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Ahmed G, Abdelgadir Y, Abdelghani A, Simpson P, Barbeau J, Basel D, Barrios CS, Smith BA, Schilter KF, Udani R, Reddi HV, Willoughby RE. Reduction in ACE2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during COVID-19 - implications for post COVID-19 conditions. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:663. [PMID: 38956476 PMCID: PMC11221185 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COVID-19 is uncommon, restricted to 19% of the total population. In response to the first virus wave (alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2), we investigated whether a biomarker indicated severity of disease and, in particular, if variable expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in blood might clarify this difference in risk and of post COVID -19 conditions (PCC). METHODS The IRB-approved study compared patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 to healthy controls. Severe infection was defined requiring oxygen or increased oxygen need from baseline at admission with positive COVID-19 PCR. A single blood sample was obtained from patients within a day of admission. ACE2 RNA expression in blood cells was measured by an RT-PCR assay. Plasma ACE1 and ACE2 enzyme activities were quantified by fluorescent peptides. Plasma TIMP-1, PIIINP and MMP-9 antigens were quantified by ELISA. Data were entered into REDCap and analyzed using STATA v 14 and GraphPad Prism v 10. RESULTS Forty-eight patients and 72 healthy controls were recruited during the pandemic. ACE2 RNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was rarely detected acutely during severe COVID-19 but common in controls (OR for undetected ACE2: 12.4 [95% CI: 2.62-76.1]). ACE2 RNA expression in PBMC did not determine plasma ACE1 and ACE2 activity, suggesting alternative cell-signaling pathways. Markers of fibrosis (TIMP-1 and PIIINP) and vasculopathy (MMP-9) were additionally elevated. ACE2 RNA expression during severe COVID-19 often responded within hours to convalescent plasma. Analogous to oncogenesis, we speculate that potent, persistent, cryptic processes following COVID-19 (the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), fibrosis and vasculopathy) initiate or promote post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC) in susceptible individuals. CONCLUSIONS This work elucidates biological and temporal plausibility for ACE2, TIMP1, PIIINP and MMP-9 in the pathogenesis of PCC. Intersection of these independent systems is uncommon and may in part explain the rarity of PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulrayz Ahmed
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Pippa Simpson
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jody Barbeau
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donald Basel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rupa Udani
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Honey V Reddi
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rodney E Willoughby
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, C450, Medical College of Wisconsin, PO Box 1997, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1997, USA.
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Liu JW, Li YY, Wang MK, Yang JS. Combined prevention and treatment measures are essential to control nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. World J Virol 2024; 13:91286. [PMID: 38984081 PMCID: PMC11229840 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.91286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a highly contagious positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide. As of December 17, 2023, 772838745 confirmed cases including 6988679 deaths have been reported globally. This virus primarily spreads through droplets, airborne transmission, and direct contact. Hospitals harbor a substantial number of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and asymptomatic carriers, accompanied by high population density and a larger susceptible population. These factors serve as potential triggers for nosocomial infections, posing a threat during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nosocomial infections occur to varying degrees across different countries worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for a practical approach to prevent and control the intra-hospital spread of COVID-19. This study primarily concentrated on a novel strategy combining preventive measures with treatment for combating COVID-19 nosocomial infections. It suggests preventive methods, such as vaccination, disinfection, and training of heathcare personnel to curb viral infections. Additionally, it explored therapeutic strategies targeting cellular inflammatory factors and certain new medications for COVID-19 patients. These methods hold promise in rapidly and effectively preventing and controlling nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide a reliable reference for adopting preventive measures in the future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Liu
- Medical Care Center, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yue-Yue Li
- Medical Care Center, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Medical Care Center, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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3
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Glueck OM, Liang X, Badell I, Wratil PR, Graf A, Krebs S, Blum H, Hellmuth JC, Scherer C, Hollaus A, Spaeth PM, Karakoc B, Fuchs T, Zimmermann J, Kauke T, Moosmann A, Keppler OT, Schneider C, Muenchhoff M. Impaired immune responses and prolonged viral replication in lung allograft recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the early phase after transplantation. Infection 2024; 52:847-855. [PMID: 37922037 PMCID: PMC11143031 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung transplant recipients are at increased risk of severe disease following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to high-dose immunosuppressive drugs and the lung is the main organ affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies have confirmed increased SARS-CoV-2-related mortality and morbidity in patients living with lung allografts; however, detailed immunological studies of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the early phase following transplantation remain scarce. METHODS We investigated patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the early phase (18-103 days) after receiving double-lung allografts (n = 4, LuTx) in comparison to immunocompetent patients who had not received solid organ transplants (n = 88, noTx). We analyzed SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIA), and immunoblot assays. T cell responses were investigated using Elispot assays. RESULTS One LuTx patient suffered from persistent infection with fatal outcome 122 days post-infection despite multiple interventions including remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and the monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab. Two patients experienced clinically mild disease with prolonged viral shedding (47 and 79 days), and one patient remained asymptomatic. Antibody and T cell responses were significantly reduced or undetectable in all LuTx patients compared to noTx patients. CONCLUSION Patients in the early phase following lung allograft transplantation are vulnerable to infection with SARS-CoV-2 due to impaired immune responses. This patient population should be vaccinated before LuTx, protected from infection post-LuTx, and in case of infection treated generously with currently available interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M Glueck
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Badell
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes C Hellmuth
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Scherer
- Department of Medicine I, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hollaus
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia M Spaeth
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Burak Karakoc
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Thimo Fuchs
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Zimmermann
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Kauke
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
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Chen X, Liu H, Li M, Kang J, Li Y, Luo Y, Du X, Tan D, Wang Q, Gu X, Zhao Z, Fu X, Tang J. Association between clinical symptoms during the COVID-19 infection and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers in COVID-19 convalescent whole-blood donors in China. Transfusion 2024; 64:1025-1039. [PMID: 38661221 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited studies have explored the association between clinical symptoms and titers of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, whole-blood donors who had experienced a confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection completed questionnaires at the time of blood donation. Plasma SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for high-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) for each variable. RESULTS Among the total 386 donors, 120 (31%) donors with IgG titers ≥1:160 were classified as high-titer donors. The multivariable ORs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for high titers were 2.33 (1.45-3.75), 2.11 (1.29-3.43), 1.10 (1.01-1.21), 1.19 (1.00-1.43), and 1.97 (1.05-3.71) for sore throat, cough, symptom count, fever duration, and low fever (compared with non-fever), respectively. No significant association was observed between other symptoms and medical visits and the odds of high-titer CCP. The association between high-titer CCP and fever duration was restricted to confirmed COVID-19-infected donors, while associations with sore throat and cough remained significant in suspected infected donors. In addition, medical visit was positively associated with high-titer CCP in suspected donors, but not in confirmed donors. In bootstrapped logistic regression models, the associations remained significant and reproducible for medical visit in suspected donors and for sore throat and cough in both suspected donors and total donors. DISCUSSION Experiencing a sore throat and cough were associated with high-titer CCP in overall donors. We also identified sore throat, cough, and medical visits as potential predictors of high-titer CCP for suspected donors during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Humin Liu
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianxun Kang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinman Du
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Donglin Tan
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Gu
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zonghan Zhao
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyun Tang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Tanhehco YC, Alsammak M, Chhibber V, Ibeh N, Li Y, Stephens LD, Noland DK, Wu DW, Zantek ND, DeChristopher PJ, Martin MCS, Lu W, Wehrli G. Apheresis practice variation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a survey. J Clin Apher 2024; 39:e22109. [PMID: 38634419 DOI: 10.1002/jca.22109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic affected healthcare delivery across all specialties including apheresis. To describe the changes in apheresis service practices that occurred during the pandemic, the American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) Apheresis Medicine Attending Physician Subcommittee conducted a survey study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A 32-question survey was designed and distributed to 400 ASFA physician members on September 7, 2022. Attending physicians responded to questions about whether and how apheresis service practices changed during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the time period prior to the pandemic in terms of: (1) procedure types and volumes, (2) patient consultation workflow, and (3) the use of telemedicine. Descriptive analyses were reported as number and frequency of responses. RESULTS The survey response rate was 13.8% (55/400). Of these respondents, 96.4% (53/55) were attending physicians. The majority of respondents (42/53, 79.2%) indicated that the types of procedures performed during COVID-19 compared to pre-pandemic did not change. Most frequently for apheresis procedure volume, respondents reported: no change in their monthly inpatient volume (21/47, 44.7%) and a decrease in their monthly outpatient volume (28/46, 60.9%). Prior to COVID-19, 75.0% (30/40) of respondents performed consultations at bedside for inpatients and 67.4% (29/43) performed consultations at bedside for outpatients. Bedside consultations decreased in both settings during the pandemic but were still most frequently performed by attending physicians. At the same time, the use of telemedicine increased for 15.4% of survey respondents during COVID-19. CONCLUSION Some, but not all, respondents observed or made changes to their apheresis service during the COVID-19 pandemic. A subset of changes, such as increased utilization of telemedicine, may persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Tanhehco
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohamed Alsammak
- Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vishesh Chhibber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Nnaemeka Ibeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanhua Li
- Transfusion Medicine, UMass Memorial Health and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura D Stephens
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel K Noland
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern and Children's Health Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ding Wen Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole D Zantek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Phillip J DeChristopher
- Loyola University Health System, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Wen Lu
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gay Wehrli
- University Hospitals Samaritan Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Ashland, Ohio, USA
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Arevalo-Romero JA, Chingaté-López SM, Camacho BA, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Ramirez-Segura CA. Next-generation treatments: Immunotherapy and advanced therapies for COVID-19. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26423. [PMID: 38434363 PMCID: PMC10907543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in 2019 following prior outbreaks of coronaviruses like SARS and MERS in recent decades, underscoring their high potential of infectivity in humans. Insights from previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS have played a significant role in developing effective strategies to mitigate the global impact of SARS-CoV-2. As of January 7, 2024, there have been 774,075,242 confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide. To date, 13.59 billion vaccine doses have been administered, and there have been 7,012,986 documented fatalities (https://www.who.int/) Despite significant progress in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 challenges human defenses, presenting ongoing global challenges. The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 lineages, shaped by mutation and recombination processes, has led to successive waves of infections. This scenario reveals the need for next-generation vaccines as a crucial requirement for ensuring ongoing protection against SARS-CoV-2. This demand calls for formulations that trigger a robust adaptive immune response without leading the acute inflammation linked with the infection. Key mutations detected in the Spike protein, a critical target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine design -specifically within the Receptor Binding Domain region of Omicron variant lineages (B.1.1.529), currently dominant worldwide, have intensified concerns due to their association with immunity evasion from prior vaccinations and infections. As the world deals with this evolving threat, the narrative extends to the realm of emerging variants, each displaying new mutations with implications that remain largely misunderstood. Notably, the JN.1 Omicron lineage is gaining global prevalence, and early findings suggest it stands among the immune-evading variants, a characteristic attributed to its mutation L455S. Moreover, the detrimental consequences of the novel emergence of SARS-CoV-2 lineages bear a particularly critical impact on immunocompromised individuals and older adults. Immunocompromised individuals face challenges such as suboptimal responses to COVID-19 vaccines, rendering them more susceptible to severe disease. Similarly, older adults have an increased risk of severe disease and the presence of comorbid conditions, find themselves at a heightened vulnerability to develop COVID-19 disease. Thus, recognizing these intricate factors is crucial for effectively tailoring public health strategies to protect these vulnerable populations. In this context, this review aims to describe, analyze, and discuss the current progress of the next-generation treatments encompassing immunotherapeutic approaches and advanced therapies emerging as complements that will offer solutions to counter the disadvantages of the existing options. Preliminary outcomes show that these strategies target the virus and address the immunomodulatory responses associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the capacity to promote tissue repair has been demonstrated, which can be particularly noteworthy for immunocompromised individuals who stand as vulnerable actors in the global landscape of coronavirus infections. The emerging next-generation treatments possess broader potential, offering protection against a wide range of variants and enhancing the ability to counter the impact of the constant evolution of the virus. Furthermore, advanced therapies are projected as potential treatment alternatives for managing Chronic Post-COVID-19 syndromeand addressing its associated long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Andrea Arevalo-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ingeniería Celular y Molecular, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia, Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud, IDCBIS, 111611, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 110231, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Sandra M. Chingaté-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ingeniería Celular y Molecular, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia, Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud, IDCBIS, 111611, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Bernardo Armando Camacho
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ingeniería Celular y Molecular, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia, Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud, IDCBIS, 111611, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Instituto de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 110231, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Cesar A. Ramirez-Segura
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ingeniería Celular y Molecular, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia, Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud, IDCBIS, 111611, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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7
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Tan D, Du X, Tang J, Liu H, Li M, Kang J, Li X, Li Y, Luo Y, Wang Q, Gu X, Zhao Z, Fu X, Chen X. Factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin-G titer levels in convalescent whole-blood donors: a Chinese cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6072. [PMID: 38480826 PMCID: PMC10937670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusions from convalescent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patients could be used to treat patients with severe infections or immunocompromised patients. However, it is necessary to select the optimal donors to maximize the utilization of resources. In this study, we investigated the associations among body mass index (BMI), tobacco smoking, exercise frequency and duration, and alcohol consumption with the SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibody titer levels with in the Chinese convalescent blood donor population. Here we show that BMI, smoking habits, and exercise frequency appear to be predictive factors for IgG levels in convalescent male blood donors. However, these variables were not observed as predictive of IgG levels in female convalescent blood donors. The findings could be used to optimize the screening for potential blood donors to treat immunocompromised or severely ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Tan
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinman Du
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyun Tang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Humin Liu
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianxun Kang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Gu
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zonghan Zhao
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Beaudoin-Bussières G, Finzi A. Deciphering Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00005-2. [PMID: 38365562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Major efforts were deployed to study the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 have been extensively studied in the context of infections, vaccinations, and breakthrough infections. Antibodies, however, are pleiotropic proteins that have many functions in addition to neutralization. These include Fc-effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Although important to combat viral infections, these Fc-effector functions were less studied in the context of SARS-CoV-2 compared with binding and neutralization. This is partly due to the difficulty in developing reliable assays to measure Fc-effector functions compared to antibody binding and neutralization. Multiple assays have now been developed and can be used to measure different Fc-effector functions. Here, we review these assays and what is known regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions. Overall, this review summarizes and updates our current state of knowledge regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 Fc-effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.
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9
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Franchini M, Focosi D. Hyperimmune Plasma and Immunoglobulins against COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:214. [PMID: 38398723 PMCID: PMC10890293 DOI: 10.3390/life14020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family has been responsible for COVID-19 pandemic, a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Several antiviral therapies, mostly derived from previous epidemics, were initially repurposed to fight this not rarely life-threatening respiratory illness. Among them, however, the only specific antibody-based therapy available against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first year of the pandemic was represented by COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). CCP, collected from recovered individuals, contains high levels of polyclonal antibodies of different subclasses able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tens of randomized controlled trials have been conducted during the last three years of the pandemic to evaluate the safety and the clinical efficacy of CCP in both hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients, whose main results will be summarized in this narrative review. In addition, we will present the current knowledge on the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune polyclonal immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100 Mantua, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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10
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Habtehyimer F, Zhu X, Redd AD, Gebo KA, Abraham AG, Patel EU, Laeyendecker O, Gniadek TJ, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Ram M, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Fukuta Y, Gerber JM, Heath SL, Meisenberg B, Huaman MA, Levine AC, Shenoy A, Anjan S, Blair JE, Cruser D, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Kassaye S, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Abinante M, Oei KS, Cluzet V, Cordisco ME, Greenblatt B, Rausch W, Shade D, Gawad AL, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy decreases inflammatory cytokines: a randomized controlled trial. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0328623. [PMID: 38009954 PMCID: PMC10783116 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03286-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study examined the role that cytokines may have played in the beneficial outcomes found when outpatient individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 were transfused with COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) early in their infection. We found that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 decreased significantly faster in patients treated early with CCP. Participants with COVID-19 treated with CCP later in the infection did not have the same effect. This decrease in IL-6 levels after early CCP treatment suggests a possible role of inflammation in COVID-19 progression. The evidence of IL-6 involvement brings insight into the possible mechanisms involved in CCP treatment mitigating SARS-CoV-2 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison G. Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J. Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Reinaldo E. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R. Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward R. Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barry Meisenberg
- Department of Medicine and Research Institute of Luminis Health, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Moises A. Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam C. Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aarthi Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Janis E. Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Department of Pathology, Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Laura L. Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giselle S. Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James H. Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jay S. Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Catherine G. Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Valerie Cluzet
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | | | | | - William Rausch
- Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L. Gawad
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Caturegli P, Laeyendecker O, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. Hundred-fold increase in SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels over three years in a hospital clinical laboratory. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0218323. [PMID: 37811983 PMCID: PMC10715067 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02183-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and ongoing transmission, COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality rates continue to decline. Both the percent seropositive and antibody levels have risen over the past 3 years. Here, we observe more than 90% seropositivity as well as more than a hundred-fold increase in spike IgG levels in a tertiary hospital clinical immunology laboratory setting. Antibody effector functions (such as neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation) and cell-mediated immunity all contribute to protection from COVID-19 progression to hospitalization, and all correlate to the total SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. We recommend therapeutic COVID-19 convalescent plasma be restricted to the top 20% of potential donors to maintain activity against ongoing SARS-CoV-2 variant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Wu J, Yang H, Yu D, Yang X. Blood-derived product therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e426. [PMID: 38020714 PMCID: PMC10651828 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is capable of large-scale transmission and has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 may experience persistent long-term health issues, known as long COVID. Both acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID have resulted in persistent negative impacts on global public health. The effective application and development of blood-derived products are important strategies to combat the serious damage caused by COVID-19. Since the emergence of COVID-19, various blood-derived products that target or do not target SARS-CoV-2 have been investigated for therapeutic applications. SARS-CoV-2-targeting blood-derived products, including COVID-19 convalescent plasma, COVID-19 hyperimmune globulin, and recombinant anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immunoglobulin G, are virus-targeting and can provide immediate control of viral infection in the short term. Non-SARS-CoV-2-targeting blood-derived products, including intravenous immunoglobulin and human serum albumin exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticoagulatory properties. Rational use of these products can be beneficial to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection or long COVID. With evidence accumulated since the pandemic began, we here summarize the progress of blood-derived product therapies for COVID-19, discuss the effective methods and scenarios regarding these therapies, and provide guidance and suggestions for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Wu
- Chengdu Rongsheng Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | | | - Ding Yu
- Chengdu Rongsheng Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
- Beijing Tiantan Biological Products Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
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13
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Gebo KA, Heath SL, Fukuta Y, Zhu X, Baksh S, Abraham AG, Habtehyimer F, Shade D, Ruff J, Ram M, Laeyendecker O, Fernandez RE, Patel EU, Baker OR, Shoham S, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Gerber JM, Meisenberg B, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Huaman MA, Levine A, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Anjan S, Gniadek T, Kassaye S, Blair JE, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Das P, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. Early antibody treatment, inflammation, and risk of post-COVID conditions. mBio 2023; 14:e0061823. [PMID: 37724870 PMCID: PMC10653913 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00618-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Approximately 20% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 experienced long-term health effects, as defined PCC. However, it is unknown if there are any early biomarkers associated with PCC or whether early intervention treatments may decrease the risk of PCC. In a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, this study demonstrates that among outpatients with SARS-CoV-2, increased IL-6 at time of infection is associated with increased odds of PCC. In addition, among individuals treated early, within 5 days of symptom onset, with COVID-19 convalescent plasma, there was a trend for decreased odds of PCC after adjusting for other demographic and clinical characteristics. Future treatment studies should be considered to evaluate the effect of early treatment and anti-IL-6 therapies on PCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison G. Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Ruff
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R. Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward R. Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Donald N. Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Laura L. Hammitt
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Moises A. Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Giselle S. Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James H. Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jay S. Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Catherine G. Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Janis E. Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nichol A. McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L. Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - on behalf of the CSSC-004 Consortium
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts, USA
- Luminis Health, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Guo W, Zheng Y, Feng S. Omicron related COVID-19 prevention and treatment measures for patients with hematological malignancy and strategies for modifying hematologic treatment regimes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1207225. [PMID: 37928188 PMCID: PMC10622671 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1207225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly become the dominant strain worldwide due to its high transmissibility, although it appears to be less pathogenic than previous strains. However, individuals with hematological malignancy (HM) and COVID-19 remain susceptible to severe infection and mortality, especially those with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and those undergoing chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) treatment. Hematologists should thoroughly assess the severity of the patient's hematological disease and the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection before initiating chemotherapy or immunosuppressive treatment. Vaccination and booster doses are strongly recommended and patients with a poor vaccine response may benefit from long-acting COVID-19 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (such as Evusheld). Early use of small molecule antiviral drugs is recommended for managing mild COVID-19 in HM patients and those with severe immunodeficiency may benefit from SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy and high-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). For moderate to severe cases, low-dose glucocorticoids in combination with early antiviral treatment can be administered, with cytokine receptor antagonists or JAK inhibitors added if the condition persists or worsens. In the treatment of hematological malignancies, delaying chemotherapy is preferable for CLL, acute leukemia (AL), and low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), but if the disease progresses, appropriate adjustments in dosage and frequency of treatment are required, with the avoidance of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, CAR-T and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) can continue current treatment. What's more, non-drug protective measures, the development of new vaccines and antiviral drugs, and monitoring of mutations in immunocompromised populations are particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yizhou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Sizhou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, China
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15
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McConnell SA, Sachithanandham J, Mudrak NJ, Zhu X, Farhang PA, Cordero RJB, Wear MP, Shapiro JR, Park HS, Klein SL, Tobian AAR, Bloch EM, Sullivan DJ, Pekosz A, Casadevall A. Spike-protein proteolytic antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma contribute to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:726-738.e4. [PMID: 37354908 PMCID: PMC10288624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 is critical in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on previous reports of antibody catalysis, we investigated the proteolysis of spike (S) by antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) and its contribution to viral neutralization. Quenched fluorescent peptides were designed based on S epitopes to sensitively detect antibody-mediated proteolysis. We observed epitope cleavage by CCP from different donors which persisted when plasma was heat-treated or when IgG was isolated from plasma. Further, purified CCP antibodies proteolyzed recombinant S domains, as well as authentic viral S. Cleavage of S variants suggests CCP antibody-mediated proteolysis is a durable phenomenon despite antigenic drift. We differentiated viral neutralization occurring via direct interference with receptor binding from that occurring by antibody-mediated proteolysis, demonstrating that antibody catalysis enhanced neutralization. These results suggest that antibody-catalyzed damage of S is an immunologically relevant function of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A McConnell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nathan J Mudrak
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Parsa Alba Farhang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Radames J B Cordero
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maggie P Wear
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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16
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Ng E, Choi C, Wang SX. Longitudinal analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in vaccinees using a novel giant magnetoresistive (GMR) assay. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 387:133773. [PMID: 37056483 PMCID: PMC10072976 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to monitor important correlates of immunity on a population-wide level. To this end, we have developed a competitive assay to assess neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer on the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor platform. We compared the clinical performance of our biosensor with established techniques such as Ortho's VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quantitative Antibody test. Results obtained between the VITROS test and the GMR assay showed correlation (r = -0.93). We then validated the assay with patient plasma samples that had been tested using focus reduction neutralization testing (FRNT). The results obtained from our GMR assay exhibit a previously identified trend of increased NAb titers 2 weeks post-vaccination. We further evaluated NAb titers 6 months post-vaccination and observed waning neutralizing antibody titers over that time in vaccinated patients. In addition, we calibrated our assay to an arbitrary unit (IU/mL) using World Health Organization (WHO) reference plasma provided by the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). Our biosensor provides highly specific and sensitive results in serum and plasma with analytical, clinical, and point-of-care (POC) applications due to quick turnaround times on samples and the cost-effectiveness of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Bez P, D’ippolito G, Deiana CM, Finco Gambier R, Pica A, Costanzo G, Garzi G, Scarpa R, Landini N, Cinetto F, Firinu D, Milito C. Struggling with COVID-19 in Adult Inborn Errors of Immunity Patients: A Case Series of Combination Therapy and Multiple Lines of Therapy for Selected Patients. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1530. [PMID: 37511905 PMCID: PMC10381188 DOI: 10.3390/life13071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 infection is now a part of the everyday lives of immunocompromised patients, but the choice of treatment and the time of viral clearance can often be complex, exposing patients to possible complications. The role of the available antiviral and monoclonal therapies is a matter of debate, as are their effectiveness and potential related adverse effects. To date, in the literature, the amount of data on the use of combination therapies and on the multiple lines of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy available to the general population and especially to inborn error of immunity (IEI) patients is small. METHODS Here, we report a case series of five adult IEI patients managed as inpatients at three Italian IEI referral centers (Rome, Treviso, and Cagliari) treated with combination therapy or multiple therapeutic lines for SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antivirals, convalescent plasma (CP), mAbs plus antiviral, and CP combined with antiviral. RESULTS This study may support the use of combination therapy against SARS-CoV-2 in complicated IEI patients with predominant antibody deficiency and impaired vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bez
- Rare Diseases Referral Center, Internal Medicine 1, Ca’ Foncello Hospital-AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy; (P.B.); (R.F.G.); (R.S.); (F.C.)
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Giancarlo D’ippolito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Carla Maria Deiana
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (G.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Renato Finco Gambier
- Rare Diseases Referral Center, Internal Medicine 1, Ca’ Foncello Hospital-AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy; (P.B.); (R.F.G.); (R.S.); (F.C.)
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Pica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (G.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Giulia Garzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Riccardo Scarpa
- Rare Diseases Referral Center, Internal Medicine 1, Ca’ Foncello Hospital-AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy; (P.B.); (R.F.G.); (R.S.); (F.C.)
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicholas Landini
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomopathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Cinetto
- Rare Diseases Referral Center, Internal Medicine 1, Ca’ Foncello Hospital-AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy; (P.B.); (R.F.G.); (R.S.); (F.C.)
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (G.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (A.P.); (G.G.); (C.M.)
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18
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Tang J, Liu H, Wang Q, Gu X, Wang J, Li W, Luo Y, Li Y, Deng L, Luo Y, Du X, Tan D, Fu X, Chen X. Predictors of high SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers in COVID-19 convalescent whole-blood donors: a cross-sectional study in China. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191479. [PMID: 37388736 PMCID: PMC10303911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Demographic information has been shown to help predict high antibody titers of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) in CCP donors. However, there is no research on the Chinese population and little evidence on whole-blood donors. Therefore, we aimed to investigate these associations among Chinese blood donors after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 5,064 qualified blood donors with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection completed a self-reported questionnaire and underwent tests of SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and ABO blood type. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for high SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers according to each factor. Results Totally, 1,799 participants (with SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers≥1:160) had high-titer CCPs. Multivariable analysis showed that a 10-year increment in age and earlier donation were associated with higher odds of high-titer CCP, while medical personnel was associated with lower odds. The ORs (95% CIs) of high-titer CCP were 1.17 (1.10-1.23, p< 0.001) and 1.41 (1.25-1.58, p< 0.001) for each 10-year increment in age and earlier donation, respectively. The OR of high-titer CCP was 0.75 (0.60-0.95, p = 0.02) for medical personnel. Female early donors were associated with increased odds of high-titer CCP, but this association was insignificant for later donors. Donating after 8 weeks from the onset was associated with decreased odds of having high-titer CCP compared to donating within 8 weeks from the onset, and the HR was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.22-0.64, p <0.001). There was no significant association between ABO blood type or race and the odds of high-titer CCP. Discussion Older age, earlier donation, female early donors, and non-medical-related occupations are promising predictors of high-titer CCP in Chinese blood donors. Our findings highlight the importance of CCP screening at the early stage of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Tang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Humin Liu
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Gu
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglan Luo
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinman Du
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Donglin Tan
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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19
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Ulinici M, Suljič A, Poggianella M, Milan Bonotto R, Resman Rus K, Paraschiv A, Bonetti AM, Todiras M, Corlateanu A, Groppa S, Ceban E, Petrovec M, Marcello A. Characterisation of the Antibody Response in Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) Recipients and COVID-19 Convalescent Sera from the Republic of Moldova. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030637. [PMID: 36992221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The early availability of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the aetiologic cause of COVID-19, has been at the cornerstone of the global recovery from the pandemic. This study aimed to assess the antispike RBD IgG antibody titres and neutralisation potential of COVID-19 convalescent plasma and the sera of Moldovan adults vaccinated with the Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccine. An IgG ELISA with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and two pseudovirus-based neutralisation assays have been developed to evaluate neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in biosafety level 2 containment facilities. A significant moderate correlation was observed between IgG titres and the overall neutralising levels for each neutralisation assay (ρ = 0.64, p < 0.001; ρ = 0.52, p < 0.001). A separate analysis of convalescent and vaccinated individuals showed a higher correlation of neutralising and IgG titres in convalescent individuals (ρ = 0.68, p < 0.001, ρ = 0.45, p < 0.001) compared with vaccinated individuals (ρ = 0.58, p < 0.001; ρ = 0.53, p < 0.001). It can be concluded that individuals who recovered from infection developed higher levels of antispike RBD IgG antibodies. In comparison, the Sinopharm-vaccinated individuals produced higher levels of neutralising antibodies than convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ulinici
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
- Alfa Diagnostica Laboratory, 2021 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Alen Suljič
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monica Poggianella
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Katarina Resman Rus
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Angela Paraschiv
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Amedeo Marco Bonetti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mihail Todiras
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Alexandru Corlateanu
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Stanislav Groppa
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Emil Ceban
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Miroslav Petrovec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
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20
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Van Buren NL, Rajbhandary S, Reynolds V, Gorlin JB, Stramer SL, Notari EP, Conti G, Katz L, Stubbs JR, van Buskirk CM, Kuttner K, Smith DL, Ngamsuntikul SG, Pandey S, Ward DC, Ziman A, Hiskey M, Townsend M, Sachais BS. Demographics of first-time donors returning for donation during the pandemic: COVID-19 convalescent plasma versus standard blood product donors. Transfusion 2023; 63:552-563. [PMID: 36550639 PMCID: PMC9880744 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated low first-time donor return rates (DRR) following catastrophic events. Little is known, however, about the influence of demographic factors on the DRR of first-time donors during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the unique motivation of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors as compared to non-CCP donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Thirteen blood collection organizations submitted deidentified data from first-time CCP and non-CCP donors returning for regular (non-CCP) donations during the pandemic. DRR was calculated as frequencies. Demographic factors associated with returning donors: race/ethnicity, gender, and generation (Gen Z: 19-24, Millennial: 25-40, Gen X: 41-56, and Boomer: ≥57 years old), within the CCP and non-CCP first-time cohorts were compared using chi-square test at p < .05 statistical significance. RESULTS From March 2020 through December 2021, there were a total of 44,274 first-time CCP and 980,201 first-time non-CCP donors. DRR were 14.6% (range 11.9%-43.3%) and 46.6% (range 10.0%-76.9%) for CCP and non-CCP cohorts, respectively. Age over 40 years (Gen X and Boomers), female gender, and White race were each associated with higher return in both donor cohorts (p < .001). For the non-CCP return donor cohort, the Millennial and Boomers were comparable. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate differences in returning donor trends between the two donor cohorts. The motivation of a first-time CCP donor may be different than that of a non-CCP donor. Further study to improve first-time donor engagement would be worthwhile to expand the donor base with a focus on blood donor diversity emphasizing engagement of underrepresented minorities and younger donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Van Buren
- Division of New York Blood CenterInnovative Blood ResourcesSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Division of New York Blood CenterCommunity Blood Center of Greater Kansas CityKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | | | - Vanessa Reynolds
- Division of New York Blood CenterInnovative Blood ResourcesSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jed B. Gorlin
- Division of New York Blood CenterInnovative Blood ResourcesSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Division of New York Blood CenterCommunity Blood Center of Greater Kansas CityKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Galen Conti
- Scientific AffairsAmerican Red CrossRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | | | - James R. Stubbs
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Camille M. van Buskirk
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kip Kuttner
- Miller‐Keystone Blood CenterBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Dawn C. Ward
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Gebo KA, Heath SL, Fukuta Y, Zhu X, Baksh S, Abraham AG, Habtehyimer F, Shade D, Ruff J, Ram M, Laeyendecker O, Fernandez RE, Patel EU, Baker OR, Shoham S, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Gerber JM, Meisenberg B, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Huaman MA, Levine A, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Anjan S, Gniadek T, Kassaye S, Blair JE, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Das P, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Casadevall A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. Early Treatment, Inflammation and Post-COVID Conditions. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.13.23285855. [PMID: 36824860 PMCID: PMC9949202 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.23285855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Post-COVID conditions (PCC) are common and have significant morbidity. Risk factors for PCC include advancing age, female sex, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Little is known about early treatment, inflammation, and PCC. Methods Among 883 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection participating in a randomized trial of CCP vs. control plasma with available biospecimens and symptom data, the association between early COVID treatment, cytokine levels and PCC was evaluated. Cytokine and chemokine levels were assessed at baseline, day 14 and day 90 using a multiplexed sandwich immuosassay (Mesoscale Discovery). Presence of any self-reported PCC symptoms was assessed at day 90. Associations between COVID treatment, cytokine levels and PCC were examined using multivariate logistic regression models. Results One-third of the 882 participants had day 90 PCC symptoms, with fatigue (14.5%) and loss of smell (14.5%) being most common. Cytokine levels decreased from baseline to day 90. In a multivariable analysis including diabetes, body mass index, race, and vaccine status, female sex (adjusted odds ratio[AOR]=2.70[1.93-3.81]), older age (AOR=1.32[1.17-1.50]), and elevated baseline levels of IL-6 (AOR=1.59[1.02-2.47]) were associated with development of PCC.There was a trend for decreased PCC in those with early CCP treatment (≤5 days after symptom onset) compared to late CCP treatment. Conclusion Increased IL-6 levels were associated with the development of PCC and there was a trend for decreased PCC with early CCP treatment in this predominately unvaccinated population. Future treatment studies should evaluate the effect of early treatment and anti-IL-6 therapies on PCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sheriza Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica Ruff
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA
| | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Adam Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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22
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Kandathil AJ, Benner SE, Bloch EM, Shrestha R, Ajayi O, Zhu X, Caturegli PP, Shoham S, Sullivan D, Gebo K, Quinn TC, Casadevall A, Hanley D, Pekosz A, Redd AD, Balagopal A, Tobian AAR. Absence of pathogenic viruses in COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Transfusion 2023; 63:23-29. [PMID: 36268708 PMCID: PMC9840666 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to maintain the safety of blood products by avoiding the transfusion of units with known and novel viral pathogens. It is unknown whether COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) may contain pathogenic viruses (either newly acquired or reactivated) that are not routinely screened for by blood centers. METHODS The DNA virome was characterized in potential CCP donors (n = 30) using viral genome specific PCR primers to identify DNA plasma virome members of the Herpesviridae [Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6A/B, human herpesvirus 7] and Anelloviridae [Torque teno viruses (TTV), Torque teno mini viruses (TTMV), and Torque teno midi viruses (TTMDV)] families. In addition, the RNA plasma virome was characterized using unbiased metagenomic sequencing. Sequencing was done on a HiSeq2500 using high output mode with a read length of 2X100 bp. The sequencing reads were taxonomically classified using Kraken2. CMV and EBV seroprevalence were evaluated using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS TTV and TTMDV were detected in 12 (40%) and 4 (13%) of the 30 study participants, respectively; TTMDV was always associated with infection with TTV. We did not observe TTMV DNAemia. Despite CMV and EBV seroprevalences of 33.3% and 93.3%, respectively, we did not detect Herpesviridae DNA among the study participants. Metagenomic sequencing did not reveal any human RNA viruses in CCP, including no evidence of circulating SARS-CoV-2. DISCUSSION There was no evidence of pathogenic viruses, whether newly acquired or reactivated, in CCP despite the presence of non-pathogenic Anelloviridae. These results confirm the growing safety data supporting CCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Kandathil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruchee Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivia Ajayi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizio P Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Gebo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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23
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Drácz B, Müller V, Takács I, Hagymási K, Dinya E, Miheller P, Szijártó A, Werling K. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination with mRNA Vaccines for Patients with Cirrhosis in Hungary: Multicentre Matched Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010050. [PMID: 36679899 PMCID: PMC9861308 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis are vulnerable to hepatic decompensation events and death following COVID-19 infection. Therefore, primary vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines is fundamental to reducing the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in patients with cirrhosis. However, limited data are available about the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines compared to other vaccines. The aim of our study was to investigate the efficacy of mRNA vaccines versus other vaccines in cirrhosis. In this retrospective study, we compared clinical characteristics and vaccine effectiveness of 399 COVID-19 patients without cirrhosis (GROUP A) to 52 COVID-19 patients with cirrhosis (GROUP B). 54 hospitalised cirrhosis controls without COVID-19 (GROUP C) were randomly sampled 1:1 and matched by gender and age. Of the cirrhosis cases, we found no difference (p = 0.76) in mortality rates in controls without COVID-19 (11.8%) compared to those with COVID-19 (9.6%). However, COVID-19 patients with cirrhosis were associated with higher rates of worsening hepatic encephalopathy, ascites and esophageal varices. Patients with cirrhosis receiving mRNA vaccines had significantly better survival rates compared to viral vector or inactivated vaccines. Primary vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine was the most effective in preventing acute hepatic decompensating events, COVID-19 infection requiring hospital admission and in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Drácz
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronika Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Takács
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Hagymási
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elek Dinya
- Digital Health Department, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Miheller
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Szijártó
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Werling
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Peters JL, Fall A, Langerman SD, El Asmar M, Nakazawa M, Mustapha A, Tobian AAR, Mostafa HH, Blankson JN. Prolonged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Delta Variant Shedding in a Patient With AIDS: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac479. [PMID: 36193230 PMCID: PMC9494428 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a patient with AIDS who had persistent infection with a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant for >80 days. The variant contained mutations that were not present in other Delta viruses in our hospital. Prolonged infection in immunosuppressed individuals may lead to evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Peters
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - Amary Fall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - Steven D Langerman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | | | - Mari Nakazawa
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - Aishat Mustapha
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA
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25
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Estcourt LJ, Cohn CS, Pagano MB, Iannizzi C, Kreuzberger N, Skoetz N, Allen ES, Bloch EM, Beaudoin G, Casadevall A, Devine DV, Foroutan F, Gniadek TJ, Goel R, Gorlin J, Grossman BJ, Joyner MJ, Metcalf RA, Raval JS, Rice TW, Shaz BH, Vassallo RR, Winters JL, Tobian AAR. Clinical Practice Guidelines From the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB): COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:1310-1321. [PMID: 35969859 PMCID: PMC9450870 DOI: 10.7326/m22-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
DESCRIPTION Coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent plasma (CCP) has emerged as a potential treatment of COVID-19. However, meta-analysis data and recommendations are limited. The Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies (AABB) developed clinical practice guidelines for the appropriate use of CCP. METHODS These guidelines are based on 2 living systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating CCP from 1 January 2019 to 26 January 2022. There were 33 RCTs assessing 21 916 participants. The results were summarized using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) method. An expert panel reviewed the data using the GRADE framework to formulate recommendations. RECOMMENDATION 1 (OUTPATIENT) The AABB suggests CCP transfusion in addition to the usual standard of care for outpatients with COVID-19 who are at high risk for disease progression (weak recommendation, moderate-certainty evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2 (INPATIENT) The AABB recommends against CCP transfusion for unselected hospitalized persons with moderate or severe disease (strong recommendation, high-certainty evidence). This recommendation does not apply to immunosuppressed patients or those who lack antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. RECOMMENDATION 3 (INPATIENT) The AABB suggests CCP transfusion in addition to the usual standard of care for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who do not have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected at admission (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). RECOMMENDATION 4 (INPATIENT) The AABB suggests CCP transfusion in addition to the usual standard of care for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and preexisting immunosuppression (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). RECOMMENDATION 5 (PROPHYLAXIS) The AABB suggests against prophylactic CCP transfusion for uninfected persons with close contact exposure to a person with COVID-19 (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE STATEMENT CCP is most effective when transfused with high neutralizing titers to infected patients early after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Estcourt
- NHS Blood and Transplant and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (L.J.E.)
| | - Claudia S Cohn
- University of Minnesota, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.S.C.)
| | - Monica B Pagano
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, Washington (M.B.P.)
| | - Claire Iannizzi
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (C.I., N.K., N.S.)
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (C.I., N.K., N.S.)
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Evidence-based Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (C.I., N.K., N.S.)
| | - Elizabeth S Allen
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, California (E.S.A.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland (E.M.B., R.G., A.A.R.T.)
| | | | - Arturo Casadevall
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.)
| | - Dana V Devine
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (D.V.D.)
| | - Farid Foroutan
- University Health Network, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (F.F.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- NorthShore University Health System, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Evanston, Illinois (T.J.G.)
| | - Ruchika Goel
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland (E.M.B., R.G., A.A.R.T.)
| | - Jed Gorlin
- Innovative Blood Resources, Division of New York Blood Center Enterprises, St. Paul, Minnesota (J.G.)
| | - Brenda J Grossman
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri (B.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota (M.J.J.)
| | - Ryan A Metcalf
- University of Utah, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah (R.A.M.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- University of New Mexico, Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, New Mexico (J.S.R.)
| | - Todd W Rice
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (T.W.R.)
| | - Beth H Shaz
- Duke University, Department of Pathology, Durham, North Carolina (B.H.S.)
| | | | - Jeffrey L Winters
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota (J.L.W.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland (E.M.B., R.G., A.A.R.T.)
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26
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Metcalf RA, Cohn CS, Allen ES, Bakhtary S, Gniadek T, Gupta G, Harm S, Haspel R, Hess A, Jacobson J, Lokhandwala PM, Murphy C, Poston J, Prochaska MT, Raval JS, Saifee NH, Salazar E, Shan H, Zantek N, Pagano MB. Current advances in transfusion medicine 2021: A critical review of selected topics by the AABB Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee. Transfusion 2022; 62:1435-1445. [PMID: 35713186 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year the AABB Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee (CTMC) procures a synopsis highlighting new, important, and clinically relevant studies in the field of transfusion medicine (TM). This has been made available as a publication in Transfusion since 2018. METHODS CTMC members reviewed and identified original manuscripts covering TM-related topics published electronically (ahead-of-print) or in print from December 2020 to December 2021. Selection of publications was discussed at committee meetings and chosen based on perceived relevance and originality. Next, committee members worked in pairs to create a synopsis of each topic, which was then reviewed by additional committee members. The first and senior authors assembled the final manuscript. Although this synopsis is extensive, it is not exhaustive, and some articles may have been excluded or missed. RESULTS The following topics are included: blood products; convalescent plasma; donor collections and testing; hemoglobinopathies; immunohematology and genomics; hemostasis; patient blood management; pediatrics; therapeutic apheresis; and cell therapy. CONCLUSIONS This synopsis highlights and summarizes recent key developments in TM and may be useful for educational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Metcalf
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Claudia S Cohn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sara Bakhtary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Harm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Richard Haspel
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron Hess
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica Jacobson
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Colin Murphy
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline Poston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Micah T Prochaska
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Eric Salazar
- Department of Pathology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hua Shan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nichole Zantek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Monica B Pagano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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27
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Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Gniadek TJ, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Foster EC, Roth M, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Hanley DF. Early Outpatient Treatment for Covid-19 with Convalescent Plasma. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1700-1711. [PMID: 35353960 PMCID: PMC9006786 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2119657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal convalescent plasma may be obtained from donors who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The efficacy of this plasma in preventing serious complications in outpatients with recent-onset Covid-19 is uncertain. METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of Covid-19 convalescent plasma, as compared with control plasma, in symptomatic adults (≥18 years of age) who had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, regardless of their risk factors for disease progression or vaccination status. Participants were enrolled within 8 days after symptom onset and received a transfusion within 1 day after randomization. The primary outcome was Covid-19-related hospitalization within 28 days after transfusion. RESULTS Participants were enrolled from June 3, 2020, through October 1, 2021. A total of 1225 participants underwent randomization, and 1181 received a transfusion. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a transfusion, the primary outcome occurred in 17 of 592 participants (2.9%) who received convalescent plasma and 37 of 589 participants (6.3%) who received control plasma (absolute risk reduction, 3.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 5.8; P = 0.005), which corresponded to a relative risk reduction of 54%. Evidence of efficacy in vaccinated participants cannot be inferred from these data because 53 of the 54 participants with Covid-19 who were hospitalized were unvaccinated and 1 participant was partially vaccinated. A total of 16 grade 3 or 4 adverse events (7 in the convalescent-plasma group and 9 in the control-plasma group) occurred in participants who were not hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS In participants with Covid-19, most of whom were unvaccinated, the administration of convalescent plasma within 9 days after the onset of symptoms reduced the risk of disease progression leading to hospitalization. (Funded by the Department of Defense and others; CSSC-004 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04373460.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Bryan Lau
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Bela Patel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sonya L Heath
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Barry R Meisenberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Emily S Spivak
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Shweta Anjan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Moises A Huaman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Janis E Blair
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Judith S Currier
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - James H Paxton
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Joann R Petrini
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Patrick B Broderick
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - William Rausch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Marie-Elena Cordisco
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jean Hammel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Valerie C Cluzet
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel Cruser
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Kevin Oei
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Matthew Abinante
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Donald N Forthal
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Martin S Zand
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Edward R Cachay
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - E Colin Foster
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Michael Roth
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Christi E Marshall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Anusha Yarava
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Karen Lane
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Nichol A McBee
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Amy L Gawad
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Nicky Karlen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Atika Singh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel E Ford
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - David M Shade
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sabra L Klein
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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Ravlić S, Hećimović A, Kurtović T, Ivančić Jelečki J, Forčić D, Slović A, Kurolt IC, Mačak Šafranko Ž, Mušlin T, Rnjak D, Jakšić O, Sorić E, Džepina G, Đaković Rode O, Kujavec Šljivac K, Vuk T, Jukić I, Markotić A, Halassy B. Is Better Standardization of Therapeutic Antibody Quality in Emerging Diseases Epidemics Possible? Front Immunol 2022; 13:816159. [PMID: 35273599 PMCID: PMC8902244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic many efforts have gone into the investigation of the SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies as possible therapeutics. Currently, conclusions cannot be drawn due to the lack of standardization in antibody assessments. Here we describe an approach of establishing antibody characterisation in emergent times which would, if followed, enable comparison of results from different studies. The key component is a reliable and reproducible assay of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation based on a banking system of its biological components - a challenge virus, cells and an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in-house standard, calibrated to the First WHO International Standard immediately upon its availability. Consequently, all collected serological data were retrospectively expressed in an internationally comparable way. The neutralising antibodies (NAbs) among convalescents ranged from 4 to 2869 IU mL-1 in a significant positive correlation to the disease severity. Their decline in convalescents was on average 1.4-fold in a one-month period. Heat-inactivation resulted in 2.3-fold decrease of NAb titres in comparison to the native sera, implying significant complement activating properties of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. The monitoring of NAb titres in the sera of immunocompromised COVID-19 patients that lacked their own antibodies evidenced the successful transfusion of antibodies by the COVID-19 convalescent plasma units with NAb titres of 35 IU mL-1 or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Ravlić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hećimović
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihana Kurtović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Ivančić Jelečki
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Christian Kurolt
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia.,Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Mačak Šafranko
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia.,Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Mušlin
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dina Rnjak
- Clinics for Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ozren Jakšić
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ena Sorić
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gorana Džepina
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Oktavija Đaković Rode
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kujavec Šljivac
- Clinical Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Clinical University Hospital Centre Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Vuk
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Jukić
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia.,Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines (CERVirVac), Zagreb, Croatia
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Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Gniadek TJ, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Foster EC, Roth M, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Hanley DF. Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Outpatient COVID-19 Treatment with High-Titer Convalescent Plasma. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.12.10.21267485. [PMID: 34981068 PMCID: PMC8722611 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.21267485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of polyclonal high titer convalescent plasma to prevent serious complications of COVID-19 in outpatients with recent onset of illness is uncertain. METHODS This multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 high titer convalescent plasma to placebo control plasma in symptomatic adults ≥18 years positive for SARS-CoV-2 regardless of risk factors for disease progression or vaccine status. Participants with symptom onset within 8 days were enrolled, then transfused within the subsequent day. The measured primary outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalization within 28 days of plasma transfusion. The enrollment period was June 3, 2020 to October 1, 2021. RESULTS A total of 1225 participants were randomized and 1181 transfused. In the pre-specified modified intention-to-treat analysis that excluded those not transfused, the primary endpoint occurred in 37 of 589 (6.3%) who received placebo control plasma and in 17 of 592 (2.9%) participants who received convalescent plasma (relative risk, 0.46; one-sided 95% upper bound confidence interval 0.733; P=0.004) corresponding to a 54% risk reduction. Examination with a model adjusting for covariates related to the outcome did not change the conclusions. CONCLUSION Early administration of high titer SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma reduced outpatient hospitalizations by more than 50%. High titer convalescent plasma is an effective early outpatient COVID-19 treatment with the advantages of low cost, wide availability, and rapid resilience to variant emergence from viral genetic drift in the face of a changing pandemic. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04373460.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Barry R Meisenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Joann R Petrini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Patrick B Broderick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - William Rausch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Marie Elena Cordisco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jean Hammel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Kevin Oei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Matthew Abinante
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - E Colin Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Michael Roth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Atika Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
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