halank
- Medical Clinic IUniversity Hospital of DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marc A. Schneider
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
- Translational Research UnitThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sarah Richtmann
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
- Translational Research UnitThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of PathologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Katrin Hinderhofer
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Human GeneticsHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Panagiota Xanthouli
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Benjamin Egenlauf
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Satenik Harutyunova
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marius M. Hoeper
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in End‐stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HannoverGermany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Pathology, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Biomedical Research in End‐stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)HannoverGermany
- Institute of PathologyRWTH Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Richard Sparla
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Hematology, Immunology and PulmonologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Hematology, Immunology and PulmonologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Heidelberg/MannheimHeidelbergGermany
| | - Christina A. Eichstaedt
- Center for Pulmonary HypertensionThoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)HeidelbergGermany
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Human GeneticsHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Heidelberg/MannheimHeidelbergGermany
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10
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Han Y, Luo Z, Yue Z, Miao L, Xv M, Chang S, Zhan Y, Hou J. The tendency of anemia of inflammation in periodontal diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:251-264. [PMID: 36705427 PMCID: PMC9908573 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anemia of inflammation (AI) is associated with inflammatory diseases, and inflammation-induced iron metabolism disorder is the major pathogenic factor. Earlier studies have reported a tendency of AI in periodontitis patients, but the explicit relationship and possible pathological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the analyses of both periodontitis patients and a mouse model of ligature-induced experimental periodontitis showed that periodontitis was associated with lower levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit with evidence of systemic inflammation (increased white blood cell levels) and evidence of iron restriction (low serum iron along with a high serum hepcidin and ferritin levels), in accordance with the current diagnosis criteria for AI. Moreover, periodontal therapy improved the anemia status and iron metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the increased level of hepcidin and significant correlation between hepcidin and key indicators of iron metabolism emphasized the pivotal role of hepcidin in the pathogenesis of periodontitis-related AI. Administration of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitors Stattic suggested that the IL-6-STAT3-hepcidin signaling pathway participated in this regulatory process. Together, these findings demonstrated that periodontitis should be considered an inflammatory disease that contributes to the development of AI; furthermore, IL-6-STAT3-hepcidin signaling pathway plays a key regulatory role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis-related AI. Our study will provide new insights into the systemic effects of periodontitis, while meaningfully expanding the spectrum of inflammatory diseases that contribute to AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- One stop dental, Beijing, PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Guo Yue
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li Miao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xv
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Chang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Zhan
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Center of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health and NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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11
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Turco V, Pfleiderer K, Hunger J, Horvat NK, Karimian-Jazi K, Schregel K, Fischer M, Brugnara G, Jähne K, Sturm V, Streibel Y, Nguyen D, Altamura S, Agardy DA, Soni SS, Alsasa A, Bunse T, Schlesner M, Muckenthaler MU, Weissleder R, Wick W, Heiland S, Vollmuth P, Bendszus M, Rodell CB, Breckwoldt MO, Platten M. T cell-independent eradication of experimental glioma by intravenous TLR7/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:771. [PMID: 36774352 PMCID: PMC9922247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor type, is considered an immunologically "cold" tumor with sparse infiltration by adaptive immune cells. Immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells are drivers of tumor progression. Therefore, targeting and reprogramming intratumoral myeloid cells is an appealing therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigate a β-cyclodextrin nanoparticle (CDNP) formulation encapsulating the Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) agonist R848 (CDNP-R848) to reprogram myeloid cells in the glioma microenvironment. We show that intravenous monotherapy with CDNP-R848 induces regression of established syngeneic experimental glioma, resulting in increased survival rates compared with unloaded CDNP controls. Mechanistically, CDNP-R848 treatment reshapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and orchestrates tumor clearing by pro-inflammatory tumor-associated myeloid cells, independently of T cells and NK cells. Using serial magnetic resonance imaging, we identify a radiomic signature in response to CDNP-R848 treatment and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) imaging reveals that immunosuppressive macrophage recruitment is reduced by CDNP-R848. In conclusion, CDNP-R848 induces tumor regression in experimental glioma by targeting blood-borne macrophages without requiring adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Turco
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kira Pfleiderer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Hunger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kianush Karimian-Jazi
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schregel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Fischer
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Brugnara
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Sturm
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Streibel
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Junior Research Group Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis A Agardy
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shreya S Soni
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alsasa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Bunse
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Junior Research Group Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biomedical Informatics, Data Mining and Data Analytics, Faculty of Applied Computer Science and Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKTK within DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher B Rodell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) within the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim, Germany.
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12
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Tupý J. Anemia of inflammatory: does eiderr knowledge mean better diagnosis and treatment? VNITRNI LEKARSTVI 2023; 69:10-18. [PMID: 37072261 DOI: 10.36290/vnl.2023.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Anemia, which is a manifestation of the deterioration of patients' health and performance, is a common concomitant condition in diseases with signs of inflammation activation. This anemia - anemia of inflammation, is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism that lead to iron retention within macrophages, cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation, and a reduced erytrocyte half-life. Anemia is usually mild to moderate, normocytic and normochromic. It is characterized by low iron circulation, but normal to increased levels of stored ferritin and the hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach is the treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease. In case of failure, iron supplementation and / or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be used. Blood transfusions are just an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. A new treatment modalities with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors is emerging. However, their therapeutic efficacy needs to be verified and evaluated in clinical trials.
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13
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Repression of the iron exporter ferroportin may contribute to hepatocyte iron overload in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101644. [PMID: 36436807 PMCID: PMC9719871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperferremia and hyperferritinemia are observed in patients and disease models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Likewise, patients with genetic iron overload diseases develop diabetes, suggesting a tight link between iron metabolism and diabetes. The liver controls systemic iron homeostasis and is a central organ for T2DM. Here, we investigate how the control of iron metabolism in hepatocytes is affected by T2DM. METHODS Perls Prussian blue staining was applied to analyze iron distribution in liver biopsies of T2DM patients. To identify molecular mechanisms underlying hepatocyte iron accumulation we established cellular models of insulin resistance by treatment with palmitate and insulin. RESULTS We show that a subset of T2DM patients accumulates iron in hepatocytes, a finding mirrored in a hepatocyte model of insulin resistance. Iron accumulation can be explained by the repression of the iron exporter ferroportin upon palmitate and/or insulin treatment. While during palmitate treatment the activation of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin may contribute to reducing ferroportin protein levels in a cell-autonomous manner, insulin treatment decreases ferroportin transcription via the PI3K/AKT and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Repression of ferroportin at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level may contribute to iron accumulation in hepatocytes observed in a subset of patients with T2DM.
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14
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The role of iron in chronic inflammatory diseases: from mechanisms to treatment options in anemia of inflammation. Blood 2022; 140:2011-2023. [PMID: 35994752 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia of inflammation (AI) is a highly prevalent comorbidity in patients affected by chronic inflammatory disorders, such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer, that negatively affect disease outcome and quality of life. The pathophysiology of AI is multifactorial, with inflammatory hypoferremia and iron-restricted erythropoiesis playing a major role in the context of disease-specific factors. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to iron dysregulation in AI, the impact of hypoferremia and anemia on the course of the underlying disease, and (novel) therapeutic strategies applied to treat AI.
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15
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Iron metabolism and iron deficiency anemia in women. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:607-614. [PMID: 36075747 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are highly prevalent among women across their reproductive age. An iron-deficient state has been associated with and causes a number of adverse health consequences, affecting all aspects of the physical and emotional well-being of women. Heavy menstrual bleeding, pregnancy, and the postpartum period are the major causes of ID and IDA. However, despite the high prevalence and the impact on quality of life, ID and IDA among women in their reproductive age is still underdiagnosed and undertreated. In this chapter we summarized the iron metabolism and the diagnosis and treatment of ID and IDA in women.
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16
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Chakraborty S, Andrieux G, Kastl P, Adlung L, Altamura S, Boehm ME, Schwarzmüller LE, Abdullah Y, Wagner MC, Helm B, Gröne HJ, Lehmann WD, Boerries M, Busch H, Muckenthaler MU, Schilling M, Klingmüller U. Erythropoietin-driven dynamic proteome adaptations during erythropoiesis prevent iron overload in the developing embryo. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111360. [PMID: 36130519 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) ensures survival and proliferation of colony-forming unit erythroid (CFU-E) progenitor cells and their differentiation to hemoglobin-containing mature erythrocytes. A lack of Epo-induced responses causes embryonic lethality, but mechanisms regulating the dynamic communication of cellular alterations to the organismal level remain unresolved. By time-resolved transcriptomics and proteomics, we show that Epo induces in CFU-E cells a gradual transition from proliferation signature proteins to proteins indicative for differentiation, including heme-synthesis enzymes. In the absence of the Epo receptor (EpoR) in embryos, we observe a lack of hemoglobin in CFU-E cells and massive iron overload of the fetal liver pointing to a miscommunication between liver and placenta. A reduction of iron-sulfur cluster-containing proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation in these embryos leads to a metabolic shift toward glycolysis. This link connecting erythropoiesis with the regulation of iron homeostasis and metabolic reprogramming suggests that balancing these interactions is crucial for protection from iron intoxication and for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajib Chakraborty
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Systems Cell-Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kastl
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adlung
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine & Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research (CeTBI), Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin E Boehm
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa E Schwarzmüller
- Division Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yomn Abdullah
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Wagner
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Helm
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Division Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolf D Lehmann
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research (CeTBI), Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Charlebois E, Fillebeen C, Katsarou A, Rabinovich A, Wisniewski K, Venkataramani V, Michalke B, Velentza A, Pantopoulos K. A crosstalk between hepcidin and IRE/IRP pathways controls ferroportin expression and determines serum iron levels in mice. eLife 2022; 11:81332. [PMID: 36066082 PMCID: PMC9499557 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron hormone hepcidin is transcriptionally activated by iron or inflammation via distinct, partially overlapping pathways. We addressed how iron affects inflammatory hepcidin levels and the ensuing hypoferremic response. Dietary iron overload did not mitigate hepcidin induction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated wild type mice but prevented effective inflammatory hypoferremia. Likewise, LPS modestly decreased serum iron in hepcidin-deficient Hjv-/- mice, model of hemochromatosis. Synthetic hepcidin triggered hypoferremia in control but not iron-loaded wild type animals. Furthermore, it dramatically decreased hepatic and splenic ferroportin in Hjv-/- mice on standard or iron-deficient diet, but only triggered hypoferremia in the latter. Mechanistically, iron antagonized hepcidin responsiveness by inactivating IRPs in the liver and spleen to stimulate ferroportin mRNA translation. Prolonged LPS treatment eliminated ferroportin mRNA and permitted hepcidin-mediated hypoferremia in iron-loaded mice. Thus, de novo ferroportin synthesis is a critical determinant of serum iron and finetunes hepcidin-dependent functional outcomes. Our data uncover a crosstalk between hepcidin and IRE/IRP systems that controls tissue ferroportin expression and determines serum iron levels. Moreover, they suggest that hepcidin supplementation therapy is more efficient when combined with iron depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Scherbakov N, Sandek A, Valentova M, Mayer A, von Haehling S, Jankowska E, Anker SD, Doehner W. Iron Deficiency and Reduced Muscle Strength in Patients with Acute and Chronic Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2022; 11:595. [PMID: 35160047 PMCID: PMC8836993 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Iron deficiency (ID) contributes to impaired functional performance and reduced quality of life in patients with chronic illnesses. The role of ID in stroke is unclear. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of ID and to evaluate its association with long-term functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. (2) Patients and Methods: 140 patients (age 69 ± 13 years, BMI 27.7 ± 4.6 kg/m², mean ± SD) admitted to a university hospital stroke Unit, with acute ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery were consecutively recruited to this observational study. Study examinations were completed after admission (3 ± 2 days after acute stroke) and at one-year follow up (N = 64, 382 ± 27 days after stroke). Neurological status was evaluated according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Muscle isometric strength of the non-affected limb was assessed by the maximum handgrip test and knee extension leg test. ID was diagnosed with serum ferritin levels ≤ 100 µg/L (ID Type I) or 100-300 µg/L if transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20% (ID Type II). (3) Results: The prevalence of ID in acute stroke patients was 48% (N = 67), with about two-thirds of patients (N = 45) displaying ID Type I and one-third (N = 22) Type II. Handgrip strength (HGS) and quadriceps muscle strength were reduced in patients with ID compared to patients without ID at baseline (HGS: 26.5 ± 10.4 vs. 33.8 ± 13.2 kg, p < 0.001 and quadriceps: 332 ± 130 vs. 391 ± 143 N, p = 0.06). One year after stroke, prevalence of ID increased to 77% (p = 0.001). While an improvement of HGS was observed in patients with normal iron status, patients with ID had no improvement in HGS difference (4.6 ± 8.3 vs. -0.7 ± 6.5 kg, p < 0.05). Patients with ID remained with lower HGS compared to patients with normal iron status (28.2 ± 12.5 vs. 44.0 ± 8.6 kg, p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: Prevalence of ID was high in patients after acute stroke and further increased one year after stroke. ID was associated with lower muscle strength in acute stroke patients. In patients with ID, skeletal muscle strength did not improve one year after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Scherbakov
- Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.A.); (W.D.)
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Sandek
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.v.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miroslava Valentova
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.v.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Mayer
- Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.A.); (W.D.)
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (M.V.); (S.v.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Institute of Heart Disease, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Institute of Heart Disease, University Hospital, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stefan D. Anker
- Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.A.); (W.D.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism-Heart Failure, Cachexia & Sarcopenia, Department of Cardiology (CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (S.D.A.); (W.D.)
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Fisher AL, Babitt JL. Coordination of iron homeostasis by bone morphogenetic proteins: Current understanding and unanswered questions. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:26-46. [PMID: 33993583 PMCID: PMC8594283 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance the iron requirement for erythropoiesis and other vital cellular functions, while preventing cellular injury from iron excess. The liver hormone hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron balance by controlling the degradation and function of the sole known mammalian iron exporter ferroportin. Liver hepcidin expression is coordinately regulated by several signals that indicate the need for more or less iron, including plasma and tissue iron levels, inflammation, and erythropoietic drive. Most of these signals regulate hepcidin expression by modulating the activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD pathway, which controls hepcidin transcription. Genetic disorders of iron overload and iron deficiency have identified several hepatocyte membrane proteins that play a critical role in mediating the BMP-SMAD and hepcidin regulatory response to iron. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which serum and tissue iron levels are sensed to regulate BMP ligand production and promote the physical and/or functional interaction of these proteins to modulate SMAD signaling and hepcidin expression remain uncertain. This critical commentary will focus on the current understanding and key unanswered questions regarding how the liver senses iron levels to regulate BMP-SMAD signaling and thereby hepcidin expression to control systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Corresponding author: Jodie L Babitt, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Mailing address: 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-8208, Boston, MA 02114. Telephone: +1 (617) 643-3181.
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20
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Frost JN, Hamilton F, Arnold D, Elvers KT, Shah A, Armitage AE, Milne A, McKernon J, Attwood M, Chen YL, Xue L, Youngs J, Provine NM, Bicanic T, Klenerman P, Drakesmith H, Ghazal P. Evaluation of perturbed iron-homeostasis in a prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:173. [PMID: 35935705 PMCID: PMC9307999 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17904.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Marked reductions in serum iron concentrations are commonly induced during the acute phase of infection. This phenomenon, termed hypoferremia of inflammation, leads to inflammatory anemia, but could also have broader pathophysiological implications. In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), hypoferremia is associated with disease severity and poorer outcomes, although there are few reported cohorts. Methods: In this study, we leverage a well characterised prospective cohort of hospitalised COVID-19 patients and perform a set of analyses focussing on iron and related biomarkers and both acute severity of COVID-19 and longer-term symptomatology. Results: We observed no associations between acute serum iron and long-term outcomes (including fatigue, breathlessness or quality of life); however, lower haemoglobin was associated with poorer quality of life. We also quantified iron homeostasis associated parameters, demonstrating that among 50 circulating mediators of inflammation IL-6 concentrations were strongly associated with serum iron, consistent with its central role in inflammatory control of iron homeostasis. Surprisingly, we observed no association between serum hepcidin and serum iron concentrations. We also observed elevated erythroferrone concentrations in COVID-19 patients with anaemia of inflammation. Conclusions: These results enhance our understanding of the regulation and pathophysiological consequences of disturbed iron homeostasis during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe N. Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Fergus Hamilton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | | | - Karen T. Elvers
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Akshay Shah
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew E. Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Alice Milne
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | | | | | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Luzheng Xue
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Youngs
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital, London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital, London, London, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Project Sepsis, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Stoffel NU, Zimmermann MB, Cepeda-Lopez AC, Cervantes-Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Zeder C, Tuntipopipat S, Moungmaithong S, Densupsoontorn N, Quack Loetscher K, Gowachirapant S, Herter-Aeberli I. Maternal iron kinetics and maternal-fetal iron transfer in normal-weight and overweight pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:1166-1179. [PMID: 34910118 PMCID: PMC8970997 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation during pregnancy may aggravate iron deficiency (ID) by increasing serum hepcidin and reducing iron absorption. This could restrict iron transfer to the fetus, increasing risk of infant ID and its adverse effects. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess whether iron bioavailability and/or iron transfer to the fetus is impaired in overweight/obese (OW) pregnant women with adiposity-related inflammation, compared with normal-weight (NW) pregnant women. METHODS In this prospective study, we followed NW (n = 43) and OW (n = 40) pregnant women who were receiving iron supplements from the 14th week of gestation to term and followed their infants to age 6 mo. We administered 57Fe and 58Fe in test meals mid-second and mid-third trimester, and measured tracer kinetics throughout pregnancy and infancy. RESULTS In total, 38 NW and 36 OW women completed the study to pregnancy week 36, whereas 30 NW and 27 OW mother-infant pairs completed the study to 6 mo postpartum. Both groups had comparable iron status, hemoglobin, and serum hepcidin throughout pregnancy. Compared with the NW, the OW pregnant women had 1) 43% lower fractional iron absorption (FIA) in the third trimester (P = 0.033) with median [IQR] FIA of 23.9% [11.4%-35.7%] and 13.5% [10.8%-19.5%], respectively; and 2) 17% lower maternal-fetal iron transfer from the first tracer (P = 0.051) with median [IQR] maternal-fetal iron transfer of 4.8% [4.2%-5.4%] and 4.0% [3.6%-4.6%], respectively. Compared with the infants born to NW women, infants born to OW women had lower body iron stores (BIS) with median [IQR] 7.7 [6.3-8.8] and 6.6 [4.6-9.2] mg/kg body weight at age 6 mo, respectively (P = 0.024). Prepregnancy BMI was a negative predictor of maternal-fetal iron transfer (β = -0.339, SE = 0.144, P = 0.025) and infant BIS (β = -0.237, SE = 0.026, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with NW, OW pregnant women failed to upregulate iron absorption in late pregnancy, transferred less iron to their fetus, and their infants had lower BIS. These impairments were associated with inflammation independently of serum hepcidin.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02747316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole U Stoffel
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland,Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karla Cervantes-Gracia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Daniel Llanas-Cornejo
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Herter-Aeberli
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Bauer TA, Horvat NK, Marques O, Chocarro S, Mertens C, Colucci S, Schmitt S, Carrella LM, Morsbach S, Koynov K, Fenaroli F, Blümler P, Jung M, Sotillo R, Hentze MW, Muckenthaler MU, Barz M. Core Cross-Linked Polymeric Micelles for Specific Iron Delivery: Inducing Sterile Inflammation in Macrophages. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100385. [PMID: 34137217 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential co-factor for cellular processes. In the immune system, it can activate macrophages and represents a potential therapeutic for various diseases. To specifically deliver iron to macrophages, iron oxide nanoparticles are embedded in polymeric micelles of reactive polysarcosine-block-poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-cysteine). Upon surface functionalization via dihydrolipoic acid, iron oxide cores act as crosslinker themselves and undergo chemoselective disulfide bond formation with the surrounding poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-cysteine) block, yielding glutathione-responsive core cross-linked polymeric micelles (CCPMs). When applied to primary murine and human macrophages, these nanoparticles display preferential uptake, sustained intracellular iron release, and induce a strong inflammatory response. This response is also demonstrated in vivo when nanoparticles are intratracheally administered to wild-type C57Bl/6N mice. Most importantly, the controlled release concept to deliver iron oxide in redox-responsive CCPMs induces significantly stronger macrophage activation than any other iron source at identical iron levels (e.g., Feraheme), directing to a new class of immune therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Bauer
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 Leiden 2333CC The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Natalie K. Horvat
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and the Faculty of Biosciences University of Heidelberg Meyerhofstr.1 Heidelberg 69117 Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU) Otto‐Meyerhof‐Zentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL) University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Oriana Marques
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU) Otto‐Meyerhof‐Zentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Pulmonology Heidelberg University Hospital Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Sara Chocarro
- Department of Molecular Thoracic Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU) Otto‐Meyerhof‐Zentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Pulmonology Heidelberg University Hospital Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU) Otto‐Meyerhof‐Zentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Pulmonology Heidelberg University Hospital Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Luca M. Carrella
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department for Biosciences University of Oslo Blindernveien 31 Oslo 0371 Norway
| | - Peter Blümler
- Institute of Physics Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Staudingerweg 9 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I Faculty of Medicine Goethe‐University Frankfurt Theodor‐Stern‐Kai 7 Frankfurt am Main 60590 Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL) University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Department of Molecular Thoracic Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Matthias W. Hentze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and the Faculty of Biosciences University of Heidelberg Meyerhofstr.1 Heidelberg 69117 Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU) Otto‐Meyerhof‐Zentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC) German Center for Lung Research (DZL) University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Pulmonology Heidelberg University Hospital Im Neuenheimer Feld 350 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 Leiden 2333CC The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 Mainz 55128 Germany
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23
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The role of iron homeostasis in remodeling immune function and regulating inflammatory disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1806-1816. [PMID: 36654387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The essential trace element iron regulates a wide range of biological processes in virtually all living organisms. Because both iron deficiency and iron overload can lead to various pathological conditions, iron homeostasis is tightly regulated, and understanding this complex process will help pave the way to developing new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made with respect to elucidating the roles of iron and iron-related genes in the development and maintenance of the immune system. Here, we review the timing and mechanisms by which systemic and cellular iron metabolism are regulated during the inflammatory response and during infectious disease, processes in which both the host and the pathogen compete for iron. We also discuss the evidence and implications that immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells require sufficient amounts of iron for their proliferation and for mediating their effector functions, in which iron serves as a co-factor in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, mitochondrial respiration, posttranslational regulation, and epigenetic modification. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting ferroptosis, iron homeostasis and/or iron metabolism with respect to conferring protection against pathogen infection, controlling inflammation, and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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24
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Lanser L, Fuchs D, Scharnagl H, Grammer T, Kleber ME, März W, Weiss G, Kurz K. Anemia of Chronic Disease in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:666638. [PMID: 34458328 PMCID: PMC8387678 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.666638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Anemia is often found in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and related to disease severity. Our study investigated the relationship between anemia, iron homeostasis and inflammation in CAD and examined their influence on the outcome of patients. Patients and Methods: Markers of immune activation (neopterin, interleukin [IL]-12, IL-6, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A [SAA]) and iron metabolism (ferritin, transferrin saturation, hemoglobin) were determined in 2,082 patients (68.7 % men, median age 63 years) from the Ludwigshafen Risk and cardiovascular Health (LURIC) cohort. Patients were followed-up for a median of 9.81 years. Results: 960 patients (46.1 %) presented with chronic CAD, 645 patients (31.0 %) had an ACS, and 477 patients (22.9 %) presented with no CAD in coronary angiography (CAG). Anemia (n = 357, 17.1 %) was associated with disease severity (reflected by more progressed stenosis in CAG, CCS, and NYHA classes, and a lower LV-EF), a higher cardio-cerebrovascular event rate and higher levels of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, anemia was only predictive for an adverse outcome in patients with elevated inflammatory markers. Accordingly, anemia of chronic disease (ACD) was associated with a higher cardio-cerebrovascular event-rate in the subsequent 2 years as compared to patients with other types of anemia or without anemia (14.3 vs. 6.1 vs. 4.0%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study confirms that anemia and immune activation are strongly related to cardiovascular disease progression and an adverse outcome. Our data suggest that the association of anemia with disease severity and outcome might mainly be due to underlying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Graz Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Grammer
- Medical CIinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical CIinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Medical CIinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Augsburg and Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Slusarczyk P, Mleczko-Sanecka K. The Multiple Facets of Iron Recycling. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091364. [PMID: 34573346 PMCID: PMC8469827 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of around 2.5 million red blood cells (RBCs) per second in erythropoiesis is one of the most intense activities in the body. It continuously consumes large amounts of iron, approximately 80% of which is recycled from aged erythrocytes. Therefore, similar to the “making”, the “breaking” of red blood cells is also very rapid and represents one of the key processes in mammalian physiology. Under steady-state conditions, this important task is accomplished by specialized macrophages, mostly liver Kupffer cells (KCs) and splenic red pulp macrophages (RPMs). It relies to a large extent on the engulfment of red blood cells via so-called erythrophagocytosis. Surprisingly, we still understand little about the mechanistic details of the removal and processing of red blood cells by these specialized macrophages. We have only started to uncover the signaling pathways that imprint their identity, control their functions and enable their plasticity. Recent findings also identify other myeloid cell types capable of red blood cell removal and establish reciprocal cross-talk between the intensity of erythrophagocytosis and other cellular activities. Here, we aimed to review the multiple and emerging facets of iron recycling to illustrate how this exciting field of study is currently expanding.
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Jiang L, Wang J, Wang K, Wang H, Wu Q, Yang C, Yu Y, Ni P, Zhong Y, Song Z, Xie E, Hu R, Min J, Wang F. RNF217 regulates iron homeostasis through its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity by modulating ferroportin degradation. Blood 2021; 138:689-705. [PMID: 33895792 PMCID: PMC8394904 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroportin (FPN), the body's sole iron exporter, is essential for maintaining systemic iron homeostasis. In response to either increased iron or inflammation, hepatocyte-secreted hepcidin binds to FPN, inducing its internalization and subsequent degradation. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase that underlies FPN degradation has not been identified. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel mechanism involving the RNF217-mediated degradation of FPN. A combination of 2 different E3 screens revealed that the Rnf217 gene is a target of Tet1, mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of FPN. Interestingly, loss of Tet1 expression causes an accumulation of FPN and an impaired response to iron overload, manifested by increased iron accumulation in the liver together with decreased iron in the spleen and duodenum. Moreover, we found that the degradation and ubiquitination of FPN could be attenuated by mutating RNF217. Finally, using 2 conditional knockout mouse lines, we found that knocking out Rnf217 in macrophages increases splenic iron export by stabilizing FPN, whereas knocking out Rnf217 in intestinal cells appears to increase iron absorption. These findings suggest that the Tet1-RNF217-FPN axis regulates iron homeostasis, revealing new therapeutic targets for FPN-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; and
| | - Jiaming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; and
| | - Qian Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pu Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueyang Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enjun Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; and
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Mertens C, Marques O, Horvat NK, Simonetti M, Muckenthaler MU, Jung M. The Macrophage Iron Signature in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168457. [PMID: 34445160 PMCID: PMC8395084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, macrophages are located in every tissue of the body, where their main roles are to phagocytose cellular debris and recycle aging red blood cells. In the tissue niche, they promote homeostasis through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions by responding to internal and external stimuli. This in turn polarizes macrophages into a broad spectrum of functional activation states, also reflected in their iron-regulated gene profile. The fast adaptation to the environment in which they are located helps to maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mertens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K. Horvat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and the Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Simonetti
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
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Hoffmann A, de Souza LV, Seifert M, von Raffay L, Haschka D, Grubwieser P, Grander M, Mitterstiller AM, Nairz M, Poli M, Weiss G. Pharmacological Targeting of BMP6-SMAD Mediated Hepcidin Expression Does Not Improve the Outcome of Systemic Infections With Intra-Or Extracellular Gram-Negative Bacteria in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:705087. [PMID: 34368018 PMCID: PMC8342937 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.705087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepcidin is the systemic master regulator of iron metabolism as it degrades the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In bacterial infections, hepcidin is upregulated to limit circulating iron for pathogens, thereby increasing iron retention in macrophages. This mechanism withholds iron from extracellular bacteria but could be of disadvantage in infections with intracellular bacteria. We aimed to understand the role of hepcidin in infections with intra- or extracellular bacteria using different hepcidin inhibitors. Methods For the experiments LDN-193189 and oversulfated heparins were used, which interact with the BMP6-SMAD pathway thereby inhibiting hepcidin expression. We infected male C57BL/6N mice with either the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium or the extracellular bacterium Escherichia coli and treated these mice with the different hepcidin inhibitors. Results Both inhibitors effectively reduced hepcidin levels in vitro under steady state conditions and upon stimulation with the inflammatory signals interleukin-6 or lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitors also reduced hepcidin levels and increased circulating iron concentration in uninfected mice. However, both compounds failed to decrease liver- and circulating hepcidin levels in infected mice and did not affect ferroportin expression in the spleen or impact on serum iron levels. Accordingly, both BMP-SMAD signaling inhibitors did not influence bacterial numbers in different organs in the course of E.coli or S.Tm sepsis. Conclusion These data indicate that targeting the BMP receptor or the BMP-SMAD pathway is not sufficient to suppress hepcidin expression in the course of infection with both intra- or extracellular bacteria. This suggests that upon pharmacological inhibition of the central SMAD-BMP pathways during infection, other signaling cascades are compensatorily induced to ensure sufficient hepcidin formation and iron restriction to circulating microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maura Poli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hepcidin Protects Yellow Catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) against Aeromonas veronii-Induced Ascites Disease by Regulating Iron Metabolism. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070848. [PMID: 34356769 PMCID: PMC8300743 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii) is one of the main pathogens causing bacterial diseases in aquaculture. Although previous studies have shown that hepcidin as an antimicrobial peptide can promote fish resistance to pathogenic bacterial infections, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we expressed and purified recombinant yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) hepcidin protein (rPfHep). rPfHep can up-regulate the expression of ferritin and enhance the antibacterial activity in primary hepatocytes of yellow catfish. We employed berberine hydrochloride (BBR) and Fursultiamine (FSL) as agonists and antagonists for hepcidin, respectively. The results indicated that agonist BBR can inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and the antagonist FSL shows the opposite effect. After gavage administration, rPfHep and the agonist BBR can enhance the accumulation of iron in liver, which may hinder the iron transport and limit the amount of iron available to pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, rPfHep and the agonist BBR can also reduce the mortality rate, bacterial load and histological lesions in yellow catfish infected with A. veronii. Therefore, hepcidin is an important mediator of iron metabolism, and it can be used as a candidate target for prevent bacterial infections in yellow catfish. Hepcidin and BBR have potential application value in preventing anti-bacterial infection.
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Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126493. [PMID: 34204327 PMCID: PMC8235187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its abundance in the environment, iron is poorly bioavailable and subject to strict conservation and internal recycling by most organisms. In vertebrates, the stability of iron concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid, and the total body iron content are maintained by the interaction of the iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin with its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin (SLC40a1). Ferroportin exports iron from duodenal enterocytes that absorb dietary iron, from iron-recycling macrophages in the spleen and the liver, and from iron-storing hepatocytes. Hepcidin blocks iron export through ferroportin, causing hypoferremia. During iron deficiency or after hemorrhage, hepcidin decreases to allow iron delivery to plasma through ferroportin, thus promoting compensatory erythropoiesis. As a host defense mediator, hepcidin increases in response to infection and inflammation, blocking iron delivery through ferroportin to blood plasma, thus limiting iron availability to invading microbes. Genetic diseases that decrease hepcidin synthesis or disrupt hepcidin binding to ferroportin cause the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis. The opposite phenotype, iron restriction or iron deficiency, can result from genetic or inflammatory overproduction of hepcidin.
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Sanyear C, Chiawtada B, Butthep P, Svasti S, Fucharoen S, Masaratana P. The hypoferremic response to acute inflammation is maintained in thalassemia mice even under parenteral iron loading. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11367. [PMID: 33987030 PMCID: PMC8092106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepcidin controls iron homeostasis by inducing the degradation of the iron efflux protein, ferroportin (FPN1), and subsequently reducing serum iron levels. Hepcidin expression is influenced by multiple factors, including iron stores, ineffective erythropoiesis, and inflammation. However, the interactions between these factors under thalassemic condition remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the hypoferremic and transcriptional responses of iron homeostasis to acute inflammatory induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in thalassemic (Hbbth3/+) mice with/without parenteral iron loading with iron dextran. Methods Wild type and Hbbth3/+ mice were intramuscularly injected with 5 mg of iron dextran once daily for two consecutive days. After a 2-week equilibration, acute inflammation was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 1 µg/g body weight of LPS. Control groups for both iron loading and acute inflammation received equal volume(s) of saline solution. Blood and tissue samples were collected at 6 hours after LPS (or saline) injection. Iron parameters and mRNA expression of hepcidin as well as genes involved in iron transport and metabolism in wild type and Hbbth3/+ mice were analyzed and compared by Kruskal–Wallis test with pairwise Mann–Whitney U test. Results We found the inductive effects of LPS on liver IL-6 mRNA expression to be more pronounced under parenteral iron loading. Upon LPS administration, splenic erythroferrone (ERFE) mRNA levels were reduced only in iron-treated mice, whereas, liver bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) mRNA levels were decreased under both control and parenteral iron loading conditions. Despite the altered expression of the aforementioned hepcidin regulators, the stimulatory effect of LPS on hepcidin mRNA expression was blunt in iron-treated Hbbth3/+ mice. Contrary to the blunted hepcidin response, LPS treatment suppressed FPN1 mRNA expression in the liver, spleen, and duodenum, as well as reduced serum iron levels of Hbbth3/+ mice with parenteral iron loading. Conclusion Our study suggests that a hypoferremic response to LPS-induced acute inflammation is maintained in thalassemic mice with parenteral iron loading in a hepcidin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanita Sanyear
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Buraporn Chiawtada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Butthep
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Patarabutr Masaratana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Alam Z, Devalaraja S, Li M, To TKJ, Folkert IW, Mitchell-Velasquez E, Dang MT, Young P, Wilbur CJ, Silverman MA, Li X, Chen YH, Hernandez PT, Bhattacharyya A, Bhattacharya M, Levine MH, Haldar M. Counter Regulation of Spic by NF-κB and STAT Signaling Controls Inflammation and Iron Metabolism in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107825. [PMID: 32610126 PMCID: PMC8944937 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages must carefully calibrate their inflammatory responses to balance efficient pathogen control with inflammation-mediated tissue damage, but the molecular underpinnings of this "balancing act" remain unclear. Using genetically engineered mouse models and primary macrophage cultures, we show that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling induces the expression of the transcription factor Spic selectively in patrolling monocytes and tissue macrophages by a nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent mechanism. Functionally, Spic downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes iron efflux by regulating ferroportin expression in activated macrophages. Notably, interferon-gamma blocks Spic expression in a STAT1-dependent manner. High levels of interferon-gamma are indicative of ongoing infection, and in its absence, activated macrophages appear to engage a "default" Spic-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway. We also provide evidence for the engagement of this pathway in sterile inflammation. Taken together, our findings uncover a pathway wherein counter-regulation of Spic by NF-κB and STATs attune inflammatory responses and iron metabolism in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahidul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samir Devalaraja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tsun Ki Jerrick To
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian W Folkert
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erick Mitchell-Velasquez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mai T Dang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Young
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Wilbur
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul T Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aritra Bhattacharyya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mallar Bhattacharya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Levine
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malay Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
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El-Mallah CA, Beyh YS, Obeid OA. Iron Fortification and Supplementation: Fighting Anemia of Chronic Diseases or Fueling Obesity? Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab032. [PMID: 33959691 PMCID: PMC8085477 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant worldwide increase in obesity has become a major health problem. Excess adiposity has been extensively linked to inflammation. Recently, studies have shown that dietary intake and microbiota dysbiosis can affect the health of the gut and lead to low-grade systemic inflammation, worsening the state of obesity and further exacerbating inflammation. The latter is shown to decrease iron status and potentially increase the risk of anemia by inhibiting iron absorption. Hence, anemia of obesity is independent of iron intake and does not properly respond to increased iron ingestion. Therefore, countries with a high rate of obesity should assess the health impact of fortification and supplementation with iron due to their potential drawbacks. This review tries to elucidate the relation between inflammation and iron status to better understand the etiology of anemia of obesity and chronic diseases and wisely design any dietary or medical interventions for the management of anemia and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A El-Mallah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara S Beyh
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omar A Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Gammella E, Correnti M, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Iron Availability in Tissue Microenvironment: The Key Role of Ferroportin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062986. [PMID: 33804198 PMCID: PMC7999357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Body iron levels are regulated by hepcidin, a liver-derived peptide that exerts its function by controlling the presence of ferroportin (FPN), the sole cellular iron exporter, on the cell surface. Hepcidin binding leads to FPN internalization and degradation, thereby inhibiting iron release, in particular from iron-absorbing duodenal cells and macrophages involved in iron recycling. Disruption in this regulatory mechanism results in a variety of disorders associated with iron-deficiency or overload. In recent years, increasing evidence has emerged to indicate that, in addition to its role in systemic iron metabolism, FPN may play an important function in local iron control, such that its dysregulation may lead to tissue damage despite unaltered systemic iron homeostasis. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries to discuss the role of FPN-mediated iron export in the microenvironment under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Liu Q, Wu J, Zhang X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Iron homeostasis and disorders revisited in the sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:1-13. [PMID: 33486088 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated host-response to inflammation, although it currently lacks a fully elucidated pathobiology. Iron is a crucial trace element that is essential for fundamental processes in both humans and bacteria. During sepsis, iron metabolism is altered, including increased iron transport and uptake into cells and decreased iron export. The intracellular sequestration of iron limits its availability to circulating pathogens, which serves as a conservative strategy against the pathogens. Although iron retention has been showed to have protective protect effects, an increase in labile iron may cause oxidative injury and cell death (e.g., pyroptosis, ferroptosis) as the condition progresses. Moreover, iron disorders are substantial and correlate with the severity of sepsis. This also suggests that iron may be useful as a diagnostic marker for evaluating the severity and predicting the outcome of the disease. Further knowledge about these disorders could help in evaluating how drugs targeting iron homeostasis can be optimally applied to improve the treatment of patients with sepsis. Here, we present a comprehensive review of recent advances in the understanding of iron metabolism, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms and iron-mediated injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xufei Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
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Marques O, Neves J, Horvat NK, Altamura S, Muckenthaler MU. Mild Attenuation of the Pulmonary Inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Hereditary Hemochromatosis Type 4. Front Physiol 2021; 11:589351. [PMID: 33519502 PMCID: PMC7838636 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.589351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to pathogens that require iron for proliferation and virulence. Pulmonary iron levels are increased in several lung diseases and associated with increased susceptibility to infections. However, regulation of lung iron homeostasis and its cross talk to pulmonary immune responses are largely unexplored. Here we investigated how increased lung iron levels affect the early pulmonary inflammatory response. We induced acute local pulmonary inflammation via aerosolized LPS in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis type 4 (Slc40a1 C326S/C326S), which is hallmarked by systemic and pulmonary iron accumulation, specifically in alveolar macrophages. We show that Slc40a1 C326S/C326S mice display a mild attenuation in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response, with a reduced upregulation of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Despite mildly reduced cytokine levels, there is no short-term impairment in the recruitment of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar space. These data suggest that increased pulmonary iron levels do not strongly alter the acute inflammatory response of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joana Neves
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Finberg KE. Ironing out an approach to alleviate the hypoferremia of acute inflammation. Haematologica 2021; 106:326-328. [PMID: 33522782 PMCID: PMC7849331 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.266627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Pasricha SR, Tye-Din J, Muckenthaler MU, Swinkels DW. Iron deficiency. Lancet 2021; 397:233-248. [PMID: 33285139 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, and particularly affects children, premenopausal women, and people in low-income and middle-income countries. Anaemia is one of many consequences of iron deficiency, and clinical and functional impairments can occur in the absence of anaemia. Iron deprivation from erythroblasts and other tissues occurs when total body stores of iron are low or when inflammation causes withholding of iron from the plasma, particularly through the action of hepcidin, the main regulator of systemic iron homoeostasis. Oral iron therapy is the first line of treatment in most cases. Hepcidin upregulation by oral iron supplementation limits the absorption efficiency of high-dose oral iron supplementation, and of oral iron during inflammation. Modern parenteral iron formulations have substantially altered iron treatment and enable rapid, safe total-dose iron replacement. An underlying cause should be sought in all patients presenting with iron deficiency: screening for coeliac disease should be considered routinely, and endoscopic investigation to exclude bleeding gastrointestinal lesions is warranted in men and postmenopausal women presenting with iron deficiency anaemia. Iron supplementation programmes in low-income countries comprise part of the solution to meeting WHO Global Nutrition Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jason Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center, German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorine W Swinkels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Scott C, Arora G, Dickson K, Lehmann C. Iron Chelation in Local Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010189. [PMID: 33401708 PMCID: PMC7794793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element in multiple biochemical pathways in humans and pathogens. As part of the innate immune response in local infection, iron availability is restricted locally in order to reduce overproduction of reactive oxygen species by the host and to attenuate bacterial growth. This physiological regulation represents the rationale for the therapeutic use of iron chelators to support induced iron deprivation and to treat infections. In this review paper we discuss the importance of iron regulation through examples of local infection and the potential of iron chelation in treating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Scott
- Department of Anesthesia Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada; (G.A.); (K.D.); (C.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1287
| | - Gaurav Arora
- Department of Anesthesia Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada; (G.A.); (K.D.); (C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Kayle Dickson
- Department of Anesthesia Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada; (G.A.); (K.D.); (C.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada; (G.A.); (K.D.); (C.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4H7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada
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40
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Mleczko‐Sanecka K, Silvestri L. Cell-type-specific insights into iron regulatory processes. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:110-127. [PMID: 32945012 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its essential role in many biological processes, iron is toxic when in excess due to its propensity to generate reactive oxygen species. To prevent diseases associated with iron deficiency or iron loading, iron homeostasis must be tightly controlled. Intracellular iron content is regulated by the Iron Regulatory Element-Iron Regulatory Protein (IRE-IRP) system, whereas systemic iron availability is adjusted to body iron needs chiefly by the hepcidin-ferroportin (FPN) axis. Here, we aimed to review advances in the field that shed light on cell-type-specific regulatory mechanisms that control or modify systemic and local iron balance, and how shifts in cellular iron levels may affect specialized cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy
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41
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Iron in immune cell function and host defense. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 115:27-36. [PMID: 33386235 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The control over iron availability is crucial under homeostatic conditions and even more in the case of an infection. This results from diverse properties of iron: first, iron is an important trace element for the host as well as for the pathogen for various cellular and metabolic processes, second, free iron catalyzes Fenton reaction and is therefore producing reactive oxygen species as a part of the host defense machinery, third, iron exhibits important effects on immune cell function and differentiation and fourth almost every immune activation in turn impacts on iron metabolism and spatio-temporal iron distribution. The central importance of iron in the host and microbe interplay and thus for the course of infections led to diverse strategies to restrict iron for invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on how iron restriction to the pathogen is a powerful innate immune defense mechanism of the host called "nutritional immunity". Important proteins in the iron-host-pathogen interplay will be discussed as well as the influence of iron on the efficacy of innate and adaptive immunity. Recently described processes like ferritinophagy and ferroptosis are further covered in respect to their impact on inflammation and infection control and how they impact on our understanding of the interaction of host and pathogen.
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42
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Valente de Souza L, Hoffmann A, Weiss G. Impact of bacterial infections on erythropoiesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:619-633. [PMID: 33092423 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1841636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of iron is highlighted by the many complex metabolic pathways in which it is involved. A sufficient supply is essential for the effective production of 200 billion erythrocytes daily, a process called erythropoiesis. AREAS COVERED During infection, the human body can withhold iron from pathogens, mechanism termed nutritional immunity. The subsequent disturbances in iron homeostasis not only impact on immune function and infection control, but also negatively affect erythropoiesis. The complex interplay between iron, immunity, erythropoiesis and infection control on the molecular and clinical level are highlighted in this review. Diagnostic algorithms for correct interpretation and diagnosis of the iron status in the setting of infection are presented. Therapeutic concepts are discussed regarding effects on anemia correction, but also toward their role on the course of infection. EXPERT OPINION In the setting of infection, anemia is often neglected and its impact on the course of diseases is incompletely understood. Clinical expertise can be improved in correct diagnosing of anemia and disturbances of iron homeostasis. Systemic studies are needed to evaluate the impact of specific therapeutic interventions on anemia correction on the course of infection, but also on patients' cardiovascular performance and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University ofI nnsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University ofI nnsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University ofI nnsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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43
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Ruetten M, Steinmetz HW, Thiersch M, Kik M, Vaughan L, Altamura S, Muckenthaler MU, Gassmann M. Iron Regulation in Elderly Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus) Chronically Infected With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:596379. [PMID: 33195633 PMCID: PMC7661576 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.596379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of nutrients to pathogens (nutritional immunity) is a critical innate immune response mechanism that operates when pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis have the potential to evade humoral immunity. Tuberculosis is of growing concern for zoological collections worldwide and is well-illustrated by infections of Asian and African elephants, where tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose. Here, we investigated hematological parameters and iron deposition in liver, lung, and spleen of three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For reference purposes, we analyzed tissue samples from control M. tuberculosis-negative elephants with and without evidence of inflammation and/or chronic disease. Molecular analyses of bacterial lesions of post mortally collected tissues confirmed M. tuberculosis infection in three elephants. DNA sequencing of the bacterial cultures demonstrated a single source of infection, most likely of human origin. In these elephants, we observed moderate microcytic anemia as well as liver (mild), lung (moderate) and spleen (severe) iron accumulation, the latter mainly occurring in macrophages. Macrophage iron sequestration in response to infection and inflammation is caused by inhibition of iron export via hepcidin-dependent and independent mechanisms. The hepatic mRNA levels of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin were increased in only one control elephant suffering from chronic inflammation without mycobacterial infection. By contrast, all three tuberculosis-infected elephants showed low hepcidin mRNA levels in the liver and low serum hepcidin concentrations. In addition, hepatic ferroportin mRNA expression was high. This suggests that the hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory system aims to counteract iron restriction in splenic macrophages in M. tuberculosis infected elephants to provide iron for erythropoiesis and to limit iron availability for a pathogen that predominantly proliferates in macrophages. Tuberculosis infections appear to have lingered for more than 30 years in the three infected elephants, and decreased iron availability for mycobacterial proliferation may have forced the bacteria into a persistent, non-proliferative state. As a result, therapeutic iron substitution may not have been beneficial in these elephants, as this therapy may have enhanced progression of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ruetten
- PathoVet AG, Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Lindau, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Thiersch
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marja Kik
- Pathology Division, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lloyd Vaughan
- PathoVet AG, Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
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44
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Mancinelli R, Cutone A, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Onori P, Pannarale L, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Valenti P. Different iron-handling in inflamed small and large cholangiocytes and in small and large-duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 33131269 PMCID: PMC7586138 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents the second most common primary hepatic malignancy and originates from the neoplastic transformation of the biliary cells. The intrahepatic subtype includes two morpho-molecular forms: large-duct type intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) and small-duct type iCCA. Iron is fundamental for the cellular processes, contributing in tumor development and progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate iron uptake, storage, and efflux proteins in both lipopolysaccharide-inflamed small and large cholangiocytes as well as in different iCCA subtypes. Our results show that, despite an increase in interleukin-6 production by both small and large cholangiocytes, ferroportin (Fpn) was decreased only in small cholangiocytes, whereas transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) and ferritin (Ftn) did not show any change. Differently from in vitro models, Fpn expression was increased in malignant cholangiocytes of small-duct type iCCA in comparison to large-duct type iCCA and peritumoral tissues. TfR1, Ftn and hepcidin were enhanced, even if at different extent, in both malignant cholangiocytes in comparison to the surrounding samples. Lactoferrin was higher in large-duct type iCCA in respect to small-duct type iCCA and peritumoral tissues. These findings show a different iron handling by inflamed small and large cholangiocytes, and small and large-duct type iCCA. The difference in iron homeostasis by the iCCA subtypes may have implications for the tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche (IS).
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | | | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome .
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome .
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome .
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome.
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45
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Nairz M, Weiss G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100864. [PMID: 32461004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferation. On the one hand, microbial iron uptake is linked to the virulence of most human pathogens. On the other hand, the sequestration of iron from bacteria and other microorganisms is an efficient strategy of host defense in line with the principles of 'nutritional immunity'. In an acute infection, host-driven iron withdrawal inhibits the growth of pathogens. Chronic immune activation due to persistent infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy however, sequesters iron not only from infectious agents, autoreactive lymphocytes and neoplastic cells but also from erythroid progenitors. This is one of the key mechanisms which collectively result in the anemia of chronic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and immunity, focusing on host defense against relevant infections and on the clinical consequences of anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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46
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Regulation of Iron Homeostasis and Related Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6062094. [PMID: 32454791 PMCID: PMC7212278 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6062094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the organ for iron storage and regulation; it senses circulating iron concentrations in the body through the BMP-SMAD pathway and regulates the iron intake from food and erythrocyte recovery into the bloodstream by secreting hepcidin. Under iron deficiency, hypoxia, and hemorrhage, the liver reduces the expression of hepcidin to ensure the erythropoiesis but increases the excretion of hepcidin during infection and inflammation to reduce the usage of iron by pathogens. Excessive iron causes system iron overload; it accumulates in never system and damages neurocyte leading to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's syndrome. When some gene mutations affect the perception of iron and iron regulation ability in the liver, then they decrease the expression of hepcidin, causing hereditary diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis. This review summarizes the source and utilization of iron in the body, the liver regulates systemic iron homeostasis by sensing the circulating iron concentration, and the expression of hepcidin regulated by various signaling pathways, thereby understanding the pathogenesis of iron-related diseases.
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47
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Catala A, Youssef LA, Reisz JA, Dzieciatkowska M, Powers NE, Marchetti C, Karafin M, Zimring JC, Hudson KE, Hansen KC, Spitalnik SL, D'Alessandro A. Metabolic Reprogramming of Mouse Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages Following Erythrophagocytosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:396. [PMID: 32425810 PMCID: PMC7204509 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendothelial macrophages engulf ∼0.2 trillion senescent erythrocytes daily in a process called erythrophagocytosis (EP). This critical mechanism preserves systemic heme-iron homeostasis by regulating red blood cell (RBC) catabolism and iron recycling. Although extensive work has demonstrated the various effects on macrophage metabolic reprogramming by stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, little is known about the impact of EP on the macrophage metabolome and proteome. Thus, we performed mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and proteomics analyses of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) before and after EP of IgG-coated RBCs. Further, metabolomics was performed on BMDMs incubated with free IgG to ensure that changes to macrophage metabolism were due to opsonized RBCs and not to free IgG binding. Uniformly labeled tracing experiments were conducted on BMDMs in the presence and absence of IgG-coated RBCs to assess the flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In this study, we demonstrate that EP significantly alters amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, the Krebs cycle, OXPHOS, and arachidonate-linoleate metabolism. Increases in levels of amino acids, lipids and oxylipins, heme products, and RBC-derived proteins are noted in BMDMs following EP. Tracing experiments with U-13C6 glucose indicated a slower flux through glycolysis and enhanced PPP activation. Notably, we show that it is fueled by glucose derived from the macrophages themselves or from the extracellular media prior to EP, but not from opsonized RBCs. The PPP-derived NADPH can then fuel the oxidative burst, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species necessary to promote digestion of phagocytosed RBC proteins via radical attack. Results were confirmed by redox proteomics experiments, demonstrating the oxidation of Cys152 and Cys94 of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and hemoglobin-β, respectively. Significant increases in early Krebs cycle and C5-branched dibasic acid metabolites (α-ketoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate, respectively) indicate that EP promotes the dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism. Lastly, EP stimulated aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase and arginase activity as indicated by significant accumulations of ALA and ornithine after IgG-mediated RBC ingestion. Importantly, EP-mediated metabolic reprogramming of BMDMs does not occur following exposure to IgG alone. In conclusion, we show that EP reprograms macrophage metabolism and modifies macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Catala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lyla A Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas E Powers
- Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carlo Marchetti
- Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew Karafin
- Medical Sciences Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin (Versiti), Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine - Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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48
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Axling U, Önning G, Combs MA, Bogale A, Högström M, Svensson M. The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on Iron Status and Physical Performance in Female Iron-Deficient Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1279. [PMID: 32365981 PMCID: PMC7282001 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for oxygen transport and mitochondrial metabolism and is critical for physical performance. Compromised iron stores are more commonly found among athletes, and females are especially at risk. Iron deficiency is generally treated using oral iron supplements. However, only a small proportion of ingested iron is absorbed, necessitating higher intakes, which may result in adverse side effects, reduced compliance, and inefficient repletion of iron stores. The probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (Lp299v) significantly increases intestinal iron absorption in meal studies. The present study was conducted to explore the effects of 20 mg of iron with or without Lp299v on iron status, mood state, and physical performance. Fifty-three healthy non-anemic female athletes with low iron stores (ferritin < 30 μg/L) were randomized, and 39 completed the study. Intake of Lp299v with iron for four weeks increased ferritin levels more than iron alone (13.6 vs. 8.2 µg/L), but the difference between the groups was not significant (p = 0.056). The mean reticulocyte hemoglobin content increased after intake of Lp299v compared to control (1.5 vs. 0.82 pg) after 12 weeks, but the difference between the group was not significant (p = 0.083). The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire showed increased vigor with Lp299v vs. iron alone after 12 weeks (3.5 vs. 0.1, p = 0.015). No conclusive effects on physical performance were observed. In conclusion, Lp299v, together with 20 mg of iron, could result in a more substantial and rapid improvement in iron status and improved vigor compared to 20 mg of iron alone. A larger clinical trial is needed to further explore these findings as well as the impact of Lp299v on physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunilla Önning
- Probi AB, 223 70 Lund, Sweden;
- Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maile A. Combs
- Nutrition and Scientific Affairs Department, The Nature’s Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA; (M.A.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Alemtsehay Bogale
- Nutrition and Scientific Affairs Department, The Nature’s Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA; (M.A.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Magnus Högström
- Sports Medicine Umeå AB and Orthopedics, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Michael Svensson
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Li MM, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang KP. Polysaccharide from Angelica Sinensis Suppresses Inflammation and Reverses Anemia in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced Rats. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:265-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Stress Erythropoiesis is a Key Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030634. [PMID: 32155728 PMCID: PMC7140438 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow medullary erythropoiesis is primarily homeostatic. It produces new erythrocytes at a constant rate, which is balanced by the turnover of senescent erythrocytes by macrophages in the spleen. Despite the enormous capacity of the bone marrow to produce erythrocytes, there are times when it is unable to keep pace with erythroid demand. At these times stress erythropoiesis predominates. Stress erythropoiesis generates a large bolus of new erythrocytes to maintain homeostasis until steady state erythropoiesis can resume. In this review, we outline the mechanistic differences between stress erythropoiesis and steady state erythropoiesis and show that their responses to inflammation are complementary. We propose a new hypothesis that stress erythropoiesis is induced by inflammation and plays a key role in maintaining erythroid homeostasis during inflammatory responses.
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