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Gao G, You L, Zhang J, Chang YZ, Yu P. Brain Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1289. [PMID: 37372019 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. These neurological disorders seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients and bring heavy economic burdens to families and society. Therefore, it is important to maintain brain iron homeostasis and to understand the mechanism of brain iron disorders affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, resulting in neural damage, cell death and, ultimately, leading to the development of disease. Evidence has shown that many therapies targeting brain iron and ROS imbalances have good preventive and therapeutic effects on neurological diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of brain iron metabolism disorders in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Linhao You
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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2
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Azemin WA, Alias N, Ali AM, Shamsir MS. Structural and functional characterisation of HepTH1-5 peptide as a potential hepcidin replacement. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:681-704. [PMID: 34870559 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2011415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a principal regulator of iron homeostasis and its dysregulation has been recognised as a causative factor in cancers and iron disorders. The strategy of manipulating the presence of hepcidin peptide has been used for cancer treatment. However, this has demonstrated poor efficiency and has been short-lived in patients. Many studies reported using minihepcidin therapy as an alternative way to treat hepcidin dysregulation, but this was only applied to non-cancer patients. Highly conserved fish hepcidin protein, HepTH1-5, was investigated to determine its potential use in developing a hepcidin replacement for human hepcidin (Hepc25) and as a therapeutic agent by targeting the tumour suppressor protein, p53, through structure-function analysis. The authors found that HepTH1-5 is stably bound to ferroportin, compared to Hepc25, by triggering the ferroportin internalisation via Lys42 and Lys270 ubiquitination, in a similar manner to the Hepc25 activity. Moreover, the residues Ile24 and Gly24, along with copper and zinc ligands, interacted with similar residues, Lys24 and Asp1 of Hepc25, respectively, showing that those molecules are crucial to the hepcidin replacement strategy. HepTH1-5 interacts with p53 and activates its function through phosphorylation. This finding shows that HepTH1-5 might be involved in the apoptosis signalling pathway upon a DNA damage response. This study will be very helpful for understanding the mechanism of the hepcidin replacement and providing insights into the HepTH1-5 peptide as a new target for hepcidin and cancer therapeutics.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Atirah Azemin
- School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG), Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nadiawati Alias
- School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Manaf Ali
- School of Agriculture Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG), Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
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3
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Pandur E, Szabó I, Hormay E, Pap R, Almási A, Sipos K, Farkas V, Karádi Z. Alterations of the expression levels of glucose, inflammation, and iron metabolism related miRNAs and their target genes in the hypothalamus of STZ-induced rat diabetes model. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:147. [PMID: 36210435 PMCID: PMC9549668 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus of the central nervous system is implicated in the development of diabetes due to its glucose-sensing function. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurons leads to abnormal glucose metabolism. It has been described that fractalkine (FKN) is involved in the development of hypothalamic inflammation, which may be one of the underlying causes of a diabetic condition. Moreover, iron may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes via the regulation of hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone synthesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding molecules working as key regulators of gene expression, usually by inhibiting translation. Hypothalamic miRNAs are supposed to have a role in the control of energy balance by acting as regulators of hypothalamic glucose metabolism via influencing translation. METHODS Using a miRNA array, we analysed the expression of diabetes, inflammation, and iron metabolism related miRNAs in the hypothalamus of a streptozotocin-induced rat type 1 diabetes model. Determination of the effect of miRNAs altered by STZ treatment on the target genes was carried out at protein level. RESULTS We found 18 miRNAs with altered expression levels in the hypothalamus of the STZ-treated animals, which act as the regulators of mRNAs involved in glucose metabolism, pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, and iron homeostasis suggesting a link between these processes in diabetes. The alterations in the expression level of these miRNAs could modify hypothalamic glucose sensing, tolerance, uptake, and phosphorylation by affecting the stability of hexokinase-2, insulin receptor, leptin receptor, glucokinase, GLUT4, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA molecules. Additional miRNAs were found to be altered resulting in the elevation of FKN protein. The miRNA, mRNA, and protein analyses of the diabetic hypothalamus revealed that the iron import, export, and iron storage were all influenced by miRNAs suggesting the disturbance of hypothalamic iron homeostasis. CONCLUSION It can be supposed that glucose metabolism, inflammation, and iron homeostasis of the hypothalamus are linked via the altered expression of common miRNAs as well as the increased expression of FKN, which contribute to the imbalance of energy homeostasis, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the iron accumulation of the hypothalamus. The results raise the possibility that FKN could be a potential target of new therapies targeting both inflammation and iron disturbances in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Hormay
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Almási
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 4., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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Astrocyte-derived hepcidin controls iron traffic at the blood-brain-barrier via regulating ferroportin 1 of microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:667. [PMID: 35915080 PMCID: PMC9343463 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain iron dysregulation associated with aging is closely related to motor and cognitive impairments in neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of iron traffic at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial to maintain brain iron homeostasis. However, the specific mechanism has not been clarified in detail. Using various conditional gene knockout and overexpression mice, as well as cell co-culture of astrocyte and bEND.3 in the transwell, we found that astrocyte hepcidin knockdown increased the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), and that it also induced brain iron overload and cognitive decline in mice. Moreover, BMVECs FPN1 knockout decreased iron contents in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, hepcidin regulates the level of FPN1 of BMVECs with conditional gene overexpression in vivo and in vitro. Our results revealed that astrocytes responded to the intracellular high iron level and increased the secretion of hepcidin, which in turn diminished iron uptake at BBB from circulation through directly regulating FPN1 of BMVECs. Our results demonstrate that FPN1 of BMVECs is a gateway for iron transport into the brain from circulation, and the controller of this gateway is hepcidin secreted by astrocyte at its endfeet through physical contact with BMVECs. This regulation is indeed the major checkpoint for iron transport from the blood circulation to the brain. This study delineates the pathway and regulation of iron entry into the brain, providing potential therapeutic targets for iron dysregulation-related neurological diseases.
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Hoving V, Korman SE, Antonopoulos P, Donker AE, Schols SEM, Swinkels DW. IRIDA Phenotype in TMPRSS6 Monoallelic-Affected Patients: Toward a Better Understanding of the Pathophysiology. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081309. [PMID: 35893046 PMCID: PMC9331965 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is an autosomal recessive inherited form of iron deficiency anemia characterized by discrepantly high hepcidin levels relative to body iron status. However, patients with monoallelic exonic TMPRSS6 variants have also been reported to express the IRIDA phenotype. The pathogenesis of an IRIDA phenotype in these patients is unknown and causes diagnostic uncertainty. Therefore, we retrospectively summarized the data of 16 patients (4 men, 12 women) who expressed the IRIDA phenotype in the presence of only a monoallelic TMPRSS6 variant. Eight unaffected relatives with identical exonic TMPRSS6 variants were used as controls. Haplotype analysis was performed to assess the (intra)genetic differences between patients and relatives. The expression and severity of the IRIDA phenotype were highly variable. Compared with their relatives, patients showed lower Hb, MCV, and TSAT/hepcidin ratios and inherited a different wild-type allele. We conclude that IRIDA in monoallelic TMPRSS6-affected patients is a phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous disease that is more common in female patients. We hypothesize that allelic imbalance, polygenetic inheritance, or modulating environmental factors and their complex interplay are possible causes. This explorative study is the first step toward improved insights into the pathophysiology and improved diagnostic accuracy for patients presenting with IRIDA and a monoallelic exonic TMPRSS6 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hoving
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GE Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Scott E. Korman
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.K.); (P.A.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Petros Antonopoulos
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.K.); (P.A.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Albertine E. Donker
- Department of Pediatrics, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504 NB Veldhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Saskia E. M. Schols
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GE Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorine W. Swinkels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.K.); (P.A.); (D.W.S.)
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Sanquin Diagnostics BV, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 NH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Distinct Effects of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall Component-Induced Inflammation on the Iron Metabolism of THP-1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031497. [PMID: 33540888 PMCID: PMC7867333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential immune cells of the innate immune system. They participate in the development and regulation of inflammation. Macrophages play a fundamental role in fighting against bacterial infections by phagocytosis of bacteria, and they also have a specific role in immunomodulation by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. In bacterial infection, macrophages decrease the serum iron concentration by removing iron from the blood, acting as one of the most important regulatory cells of iron homeostasis. We examined whether the Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell wall components from various bacterial strains affect the cytokine production and iron transport, storage and utilization of THP-1 monocytes in different ways. We found that S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was less effective in activating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression that may related to its effect on fractalkine production. LTA-treated cells increased iron uptake through divalent metal transporter-1, but did not elevate the expression of cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage proteins, suggesting that the cells maintained iron efflux via the ferroportin iron exporter. E. coli and P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) acted similarly on THP-1 cells, but the rates of the alterations of the examined proteins were different. E. coli LPS was more effective in increasing the pro-inflammatory cytokine production, meanwhile it caused less dramatic alterations in iron metabolism. P. aeruginosa LPS-treated cells produced a smaller amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but caused remarkable elevation of both cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage proteins and intracellular iron content compared to E. coli LPS. These results prove that LPS molecules from different bacterial sources alter diverse molecular mechanisms in macrophages that prepossess the outcome of the bacterial infection.
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Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Benito PJ, Rael B, Barba-Moreno L, Romero-Parra N, Cupeiro R, Swinkels DW, Laarakkers CM, Peinado AB. Menopause Delays the Typical Recovery of Pre-Exercise Hepcidin Levels after High-Intensity Interval Running Exercise in Endurance-Trained Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123866. [PMID: 33348847 PMCID: PMC7766833 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause commonly presents the gradual accumulation of iron in the body over the years, which is a risk factor for diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, or cardiovascular diseases. Running exercise is known to acutely increase hepcidin levels, which reduces iron absorption and recycling. As this fact has not been studied in postmenopausal women, this study investigated the hepcidin response to running exercise in this population. Thirteen endurance-trained postmenopausal women (age: 51.5 ± 3.89 years; height: 161.8 ± 4.9 cm; body mass: 55.9 ± 3.6 kg; body fat: 24.7 ± 4.2%; peak oxygen consumption: 42.4 ± 4.0 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed a high-intensity interval running protocol, which consisted of 8 × 3 min bouts at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed with 90-second recovery. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, 0, 3, and 24 hours post-exercise. As expected, hepcidin exhibited higher values at 3 hours post-exercise (3.69 ± 3.38 nmol/L), but also at 24 hours post-exercise (3.25 ± 3.61 nmol/L), in comparison with pre-exercise (1.77 ± 1.74 nmol/L; p = 0.023 and p = 0.020, respectively) and 0 hour post-exercise (2.05 ± 2.00 nmol/L; p = 0.021 and p = 0.032, respectively) concentrations. These differences were preceded by a significant increment of interleukin-6 at 0 hour post-exercise (3.41 ± 1.60 pg/mL) compared to pre-exercise (1.65 ± 0.48 pg/m, p = 0.003), 3 hours (1.50 ± 0.00 pg/mL, p = 0.002) and 24 hours post-exercise (1.52 ± 0.07 pg/mL, p = 0.001). Hepcidin peaked at 3 hours post-exercise as the literature described for premenopausal women but does not seem to be fully recovered to pre-exercise levels within 24 hours post-exercise, as it would be expected. This suggests a slower recovery of basal hepcidin levels in postmenopausal women, suggesting interesting applications in order to modify iron homeostasis as appropriate, such as the prevention of iron accumulation or proper timing of iron supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Pedro J. Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910-677-866
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Laura Barba-Moreno
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Dorine W. Swinkels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory (TML 830), Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.W.S.); (C.M.L.)
- Hepcidinanalysis.com, Geert Grooteplein 10 (830), 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coby M. Laarakkers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory (TML 830), Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.W.S.); (C.M.L.)
- Hepcidinanalysis.com, Geert Grooteplein 10 (830), 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana B. Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.A.-M.); (B.R.); (L.B.-M.); (N.R.-P.); (R.C.); (A.B.P.)
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Smesam HNK, Albuthabhak HAQ, Arjmand S, Al-Hakeim HK, R Siadat SO. Evaluation of Erythroferrone, Hepcidin, and Iron Overload Status in Iraqi Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major Patients. Hemoglobin 2020; 44:272-277. [PMID: 32718192 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2020.1794888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM) show ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload, which is the leading cause of mortality and organ injury. The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between two iron regulatory hormones, hepcidin and erythroferrone (ERFE) levels, and iron status parameters in Iraqi patients with β-TM. Iron status parameters and hormones were measured in 60 patients and compared with 30 healthy controls. The results indicated significant changes in different iron status parameters, while ferritin with the ∼11-fold increase showed the most change. Significant reduction in hepcidin and an increase in ERFE levels were detected in patients when compared to the control group, while no direct correlation was identified with the other measured iron status parameters. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the z-score of the composite of ERFE + ferritin has a full diagnostic ability for β-TM. In conclusion, our findings indicated the correlation between different iron status parameters and ferritin as the leading predictor of iron overload and two main iron regulatory hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan N K Smesam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | | | - Sareh Arjmand
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
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Ghanim H, Abuaysheh S, Hejna J, Green K, Batra M, Makdissi A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Dapagliflozin Suppresses Hepcidin And Increases Erythropoiesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5733667. [PMID: 32044999 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dapagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors are known to increase hematocrit, possibly due to its diuretic effects and hemoconcentration. OBJECTIVE Since type 2 diabetes is a proinflammatory state and since hepcidin, a known suppressor of erythropoiesis, is increased in proinflammatory states, we investigated the possibility that dapagliflozin suppresses hepcidin concentrations and thus increases erythropoiesis. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, and placebo-controlled study. SETTING Single endocrinology center. PATIENTS Fifty-two obese type 2 diabetes patients. INTERVENTION Patients were randomized (1:1) to either dapagliflozin (10 mg daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after treatments and serum, plasma, and mononuclear cells (MNC) were prepared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hepcidin and other hematopoietic factors. RESULTS Following dapagliflozin treatment, there was a significant fall in HbA1c and a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. Dapagliflozin treatment significantly reduced circulating hepcidin and ferritin concentrations while causing a significant increase in levels of the hepcidin inhibitor, erythroferrone, and a transient increase in erythropoietin. Additionally, dapagliflozin increased plasma transferrin levels and expression of transferrin receptors 1 and 2 in MNC, while there was no change in the expression of the iron cellular transporter, ferroportin. Dapagliflozin treatment also caused a decrease in hypoxia-induced factor-1α expression in MNC while it increased the expression of its inhibitor, prolyl hydroxylase-2. There were no significant changes in any of these indices in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that dapagliflozin increases erythropoiesis and hematocrit through mechanisms that involve the suppression of hepcidin and the modulation of other iron regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Sanaa Abuaysheh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Jeanne Hejna
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Kelly Green
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Manav Batra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Antione Makdissi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Ajay Chaudhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
| | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York
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10
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Wu W, Kang X, Wu Q, Wang P, Liu X, Gao G, Zhou Y, Wang G, Chang Y. Hypobaric hypoxia regulates iron metabolism in rats. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14076-14087. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Wen‐Yue Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Xiaoxuan Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Peina Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
- Department of Neurosurgery The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Harbin Medical University Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Yan‐Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
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Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element in the human body, but excess iron is toxic as it contributes to oxidative damage. To keep iron concentration within the optimal physiologic range, iron metabolism at the cellular level and the whole systemic level are tightly regulated. Balance of iron homeostasis depends on the expression levels and activities of iron carriers, iron transporters, and iron regulatory and storage proteins. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) at the apical membrane of intestinal enterocyte brings in non-heme iron from the diet, whereas ferroportin 1 (FPN1) at the basal membrane exports iron into the circulation. Plasma transferrin (Tf) then carries iron to various tissues and cells. After binding to transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), the complex is endocytosed into the cell, where iron enters the cytoplasm via DMT1 on the endosomal membrane. Free iron is either utilized in metabolic processes, such as synthesis of hemoglobin and Fe-S cluster, or sequestered in the cytosolic ferritin, serving as a cellular iron store. Excess iron can be exported from the cell via FPN1. The liver-derived peptide hepcidin plays a major regulatory role in controlling FPN1 level in the enterocyte, and thus controls the whole-body iron absorption. Inside the cells, iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) modulate the expressions of DMT1, TfR1, ferritin, and FPN1 via binding to the iron-responsive element (IRE) in their mRNAs. Both the release of hepcidin and the IRP-IRE interaction are coordinated with the fluctuation of the cellular iron level. Therefore, an adequate and steady iron supplement is warranted for the utilization of cells around the body. Investigations on the molecular mechanisms of cellular iron metabolism and regulation could advance the fields of iron physiology and pathophysiology.
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Ferroportin deficiency in erythroid cells causes serum iron deficiency and promotes hemolysis due to oxidative stress. Blood 2018; 132:2078-2087. [PMID: 30213870 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-842997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroportin (FPN), the only known vertebrate iron exporter, transports iron from intestinal, splenic, and hepatic cells into the blood to provide iron to other tissues and cells in vivo. Most of the circulating iron is consumed by erythroid cells to synthesize hemoglobin. Here we found that erythroid cells not only consumed large amounts of iron, but also returned significant amounts of iron to the blood. Erythroblast-specific Fpn knockout (Fpn KO) mice developed lower serum iron levels in conjunction with tissue iron overload and increased FPN expression in spleen and liver without changing hepcidin levels. Our results also showed that Fpn KO mice, which suffer from mild hemolytic anemia, were sensitive to phenylhydrazine-induced oxidative stress but were able to tolerate iron deficiency upon exposure to a low-iron diet and phlebotomy, supporting that the anemia of Fpn KO mice resulted from erythrocytic iron overload and resulting oxidative injury rather than a red blood cell (RBC) production defect. Moreover, we found that the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values of gain-of-function FPN mutation patients were positively associated with serum transferrin saturations, whereas MCVs of loss-of-function FPN mutation patients were not, supporting that erythroblasts donate iron to blood through FPN in response to serum iron levels. Our results indicate that FPN of erythroid cells plays an unexpectedly essential role in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis and protecting RBCs from oxidative stress, providing insight into the pathophysiology of FPN diseases.
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